TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.6, Jun
e
201
4, pp. 4148 ~ 4
1
5
6
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i6.520
5
4148
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 2
5
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
De
cem
ber 2
3
,
2013; Accep
t
ed Jan
uary 1
8
, 2014
Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine During Steady-State and
Transient Operation
Omer Elfaki Elbashir*
1
, Wang Z
e
zh
o
n
g
2
, Liu Qihui
3
Schoo
l of Elect
r
ical a
nd Electr
onics En
gin
eer
ing,
T
e
lphone: +
8
6
136
93
044
76
9, North Ch
ina El
ec
tric Po
w
e
r U
n
iversit
y
, Bei
jin
g, Chin
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
auther e-m
a
il
: omer.elbas
hir
@
yah
oo.com*
1
, w
zzh@
n
ce
pu
.edu.cn
2
, liuq
i
h
u
ifei@s
oh
u.co
m
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In recent years
,
there has be
e
n
a w
o
rldw
ide
grow
th
in the e
x
ploit
a
tion of w
i
nd e
nergy. In the w
i
nd
pow
er in
dustry
,
the major
i
ty of grid-c
onn
ec
ted w
i
nd tur
b
i
nes ar
e e
qui
p
ped w
i
th
dou
b
l
y fed i
n
d
u
ctio
n
generators (DFIGs) because
of their adv
antages over
other wi
nd tur
b
ine generator
(WTG)
syste
m
s
.
T
herefore,
muc
h
researc
h
effo
rt has
gon
e int
o
the issu
es of mo
de
lin
g, ana
l
ysis, control a
n
d grid i
n
tegr
ati
o
n
of DF
IG
w
i
nd turbi
nes. T
h
is p
aper d
e
a
l
s w
i
th the mode
lin
g, ana
lysis, an
d simulati
on
of a DF
IG driven by
a
w
i
nd turbi
ne. T
he gri
d
co
nnec
ted w
i
nd e
nerg
y
conv
ersi
on s
ystem (W
ECS)
is compos
ed
of DF
IG and tw
o
back to
b
a
ck P
W
M voltag
e s
o
urce c
onvert
e
rs (VSCs)
in
the ro
to
r ci
rcu
i
t. A ma
chi
n
e
m
ode
l
i
s
de
ri
ved
i
n
a
n
appr
opri
a
te
dq
referenc
e frame. T
he grid vo
ltag
e orie
nte
d
vector contro
l is used for
the grid sid
e
converter
(GSC) in
ord
e
r to
ma
inta
in
a co
n
s
tant DC
bus
voltag
e, w
h
ile
the stator
v
o
lta
ge
orie
nted v
e
cto
r
control is a
d
o
p
ted in the rot
o
r side co
nverter
(R
SC) to control the active
an
d reactive p
o
w
e
rs.
Ke
y
w
ords
: DFIG,
dq
vector control, PW
M, W
i
n
d
T
u
rbin
e, W
E
CS
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Since a few years ago, the wind po
we
r g
ener
ation ha
s been com
m
e
r
ciali
z
e
d
be
ca
use of
high fuel effi
cien
cy an
d low ai
r poll
u
tion. The
g
e
n
e
rato
r techno
logy used fo
r varia
b
le-sp
eed
con
s
tant-f
req
uen
cy (VSCF
)
ha
s
gon
e a
long
way. No
wad
a
ys, the
most p
opul
ar
motors u
s
e
d
for
wind p
o
wer system are p
e
rmanent ma
gn
ets syn
c
h
r
on
ous g
ene
rato
rs (PMS
G) an
d DFIG [1].
Wind e
nergy is one of the
most impo
rta
n
t
and pro
m
i
s
ing
sou
r
ces
of rene
wabl
e
energy
all over the
worl
d, mainly
beca
u
se it is co
n
s
ide
r
ed t
o
be non
poll
u
ting and e
c
onomi
c
ally viable.
At the same
time, there
h
a
s
bee
n a
ra
pid d
e
velopm
ent of
relate
d
win
d
tu
rbine
tech
nolo
g
y [2].
The majo
rity of grid-co
nne
cted wi
nd turbine
s
are eq
uippe
d with
DFIG
s. DFIG
is ba
sed o
n
a
wou
nd rotor i
ndu
ction ma
chine (WRIM),
whe
r
e the
3-pha
se rotor
windi
ng
s are
sup
p
lied
with
a
voltage of
co
ntrollabl
e am
plitude a
nd freque
ncy u
s
in
g an
ac to
a
c
conve
r
ter.
Consequ
ently, the
spe
ed can be
varied whil
e the ope
rating f
r
equ
en
cy of the stato
r
side
remain
s con
s
tant.
Dep
endin
g
o
n
the requi
red spee
d ra
nge, t
he
rot
o
r
conve
r
ter rating i
s
u
s
ually low
comp
ared wit
h
the machi
n
e rating. The
r
efore, a
DFIG is prefe
r
a
b
le for varia
b
le spe
ed wi
nd
turbine a
ppli
c
ations [3]. The choi
ce of control
st
rateg
y
incorp
orate
d
can vary d
epen
ding on
the
wind turbine
gene
rato
rs, b
u
t the most popul
ar control scheme fo
r the DFIG o
f
wind turbin
e
gene
rato
rs i
s
a field oriente
d
control (F
O
C
).
This
co
ntrol
strategy is wel
l
esta
blish
ed
in
the field
of
variabl
e
spe
ed d
r
ives an
d when
applie
d to the
DFIG control
,
allows i
ndep
ende
nt c
ont
ro
l of the electromagn
etic torque an
d stato
r
rea
c
tive po
wer [4]. The
DFIG usi
ng b
a
ck to
ba
ck PWM
conve
r
te
rs fo
r the
roto
r si
de
control
has
been
well e
s
t
ablished
in th
e wi
nd
po
wer syste
m
. Whe
n
u
s
ed
with
a
win
d
turbine
it offers several
advantag
es o
v
er the fixed sp
e
ed ge
nera
t
or system
s.
These adva
n
tage
s, inclu
d
i
ng speed
co
n
t
rol
and
red
u
c
ed fli
cke
rs, are p
r
ima
r
ily achi
eved
by controllin
g the VSC, with its inh
e
rent bi-di
r
e
c
tional a
c
tive a
nd re
active
powers flow
[5].
Among the
variou
s te
ch
nologi
es
ava
ilable fo
r WE
CSs, the
DFIG i
s
o
n
e
of the p
r
ef
erred
solutio
n
s
be
cau
s
e it red
u
ce
d me
cha
n
ical
stre
ss
and o
p
timize
d po
wer
ca
p
t
ure du
e to
the
variable
spe
e
d
operation.
For the po
wer sy
stem wi
th wind turbi
nes inte
grate
d
, once a
se
vere fault occurs, the
electroma
gne
tic po
we
r of
DFIG
red
u
ced rapidl
y,
whi
c
h in
crea
se the
roto
r spe
ed
and
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of DFIG Wind Tu
rbine Durin
g
Steady-State a
nd Tra
n
si
ent
… (Om
e
r Elfaki Elbashir)
4149
operation p
o
i
n
t of DFIG
wi
ll move from
the optim
um point
of
spee
d-tor
que ch
aracteri
stic
curve
to the speed
incre
a
se direction, an
d the mec
hani
cal torque
will
decrea
s
e du
ring severe f
ault,
accordingly. At
the same
time,
the rotor
current will have
a
shar
p
rise, to ensure the generator
with a stabl
e operation [6].
Figure 1. Gen
e
ral Stru
cture
of Wind Po
wer Generation Sys
t
em with DFIG
In Figure 1, the stator of the DFIG is d
i
re
ctly co
nne
cted to the g
r
id, while two
back to
back PWM voltage sou
r
ce conve
r
ters
(VSCs) a
r
e i
n
se
rted b
e
tween the rotor and the g
r
id
to
control
the rot
o
r
an
d stator output
po
we
r whi
c
h
i
s
fed t
o
the g
r
id for
the variabl
e speed
ope
ratio
n
[7]. It is po
ssible to
cont
ro
l roto
r
curren
t injectio
n u
s
i
ng VSCs to
ensure
effecti
v
e ope
ration
in
both su
b an
d sup
e
r
synchronou
s mo
de
s. Deco
uple
d
control of acti
ve and re
acti
ve powe
r
s using
the vector co
ntrol is prese
n
ted in [8] and current
con
t
rol method
s for wind turbi
nes u
s
ing
DF
IG
are
pre
s
e
n
te
d in [9]. Both stator
and
rotor a
r
e a
b
le
to sup
p
ly th
e po
wer,
but
the directio
n
o
f
active p
o
we
r
flow throug
h t
he rotor ci
rcu
i
t is d
epen
de
nt on th
e wi
n
d
spee
d an
d
accordingly, t
h
e
gene
rato
r sp
eed. Below t
he synchron
ous
spee
d, t
he active po
wer flo
w
s fro
m
the grid to the
rotor si
de, a
n
d
the
RSC a
c
ts
as a volta
ge
sou
r
ce
inv
e
rter while th
e GSC a
c
ts
as
a rectifie
r
but
above the
synch
r
on
ou
s sp
eed, RS
C a
c
ts a
s
a rect
ifie
r and
GSC a
c
ts a
s
an i
n
verter. Th
e rot
o
r
VSC is controlled to
limit
the torq
ue
p
u
lsatio
n,
and
the g
r
id VS
C i
s
controlle
d to limit the
DC
voltage ri
pple
[10]. Two b
a
c
k to b
a
ck vo
ltage fed
cu
rrent regulate
d
co
nverte
rs a
r
e
co
nne
cted
to
the roto
r
circuit. The firin
g
pulses are
given to
the
insul
a
ted g
a
te bipol
ar t
r
a
n
si
stors (I
GBTs)
device
s
u
s
in
g PWM te
ch
nique
s. The
conve
r
ters a
r
e linked to e
a
ch
othe
r by
mean
s of
DC-link
cap
a
cito
r. Th
e main pu
rp
ose of the G
S
C is
to co
n
t
rol the DC-li
n
k voltage a
nd en
sures t
h
e
operation at
unity power f
a
ctor
by ma
king the
rea
c
ti
ve power
dra
w
n by the
sy
stem fro
m
th
e
utility grid equal to ze
ro, while the
RS
C co
ntrol
s
th
e active and
rea
c
tive powers
by contro
lling
the
dq
c
o
mponents
of the rotor c
u
rrents
.
2. d-q Model
of Inductio
n
Gener
a
tor
(P
ark Model
)
The
dq
axis re
p
r
esentation o
f
an inductio
n
gene
rato
r is used for si
mulation, taki
ng
flux linkage a
s
a basi
c
vari
able. It is based on tw
o axi
s
rep
r
e
s
e
n
tations
comm
onl
y known as the
“Park model
” [11]. Here an equivalent
2-ph
ase
machine re
pre
s
e
n
ts 3-p
h
a
s
e
machi
ne, wh
ere
s
s
dq
corre
s
po
nd
to the stator
dire
ct and q
u
adratu
r
e axe
s
, and
rr
dq
corre
s
pond to the
rotor di
re
ct and quad
ratu
re axes. A synch
r
on
ou
sly rotating
dq
reference frame is used wit
h
the dire
ct
da
x
i
s
o
r
iented
along
the stator fl
ux posit
ion.
In this way, decoupl
ed control
betwe
en the
electri
c
al to
rq
ue and the ro
tor excitation
curre
n
t is obt
ained. The
re
feren
c
e fram
e is
rotating
with
the same
sp
eed a
s
th
e
stator voltage.
While
mod
e
l
i
ng the
DFIG
, the gen
erat
or
conve
n
tion is use
d
, indicating that, the current
s
are
o
u
tputs a
nd th
at power h
a
s
a negative
si
gn
whe
n
fed into
the grid.
2.1. Axes Tr
ansformatio
n
The
dq
model requires th
at all the 3-pha
se va
riabl
es h
a
ve to be tra
n
sformed to t
h
e
2-ph
ase
syn
c
hrono
usly
rotating fra
m
e
[12]. A
sym
m
etrical 3
-
ph
ase
indu
ctio
n ma
chin
e
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4148 – 4
156
4150
stationa
ry axes
,,
as
bs
cs
sepa
rat
ed by an a
ngle
2
3
is co
n
s
ide
r
ed.
Here the 3-pha
se
stationa
ry ref
e
ren
c
e f
r
ame
’
s
s
s
dq
variable
s
a
r
e tra
n
sfo
r
me
d into the sy
nch
r
on
ou
sly rotating
referenc
e frame
ee
dq
. Assum
e
that the
s
s
dq
axes a
r
e o
r
ie
nte
d
at
angle. T
he voltage
s
s
ds
v
and
s
qs
v
c
an be res
o
lved into
,,
as
bs
cs
comp
one
nts i
n
a matrix form as:
0
co
s
s
i
n
1
c
o
s
(
120
)
s
i
n
(
120
)
1
c
o
s(
120
)
s
i
n
(
120
)
1
s
qs
as
s
bs
ds
s
cs
s
v
v
vv
v
v
(1)
The co
rrespo
nding inve
rse
relation is:
0
cos
c
os
(
120
)
c
os
(
120
)
2
s
i
n
s
i
n
(
120
)
s
i
n
(
120
)
3
0.
5
0
.
5
0.
5
s
qs
as
s
ds
bs
s
cs
s
v
v
vv
v
v
(2)
Whe
r
e
s
os
v
is
adde
d a
s
t
he zero se
quen
ce
co
m
pone
nt. Equ
a
tion (2)
re
pre
s
ent
s th
e
transfo
rmatio
n of
3-p
h
a
s
e
quantitie
s int
o
2
-
ph
ase
dq
quantities. It is more co
nve
n
ient to set
0
, s
o
that
qa
x
i
s
is aligne
d with the
aa
x
i
s
in this ca
se. The si
ne
comp
one
nts
of
d
and
q
pa
ram
e
ters
will b
e
re
placed
with
cosin
e
valu
es,
and vi
ce
versa if
da
x
i
s
coi
n
ci
de
s
wit
h
aa
x
i
s
. If
the synchron
ou
sly rot
a
ting
dq
axes rotate at a synch
r
on
ou
s speed
e
with
respec
t to
s
s
dq
axes, then th
e
voltages
on t
he
s
s
dq
axes can
be converte
d
into
dq
a
synchro
nou
sl
y rotating fra
m
e as:
co
s
s
i
n
sin
c
o
s
ss
qs
qs
e
d
s
e
ss
ds
qs
e
d
s
e
vv
v
vv
v
(3)
Re
solving the
rotating fram
e para
m
eters into stationary frame:
co
s
s
in
si
n
c
os
s
qs
qs
e
d
s
e
s
ds
qs
e
d
s
e
vv
v
vv
v
(4)
2.2. DFIG Mo
del in Sy
nch
r
onous
Rota
ting Re
fer
e
n
ce Frame
For the mode
ling of DFIG in the synch
r
o
nou
sly rotatin
g
frame, we n
eed to rep
r
e
s
ent the
2-ph
ase stator
()
s
s
dq
and roto
r
()
rr
dq
circuit va
riab
les i
n
a
sy
nch
r
on
ou
sly
rotating
()
dq
frame a
s
sh
o
w
n bel
ow:
Figure 2. Dyn
a
mic d
-
q Equi
valent Ci
rc
uit of DFIG (q-ax
i
s
c
i
rc
uit
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of DFIG Wind Tu
rbine Durin
g
Steady-State a
nd Tra
n
si
ent
… (Om
e
r Elfaki Elbashir)
4151
Figure 3. Dyn
a
mic d
-
q Equi
valent Ci
rc
uit of DFIG (d-ax
i
s
c
i
rc
uit
)
Acco
rdi
ng to Kron'
s equ
ation, the
stator
circuit equ
ations a
r
e:
s
ss
qs
s
q
s
q
s
s
ss
ds
s
d
s
d
s
d
vR
i
dt
d
vR
i
dt
(5)
W
h
er
e
s
qs
is the
qa
x
i
s
stator flux
linkage,
an
d
s
ds
is the
da
x
i
s
st
ator flux li
nkage
respe
c
tively.
Conve
r
t equa
tion (5) to the
synch
r
on
ou
s rotating fram
e:
qs
s
q
s
q
s
e
ds
ds
s
d
s
d
s
e
qs
d
vR
i
dt
d
vR
i
dt
(6)
Whe
n
the
an
gular spee
d
e
is
zero, the
speed
of
emf
due t
o
d
and
q
axis i
s
zero a
nd th
e
equatio
n’s
ch
ange
s to
stat
ionary fo
rm. I
f
the
roto
r i
s
blocke
d o
r
not moving, i
.
e.
0
r
, the
machi
ne rotor equation
s
ca
n be written i
n
a simila
r wa
y as the stato
r
equatio
ns:
qr
r
q
r
q
r
e
dr
dr
r
d
r
d
r
e
q
r
d
vR
i
dt
d
vR
i
dt
(7)
Let
the rotor rotate
at an a
ngula
r
spe
e
d
r
, then the
dq
axes fixed o
n
t
he rotor fi
ctitiously
will m
o
ve at
a relative
sp
eed
()
er
to th
e
synchrono
usly
rotatin
g
fram
e. The
dq
frame
rotor e
quatio
ns can be
wri
tten by replacing
()
er
in the pla
c
e of
e
as:
qr
r
q
r
q
r
e
r
d
r
dr
r
d
r
d
r
e
r
q
r
d
vR
i
dt
d
vR
i
dt
(8)
(9)
()
ds
ls
d
s
m
d
s
d
r
s
ds
m
d
r
Li
L
i
i
L
i
L
i
(10)
()
qr
lr
qr
m
q
s
q
r
r
qr
m
q
s
Li
L
i
i
L
i
L
i
(11)
()
qs
ls
qs
m
q
s
q
r
s
qs
m
q
r
Li
L
i
i
L
i
L
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4148 – 4
156
4152
()
dr
lr
dr
m
d
s
d
r
r
dr
m
d
s
Li
L
i
i
L
i
L
i
(12)
The torq
ue e
x
pressio
n
ca
n be written i
n
terms of flu
x
linkage
s an
d curre
n
ts a
s
:
3
()
22
e
d
rq
r
q
rd
r
P
Ti
i
(13)
3. Contr
o
l Algorithm
Figure 4 a
nd
5 belo
w
, sho
w
s th
e DFI
G
based
WE
CS
with the ve
ctor control. Th
e roto
r
curre
n
ts are use
d
to control the stator
active
and re
active po
wers. The RS
C control
s
the DFIG,
while the
GS
C fun
c
tion is
to maintain th
e DC link volt
age
con
s
tant.
The vecto
r
control o
n
DFI
G
is implem
ent
ed in the two
followin
g
step
s.
3.1. GSC Co
ntrol
The a
dopte
d
vector
co
ntrol
strate
gy mu
st fulf
ill the two main
obje
c
t
i
ves of the
g
r
id sid
e
conve
r
ter. 1
)
Reg
u
late
DC bu
s volta
g
e
. 2)
Cont
rol
rea
c
tive po
wer exchan
g
ed bidi
re
ctio
nal
betwe
en the
rotor of the
machi
ne
and
the g
r
id. Th
us, by
alignin
g
the g
r
id
vol
t
age ve
ctor
with
synchro
nou
s frame dire
ct axis,
its
in
direct axi
s
com
pone
nt be
co
mes
null
(0
)
q
v
.The ac
tive
and rea
c
tive powers
a
r
e controlle
d
ind
e
pend
ently
us
i
ng the ve
ctor cont
rol
strat
egy. Since th
e
amplitude of
sup
p
ly voltage is co
nsta
nt, the active
an
d rea
c
tive po
wers a
r
e cont
rolled by me
a
n
s
of
d
i
and
q
i
respec
tively.
33
(),
(
0
)
22
33
()
,
(
0
)
22
sd
d
q
qd
d
q
sq
d
d
q
d
q
q
Pv
i
v
i
v
i
v
Qv
i
v
i
v
i
v
(14)
Whe
r
e
d
i
,
q
i
and
d
v
are g
r
id curre
n
t and voltag
e respe
c
tively, as
(0
)
q
v
. Based on the sig
n
of
a no
n-ze
ro
sl
ip ratio
s
, a p
a
rt of
DFIG’
s
gen
erate
d
a
c
tive po
we
r i
s
inte
rchan
ge
d with
the
gri
d
throug
h
the
rotor, which can
d
e
liver or absorb
g
r
id’
s
power
i
n
sup
e
r
o
r
su
b-syn
c
hrono
us
mo
des,
respe
c
tively. Equation
(14
)
, states that
acti
ve po
we
r
and
con
s
e
q
u
ently, DC b
u
s voltage can
be
controlled via
d
i
, wherea
s
q
i
can control
reactive po
wer flo
w
in the grid. Thi
s
strategy is
depi
cted in Fi
gure 5. Th
e control si
gnal
s for the grid converte
rs a
r
e
:
**
1
1
**
1
1
i
dp
d
d
i
qp
q
q
K
vK
i
i
s
K
vK
i
i
s
(15)
Whe
r
e
p
K
is the prop
ortio
nal gain of the co
ntrolle
r, and
i
K
is the integral
gain of the controlle
r.
The an
gula
r
positio
n of the grid volta
g
e
is dete
c
ted u
s
ing
a pha
se
locked lo
op
(PLL), which
h
a
s
good qu
ality in terms of sta
b
ility and of transi
ent
re
spo
n
se [13]. This locked angl
e
will be use
d
to
trans
form s
y
stem variables to the
dq
refe
rence frame.
The
DC b
u
s
voltage i
s
m
a
intaine
d
con
s
tant via
the oute
r
volt
age PI
co
ntroller wh
i
c
h
p
r
ocesse
s the
erro
r b
e
twe
en the
refere
nce
and mea
s
u
r
e
d
DC bu
s
volt
age and
yield
s
*
d
i
, while
*
q
i
is
set to
z
e
ro to
c
o
mpens
a
te f
o
r
reac
tive
power at the
grid
side. T
h
e GSC
provid
es n
eed
ed m
agneti
z
ing
en
ergy throug
h
the roto
r for t
h
e
DFIG. Finally
, the mea
s
ured g
r
id
curre
n
ts (
d
i
,
q
i
) and
ref
e
ren
c
e
cu
rr
e
n
ts (
*
d
i
,
*
q
i
) are co
mpared
then p
r
o
c
e
s
sed by inn
e
r
current PI co
n
t
rollers, in
o
r
der to
gen
era
t
e app
rop
r
iat
e
sig
nal
s for
the
GSC.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of DFIG Wind Tu
rbine Durin
g
Steady-State a
nd Tra
n
si
ent
… (Om
e
r Elfaki Elbashir)
4153
Figure 4. Vector Cont
rol Structu
r
e fo
r G
S
C
3.2. RSC Co
ntrol
The m
a
in
pu
rpose of th
e
RSC i
s
to
main
tain the
roto
r
spe
ed
co
nsta
nt irrespe
c
tive of th
e
wind
sp
eed
and al
so th
e
control st
rat
egy ha
s b
e
e
n
implem
ent
ed to control
the active a
n
d
rea
c
tive po
wers flow of th
e ma
chin
e u
s
ing the
roto
r
curre
n
t comp
onent
s. The
active p
o
wer
flow
is co
ntrolle
d
throug
h
dr
i
and the rea
c
tive power flow i
s
controlled th
roug
h
qr
i
.To ensure unit
power fa
ctor ope
ration li
ke GSC, the
rea
c
tive po
wer d
e
man
d
i
s
al
so
set to
ze
ro h
e
re.
The
stand
ard volt
age ori
ented
vector co
ntrol strat
egy is used for th
e RSC to implement cont
rol
action. He
re
the
real axis
of
th
e
stato
r
voltage i
s
chosen
as the
d
-axi
s. Sin
c
e
the
stator is
con
n
e
c
ted to the utility grid and the influ
ence of stat
or resi
stan
ce is
small, the sta
t
or magn
etizi
ng
cur
r
e
n
t
m
i
ca
n b
e
co
nsi
dered
as
con
s
tant.
Und
e
r volt
a
ge ori
entatio
n, the relatio
n
shi
p
bet
wee
n
the torq
ue
an
d the
dq
axis v
o
ltage
s, currents
and flux
es
ca
n be
written with n
e
g
l
ecting
of
leakage in
du
ctan
ce
s. To
maximize th
e
turbine
outp
u
t power, DF
IG must b
e
controlle
d thro
ugh
the cont
rol of
dr
i
and
qr
i
. To sim
p
lify the control and calcula
t
e
*
dr
i
, the stator flux compon
e
n
t
ds
is
s
e
t to z
e
ro.
0
()
ds
qs
l
s
m
q
s
m
qr
m
m
LL
i
L
i
L
i
(16)
The equ
ation
s
of rotor flux
es are:
2
mm
qr
q
s
r
q
r
m
r
q
r
ss
m
d
r
ds
r
d
r
r
dr
s
LL
L
ii
L
i
LL
L
Li
L
i
L
(17)
Whe
r
e
2
1
m
s
r
L
LL
By sub
s
tituting the valu
e
s
of
dr
and
qr
from
equatio
n (1
7) in equ
ation
(8), the
roto
r
voltages a
r
e:
()
()
dr
r
d
r
r
dr
e
r
r
q
r
qr
r
q
r
r
qr
e
r
r
d
r
d
vR
i
L
i
L
i
dt
d
vR
i
L
i
L
i
dt
(18)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4148 – 4
156
4154
The refe
ren
c
e value
*
dr
v
and
*
qr
v
can b
e
found
from Equatio
n (18
)
as:
*'
*'
()
[
]
()
[
]
d
r
dr
e
r
r
q
r
m
qs
q
r
qr
e
r
r
d
r
m
ds
vv
L
i
L
i
vv
L
i
L
i
(19)
Whe
r
e
'
dr
v
and
'
qr
v
are found fro
m
the current e
rro
rs p
r
o
c
e
s
sing throu
gh st
anda
rd PI co
ntrolle
rs.
The ele
c
trom
agneti
c
torqu
e
can b
e
expressed a
s
:
3
2
m
eq
s
d
r
s
L
TP
i
L
(20)
The referen
c
e
current
*
dr
i
ca
n be
foun
d e
i
ther from th
e refe
re
nce t
o
rqu
e
o
r
fro
m
the
spe
ed e
rro
rs throug
h sta
n
d
a
rd PI co
ntrol
l
ers. Simila
rly
*
qr
i
can be fou
n
d
from the re
active po
we
r
errors. The value of
*
dr
i
can b
e
found u
s
ing
Equation (2
0
)
:
*
*
es
dr
qs
m
TL
i
L
(21)
Figure 5. Vector Cont
rol Structu
r
e fo
r RSC
4. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
The ind
u
ctio
n machine i
s
sim
u
lated
usin
g MAT
L
AB/SIMULINK environ
ment. The
perfo
rman
ce
of the DFIG system is anal
yzed und
er
g
r
id voltage fluctuations. The
main obje
c
tive
of this
Wo
rk i
s
to
study th
e
pe
rforma
nce
analy
s
is
of t
he
DFIG fo
r
a
win
d
tu
rbine
appli
c
ation
b
o
th
durin
g stea
d
y
-state op
eration and transi
ent ope
ration (voltag
e
fluctuation
s
). The volt
age
fluctuation
s
a
r
e mad
e
by lowe
ring a
nd
raisi
ng t
he vo
ltage value
s
in the utility grid intention
a
l
l
y
for simul
a
tion
keepi
ng in view of differen
t
grid distu
r
ba
nce
s
.
4.1. Simulation under Balance Grid
DFIG cha
r
a
c
teristi
c
’s
wave
forms
unde
r
steady-state
con
d
ition
s
are sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gure
6. It
is ob
se
rved that the activ
e
and rea
c
tive power
s su
pplied by the
utility grid are decoupl
ed
and
DC lin
k volta
ge is maintai
ned con
s
tant due to
the co
ntrol strategy made in the
GSC.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of DFIG Wind Tu
rbine Durin
g
Steady-State a
nd Tra
n
si
ent
… (Om
e
r Elfaki Elbashir)
4155
(a) Stator volt
age
(b) Stator
cu
rrent
(c
) Roto
r c
u
r
r
ent
(d) A
c
tive power
(e) Rea
c
tive
power
(f) D
C
link v
o
l
t
age
(g) Rotor spe
e
d
Figure 6. Simulation Results of the Grid
unde
r Balan
c
e Con
d
ition
4.2. Simulation under Ch
ange in Sup
p
ly
Frequenc
y
Figure 7, sh
o
w
s h
o
w th
e system is coll
apsi
ng with
chang
e in su
p
p
ly freque
ncy
.
When
the supply f
r
eque
ncy
ch
a
nge
s from 5
0
H
z rated to
4
8
Hz, the
sy
stem i
s
n
o
t respondi
ng to
th
e
control strate
gy. It clearly indicates that
the di
fferent
control strate
gy need
s to be employe
d
to
respon
d to th
e chang
e in
frequ
en
cy. Since
the m
a
ch
ine fre
que
ncy
is at
a rated
value 50
Hz, it is
not respon
din
g
to 48Hz, at that time the behav
io
r of the machi
ne is
disturbing in
nature.
(a) Stator volt
age
(b) Stator
cu
rrent
(c
) Roto
r c
u
r
r
ent
(d) A
c
tive power
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4148 – 4
156
4156
(e) Rea
c
tive
power
(f) D
C
link v
o
l
t
age
(g) Rotor spe
e
d
Figure 7. Simulation Results of the
Grid
unde
r Ch
ang
e in Supply Frequ
en
cy
5. Conclusio
n
The mai
n
obj
ective of this
Wo
rk i
s
to
study
the pe
rfo
r
man
c
e
analy
s
is
of the DFIG for
a
wind tu
rbine
appli
c
ation b
o
th duri
ng ste
ady-state
and
transi
ent ope
ration. The m
odelin
g, cont
rol
and
simul
a
tio
n
of DFIG couple
d
with
a win
d
turbin
e ha
s b
een
carrie
d out.
The g
r
id volt
age
oriente
d
vect
or co
ntrol is
use
d
for the GSC in ord
e
r
to maintain
a const
ant DC b
u
s volta
ge,
while the stat
or voltage ori
entated vecto
r
cont
rol
is ad
opted in the RSC to co
ntrol the active an
d
rea
c
tive po
wers.
The
DFIG sy
stem i
s
simulate
d u
s
i
ng MAT
L
AB/SIMULINK
e
n
vironm
ent. It is
con
c
lu
ded th
at, the traditional voltage
control techni
que
which is
use
d
on b
o
th
GSC a
s
well
as
the RSC to
analyze the
perfo
rman
ce
of the DFIG
system u
nde
r grid volta
g
e
fluctuation
s
is
suitabl
e und
e
r
sud
den
cha
nge in gri
d
voltage.
Referen
ces
[1]
Yingc
hao
Z
h
a
ng, H
u
ij
ua
n L
i
u, Ha
iji
ao Z
h
a
ng,
Xi
an
g Z
h
a
o
. Performa
nc
e a
nal
ys
is
of
dou
bl
y
e
x
cite
d
brush
l
ess
ge
n
e
rator
w
i
th
out
er rotor
for
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
ppl
ic
ation.
TELKOMNIKA
Indo
ne
sian
Jour
na
l of
Electrical E
ngi
neer
ing
. 2
010;
10(3): 47
1-4
7
6
.
[2]
A T
apia, G T
a
pia, J
X
Ostol
a
za, JR Sa
enz.
Mode
lin
g a
nd
control
of a
w
i
nd tur
b
in
e dr
iv
en
dou
bl
y-fe
d
ind
u
ction gen
e
r
ator.
IEEE Tra
n
s. Energy Conv
. 2003; 1
8
(2)
:
149-20
4.
[3]
Y Liao, L Ra
n
,
G. Putrus, KS Smith. Evaluatio
n of the effects of rotor harmon
i
cs in
a dou
bl
y-fe
d
ind
u
ction
g
ene
rator
w
i
th
h
a
rmonic
in
duce
d
s
pee
d ri
ppl
e.
IEEE Trans. Energy Conv
., 20
0
3
; 18(
4): 50
8-
515.
[4]
A Mul
l
an
e, M
O'
Malle
y
.
T
he i
nertia
l
res
p
o
n
s
e
of
in
ductio
n
machi
ne-b
a
se
d
w
i
nd
turb
ine
s
.
IEEE Trans
.
Power Syst
., 2
005; 20(
3): 149
6-15
03.
[5]
R Pena, JC Clare, GM Asher.
A doub
ly-fed
ind
u
ction
ge
ne
rator usi
ng b
a
c
k
-to-back PW
M converter
s
supp
lyin
g an i
s
olate
d
loa
d
from a var
i
a
b
le
spee
d w
i
nd turbin
e.
IEE proc. On Electric
Po
w
e
r Appl.
,
199
6; 143(
5): 331-3
38.
[6]
Hon
g
w
e
i Li, H
a
i
y
in
g Do
ng,
Shua
ibi
ng L
i
, Lin
x
i
n
Ca
o. T
r
ansi
ent stabi
lit
y a
nal
ys
is of grid-co
n
n
e
cted
w
i
nd t
u
rbi
nes
w
i
t
h
time d
o
mai
n
simu
lat
i
on.
T
E
LKOM
NIKA Indon
es
ian J
ourn
a
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