Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
9
24
~
9
32
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
9
24
-
9
32
924
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Five
-
Lev
el Single
S
ource Volta
ge Conv
ert
er Contr
olled Usi
ng
Selectiv
e H
ar
m
on
ic Elimin
atio
n
Ibra
him
H
aruna
Sh
anon
o
1
,
No
r
Rul
H
asm
a Abd
ull
ah
2
,
Aish
a Muh
am
mad
3
1
,2
Facul
t
y
of Electrical
and
Elec
t
ronic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
si
ti Mal
a
y
si
a
Pahan
g,
26600
Pekan, Pa
hang,
Ma
lay
si
a
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
,
Fa
cult
y
of the
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Ba
y
e
ro
U
nive
rsit
y
K
ano,
Niger
ia
3
Depa
rtment
of M
ec
hat
ron
ic
s
,
Facult
y
of
the E
n
gine
er
ing, Bay
er
o
Univer
sit
y
K
a
no,
Niger
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
1,
2018
Re
vised Ju
n
1
9
, 2018
Accepte
d Aug
25, 201
8
The
pap
er
pre
se
nts
a
5
-
le
v
el
c
as
ca
ded
H
-
bridg
e
volt
ag
e
source
i
nver
te
r
.
Th
e
conve
rt
er
topol
o
g
y
c
om
posed
of
two
-
ca
sca
d
ed
H
-
bridge
m
odule
s
conne
c
ted
in
par
allel
and
powere
d
b
y
a
single
DC
source
.
The
bene
f
it
of
t
his
topol
o
g
y
in
compari
son
with
the
conv
en
ti
on
al
H
-
Bridg
e
conf
iguration
i
s
tha
t
it
uses
single
inpu
t
D
C
source
instead
of
two
to
ac
h
ie
ve
th
e
s
ame
output
steps/l
ev
el
s.
Se
le
c
ti
ve
H
armonic
E
li
m
ina
t
ion
(SH
E)
is
the
m
odula
ti
on
te
chn
ique
emplo
y
ed
.
The
gen
erate
d
non
-
li
n
ea
r
tr
ansc
ende
n
ta
l
eq
uat
ions
ar
e
solved
using
an
opti
m
ised
Gene
ti
c
al
gori
thms
to
find
the
sw
itch
ing
angles.
Thi
s
prope
r
t
y
m
ake
s
th
e
t
opolog
y
and
the
cont
ro
l
func
ti
on
sui
ta
b
le
for
thr
e
e
phase
appl
i
ca
t
io
ns
where
tri
ple
n
har
m
onic
s
are
said
to
ca
n
ce
l
ou
t
at
the
li
n
e
-
to
-
li
ne
voltages.
Thi
s
con
ce
pt
o
f
SH
E
m
odula
tion
ext
ends
the
val
ue
of
th
e
fil
ter
cu
t
-
off
fr
e
quency
,
which
tra
nsla
te
s
to
sm
al
l
er
siz
ed
fi
lt
e
r
,
compac
t
cool
ing
s
y
s
te
m
and
red
uc
ed
sy
stem
weight.
Thi
s
adva
nt
age
m
ake
s
the
topol
og
y
attra
ct
i
ve
to
au
tomotiv
e
and
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
appl
i
c
at
ions.
Th
e
topol
og
y
was si
m
ula
te
d
using
PS
IM software
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mult
il
evel topolo
gy
Vo
lt
age
s
ource
conv
e
rters
Modula
ti
on techn
i
qu
e
R
edu
ce
d de
vice co
un
t
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ibrah
im
H
ar
una
Sh
a
nono
,
Faculty
of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d El
e
ct
ronics E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Pah
a
ng,
26600 Pe
kan,
Paha
ng, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: snn
ibra
him
01
@g
m
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
M
ulti
-
le
vel
I
nverte
r
(MLI
)
can
m
erely
be
descr
i
bed
as
a
n
el
ect
rical
dev
ic
e
com
pr
isi
ng
of
pow
e
r
el
ect
ro
nic
s
witc
hes
ar
ra
ng
e
d
and
c
ontr
olled
syst
e
m
at
ic
a
ll
y,
su
c
h
that
it
c
onve
rts
a
Dc
i
nput
s
ource
c
om
ing
from
either
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
c
el
ls,
batte
ries,
ca
pa
ci
tors
et
c
.
int
o
m
ulti
ple
ste
pp
ed
outp
ut
volt
age
wa
vefor
m
cl
os
e
to
a
sin
usoidal
sign
al
.
Mult
il
evel
in
ver
te
r
popula
rity
is
du
e
to
the
va
rio
us
a
dv
a
ntag
es
it
of
fe
re
d
over
the
conve
ntion
al
s
qu
a
re
wa
ve
i
nv
e
rter.
T
he
c
onve
rter
m
od
ul
ar
nat
ur
e
c
ou
pled
with
t
he
ad
van
ce
s
m
a
de
in
sem
ic
on
duct
or
te
chnolo
gy
ha
s
broa
den
e
d
up
i
ts
us
age
i
n
hi
gh
powe
r
industrial
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
it
pro
vid
es
le
ss
s
witc
hing
stress
on
power
s
wi
tc
hes,
the
refore
reducin
g
swi
tc
hin
g
l
os
ses
i
n
the
ci
rc
uit
wh
ic
h
i
m
pr
oves
the
syst
e
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
It
re
du
ce
d
ou
t
pu
t
t
otal
har
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on
(T
HD),
an
d
e
le
ct
r
oma
gn
et
ic
interfe
ren
ce
(
E
MI)
m
akes it s
uitable
for
hi
gh
ly
sensiti
ve a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
[1
]
-
[
3].
Ba
ker
'
s
in
t
he
m
id
70
'
s
pr
opose
d
Ca
sca
de
d
H
-
br
i
dg
e
(C
H
B)
to
po
l
og
y
w
hich
he
publis
he
d
in
a
patent
ti
tl
ed
'
Ele
ct
ric
powe
r
c
onve
r
te
rs’
[
4].
It
w
as
the
first
in
ver
t
er
to
polo
gy
to
gen
e
rates
m
ulti
ple
ou
tp
ut
ste
ps
us
in
g
m
or
e
tha
n
one
Dc
s
our
ce.
Lat
er
in
t
he
80
'
s,
they
pro
po
s
ed
a
nothe
r
topolo
gy
w
hic
h
is
po
pu
la
rly
known
as
Neu
t
ral
po
int
cl
a
m
ped
co
nv
e
rter
(N
PC
)
or
Diode
C
la
m
ped
t
opology.
The
be
ne
fit
of
this
topolo
gy
over
t
he
earli
er
on
e
is
it
us
es
sing
le
D
C
so
ur
ce
with
add
it
io
nal
diod
es
and
capaci
t
or
s
to
achie
ve
higher
outp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
ste
ps
.
I
n
the
sa
m
e
ye
ar,
N
aba
e
et
al
.,
app
li
es
the
Pu
lse
W
i
dt
h
M
odulati
on
(
P
W
M
)
co
ntr
ol
schem
e
on
th
e
NP
C
topolo
gy that pr
od
uces an
out
pu
t wit
h
le
ss harm
on
ic
d
ist
or
t
ion
[5]. Most o
f
the r
esearc
h done in
the 80'
s
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fiv
e
-
Level
Single S
ource
V
ol
tag
e C
onvert
er
Co
ntro
ll
ed Us
in
g Selec
ti
ve
… (
Ib
r
ah
i
m Har
una S
hanono
)
925
m
or
e
fo
cuse
d
towa
rd
s
t
hr
ee
le
vel
conve
rter
topolo
gies,
but
la
te
r
in
the
1990s,
the
num
ber
of
ste
ps
was
increase
d up to
six
le
vels [6]
.
In
t
he
90
'
s,
a
ne
w
to
polo
gy
w
as
pro
posed
by
Me
ynar
d
a
nd
Fo
c
h,
w
hich
w
as
cal
le
d
Fly
in
g
Ca
pa
ci
tor
(F
C)
[7
]
.
It
ci
rcu
it
connecti
o
n
is
sim
il
ar
to
that
of
a
Diod
e
C
lam
p,
on
ly
that
the
diode
s
wer
e
rep
la
ce
d
with
capaci
tors.
O
ne
of
the
ben
e
f
it
s
of
fly
ing
c
apacit
or
ov
e
r
diode
cl
am
p
i
s
it
s
red
unda
nc
y
pr
ope
rty
.
It
can
gen
e
rate
a
pa
rtic
ular
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
us
in
g
m
ulti
ple
switc
hi
ng
se
qu
e
nces
[
8].
Most
of
the
early
li
te
rature
w
as
base
d
on the a
bove
t
hr
ee
m
e
ntion
e
d
t
opol
ogie
s, w
hich
m
akes t
hem
be
te
r
m
ed
as cla
ssic
al
topolo
gies.
Re
centl
y,
so
m
e
new
to
polo
gi
es
wer
e
devel
oped
,
m
os
t
of
w
hich
ar
e
ap
plica
ti
on
bas
e
dri
ve
n.
T
his
is
because
a
par
ti
cular
to
po
l
og
y
te
nd
s
to
be
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
a
nd
eff
ic
ie
nt
in
a
sp
eci
fic
app
li
c
at
ion
an
d
unsui
ta
ble
in
an
oth
e
r
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
He
nce,
m
aking
both
a
cadem
ia
and
i
ndus
try
t
o
e
xplore
m
or
e
to
p
ologies
that
s
uits
a
par
ti
cula
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
.
The
posit
ive
im
pact
MLI’s
are
m
aking
at
do
m
est
ic
and
ind
us
t
rial
le
vel
at
tract
s
m
o
re
researc
h
interest
w
hich
fo
c
us
es
on
im
pr
ov
in
g
it
s
topolo
gies
an
d
con
tr
ol
sche
m
e.
On
e
m
ajo
r
MLI
lim
it
a
tio
n
is
th
e
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
c
om
po
ne
nts
an
d
t
he
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
s
te
ps
,
wh
ic
h
is
sai
d
to
be
i
n
a
direct
pro
portion
to
e
ach o
the
r.
Th
e
r
efore,
t
he
ci
r
cu
it
te
nd
s
t
o
be
la
rg
e
r
in
siz
e,
co
m
pl
ic
at
ed
an
d
m
or
e
exp
e
ns
i
ve
.
T
o
ov
e
rc
om
e
this
lim
i
ta
ti
on
,
re
searche
rs
a
nd
eng
i
neer
s
are
dev
el
op
i
ng
ne
w
to
polo
gies
with
reduce
d
dev
ic
e
count
[11
]
,
[
12].
This
pa
per
is
e
qu
al
ly
par
t
of
the
sam
e
research
,
ai
m
ing
at
gen
erati
ng
m
or
e
ou
tp
ut
volt
age
ste
p
with
few
e
r
com
pone
nts.
T
he
arti
c
le
us
es
tw
o
m
odules
of
t
he
H
-
br
i
dg
e
i
nver
te
r,
co
nnect
ed
in
pa
rall
el
and
bo
t
h
powe
red
us
i
ng
a
sin
gle
DC
s
ource.
The
s
ource
c
ou
l
d
be
ei
ther
batte
ry,
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
cel
l
or
f
uel
cel
l.
T
he
two
m
od
ules
are
con
t
ro
ll
ed
us
in
g
switc
hing
an
gl
es
ob
ta
ine
d
by
so
lvin
g
the
non
-
li
near
tra
nsc
en
den
ta
l
eq
ua
ti
on
s
gen
e
rated
t
hro
ugh
S
HE
-
P
W
M
theor
em
,
wh
ic
h
el
im
inate
s
N
-
1
ha
rm
on
ic
s
,
with
N
been
t
he
num
ber
of
switc
hing
a
ng
l
es
.
Va
rio
us
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
exist
for
s
olv
in
g
s
uc
h
no
n
-
li
nea
r
equ
at
io
ns
t
hat
has
se
ver
al
s
ol
utions
du
e
t
o
their
trigon
om
et
ric
nat
ur
e
[13
]
,
[
14]
.
Howe
ver,
in
th
is
pap
e
r,
a
n
opti
m
ise
d
ge
netic
al
gori
thm
te
chn
iq
ue
pro
po
se
d
in
[15]
wa
s
us
ed
t
o
get
the
opti
m
al
so
luti
on
s
of
th
e
switc
hi
ng
a
ngle
s.
T
he
sel
ect
ive
property
of
SH
E
-
te
ch
nique
is
e
m
plo
ye
d
wh
e
re
s
om
e
s
el
ect
ed
lowe
r
order
odd
non
-
triple
n
ha
rm
on
ic
s
we
re
el
im
inate
d
.
W
hic
h
furthe
r
i
ncr
ease
the
ou
tpu
t
filt
er
c
ut
off
f
reque
ncy,
he
nce
reduci
ng
the
syst
em
filter
siz
e.
If
the
set
up
is
transfor
m
ed
in
to
three
ph
a
s
e,
it
is
exp
ect
ed
that
th
e
outp
ut
Triple
n
harm
on
ic
s
to
cancel
ou
t
in
the
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne
vo
lt
a
ge.
T
her
e
fore,
t
his
pap
e
r
pr
ese
nts
a
sing
le
-
phas
e
five
le
vel
c
onve
rter
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d
us
i
ng
t
hr
ee
SH
E
-
P
W
M
c
on
tr
ol
schem
e.
The
stud
y
dem
on
strat
es
the
ef
f
ic
acy
of
the
pro
po
se
d
to
po
log
y
an
d
t
he
G.A
op
ti
m
isa
t
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
used
in fin
ding the
optim
al
sw
it
ching angle
s.
2.
M
ATERI
AL
S AN
D
METHOD
S
2.1.
Pro
po
se
d conver
ter
topo
lo
gy
an
d
circ
uit
op
er
at
io
n
s
Figure
1
sho
w
s
the
conver
te
r
top
ol
og
y
us
e
d
to
achieve
the
five
-
le
vel
out
pu
t
wa
vefo
rm
.
The
ci
rcu
it
com
pr
ise
s
of
t
wo
H
-
bri
dge
m
od
ules
co
nnect
ed
in
par
al
l
el
and
both
supp
li
ed
by
a
sing
le
Dc
s
ourc
e.
Th
e
so
urc
e
co
uld
e
it
her
be
a
ph
oto
volt
ai
c
cel
l,
r
ect
ifie
d
wi
nd
e
nergy,
f
uel
cel
l
or
li
thium
-
ion
batte
ries.
Th
e
t
w
o
m
od
ules
com
pr
ise
of
ei
gh
t
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
switc
hes
,
with
each
ha
vi
ng
f
our
s
witc
hes.
Eac
h
m
od
ule
is
capab
le
of
ge
ne
rati
ng
three
outp
ut
ste
ps
(+
E,
0,
-
E)
.
T
he
seco
nd
a
ry
tra
nsfo
rm
er
te
rm
inals
are
c
onnect
ed
in
series
with
eac
h
oth
er
an
d
t
he
ir
res
pecti
ve
vo
lt
age
s
V
P2
and
V
P3
a
re
s
ai
d
to
a
dd
up
acro
s
s
the
l
oad.
W
it
h
pro
per
s
witc
hi
ng
f
un
ct
io
n,
t
he
conve
rter
is
capab
le
of
ge
ne
rati
ng
five
le
vel
outp
ut
wa
ve
form
.
The
topolo
gy
al
so
offer
s
add
it
ion
al
sw
it
chi
ng r
e
dunda
nt s
ta
te
, w
hic
h
c
ou
ld b
e
used
in fa
ult sit
uations.
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
t
opology
inv
e
rter c
onfi
gurati
on
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on
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a
n
J
E
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
924
–
9
32
926
To
synthe
siz
e
the
vo
lt
a
ge
wa
vefor
m
at
the
t
erm
inals
,
the
gating
sig
nal
of
each
IG
BT
ne
eds
to
be
gen
e
rated
base
d
on
t
he
c
al
culat
ed
switc
hing
a
ng
le
s.
T
he
I
GBT
’s
c
ondu
ct
io
n
sta
te
s
durin
g
the
posi
ti
ve
an
d
ne
gati
ve
half
cy
cl
e
in
bo
th
H
-
br
i
dg
e
s
are
giv
e
n
in
Table
1.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
oth
e
r
re
dunda
nt
switc
hing
s
ta
te
s
can
as
well
be
exp
l
or
e
d
to
a
ddress
switc
hi
ng
s
tress
a
nd
fai
lure
rate
of
the
switc
hing
de
vi
ces.
It
is
wort
h
noti
ng
that
s
witc
hes
on the
sam
e le
g
a
re
op
e
rated
com
ple
m
entari
ly
to
av
oid
sho
rt
-
ci
rc
uiti
ng
t
he
d
c
source
.
Table
1
.
Sele
ct
ed
s
witc
hing c
om
bin
at
ion
s
2.2
.
Fi
ve
le
ve
l 3/9 Ou
tp
u
t v
olt
ag
e
wa
vefo
rm desig
n
an
d
swi
tching a
ngl
e calcula
tion
The
m
od
ulati
on
te
ch
nique
use
d
in
a
ny
conv
erter
to
po
l
og
y
play
ed
a
sig
nif
ic
ant
ro
le
in
th
e
ob
ta
in
e
d
ou
t
pu
t
wa
ve
for
m
[1
6].
In
this
case,
sel
ect
ive
har
m
on
ic
el
i
m
i
nation
te
ch
ni
que
(SHE)
is
th
e
m
et
ho
d
to
be
us
ed
to
ge
ne
rate
the
five
-
le
vel
outpu
t
volt
age
wi
th
3/
9
a
ngle
di
stribu
ti
on
rati
o.
Wh
il
e
try
in
g
to
ac
hieve
th
e
sai
d
ou
t
pu
t
le
vel,
t
he
powe
r
el
ec
tro
nic
s
witc
he
s
are
co
ntr
olled
s
uc
h
th
at
th
e
ta
rg
et
e
d
sel
e
ct
ed
har
m
on
ic
s
are
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
el
i
m
inate
d
.
SH
E
apar
t
from
re
du
ci
ng
T
HD
i
n
the
outp
ut,
it
al
so
m
ini
m
i
s
es
el
ect
ro
m
ag
netic
interfe
ren
ce
(
E
MI)
a
nd s
witc
hi
ng
l
os
ses
in
t
he
syst
e
m
[
17
]
,
[
18]
.
To
gen
e
rate
th
e
wav
e
f
or
m
with
3/9
s
witc
hi
ng
distrib
utio
n
rati
o
,
a
r
ough
sk
et
ch
of
t
he
five
-
le
vel
wav
e
f
or
m
is
init
ia
lly
m
ade
usi
ng
ar
bitrary
va
lues
of
s
witc
hi
ng
an
gles.
Fi
gur
e
2
de
picts
a
rough
sk
et
c
h
of
the
ta
rg
et
ed
wav
e
form
with
the
assum
ption
that
it
ob
ey
s
t
he
quarter
-
wa
ve
sy
m
m
et
ry
theo
rem
with
twel
ve
switc
hing
a
ngle
s
(
1
to
12
) per
qu
arter cycl
e [
18]
.
Figure
2. Five
Levels
wav
e
f
orm
w
it
h
3/9 dis
tribu
ti
on
rati
o
Ba
sed
on
qu
a
r
te
r
wa
ve
the
ore
m
,
sinusoi
dal
sig
nal
re
su
lt
s
in
DC
a
nd
e
ven
har
m
on
ic
com
po
ne
nts
cancel
la
ti
on
,
t
he
out
pu
t
c
ompone
nts
co
ntain
only
the
fun
dam
ental
and
odd
har
m
on
ic
s
[19].
T
o
el
im
inate
ind
ivi
du
al
h
a
r
m
on
ic
s
, th
e
fund
am
ental
com
po
nen
t
nee
ds t
o
be
syst
e
m
icall
y con
trolle
d
durin
g
the posi
ti
ve
and
neg
at
ive
half
cy
cl
es
at
sp
eci
fic
ang
le
s.
W
it
h
this
op
e
rat
ion
,
t
he
sel
ect
ed
lo
wer
orde
r
(
N
-
1)
non
-
tr
iple
har
m
on
ic
s
a
re
el
i
m
inate
d
, w
he
re
N
is t
he
nu
m
ber
o
f swit
ch
ing
a
ngle
s in
a
qu
a
rter
wa
ve [
14
]
,
[
17
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
har
m
on
ic
s
5
ℎ
,
7
ℎ
,
11
ℎ
,
13
ℎ
,
17
ℎ
,
19
ℎ
,
23
,
25
ℎ
,
29
ℎ
,
31
,
35
ℎ
order
a
re
el
im
i
nated
i
n
the
outp
ut.
T
his
f
urt
her
s
hifts
the
ou
t
pu
t
filt
er
cut
off
fr
e
quec
y,
hen
c
e
re
du
c
ing
th
e
syst
e
m
fil
te
r
siz
e.
If
the
topolo
gy
is
transf
orm
ed
to
three
ph
ase
,
it
is
exp
ect
ed
that
the
ou
tp
ut
tr
iplen
har
m
on
ic
s
will
cancel
ou
t
in
t
he
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne vo
lt
age
.
The
F
ourier
s
eries
ex
pan
si
on
of
the
fi
ve
-
le
vel
wav
e
f
orm
in
Figu
re
2
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
expressi
on
s
[2
0].
(
)
=
∑
∞
n
=
1
sin
(
)
(
1
)
Vo
ltag
e
Switch
in
g
states
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
+E
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
-
E
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fiv
e
-
Level
Single S
ource
V
ol
tag
e C
onvert
er
Co
ntro
ll
ed Us
in
g Selec
ti
ve
… (
Ib
r
ah
i
m Har
una S
hanono
)
927
Wh
e
re
=
4
π
∑
(
−
1
)
+
1
cos
(
)
=
1
(
2
)
for odd
value
s
of n
=
0
(
3
)
f
or
a
ll
va
lue
of
n
α
K
De
no
te
s
the s
witc
hing a
ng
le
s and m
os
t sat
isfie
s the
r
el
at
io
ns
hi
p,
1
<
2
<……<
<
π
2
(
4
)
E
is
the
i
nput
dc
s
upply
volt
age,
N
is
the
s
witc
hing
a
ng
le
s
pe
r
qu
a
rter
w
ave
,
n
is
t
he
odd
ha
rm
on
ic
order
,
w
is t
he
angu
la
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy,
t
is
tim
e.
Si
m
plifyi
ng
E
q
uatio
n
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
The
am
plit
ud
e
of
t
he
f
undam
ental
an
d
no
n
-
t
riplen
odd
ha
r
m
on
ic
com
po
ne
nts
in
the
fi
ve
-
le
vel
outp
ut
wa
vefor
m
is
represe
nted
by
the
non
-
li
near
tra
nsc
end
e
ntal
eq
ua
ti
ons
giv
e
n
in
E
q
uati
on
(
5
)
and
(
6
)
:
ℎ
1
=
4
∗
E
π
{
cos
(
1
)
−
cos
(
2
)
+
…
…
.
.
±
cos
(
12
)
}
(
5
)
ℎ
1
=
4
∗
E
n
π
{
cos
(
1
)
−
cos
(
2
)
+
…
±
cos
(
12
)
}
(
6
)
The
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
f
unda
m
ental
co
m
pone
nt
is
co
ntr
olled
by
the
m
o
du
la
ti
on
in
dex
(M)
an
d
is
giv
e
n by the
ex
pr
essi
on.
Modula
ti
on In
dex (M
)
=
ℎ
1
E
(
7
)
Fo
r
all
n =
1
Wh
il
e M=
0
f
or
al
l n
+
1
Hen
ce
, usin
g
E
q
uatio
n
(
5
)
,
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
t
he non
-
li
near
t
ran
sce
ndental
equ
at
io
ns ca
n
be
e
xpresse
d
a
s:
cos
(
1
)
−
cos
(
2
)
+
cos
(
3
)
−
+
cos
(
11
)
−
cos
(
12
)
=
M
π
4
(
8
)
cos
(
5
1
)
−
cos
(
5
2
)
+
cos
(
5
α
3
)
−
.
.
+
cos
(
5
11
)
−
cos
(
5
12
)
= 0
(
9
)
:
:
cos
(
35
α
1
)
−
cos
(
35
α
2
)
+
cos
(
35
α
3
)
−
.
.
+
cos
(
35
α
11
)
−
cos
(
35
α
12
)
=
0
(
10
)
The
ab
ov
e
tra
ns
ce
nd
e
ntal
eq
uations
are
so
l
ved
to
fi
nd
th
e
app
r
oxim
at
e
so
luti
on
of
th
e
switc
hin
g
ang
le
s
,
capa
ble
of
el
im
inatin
g
the
sel
ect
ed
lowe
r
or
de
r
har
m
on
ic
s.
Given
t
he
nonlinea
rity
and
th
e
trigon
om
et
ric
con
te
nt
of
t
he
eq
uatio
ns
,
fin
ding
th
e
s
olu
t
ion
u
si
ng
sta
ndar
d
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cal
so
luti
on
i
s
not
po
s
sible
beca
use
m
ulti
ple
so
luti
ons
exist.
T
her
e
fore,
to
ge
t
the
op
ti
m
a
l
values
,
a
hybri
d
ge
netic
al
gorithm
pr
ese
nted
in
[15]
was
us
e
d
to
find
the
s
olu
ti
on
.
The
te
ch
ni
qu
e
us
es
dif
fere
nt
values
of
overm
odulati
on
in
de
x
(M)
t
o
fi
nd
the
so
l
ution
s
f
or the s
witc
hing a
ng
le
s
α
1
,
α
2
,
…,
α
12
.
2.3
.
Module
t
ermi
na
l
vo
lt
ages d
esi
gn a
n
d gat
in
g si
gna
ls gener
at
i
on
Figures
3a
an
d
3b
are
t
he
exp
ect
e
d
wa
ve
form
s
at
the
te
rm
inals
of
m
odule
1
a
nd
2
with
their
corres
pondin
g
gating
si
gn
al
s
.
The
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
age
s
ad
d
up
to
ge
ner
at
e
the
five
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
acro
s
s
the
load.
Bot
h
the
te
rm
inal
and
gatin
g
sign
al
s
wer
e
ge
ner
at
ed
base
d
on
th
e
switc
hin
g
c
om
bin
at
ion
s
pr
e
sented
in
T
able
1.
As
seen,
the
m
ajorit
y
of
the
notc
hes
com
es
fr
om
the
f
irst
m
o
du
le
.
Howe
ver,
the
researc
h
work
is
no
t afte
r
analy
sing
the
powe
r
-
sh
a
rin
g
an
d
s
witc
hing stress
in
the syst
e
m
.
Its p
rim
ary ta
r
get is to e
m
plo
y SHE
-
m
od
ulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
us
in
g
le
ss
nu
m
ber
of
dev
ic
es/
c
om
po
nen
ts
to
a
chieve
higher
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
w
it
h
le
ss
o
ut
pu
t
TH
D. T
her
e
fore,
b
al
a
nc
ing
t
he
s
witc
hi
ng
stress a
nd
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r i
s outsi
de
the
s
cop
e
of t
his p
a
per.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
924
–
9
32
928
(a
)
M
odule
1
t
erm
inal vo
lt
ag
e (
V1)
a
nd g
at
i
ng
sign
al
s
(
b)
Mo
dule
2
t
erm
inal vo
lt
ag
e (
V2)
a
nd g
at
i
ng
sign
al
s
Figure
3.
Desi
gn
e
d
c
onve
rter
te
rm
inal vo
lt
ages
3
.
RESU
L
TS A
ND DIS
CUSSIO
N
3.1.
Swi
tc
hin
g An
gles S
oluti
on
s
The
ge
ner
at
e
d
equ
at
io
ns
as
sta
te
d
earli
er
wer
e
s
olv
e
d
usi
ng
an
op
ti
m
i
sed
ge
netic
alg
ori
thm
with
M=
3.2.
The
s
olu
ti
on
pro
vide
s
12
s
witc
hing
a
ng
le
s
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
2.
T
he
rem
ai
ni
ng
switc
hi
ng
a
ng
le
s
wer
e
ob
ta
i
ned
us
in
g
qua
rter
wav
e
sym
m
etr
y.
Thes
e
an
gl
es
are
dire
ct
ly
fed
int
o
the
PSI
M
s
of
t
ware
pu
lse
gen
e
rato
rs
t
o
pro
du
ce
a
50H
z
gatin
g
sig
nal.
With
t
he
a
ppr
opriat
e
gate
pu
lse
,
te
rm
inal
volt
ages
an
d
gatin
g
sign
al
s
sim
il
ar
to
the
ones
in
Figure
3a
a
nd
3b
a
re
ge
ne
rated
.
T
he
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
ages
a
dd
up
ac
ro
s
s
the
load
t
o
pro
du
ce
a
five
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
f
or
m
with
3/9
distri
bu
t
ion
rati
o.
D
ep
end
i
ng
on
the
har
m
on
ic
c
oeffici
ents
us
e
d
in
the tr
an
scen
den
ta
l e
quat
ion
, 1
1
sel
ect
ed harm
on
i
cs
a
re eli
m
inate
d
f
ro
m
the con
vert
er output.
The
com
pu
te
d
ang
le
s
a
re
co
nverte
d
into
the
tim
e
do
m
ai
n,
wh
ic
h
is
then
pro
gr
am
m
ed
us
ing
C
on
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
to
g
e
ner
at
e
th
e pulsat
ing si
gnal
s.
Ta
ble 2
.
F
ive
le
vel
Vo
lt
a
ge
le
vel
3/
9
M
I
= 3
.
2
s/n
0
-
90
1
1
3
.40
2
4
6
2
1
5
.67
5
6
7
3
1
9
.61
6
8
1
4
3
5
.50
0
0
1
5
3
7
.80
6
7
3
6
4
6
.26
1
3
6
7
4
8
.24
7
9
7
8
5
4
.85
4
8
1
9
5
8
.37
7
5
2
10
6
1
.01
3
1
3
11
8
3
.87
1
2
8
12
8
6
.01
9
3
0
3.2
.
Sim
ul
at
i
on
Resul
ts
The
pro
posed
topolo
gy
m
od
ular
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
age
wa
ve
f
or
m
s
VP2
a
nd
VP3,
to
gethe
r
wit
h
thei
r
corres
pondin
g
IG
BT
co
ntr
ol
sign
al
s,
are
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
4a
a
nd
4b,
re
s
pecti
vely
.
Bot
h
vo
lt
ag
e
waveform
s
look
the
sam
e
with
the
pre
-
s
ke
tc
hed
patte
r
n
pr
ese
nted
in
t
he
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
sect
ion
.
Th
e
ga
ti
ng
sig
nals
f
or
t
he
ei
gh
t
I
GBT’s
are
switc
he
d
in
co
nfor
m
it
y
with
the
com
pu
te
d
an
gles
an
d
the
volt
age
s
witc
hing
com
bin
at
io
n
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
5
a
sho
ws
t
he
five
-
le
vel
f
undam
ental
outp
ut
volt
age
wavef
or
m
a
cro
s
s
a
resist
ive
l
oad.
T
he
fun
dam
ental
vo
lt
age
is
c
ho
pp
e
d
seve
ral
tim
es
at
a
pre
-
cal
culat
ed
s
witc
hing
point
,
sat
isfyi
ng
th
e
3/9
distrib
ution
rat
io
as
s
ketc
hed
in
Fig
ure
2.
N
ote
that
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
ac
r
os
s
t
he
loa
d
is
expresse
d
as
th
e
su
m
of
both
tra
nsf
or
m
er
sec
onda
ry
side
vo
lt
ag
es
V
P1
=
2
+
3
).
Fi
gure
5b
dep
ic
ts
the
outp
ut
waveform
al
ong
with
a
su
pe
rim
po
sed
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
vefor
m
and
t
he
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt
in
the
lo
we
r
pl
ot.
D
ue
t
o
high
har
m
on
ic
c
on
t
ent,
bo
t
h vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd curre
nt
do
e
s
no
t cl
os
el
y fo
ll
ow t
h
e
pure s
ine
wa
ve pa
tt
ern
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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n
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E
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c Eng &
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Sci
IS
S
N:
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02
-
4752
Fiv
e
-
Level
Single S
ource
V
ol
tag
e C
onvert
er
Co
ntro
ll
ed Us
in
g Selec
ti
ve
… (
Ib
r
ah
i
m Har
una S
hanono
)
929
(
a)
M
odule
1
(
VP2) wit
h gati
ng sig
nal
(b)
Mo
dule
2 (
VP3) wit
h gati
ng sig
nal
Fig
ur
e
4.
Si
m
ula
te
d
Co
nv
e
rter Te
rm
inal Vo
lt
age
(a)
(b
)
Figure
5.
The
pro
po
se
d five
-
le
vel w
a
ve
form
Figure
6
s
how
s
the
Fast
Fo
ur
ie
r
transfo
rm
(
FFT)
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
five
-
le
vel
ov
e
r
the
ra
ng
e
of
5
KH
z
at
li
gh
t
loading.
From
the
sp
ect
ru
m
,
SH
E
-
P
WM
su
ccess
ful
ly
e
lim
inate
s
al
l
the
11
sel
ect
ed
lowe
r
ord
er
od
d
non
-
triple
n har
m
on
ic
s that l
ie
s w
it
hin
1.75
KH
z
(35th
)
ra
nge, leavi
ng
behi
nd
the triple
ns (3
r
d,
9th
, 1
5th, 2
1st
,
27
t
h,
33rd).
T
he
first
do
m
inant
non
-
triple
n
har
m
on
ic
vis
ible
is
the
37th
(
1.85
K
Hz),
and
t
he
sp
ec
trum
beco
m
es f
ull
of
har
m
on
ic
s af
t
erw
a
rds,
he
nce
, co
m
plyi
ng
wi
th the c
ontr
ol fun
ct
io
n
em
ploy
ed.
Figure
6.
FFT
Sp
ect
r
um
o
f
th
e
five
-
le
vel
wa
vefor
m
Howe
ver,
sinc
e
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
are
at
a
hi
gh
e
r
f
reque
ncy,
a
sm
a
ll
-
siz
ed
low
pa
ss
filt
er
ca
n
be
us
e
d
t
o
el
i
m
inate
them
.
To
dem
on
str
at
e
this
,
an
L
C
filt
er
is
design
e
d
f
or
the
c
ircuit
.
Fig
ur
e
7a
sho
ws
the
filt
ered
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wa
vefo
rm
and
t
he
c
urren
t
a
t
fu
ll
l
oad.
B
ot
h
w
aves
lo
ok
cl
os
e
r
to
a
pu
re
si
new
a
ve
t
ha
n
t
he
unfilt
ered
wa
ve
presente
d
i
n
F
igure
5b.
Fig
ur
e
7b
is
t
he
F
FT
of
t
he
filt
ered
wav
e
f
or
m
;
i
t
app
ea
rs
to
ha
v
e
le
ss
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
924
–
9
32
930
har
m
on
ic
c
on
t
ents
with
T
H
D
of
4.65%
c
ompare
d
with
the
unfilt
ered
FFT
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
H
ence,
the
t
opol
og
y
i
s
sai
d
to
sati
sfy the
IEEE T
H
D st
and
a
rd r
e
quir
e
m
ent o
f
less t
han 5%
.
(a)
Fil
te
red
outpu
t
wa
vefor
m
(b)
F
FT
Figure
7. Pro
pose
d
to
polo
gy
This
co
ntro
l
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
su
it
able
for
3
-
pha
se
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
wh
e
re
the
triple
n
ha
rm
on
ic
s
are
sai
d
to
cancel
eac
h other i
n
t
he
li
ne vo
lt
age
s.
3.3
.
C
ompari
s
on
between
Con
vent
i
onal
and Pr
oposed
top
ology
The
co
nv
e
nti
on
al
H
-
bri
dge
top
ol
og
y
an
d
the
pro
po
s
ed
has
the
s
a
m
e
nu
m
ber
of
switc
hing
com
po
ne
nts;
they
diff
e
r
in
the
nu
m
ber
of
input
Dc
sources
a
nd
the
switc
hing
functi
on
in
volve
d.
I
n
conve
ntion
al
,
the
num
ber
of
input
sources
i
ncr
ease
s
with
increase
in
ou
t
p
ut
le
vels,
whereas,
the
propose
d
topolo
gy
us
es
sing
le
Dc
s
our
ce
irresp
ect
iv
e
of
the
nu
m
ber
of
outp
ut
le
vels.
Figure
8a
is
the
conven
t
ion
al
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
and cu
rr
e
nt
wa
vefor
m
s,
w
hile 8
b
is t
he ou
t
put v
oltage
FFT
w
it
h TH
D of
9.46%.
The
T
H
D
of
t
he
propose
d
(
4.65%)
at
t
he
sam
e
ou
tpu
t
powe
r
is
le
ss
t
ha
n
that
of
the
conve
ntion
al
(9.46%
),
a
nd it
can
e
ve
n be
ve
rifiable
by
physi
cal
assessm
ent of
both
wa
vefor
m
s o
f
F
ig
ur
es
7 an
d 8.
(a)
Fil
te
red
outpu
t
wa
vefor
m
(b)
F
FT
Figure
8. Co
nventional t
opol
ogy
Usu
al
ly
,
total
har
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on
(
TH
D
)
of
a
n
in
vert
er
dec
reases
with
inc
reas
e
in
outp
ut
powe
r
[18].
Figure
9a
re
pres
ents
the
TH
D
vs
outp
ut
pow
er
curves
of
bo
th
the
two
to
polog
ie
s.
T
he
axi
s
to
the
le
ft
represe
nts that
of
the p
r
opose
d
t
opolog
y
wh
e
reas
the
r
igh
t
a
xis
is
f
or the
co
nventio
na
l
topolo
gy.
F
r
om
the
gr
a
ph, b
oth
t
opologies e
xh
i
bit t
he
fun
dam
ent
al
pro
per
ty
of
decr
easi
ng T
H
D wit
h
a
n
inc
r
ease i
n o
utput
powe
r.
Figure 9b
s
hows
th
e
ef
fici
en
cy
vs
outp
ut
powe
r
plo
ts f
or
the
tw
o
to
polo
gies.
B
oth
c
urv
es
co
nf
orm
to
the
sta
ndar
d
in
ver
te
r
ef
fici
enc
y
curve
that
ini
ti
al
l
y
raises
fro
m
zero
to
a
high
val
ue
befor
e
it
then
sta
bili
s
es
a
s
the
outp
ut
loa
d
inc
reases.
T
he
pro
pose
d
to
po
l
og
y
has
bet
te
r
eff
ic
ie
ncy
t
han
t
he
co
nve
ntion
al
at
al
l
loadi
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fiv
e
-
Level
Single S
ource
V
ol
tag
e C
onvert
er
Co
ntro
ll
ed Us
in
g Selec
ti
ve
… (
Ib
r
ah
i
m Har
una S
hanono
)
931
le
vel.
The
av
erag
e
ef
fici
en
cy
value
for
the
conve
ntio
nal
and
pro
pose
d
sta
nds
at
49
.
2%
an
d
99.1%
resp
ect
ively
.
The
diff
e
re
nc
e
translat
es
t
o
ove
r
10
0%
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
in
ef
fici
ency
with
re
sp
ect
to
the
conve
ntion
al
.
This
furthe
r
a
scertai
ns
t
he
viabili
ty
of
th
e
pro
posed
to
po
l
og
y
an
d
t
he
S
H
E
m
od
ul
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ue e
m
pl
oyed.
Figure
9.
(a
)
T
HD Com
par
iso
n
Figure
9
.
(
b)
E
ff
ic
ie
ncy C
omparis
on
4.
CON
CLUSIONS
A
five
-
le
vel
m
ul
ti
le
vel
conver
te
r
us
in
g
ca
scade
d
H
-
br
i
dge
to
polo
gy
with
a
si
ng
le
DC
input
s
ourc
e
and
m
ulti
-
wind
in
g
tra
nsfo
rm
er
was
desig
ne
d,
sim
ulate
d,
and
vali
dated.
T
he
repor
te
d
c
onve
rter
ad
dr
e
ss
ed
th
e
issue
of
co
nve
rter
siz
e
by
us
i
ng
sin
gle
Dc
s
ource
t
o
sy
nthe
sise
a
fi
ve
-
le
ve
l
outp
ut
volt
age
wavef
or
m
s,
he
nce
el
i
m
inati
ng
th
e
nee
d
f
or
m
ulti
ple
source
s
.
Ba
sed
on
th
e
res
ult
ob
ta
i
ned,
it
sho
ws
SH
E
-
P
WM
has
the
capab
il
it
y
of
e
lim
inati
ng
sel
e
ct
ed
har
m
on
ic
s
by
add
i
ng
s
om
e
no
tc
hes
to
the
f
undam
ental
com
po
ne
nt
at
a
sp
eci
fic
pr
e
-
de
te
rm
ined
a
ngle
.
T
he
c
ontrol
f
un
ct
io
n
us
e
d
ta
rg
et
s
od
d
non
-
triple
lo
we
r
har
m
on
ic
s,
wh
ic
h
m
akes
it
su
it
able
f
or
t
hr
ee
phase
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
wh
e
re
tri
plens
ca
ncels
out
in
the
li
ne
volt
age.
In
ad
di
ti
on
t
o
th
at
,
the
co
nverter
is
com
pact,
has
le
ss
s
witc
hing
stres
s
and
heat
dis
sipati
on
ca
us
e
d
by
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
Thi
s
resu
lt
s
i
n
a
r
edu
ct
io
n
in
c
oo
li
ng
re
qu
ire
m
ents.
Th
us,
translat
es
to
le
sser
siz
e
,
we
igh
t,
pro
duct
ion
a
nd
m
ai
ntenan
ce c
os
t.
The
pr
opos
e
d
topolo
gy
has
sa
ti
sfied
the
bel
ow
5%
T
H
D
le
ve
l,
wh
ic
h
is
on
e
of
the
reas
on
it
has
high
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
All
the
ab
ove
feat
ur
es
m
ake
the
conve
rter
s
uitable
an
d
at
tract
i
ve
to
ap
plica
ti
on
s
w
he
re
reli
abili
t
y
and ef
fici
ency
are
of
utterm
os
t im
po
rtance
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
wor
k
is s
up
po
rted
by the
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Unive
rsiti
Mal
ay
sia
Paha
ng (UMP)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
R.
Pala
nisam
y,
K.
Vij
ay
ak
uma
r,
D.
Sel
vabh
arathi
“
MSP
W
M
Ba
sed
Im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
Novel
5
-
le
vel
Inver
te
r
with
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
S
yst
e
m
”,
In
te
rnati
onal
J
ourna
l
of
P
ower
El
ect
ro
nics
and
Drive
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