Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
21
,
pp.
1
520
~
1526
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1520
-
1526
1520
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Des
i
gnated path
ro
utin
g algo
rithm for de
nse wir
eles
s sens
or
network
Siva Ku
mar
S
ubra
m
an
i
am
1
,
Amierul
Syaz
rul Az
man
2
,
Moham
ad Y
u
sry
Le
e
3
,
Far
ah Sh
ahnaz
Fe
roz
4
1
Advanc
e
Senso
rs a
nd
Embedd
e
d
Control
s S
y
ste
m
(AS
ECS),
Fakult
i
K
ej
urut
eraan
Elektroni
k
dan
Kejur
ute
r
aa
n
Kom
pute
r,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
kn
ika
l
Malay
s
ia Mel
ak
a,
Ma
lay
si
a
2,3
Fakult
i
K
ej
uru
te
ra
an El
ek
tronik da
n
K
ej
urut
eraan
Kom
pute
r, Univer
siti
T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
s
ia Mel
a
ka,
Ma
lay
si
a
4
Perva
siv
e
Com
puti
ng
and
Edu
c
at
ion
al
Technol
o
g
y
(PET), Fakult
i
Kejur
u
te
r
aa
n
E
le
ktroni
k
dan
Ke
jurut
er
aa
n
Kom
pute
r,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
5
,
2021
Re
vised
Jun
3
0
,
20
21
Accepte
d
J
ul
7
,
20
21
Due
to
ext
ensiv
e
pipe
li
n
e
dissem
ina
ti
on
in
the
oi
l
and
gas
ref
ine
r
y,
the
nodes
nee
d
to
b
e
plac
ed
in
a
grid
fo
rm
at
ion.
As
such,
since
m
ost
oil
and
ga
s
industr
y
app
li
c
ations
req
uire
con
ti
nuous
dat
a
gatheri
ng,
a
he
av
y
dat
a
stre
am
will
be
int
rodu
c
ed
in
th
e
ne
twor
k
tra
ffi
c,
m
a
inly
when
the
n
et
wor
k
density
is
high.
As
a
result
,
per
form
anc
e
de
gra
dation
and
po
or
ene
rg
y
consu
m
pti
on
will
occ
ur.
Ad
hoc
on
-
demand
distance
vector
and
opti
m
iz
ed
li
nk
s
ta
t
e
routi
ng
protoc
ol
h
ave
b
ee
n
sim
ula
t
ed
t
o
inve
stig
at
e
th
ese
issue
s
furth
er.
Due
to
pac
ke
t
conge
sti
on,
the
net
wor
k
expe
rie
n
ce
s
a
dom
ino
eff
ec
t
on
th
e
per
form
anc
e
,
su
ch
as
pa
cke
t
los
s,
throughput
d
e
gra
dation,
and
p
oor
ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on.
T
hus,
a
ta
il
o
red
soluti
on
is
req
uir
ed
since
oil
and
gas
indust
r
y
rel
i
es
hea
vily
on
se
nsor
dat
a
to
kee
p
track
of
pi
pel
in
es
condi
ti
o
n
to
pre
ven
t
anomalous
events
from
happ
eni
ng.
Th
e
proposed
al
gorit
h
m
has
bee
n
deve
lop
ed
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
ne
twork
per
form
anc
e
b
y
div
idi
ng
th
e
tra
ffi
c
into
two
and
b
y
red
uci
ng
th
e
flooding
during
route
discove
r
y
.
T
he
r
esult
s
hav
e
show
n
bet
te
r
netw
ork
per
form
anc
e
and
en
erg
y
c
onsum
pti
on
ca
n
be
ac
hi
eve
d
using t
he
proposed
a
lgori
thm wh
en
compar
ed
to
t
he
oth
ers.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Gr
i
d
Oil an
d gas
Rou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
W
i
reless se
nso
r netw
ork
WSN
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Siva
Ku
m
ar Su
br
am
ania
m
Adva
nce S
e
nsors
and
Em
bed
ded Co
ntr
ols Sy
stem
(
AS
ECS
)
Fakult
i Keju
ru
t
eraan
Elektr
onik
dan K
e
jur
ute
raan K
om
pu
te
r
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
Ma
la
ysi
a
76100 D
ur
ia
n Tu
nggal, Mal
a
cca, Ma
la
ysi
a
Em
a
il
: si
va@
ut
e
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
oil
an
d
gas
industry,
the
e
xtracti
on
of
m
at
erial
s
fr
om
unde
r
groun
d
or
unde
rw
at
er
be
gin
s
at
th
e
up
st
ream
sta
ge
as
s
how
n
in
F
igure
1
[1
]
.
Th
ese
proce
ssed
m
at
erial
s
are
then
tra
ns
po
rted
to
the
do
wn
s
tream
sta
ge
via
pip
el
ines,
ba
r
ges,
or
ta
nk
truc
ks.
En
d
-
pro
du
ct
s
are
m
anu
fact
ur
e
d
in
the
dow
ns
tre
a
m
sta
ge
thro
ugh
a
series
of
proce
ssing
a
nd
re
fin
ing
[2
]
.
T
he
pi
peline
is
the
c
heap
e
st
an
d
m
os
t
reas
o
nab
le
trans
portat
ion
in
oil
and
gas
in
dustry
[
3].
H
owev
er,
du
e
to
t
he
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
en
vir
on
m
ent,
the
pip
el
ine
s
are
expose
d
to
co
r
ro
si
on,
le
akag
e,
or
un
sta
ble
pr
es
sure
.
Since
the
pi
pelines
car
ry
har
s
h
m
at
erials,
any
de
form
at
ion
co
uld
ca
us
e
an
exp
l
os
io
n
t
hat
t
hr
eat
ens
bot
h
env
i
ronm
ental
and
fi
nan
ci
al
.
Th
us
,
c
onsta
nt
m
on
it
or
in
g
is
require
d
to
e
nsure
a
safer pi
peline
op
e
rati
on ca
n be ac
hieve
d for a
n
e
xten
ded pe
rio
d.
W
i
reless
se
nso
r
netw
ork
(
WSN
)
has
bee
n
us
e
d
in
oil
a
nd
gas
pip
el
i
ne
conditi
on
m
onit
or
in
g
since
the
sens
or
dat
a
can
be
tra
nsm
itted
wireles
sly
,
par
ti
cularl
y
in
a
ha
rsh
l
oc
at
ion
wh
e
re
hum
an
interve
nt
ion
is
highly
co
ns
ide
red
[
4].
WSN
al
so
has
bee
n
us
e
d
in
m
any
app
li
cat
io
ns
s
uc
h
as
ag
ricult
ure
m
on
it
or
i
ng,
sm
art
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
nate
d p
ath
r
ou
ti
ng a
l
go
r
it
hm
fo
r
den
se
wi
rel
ess sen
s
or netw
or
k
(
Siva
Kumar
Subra
m
an
i
am
)
1521
ci
ty
, an
d
m
il
i
tar
y su
rv
ei
ll
ance
[
5],
[
6].
WSN
ref
e
rs
to
a
group of
s
ens
or no
de
s co
m
m
un
ic
at
ing
with eac
h o
ther
to
ens
ure
the
s
ense
d
data
ca
n
be
r
ecei
ve
d
by
the
base
sta
ti
on
wirelessl
y
[
7].
Eac
h
se
ns
or
no
de
is
m
ade
up
of
sever
al
se
nsors
,
co
ntr
ol
le
r,
power
c
om
po
ne
nt
,
and
tran
scei
ver
m
odule.
Si
nce
m
os
t
oil
and
gas
a
ppli
cat
ions
require
co
ntin
uous
data
gathe
r
ing
,
a
substa
ntial
a
m
ou
nt
of
pa
ckets
will
accum
ulate
in
the
traff
ic
,
par
ti
cul
arly
wh
e
n
t
he netw
ork
siz
e is
large
[8].
This
pa
per
ai
m
s
to
highli
gh
t
the
netw
ork
perform
ance
issues
wh
e
n
the
net
work
siz
e
va
rie
s.
The
ne
xt
aim
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
to
pr
opose
an
optim
iz
ed
routin
g
al
gorithm
fo
r
oil
an
d
gas
pi
peline
c
onditi
on
m
on
it
or
i
ng
app
li
cat
io
n.
T
his
pa
per
f
oc
use
s
on
op
ti
m
izing
net
wor
k
pe
rfor
m
ance
on
the
netw
ork
la
ye
r
of
op
e
n
s
yst
e
m
s
interco
nnect
io
n
(
OSI)
m
od
el
in
acco
r
dan
c
e
with
i
ns
ti
tute
of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
r
on
i
cs
En
gin
ee
rs
(
IEE
E
)
802.1
1
sta
nd
a
r
d
for
ref
i
ner
y
pi
peline
c
ondi
ti
on
m
on
it
or
i
ng
a
pp
li
cat
ion
[
9].
T
he
node
s
are
ar
range
d
in
a
scat
te
red
m
ann
er
t
o
im
it
at
e
the
act
ual
de
plo
ym
ent
in
the
ref
i
ner
y
pip
el
ine
a
nd
to
achiev
e
thor
ough
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
ov
e
ra
ge.
T
he
novelti
es
of
this
pa
per
incl
ud
e
(
1)
issui
ng
the
init
ia
l
fin
dings
on
the
ne
twor
k
perform
ance
usi
ng
gri
d
no
de
arr
a
ng
em
ent
w
hen
the
net
wor
k
siz
e
va
rie
s
si
nce
t
her
e
is
no
stu
dy
co
nduct
ed
on
the
gr
i
d
node
a
rr
a
ng
em
ent
in
accor
da
nce
with
IEE
E
802.1
1
sta
nd
ar
d.
T
he
novelti
es
of
thi
s
pap
e
r
al
so
in
cl
ude
(2) prese
ntin
g
t
he
te
ch
nique
used i
n
the
prop
os
e
d
al
gorithm
in rega
rd to t
he
f
in
dings i
n (1).
Figure
1
.
Thre
e m
a
in stages
in oil
and
gas
i
ndus
t
ry
2.
PROBLE
M
S
TATE
MENT
S
Accor
ding
to
t
he
s
urvey
done
by
the
re
searc
her
s
i
n
[
1
]
,
the
re
are
fou
r
m
os
t
prom
inent
chall
eng
e
s
of
WSNs
in
oil
and
gas
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
w
hich
a
r
e
reli
abili
ty
,
scal
abili
ty
,
ro
bus
tness,
a
nd
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ption
.
A
reli
able
netw
ork
is
a
netw
ork
that
ca
n
delive
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
reasona
bly,
w
hi
le
a
scal
able
network
is
a
net
wor
k
that
can
prese
r
ve
it
s
perf
or
m
ance
w
hen
the
loa
ds
i
ncr
ease
[
10
]
.
Ro
bustn
ess
dete
rm
ines
the
st
rength
of
the
netw
ork
in
m
ain
ta
inin
g
it
s
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
li
nk
a
gainst
no
de
s
fail
ur
e,
i
nter
fer
e
nce,
or
a
se
cur
it
y
at
ta
ck.
I
n
any
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
netw
ork
,
secur
it
y
has
al
wa
ys
been
an
iss
ue,
inclu
ding
worm
ho
le
at
tack
,
eave
sdro
pp
ing
,
a
nd
sign
al
j
am
m
ing
.
Ma
nag
i
ng
e
nergy
c
on
s
umpti
on
is
al
so
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
to
pr
e
ve
nt
the
nodes
t
o
die
si
nce
th
e
m
ai
ntenan
ce t
a
sk
i
n oil
and
ga
s p
i
peline ar
ea
is extrem
el
y ri
sk
y
[
11]
, [1
2]
.
Since
oil
an
d
gas
a
ppli
cat
ions
re
qu
i
re
c
on
ti
nuous
data
gather
i
ng
to
prev
ent
an
om
al
ou
s
eve
nts
f
r
om
happe
ning,
the
network
s
uffe
rs
from
pack
et
loss
due
to
congesti
on
in
the
traf
fic
[13]
.
In
a
m
ulti
-
ho
p
ne
twork
,
the
nodes
acc
um
ula
te
pack
et
s
from
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
forw
a
r
der
in
a
directi
on
towa
rd
s
t
he
de
sti
nation
node
[14]
.
The
pac
kets
th
at
enq
ue
ue
in
t
he
queue
in
cl
ude
data
an
d
co
ntr
ol
pack
et
s
.
On
ce
the q
ue
ue
is
fu
ll
y
occupied,
the
nex
t
pac
ket
wi
ll
be
d
r
oppe
d
and
the
netw
ork
will
ex
per
ie
nce
pack
et
los
s
an
d
t
hroug
hput
de
gr
a
datio
n
[15]
.
Additi
on
al
ene
rg
y
will
be
c
onsu
m
ed
wh
e
n
the
s
ource
node
s
re
gen
e
rate
t
he
dro
pp
e
d
pa
cket.
Also,
du
e
to
t
he
accum
ulati
on
f
act
or
,
the
no
de
s
cl
os
e
r
to
the
destinat
io
n
node
will
ha
ve
to
ha
nd
le
m
or
e
pa
ckets
a
nd
c
onsu
m
e
m
or
e
resource
s
tha
n
the
no
de
s
that
a
re
fur
ther
from
the
destinat
io
n
node
[16]
.
T
his
even
t
is
kn
own
a
s
an
unfair
sta
te
o
f
t
he netw
ork
[17
]
.
3.
BACKG
ROU
ND WO
RKS
The
net
work
la
ye
r
handles
the
pack
et
routin
g
and
f
orwardin
g
betwee
n
the sen
s
or
no
des
in
a
netw
ork
accor
ding
to
t
he
i
m
ple
m
ented
routing
prot
oc
ol.
Re
act
ive
r
outi
ng
prot
oco
l
us
es
a
n
ad
-
hoc
appro
a
ch
wh
e
re
the
route
disco
ve
r
y
is
inv
oke
d
only
wh
e
n
nee
de
d
[18].
T
his
f
eat
ur
e
al
lows
t
he
protoc
ol
to
pr
od
uce
a
reduced
a
m
ou
nt
of
r
ou
ti
ng
over
hea
d
wh
ic
h
hel
ps
in
co
ns
e
rv
i
ng
t
he
net
work
re
so
urces
[19],
[
20
]
.
Howe
ver,
data
forw
a
r
ding
wi
ll
be
delay
ed
du
e
to
the
ti
m
e
-
con
s
um
ing
pr
oc
ess
of
r
ou
te
disc
overy
.
Ad
-
hoc
on
-
dem
and
dist
ance
vecto
r
(
A
O
DV)
routing p
r
oto
c
ol is
an
e
xam
ple o
f react
ive
routin
g protoc
ols
[21
]
.
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on
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n
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c Eng &
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l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
20
-
15
26
1522
As
com
par
ed
t
o
reacti
ve
r
ou
t
ing
prot
oc
ols,
the
proacti
ve
r
ou
ti
ng
pr
oto
c
ol
is
dee
m
ed
as
a
heav
ie
r
protoc
ol
since
it
per
io
dical
ly
updates
the
routin
g
ta
ble,
wh
ic
h
produce
s
a
substa
ntial
am
ou
nt
of
r
outi
ng
ov
e
r
head
a
nd
con
t
ro
l
pa
cket
[22].
This
fea
ture
hel
ps
the
data
to
be
se
nt
in
a
tim
e
ly
m
ann
er
si
nce
al
l
the
routin
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
read
il
y
avail
able
[23].
The
proacti
ve
routin
g
prot
oc
ol
is
al
so
know
n
as
the
ta
ble
-
dri
ve
n
routi
ng
protoc
ol. Optim
iz
ed
li
nk
sta
te
r
outi
ng
(O
L
SR) a
n
e
xam
ple o
f proa
ct
ive rou
ti
ng
prot
oco
l
[24].
Hybr
i
d
r
outi
ng
protoc
ol
com
bin
es
t
he
go
od
featur
e
s
in
rea
ct
ive
and
proa
ct
ive
routin
g
prot
oco
l
[
20]
,
[25]. Zone ro
uting
pr
oto
c
ol (
Z
RP) is an
ex
am
ple o
f hyb
rid
r
o
utin
g
pr
oto
c
ol
that has
been
dev
el
op
e
d
to redu
c
e
the
overc
onsum
pt
ion
of
network
res
ources
and
t
o
opti
m
i
ze
the
delay
duri
ng
data
deli
ver
y
[
26]
.
ZRP
routin
g
protoc
ol
is
not
co
ver
e
d
i
n
thi
s
pa
per
since
it
us
es
t
wo
-
ti
er
r
ou
ti
ng
a
rc
hitec
ture.
Ce
rtai
nl
y,
a
hi
gh
am
ou
nt
of
gen
e
rated
pa
c
kets
du
e
to
th
e
co
ntin
uous
m
on
it
or
ing
an
d
t
he
high
nu
m
ber
of
no
des
can
co
ntri
bu
t
e
to
t
he
traff
ic
c
ongesti
on r
e
gardless
of what
ty
pe
of
routin
g protoc
ol is im
ple
m
en
te
d
as s
how
n
i
n (1).
=
[
(
)
+
∑
(
)
0
=
+
1
]
≤
(1)
Wh
e
re
0
=
−
1
an
d
N
is
t
he
t
otal
num
ber
of
no
de
s
in
the
netw
ork
.
is
t
he
t
ota
l
am
ou
nt
of
pack
et
s
for
the
w
hole
netw
or
k
an
d
is
t
he
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
and
c
ontrol
pa
ckets
at
inte
rm
ediat
e
node
α.
is
the
am
ou
nt
of
data
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
pa
ckets
at
th
e
rest
of
the
no
de
β
.
It
can
be
seen
t
hat
the
tr
aff
ic
will
over
f
low
i
f
the
nu
m
ber
of
pack
et
s
pro
du
ced
is
beyo
nd
the
qu
e
ue
lim
it
.
Su
ch
an
e
ve
nt
can
co
ntri
bu
te
to
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
degra
dation
as
discusse
d
earli
er.
Moti
vated
by
this
ob
se
rva
ti
on
,
a
r
ou
ti
ng
al
gorithm
has
been
pro
po
se
d
in
the
nex
t
sect
ion.
4.
DUAL
DESI
GNATE
D PA
TH R
OUTI
N
G TECH
NI
Q
UE
Odd
-
eve
n
f
or
gr
i
d
(
OEG)
r
outi
ng
al
gorith
m
div
ides
the
netw
ork
into
t
wo
de
dicat
ed
traf
fics;
odd
traff
ic
a
nd
e
ve
n
traf
fic. In
ge
ner
al
, a ro
ute is d
isc
ove
red
ac
cordin
g
to t
he fres
hness a
nd
t
he
sho
rtest
p
at
h
to the
destinat
io
n.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
OE
G
routin
g
al
gorit
hm
sel
ect
s
the
route
acc
ordin
g
to
the
determ
inati
on
of
the
inter
net
protoc
ol
(
IP
)
a
ddress
on
t
he
nodes
with
the
con
si
der
at
io
n
of
bo
t
h
x
a
nd
y
-
axis
of
the
ne
twork
.
Each
odd
-
nu
m
ber
e
d nod
e b
el
on
gs
t
o
odd
tra
ff
ic
a
nd ea
ch
e
ven
-
nu
m
ber
ed
no
de belo
ngs t
o
e
ven traf
f
ic
.
In
the
r
ou
te
dis
cov
e
ry p
r
ocess
in
t
he
for
ward
directi
on,
a
source
se
nd
s ro
ute r
equ
e
st (RR
EQ)
p
ac
ket
s
towa
rd
s
it
s
nei
ghbori
ng
node
s
accor
ding
to
the
odd
-
e
ven
de
te
rm
inati
on
a
s
show
n
in
Fi
gure
2.
If
the
s
ource
is
odd
-
num
ber
ed,
only
odd
-
nu
m
ber
e
d
neig
hbor
ing
node
s
will
receive
the
R
REQ
pack
et
s
.
Else
if
the
s
ource
is
even
-
nu
m
ber
e
d,
only
eve
n
-
nu
m
ber
e
d
neighb
or
i
ng
no
de
s
will
recei
ve
the
RR
E
Q
pa
ckets.
T
he
odd
-
e
ven
determ
inati
on
is
per
f
or
m
ed
f
or
eac
h
R
REQ
f
orwardin
g
betwee
n
the
r
especti
ve
no
de
s.
O
nce
the
RR
EQ
pack
et
s
ar
rive
d
at
the
desti
na
ti
on
node,
a
route
re
ply
(R
REP)
pac
ket
is
issue
d
to
the
source
no
de
by
the
destinat
io
n
node.
D
ur
i
ng
thi
s
pe
rio
d,
t
he
nodes
that
act
as
RR
EP
f
orwarder
s
are
th
e
sam
e
as
in
RR
EQ
forw
a
r
ding
but
in
the
re
ve
rse
directi
on. O
nc
e
the
RR
EP
ar
r
ived
at
the
s
ou
rce,
the d
at
a
pa
cket
now
ca
n
be
sent
to the dest
inati
on no
de usin
g
t
he
est
a
blishe
d route.
Figure
2. OE
G
rou
ti
ng al
gorithm
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Ind
on
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E
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4752
Desig
nate
d p
ath
r
ou
ti
ng a
l
go
r
it
hm
fo
r
den
se
wi
rel
ess sen
s
or netw
or
k
(
Siva
Kumar
Subra
m
an
i
am
)
1523
By
us
ing
O
E
G
r
ou
ti
ng
al
go
rithm
,
the
pack
et
accum
ulatio
n
a
nd
pac
ket
con
te
nti
on
ca
n
be
re
duced
since the t
raffic
h
as
bee
n divi
ded into
tw
o
as
shown i
n
Fi
gure 3. T
he dist
ance
betwee
n n
od
e
s is r
e
prese
nted
a
s
d.
I
n
real
li
fe
sit
uation,
this
f
eat
ur
e
can
be
s
een
in
r
oadwa
y
traff
ic
wh
e
re
a
two
-
la
ne
roadw
ay
offe
rs
a
lowe
r
chan
ce
of
co
ng
est
ion
occurre
nce
as
c
om
par
ed
to
a
on
e
-
la
ne
ro
a
dway
.
Th
e
traff
ic
div
isi
on
ca
n
be
re
presente
d
as in
(6).
=
[
(
2
)
+
∑
(
2
)
1
=
+
1
]
≤
(2)
1
=
{
2
,
−
1
2
,
(3)
=
[
(
2
+
1
)
+
∑
(
2
+
1
)
2
=
+
1
]
≤
(4)
2
=
−
1
−
1
(5)
=
+
≤
(6)
Figure
3. Br
oa
dcasti
ng in
con
ven
ti
onal
routing (left
)
a
nd OEG
routin
g (r
i
gh
t
)
and
is
the
tot
al
num
ber
of
pa
ckets
i
n
e
ve
n
an
d
od
d
tra
ff
i
c
res
pecti
vely
.
2
an
d
2
+
1
is
t
he
total
nu
m
ber
of
pac
kets
(c
ontr
ol
an
d
data
pac
kets)
at
t
he
inte
rm
ediate
node
with
e
ven
an
d
odd
address
resp
ect
ively
.
2
and
2
+
1
is
t
he
total
num
ber
of
pa
ckets
(c
on
tr
ol
and
data
pac
ke
ts)
at
th
e
rest
of
t
he
node
s
with
e
ve
n
a
nd
od
d
a
ddress
r
especti
vely
.
a
nd
is
the
inte
rf
ace
que
ue
li
m
it
fo
r
eve
n
a
nd
odd
t
raffic
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
total
nu
m
be
r of
pac
kets fo
r
the
whole
net
work is
.
Ap
a
rt
f
ro
m
t
hat,
O
EG
al
gorithm
red
uc
e
s
the
num
ber
of
br
oa
dcast
pack
et
s
si
nc
e
the
RR
EQ
forw
a
r
ding
has
been
re
du
ce
d
to
half
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3.
This
fe
at
ur
e
i
s
i
m
po
rtant
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
s
pace
i
n
the
que
ue
a
nd
t
he
c
onsu
m
ption
of
net
work
r
eso
ur
ces
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
num
ber
of
possible
f
orwarder
s
f
or
each
traff
ic
is
50%
of
the
w
ho
le
netw
ork
(tr
af
fic
div
isi
on)
.
I
n
total
,
the
nu
m
ber
of
broa
dc
ast
pack
et
s
f
or
eac
h
traff
ic
has
bee
n
re
du
ce
d
to
one
-
fou
rth
fe
we
r
as
com
par
ed
to
conve
ntiona
l
ro
utin
g.
I
n
(
7)
represe
nts
th
e
total
nu
m
ber
of
bro
adcast
pac
kets
in
conve
ntional
ro
u
ti
ng
a
nd
in
(9)
re
pr
ese
nts
the
total
num
ber
of
broa
dcast
pack
et
s
in OE
G
r
outi
ng fo
r
e
ach tra
ff
ic
.
=
×
=
(7)
=
=
2
(8)
=
=
2
×
2
=
4
(9)
is
the
total
num
ber
of
bro
a
dcast
pac
kets
in
c
onve
ntion
a
l
routin
g,
m
i
s
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
po
s
sible
for
wa
rd
e
rs,
an
d
n
is
the
total
num
ber
of
broad
ca
sti
ng
f
or
eac
h
node
.
In
OE
G
r
ou
ti
ng,
an
d
is
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
possible
f
orwarde
rs
in
e
ven
a
nd
odd
tr
aff
ic
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
Each
traff
i
c
has
50%
nu
m
ber
of
po
s
sible
f
orw
a
rd
e
rs
in
the
ne
twork
.
and
is
the
total
num
ber
of
broa
dcas
t
pack
et
s
i
n
e
ve
n
a
nd
odd
ND
N
13
N
15
N
10
N
5
N
4
N
3
N
2
N
1
Nn
N
18
N
17
N
16
N
14
N
12
N
11
N
9
N
8
d
d
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
ra
n
g
e
d
d
d
d
1
2
N
6
N
7
3
4
N
13
ND
N
15
N
10
N
5
N
4
N
3
N
2
N
1
Nn
N
18
N
17
N
16
N
14
N
12
N
11
N
9
N
8
d
d
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
ra
n
g
e
d
d
d
d
1
2
N
6
N
7
3
4
5
6
7
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
20
-
15
26
1524
traff
ic
re
sp
ect
i
vely
.
A
nu
m
ber
of
sim
ulati
o
ns
ha
ve
bee
n
cond
ucted
to
i
nv
e
sti
gate
the
i
m
pact
of
the
traff
ic
div
isi
on a
nd th
e re
du
ct
io
n of t
he nu
m
ber
of bro
a
dcast
packe
ts o
n
the
n
et
work p
e
rfor
m
ance.
5.
SIMULATI
O
N
SET
UP
The
sim
ulate
d
routin
g
al
gorithm
s
are
AO
D
V,
OL
SR,
an
d
OEG.
The
sim
ulati
on
tim
e
is
500
seco
nd
s
and
t
he
distanc
e
between
eac
h
node,
d,
is
50
m
et
ers
to
si
m
u
la
te
the
act
ual
dep
l
oym
ent
in
m
os
t
of
the
pipe
li
ne
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
T
he
tran
sm
issi
o
n
rat
e
is
one
pa
cket
ever
y
2
seco
nd
s
.
The
r
est
of
the
sim
ulati
on
param
eter
s
are
as
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
resul
ts
wer
e
a
ve
raged
f
r
om
the
fiv
e
best
ou
t
of
s
even
ra
ndom
ly
ge
ner
at
e
d
sce
nar
i
os
to ach
ie
ve
a
d
e
ta
il
ed
perf
or
m
a
nce e
valuati
on.
Table
1
. Si
m
ul
at
ion
par
a
m
et
e
rs usin
g
netw
ork
sim
ulator
2.
35
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
no
d
es
2
4
,
4
8
,
8
0
,
1
2
0
,
1
6
8
,
2
2
4
,
2
8
8
,
an
d
3
6
0
Pack
et size
1
2
8
bytes
Interf
ace
q
u
eu
e typ
e
Drop
Tail/Pr
i
Qu
eu
e
Pack
et qu
eu
e leng
th
50
MAC
IE
E
E
8
0
2
.11
Tr
af
f
ic ty
p
e
CBR
Prop
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
Two
ra
y
gro
u
n
d
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
no
d
es
2
4
,
4
8
,
8
0
,
1
2
0
,
1
6
8
,
2
2
4
,
2
8
8
,
an
d
3
6
0
6.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
6.1
.
P
acke
t
d
el
ivery
r
at
i
o a
nd
t
hroug
hpu
t
Packet
delive
r
y
rati
o
is
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
in
desig
ning
a
networ
k
since
it
helps
to
identify
t
he
issues
that
happe
n
in
a
ne
twork
.
The
pac
ket
delivery
rat
io
shows
how
m
any
pack
et
s
hav
e
bee
n
su
cc
essfu
ll
y
receiv
ed
by
the
destinat
io
n
ov
e
r
the
sent
pack
et
s
.
Since
oil
a
nd
gas
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
a
re
data
-
dr
ive
n,
m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
nu
m
ber
of
pac
ket
loss
as
low
as
possible
is
ve
ry
im
po
rta
nt
to
t
he
in
du
st
ry
to
e
nsur
e
the
a
uthoriti
es
able
to
kee
p
trac
k
of
the
as
set
s
conditi
on
(p
i
pel
ine).
Fi
gure
4
sh
ows
OE
G
al
gorithm
ou
tper
form
s
AO
D
V
an
d
OLS
R
sta
rtin
g
from
16
8
no
de
s
onwa
r
ds
.
Als
o,
due
to
the
pa
cket
loss
sta
rt
ing
at
120
no
de
s
onw
ar
ds
,
it
can
be
see
n
t
ha
t
the
achieve
d
th
rou
ghput
al
so
ha
s
degrade
d.
H
oweve
r,
OE
G
outpe
rfor
m
s
AO
D
V
a
nd
OL
SR
in
achievi
ng
bette
r
thr
oughput
perform
ance.
Figu
re
4.
Pac
ke
t deli
ver
y
rati
o
a
nd th
rou
ghput agai
ns
t
nu
m
ber o
f nodes
6.
2
.
Ener
gy c
on
su
mpti
on
Du
e
to
the
h
arsh
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
in
the
refi
ner
y
pip
el
ine
area,
reduci
ng
hum
an
interve
ntio
n
is
extrem
el
y
ben
efici
al
in
oil
and
gas
in
dustr
y.
Each
se
ns
or
node
is
po
we
red
by
a
batte
r
y
pack
a
nd
on
ce
the
node
died
,
t
he
m
a
intenance
w
orkers
nee
d
to
re
place
t
he
batte
ry
pa
ck.
Su
c
h
a
n
even
t
sho
ws
t
hat
the
op
ti
m
iz
ation
of
ene
rg
y
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
in
the
netw
ork
is
cr
uc
ia
l.
A
substan
ti
al
a
m
ou
nt
of
energy
is
wast
ed
due
to
the
r
ege
nerat
ion
a
nd
refo
r
wardin
g
of
pa
ckets
due
t
o
pa
cket
loss
.
As
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
5,
O
EG
al
gorithm
sh
ows
the
fewest
en
er
gy c
onsu
m
ption
starti
ng fro
m
1
20
node
s on
wards.
As
the
num
ber
of
node
s inc
rea
se, the
nu
m
ber
of p
ac
ket for
wa
rd
i
ng also i
ncr
eases
.
H
e
nce,
t
he
am
ount
of ene
rg
y
consum
ption
al
so
i
ncr
eases
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
nate
d p
ath
r
ou
ti
ng a
l
go
r
it
hm
fo
r
den
se
wi
rel
ess sen
s
or netw
or
k
(
Siva
Kumar
Subra
m
an
i
am
)
152
5
Figure
5. Ene
r
gy cons
um
ption
a
gainst
num
ber
of
node
s
6.
3
.
F
air
ness
index
and
p
assi
ve
n
od
e
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
a
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
e
v
e
n
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
w
e
r
e
n
o
t
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
(
u
n
f
a
i
r
s
t
a
t
e
)
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
m
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
n
o
d
e
s
.
P
a
s
s
i
v
e
n
o
d
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
i
t
s
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
u
n
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
w
a
s
t
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
f
l
o
o
d
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
.
Jai
n’
s
fair
ness
ind
e
x
is
use
d
t
o
m
easur
e
the
fairn
e
ss
of
the
netw
ork
in
t
his
stud
y.
I
n
Fig
ure
6,
O
LSR
sh
ows
t
he
w
orst
fairn
ess
i
ndex
an
d
O
EG
s
hows
the
best
fairn
e
ss
in
dex
sta
rting
at
80
nodes
onwa
rd
s
.
B
y
reducin
g
the
num
ber
of
br
oa
dcast
pac
kets,
OEG
a
ble
to
r
edu
ce
the
nu
m
ber
of
pas
sive
nodes
sig
nific
antly
sta
rting
at
12
0 nodes
onwar
ds. O
EG sh
ows t
he fewest
num
ber o
f passive
nodes
prese
nt in
the
n
et
wor
k.
Figure
6. Fair
ne
ss in
dex an
d n
um
ber
of
passi
ve
nodes
ag
ai
nst
num
ber
of
node
s
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
oil
an
d
gas
ref
ine
ry
pi
peline
c
onditi
on
m
on
it
ori
ng,
de
plo
ym
ent
of
a
va
st
a
m
ou
nt
of
s
ens
or
node
s
is
req
uire
d
to
ensure
thoro
ugh
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
co
ver
a
ge
fo
r
the
enti
re
pip
el
ine
ar
ea
can
be
achieve
d.
Howe
ver,
in
add
it
io
n
to
the
con
ti
nu
ous
dat
a
gather
i
ng
of
the
app
li
cat
ion,
su
ch
a
de
ploym
ent
con
trib
utes
to
netw
ork
co
nge
sti
on
,
w
hich
w
il
l
le
ad
to
per
f
or
m
ance
degra
dation
a
nd
poor
energy
co
ns
um
pt
ion
.
Pe
rform
ance
op
ti
m
iz
ation
is
i
m
po
rtant
sin
ce
m
os
t
of
the
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
oil
an
d
gas
industry
a
re
dat
a
-
dri
ve
n.
Hen
c
e,
a
ny
data
loss
can
c
ause
the
aut
horiti
es
to
fail
to
keep
trac
k
of
the
conditi
on
of
the
pip
el
ine
.
A
ta
il
or
ed
routin
g
al
gorithm
h
as b
een
prop
os
e
d t
o
en
ha
nce th
e
netw
ork per
for
m
ance b
y m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
pac
ket accum
ulati
on v
ia
traff
ic
s
plit
ti
ng
an
d
by
reducin
g
the
num
ber
of
bro
a
dcast
pac
kets.
The
pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
sh
owe
d
a
sign
ific
a
nt
im
pro
vem
ent
on
pack
et
delive
ry
rati
o,
t
hroughp
ut,
en
er
gy
consum
ption
,
and
passi
ve
nodes
.
Howe
ver,
fair
ness
is
highli
ghte
d
as
the
w
eakn
e
ss
of
the
propose
d
al
gorithm
since
t
her
e
is
only
a
sli
gh
t
i
m
pr
ovem
ent can be see
n o
n
t
he fai
rn
e
ss in
de
x
in
the
res
ults.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
thank
the
Mi
nist
ry
of
Hi
gh
e
r
Ed
ucati
on
-
Ma
la
ysi
a,
Un
ive
rsi
ti
Tekn
ikal
Ma
la
ysi
a
-
Me
lak
a
for
thei
r
s
upport,
L
a
b faci
li
ti
es, sincer
e
en
coura
gem
ent, an
d assi
sta
nce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
20
-
15
26
1526
REFERE
NCE
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Khan,
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rshad,
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ec
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s,
t
axo
nom
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,
r
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ements,
and
open
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nges,
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urnal
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base
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on
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nd
Oil
Spill
age
Monitori
ng
and
Dete
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on:
Main
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f
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s
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ger
ia
Oil
and
G
as
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”
The
SIJ
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Computer
Sci
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ngin
eer
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&
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ppli
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“
A
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ew
on
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n
W
ire
le
ss
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”
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J
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Re
s
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Han,
J.
Ji
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N.
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L.
W
an
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n
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,
"Routing
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te
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net
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"
i
n
IEE
E
Comm
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-
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.
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ese
arc
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Pot
ent
i
a
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Chal
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ire
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ss
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ent
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en
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[11]
B
.
A
.
S
u
n
d
a
r
a
m
,
K
.
K
e
s
a
v
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
r
i
v
a
l
l
a
l
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
H
e
a
l
t
h
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
-
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
O
i
l
a
n
d
G
a
s
B
u
r
i
e
d
P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
s
,
”
J
.
I
n
s
t
.
E
n
g
.
I
n
d
i
a
S
e
r
.
A
,
v
o
l
.
9
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
9
-
7
4
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
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:
1
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1
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W
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A
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O
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N
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