Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
,
pp.
1
014
~
1
021
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
014
-
1
021
1014
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Des
i
gn
and
i
mp
lementatio
n of
l
ase
r
b
ased
i
ntellig
ent
e
mb
ed
ded
d
ual
m
od
es
c
ruis
e
c
ont
rol
s
ystem
u
sing FP
GA
Ow
Hui
Nee
,
Muat
az
H.
Sa
l
ih
,
C
hin
Be
n
g L
im
School
of
Com
p
ute
r
and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
e
ring,
Univ
ersit
i
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
(
UniMA
P),
Malay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
2
1,
2018
Re
vised Dec
1
,
2018
Accepte
d
D
ec
25, 201
8
Cruise
cont
rol
s
y
stem
is
al
so
known
as
spee
d
cont
rol
which
use
to
ta
ke
over
the
ca
r
from
the
drive
r
and
stabil
iz
e
th
e
ca
r
with
t
he
spee
d
had
be
en
set.
It
is
one
of
th
e
impor
ta
nt el
ements
in the
in
te
l
li
g
ent
v
e
hic
l
es.
Curre
n
tly,
driv
er
has
to
acce
l
era
t
e
th
e
ca
r
unt
il
c
erta
in
spee
d
in
ord
er
to
activ
at
e
cr
uise
cont
rol
s
y
stem.
Af
te
r
it
had
bee
n
a
ct
iv
ated,
drive
r
sti
ll
n
ee
ds
to
put
on
at
te
nt
ion
to
dec
e
le
r
at
e
the
c
ar
when
the
r
e
is
anot
h
er
on
e
in
front
and
poss
ibi
li
t
y
to
ge
t
ac
c
ide
nt
is
hig
h.
To
over
come
thi
s
proble
m
and
enha
nc
e
cu
rre
nt
cru
ise
s
y
stem,
thi
s
proj
ec
t
has
two
la
se
r
-
base
d
working
m
odes.
First
on
e
is
norm
al
m
ode
tha
t
foll
o
wing
the
sam
e
cur
ren
t
cru
ise
sy
stem
proc
edur
e
.
Second
is
pre
-
set
m
ode
th
at
al
low
dr
ive
r
t
o
enter
req
u
ire
d
spee
d
wi
thout
nec
essit
y
to
use
pet
rol
ped
al
.
Both
m
odes
wil
l
use
la
ser
tra
nsc
ei
ver
s
to
add
on
per
ce
p
ti
o
n
fea
tur
e
to
cru
ise
cont
rol
s
y
s
te
m
.
The
s
y
st
em
is
designe
d
and
i
m
ple
m
ent
ed
using
FPGA
as
m
ai
n
proc
essing
te
chno
log
y
.
Also,
Quart
us
II
13.
0
SP
is
used
and
DE0
-
Nano
boar
d
is
uti
lized
as
proje
ct
pl
at
f
orm
.
The
input
m
ana
gement
is
implemente
d
t
o
handl
e
a
ll
sensors
dat
a
and
fe
e
d
m
ai
n
proc
essing
unit
with
prope
r
data
str
ea
m
.
Th
e
result
is
eff
icien
t
in
te
rm
of
s
y
ste
m
response,
ac
cur
ate
cru
ise
c
ontrol
and
trustable
design
as
well
.
Th
e
implement
s
y
stem
is
ac
hi
eve
d
up
to
1
.
3GH
z
and
1,
33
7
logic
el
ements are consum
e
d
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cruise c
ontrol
Du
al
m
od
es
Fiel
ds
P
rog
ra
m
m
ble
Gate
A
rr
ay
(F
P
GA)
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ow Hui
Nee,
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s(Un
iM
AP
),
First Flo
or,
Pa
uh P
utra
Ca
m
pu
s,
0260
0 Ar
a
u, Pe
rlis
, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: han
na
how
984@
gm
ail
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Cruise c
on
t
ro
l,
also
known
a
s
sp
ee
d
c
on
tr
ol
syst
e
m
w
hich wil
l autom
at
icall
y con
trol t
he
sp
ee
d of
t
he
veh
ic
le
an
d
ta
ke
over
the
th
ro
tt
le
of
the
ve
hicle
and
m
ain
ta
in
the
desir
ed
sp
ee
d
set
by
the
dr
iver
[
1]
.
It
is
widely
us
e
in
the
A
dv
a
nce
Dr
i
ving
Assist
ance
Syst
em
(
ADAS
)
[
2].
T
his
cr
uise
co
ntro
l
syst
em
has
m
any
adv
a
ntage
s,
s
uc
h
as
im
pr
ovin
g
tra
ff
ic
flo
w,
pro
vid
in
g
sa
fet
y
to
the
dr
i
ver
and
pas
sen
ger,
it
al
so
incre
as
es
f
uel
eff
ic
ie
ncy a
nd
at
the sam
e time g
ivi
ng the
u
s
er’
s
f
eet
on a
r
est
in
a l
ong j
our
ney r
oa
d
[3
-
8].
Trad
it
io
nal
cr
ui
se
con
tr
ol
kee
p
a
co
ns
ta
nt
s
peed
set
by
the
dr
ive
r
an
d
t
he
cr
uise
will
be
sto
pp
e
d
wh
e
n
the
bra
ke
ped
al
is
pr
es
s
by
the
dr
ive
r
,
change
gea
r,
or
the
cr
uise
c
on
t
ro
l
ha
d
bee
n
tur
n
O
FF
[
9].
The
cru
ise
c
ontr
ol
us
ua
ll
y
will
only
act
ivate
w
he
n
the
m
ini
m
u
m
sp
eed
lim
it
is
reache
d.
Ac
cordin
g
t
o
N
.
Ved
am
[10],
a
cru
ise
con
t
ro
l
can
only
be
act
ivate
d
wh
e
n
a
car
exceed
s
ap
proxim
at
e
25
m
ph
(40
km
/h).
Howev
e
r
,
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pe
of
the
car
pro
du
ce
by
the
ind
us
t
ries
m
a
y
hav
e
diff
e
re
nt
m
ini
m
u
m
sp
eed
for
cr
u
ise
con
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
activati
on
.
Be
si
de
tr
aditi
on
al
cr
uis
e
con
tr
ol,
Adapti
ve
Cr
uise
Con
tr
ol
(
ACC)
an
d
Co
operati
ve
Ad
a
ptive
C
r
uise
Co
ntro
l
(C
A
CC
)
al
so
pa
rt
of
the
de
velo
pm
ent
from
the
tradit
ion
al
c
r
uise
co
ntr
ol
to
a
dv
a
nce
the
ADAS
te
c
hnology
[11].
The
aut
om
at
ic
dr
ivi
ng
ta
kes
ov
e
r
by
the
cr
uise
co
ntro
l
sy
stem
beco
m
e
par
t
of
i
m
po
rtance
for f
utu
re
g
e
ne
rati
on of ca
rs [12]
.
In
this
pap
e
r,
the
la
ser
base
d
intel
li
gen
t
e
m
bed
de
d
dual
m
od
e
cr
uise
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
is
design
e
d
an
d
i
m
ple
m
ented.
Be
side
the
no
r
m
al
m
od
e
of
t
he
cr
uise
co
ntr
ol,
the
pr
e
-
set
m
od
e
is
add
e
d
in
the
cr
uise
c
on
t
ro
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n
and
i
m
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
l
as
er
b
ase
d
i
nt
el
li
gen
t
e
m
bedded
d
ual
m
ode
s
c
ru
ise
c
ontro
l...
(
Ow
H
ui
Ne
e
)
1015
syst
e
m
so
us
er
can
us
e
bot
h
m
od
es
wh
e
n
dri
ving
[
1
3].
P
r
e
-
set
m
od
e
m
e
an
the
dri
ve
r
can
pre
-
set
the
desire
d
sp
ee
d
wish
t
o
m
ai
ntain
so
t
he
cr
uise
syst
e
m
wil
l
autom
a
ti
cal
ly
acce
le
ra
te
,
decele
rate
or
m
ai
ntain
the
sp
ee
d
base
d
on
the
da
ta
receive.
T
hi
s
proj
ect
is
de
sign
e
d
usi
ng
the
Fiel
d
P
rog
r
a
m
m
able
Gate
Array
(F
P
G
A
).
T
he
DE
0
-
Nano
FP
GA
bo
a
rd
is
use
as
the
proj
e
ct
platfor
m
.
DE0
-
Na
no
is
re
-
config
ur
a
ble,
hi
gh
pe
rfo
rm
ance
and
low
power
c
on
su
m
ption
.
FP
G
A
is
us
e
d
in
th
is
proj
ect
du
e
t
o
it
is
low
cost
,
flexi
ble,
low
powe
r
co
nsum
ptio
n
and scal
able
[
13, 1
4].
2.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
Cruise
co
ntr
ol
is
on
e
of
the
subsyst
em
s
in
the
Adva
nce
D
riving
As
sist
anc
e
Syst
e
m
(A
D
AS
)
a
nd
it
is
widely
us
e
in
pr
ese
nt
a
uto
m
otive
ve
hicle
te
chnolo
gies.
C
ru
ise
co
ntr
ol
i
s
ve
ry
im
po
rta
nt
in
the
a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
veh
ic
le
t
o
a
vo
id
acci
de
nt
ha
pp
e
n,
re
duce
fu
el
co
nsum
pt
ion
an
d
increa
se
com
fo
rtabl
e
of
the
dr
i
ve
r
and
passe
ng
e
rs.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
tra
diti
on
al
c
ru
ise
co
ntr
ol
only
can
be
act
ive
w
he
n
the
sp
ee
d
of
t
he
veh
ic
le
reache
s
certai
n
lim
it
of
the
sp
ee
d.
F
ro
m
analy
sis
of
the
li
te
ratu
r
e
rev
ie
w
t
her
e
is
var
io
us
ap
proac
h
of
the
cru
ise
con
t
ro
l
desig
n.
By
this
dual
s
m
od
es
cru
ise
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
em
,
us
er
will
be
ab
le
to
sel
ect
ei
ther
t
rad
it
io
nal
m
od
e
or
pr
e
-
set
m
od
e
to
act
ivate
t
he
cr
uise
co
ntro
l
syst
em
.
B
y
us
in
g
pre
-
set
m
od
e,
dr
ive
r
c
ou
l
d
set
the
de
sired
sp
ee
d,
a
nd
t
he
syst
e
m
will
then
a
uto
m
at
ic
all
y
acce
le
rate
or d
ecel
erate
t
he
car
to
this
sp
ee
d.
In
a
dd
it
io
n
t
o
thi
s
,
this
syst
em
wil
l
al
so
a
uto
m
at
i
cal
ly
decele
rate
if
the
re
is
an
y
obsta
cl
e
in
fron
t,
or
se
nd
a
warnin
g
si
gn
al
to
t
he
dr
i
ver
i
f
th
ere
is
a
car
sti
ckin
g
beh
i
nd.
A
la
ser
-
bas
e
d
i
ntell
igent
em
bedde
d
du
al
m
od
es
cru
ise
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
us
in
g
F
PGA
is
desig
ne
d
an
d
i
m
ple
m
ented.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
la
s
er
-
base
d
intel
li
gen
t
em
bedded
du
al
m
od
es
c
r
uise
con
t
ro
l
desig
n
us
in
g
the
DE
0
-
Nano
F
PGA
prov
i
des
lo
w
c
ost
,
low
powe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
,
flexible
a
nd
s
cal
able.
Be
sides that,
F
PGA also
c
omm
on
ly
u
se in e
du
cat
io
n, rese
a
rch stu
dy as
w
el
l as in in
dustr
ie
s f
ie
lds.
DE
0
-
Nano
F
P
GA
with
Alte
ra
Cy
cl
on
e
I
V
wh
ic
h
co
ntain
22320
l
og
ic
el
e
m
ents.
It
co
nsi
sts
32
MB
SD
RAM
,
2kb
I2
C
EE
PROM
and
64
M
b
ser
ia
l
con
fig
urat
ion
m
e
m
or
y
dev
ic
es.
T
her
e
ar
e
two
40
pi
ns
GPI
O
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
t
wo
5V
po
wer
pin,
tw
o
3.
3V
powe
r
pin
and
f
our
gr
ound
pi
ns
.
T
he
Na
ti
on
al
Sem
ic
on
du
ct
or
8
c
hannel
12bi
ts A/D
C
onve
rt
er all
ows to
conn
ect
with
va
riou
s
se
ns
ors a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
1.
Figure
1.
To
p view
of the
D
E
0
-
Na
no Boa
rd
2
.
1.
S
ystem
f
low
The
ov
e
rall
syst
e
m
flow
sta
r
ts
with
the
act
ivati
on
of
the
cru
ise
c
ontrol
syst
e
m
.
On
ce
the
cr
uis
e
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
is
O
N
it
will
act
as
inter
rupt
m
od
e
w
hich
t
ake
ov
e
r
the
th
ro
tt
le
f
or
a
pe
r
iod
unti
l
it
been
tu
r
n
OF
F
.
Wh
e
n
th
e
cr
uise
c
on
t
rol
syst
e
m
is
tur
n
ON,
t
her
e
w
il
l
be
tw
o
m
odes
al
low
the
use
r
t
o
c
hoos
e
wh
ic
h
m
od
e they wa
nt
to
act
ivate
.
The
tw
o
m
od
e
s o
f
the c
ru
ise
con
t
ro
l sy
ste
m
are the n
or
m
al
m
od
e o
r
t
he
tra
diti
on
al
m
od
e
and the
pr
e
-
set
m
od
e.
T
ra
di
ti
on
al
m
od
e
is
t
he
cr
uise
sys
tem
need
to
use
pe
dal
to
inc
r
ease
sp
ee
d
un
t
il
the
desire
d
s
peed
us
er
wis
h
to
se
t.
The
acce
le
ra
ti
on
a
nd
decele
rati
on
of
the
s
pe
ed
will
be
c
ontrolle
d
by
cr
uis
e
base
d
on
the
data
of lase
r
tra
ns
ce
iver
a
nd the
spee
d of ve
hicle
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci,
V
ol.
1
3
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
:
1
014
–
1
021
1016
Pr
e
-
s
et
m
od
e
c
ru
ise
c
on
tr
ol
al
low
us
er
to
pre
-
set
the
desi
re
sp
ee
d
once
the
cru
ise
c
on
tr
ol
is
turn
ON.
Ba
sed
on
the
desire
d
sp
ee
d
the
cru
ise
syst
e
m
will
acce
le
rate
and
decele
rate
the
sp
eed
wh
e
n
neces
sar
y.
The
data
f
r
om
la
se
r
tra
ns
cei
ve
r
s
ens
or
will
rec
ei
ved
to
ge
nerat
e
the
ac
c
ur
at
e
act
ion
with
out
any
delay
of
th
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
cr
uise
syst
em
will
be
deacti
vated
wh
e
n
use
r
tur
n
OFF
the
cr
uise
con
t
r
ol
syst
e
m
or
the
br
a
ke
ped
al
is
presse
d.
2
.
2
.
T
op
le
ve
l desi
gn
To
p
le
vel
desi
gn
is
a
n
ov
e
rv
i
ew
of
the
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
desc
ribe
d
the
f
unct
ion
of
eac
h
el
e
m
ent
blo
ck
con
ta
in
i
n
the
syst
e
m
.
The
spe
ci
fic
op
e
rati
on
of
the
blo
c
k
and
the
flo
w
of
the
syst
e
m
is
identifie
d.
T
op
le
vel
desig
n
is
the
hi
gh
-
le
vel
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
of
the
s
yst
e
m
wh
ic
h
is
the
im
po
rtant
par
t
of
a
pro
j
e
ct
dev
el
op
m
ent
and
determ
ines
the
relat
ion
betwe
en
each
m
od
ul
es
and
f
unct
io
n
in
the
syst
em
.
The
data
flow,
data
struct
ur
e
al
so
include
s in
the
arch
it
ect
ure
Fr
om
Figu
r
e
2,
the
top
-
le
vel
desig
n
of
the
syst
e
m
is
m
a
i
nly
bu
il
d
up
by
the
sensors
and
keypa
d
blo
c
k
as input and
LC
D
as o
ut
p
ut b
loc
k.
Insi
de
the FP
GA
c
hip
the
re ar
e 4
m
ai
n
blo
cks
w
hich
nee
d
to exec
ute
from
inp
ut
to
processi
ng
uni
t
then
t
o
ou
t
put.
All
the
i
nput
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
is
connecte
d
usi
ng
GP
I
O
pin
s
in
the
DE
0
-
Nano
F
P
GA
boar
d.
T
he
input
data
from
senso
r
is
proces
s
by
A/D
Conver
te
r
chi
p
in
t
he
FP
G
A
bo
a
r
d
and
data
is
se
nd
t
o
the
se
nsor
a
nd
i
nput
r
eader
process
un
it
trig
ger
by
m
ulti
ple
cl
ock
ge
nerat
or.
T
he
data
process
by
the
AD
C
is
t
he
ke
y
po
int
for
th
e
processi
ng
unit
wh
ic
h
c
on
s
ist
s
of
c
on
t
ro
l
su
b
unit
an
d
c
ru
is
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
unit
.
Co
ntr
ol
sub
unit
is
usi
ng
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
he
c
rui
se
co
ntr
oller
f
or
m
ake
the
ac
cur
at
e
decisi
on
suc
h
as
acce
le
rate
or
decele
rate
th
e
sp
ee
d.
S
peed
ge
ner
at
or
is
to
gen
e
rate
the
necessa
ry
s
pe
ed
base
d
on
th
e
dat
a
from
sen
sor a
nd c
ru
ise
c
ontr
ol
le
r
decisi
on.
Fig
ure
2
.
To
p
l
evel
d
e
sig
n of
t
he
syst
em
2
.
3
.
Se
nsor T
esting
Sensor
use
d
in
this
pro
j
ect
is
range
sens
or.
Be
fore
it
is
us
e
d,
it
nee
d
to
be
te
ste
d
i
n
te
rm
of
it
s
sensiti
vity
and
functi
onal
it
y
base
d
on
th
e
da
ta
sh
eet
of
th
e
sens
or.
Sig
na
l
conditi
on
al
ci
rcu
it
is
buil
t
for
th
e
sens
or
to
e
ns
ure
it
fu
nctio
n
well
and
pr
ov
i
de
accu
rate
an
d
preci
se
valu
e
com
par
ed
to
the
theor
et
ic
a
l
value
than
ha
d
bee
n
cal
culat
e
d.
The
possibl
e
res
ult
an
d
var
i
ous
c
onditi
on
of
se
nsor
are
te
ste
d
a
nd
pro
ve by oscil
losc
op
e
.
2
.
4
.
Ma
in
Pr
ocessin
g Unit
T
he
m
ai
n
pr
oc
essing
un
it
is
desig
ned
usi
ng
Q
ua
rtus
I
I
13.
0
Softwa
re
an
d
V
HS
I
C
Har
dwa
r
e
Descr
i
ption La
ngua
ge (V
H
D
L)
c
od
i
ng. Qua
rtus 1
3.0 allo
w
to desig
n
t
he m
ega cores
by
us
in
g
t
he
CA
D
Tool.
In
t
his
pro
j
ect
,
the
ob
j
ect
ive
of
t
he
m
ai
n
proces
sin
g
un
it
i
s
base
d
on
t
he
input
data
re
cei
ve
the
n
process
a
nd
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
c
orr
ect
decisi
on
a
nd
deliver
t
o
th
e
outp
ut
m
od
ul
e
for
disp
la
y.
Each
processi
ng
un
it
hav
e
dif
fer
e
nt
functi
on.
A
DC
Con
tr
oller
uni
t
is
to
pr
oces
s
the
anal
ogue
da
ta
pr
ovide
by
the
ra
ng
e
se
nso
r
an
d
the
data
is
underg
oing
the
c
al
culat
ion
proc
ess
to
gen
e
rate
accurate
data.
in
the
se
nsor
a
nd
i
nput
proce
ssin
g
un
it
. At t
he
las
t st
age,
al
l t
he
re
su
lt
is d
is
play
ed
in
the
dis
play
m
od
ule.
2
.
5
.
In
ter
fa
ce
wi
th
D
E
0
-
N
ano
FPG
A
b
oa
rd
The
re
su
lt
of
the
pro
j
ect
is
s
how
n
on
2x16
LCD
w
hich
i
s
at
ta
ched
to
t
he
DE
0
-
Na
no
Boar
d.
T
he
sp
ee
d
a
nd the c
ru
ise
m
od
e a
re
disp
la
ye
d i
n
t
he
LCD.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n
and
i
m
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
l
as
er
b
ase
d
i
nt
el
li
gen
t
e
m
bedded
d
ual
m
ode
s
c
ru
ise
c
ontro
l...
(
Ow
H
ui
Ne
e
)
1017
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
Rang
e
S
enso
r
Testin
g Result
Ra
ng
e
se
nsor
by
m
od
el
GP
2D1
20XJ
00F
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
3
is
su
it
able
f
or
the
dista
nce
m
easur
em
ent
and
has
bette
r
perform
ance
than
IP
al
te
rn
at
i
ves.
T
he
sing
le
analog
ou
t
pu
t
cable
is
connec
te
d
to
the
analog
-
to
-
dig
it
al
(ADC
) c
onve
rtor f
or re
adin
g dist
anc
e m
easur
e
m
ent
this
.
The
se
ns
or
is
set
up
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4
and
te
ste
d
us
in
g
os
ci
ll
os
c
ope
and
t
he
res
ult
is
sh
own
i
n
Table 1.
Sen
sit
ivit
y
of
d
if
fer
e
nt
re
flect
ion
ob
j
ect
wa
s d
iffe
r
ent.
E
nviro
nme
nt
fact
or
su
c
h
as
li
ght
co
ndit
ion
for
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng,
re
flect
ive
rate,
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
t
em
per
at
ur
e,
obje
ct
su
r
face
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
an
d
vo
lt
a
ge
s
uppl
y
to
the
sens
or
m
ay
affect
the se
ns
in
g ran
ge of
the
ra
ng
e
se
ns
or
.
As
s
how
n
in
Fi
g
ure
5,
w
hite
obj
ect
h
as h
ig
he
r
sen
sit
ivit
y
than
ot
her
c
olors
obj
ect
.
T
he
offset
volt
age
of
the
sem
i
tran
sp
are
nt
obj
ect
le
ss
tha
n
oth
e
r
three
c
olo
r
s
obj
ect
w
hich
is
arou
nd
2.5
V.
The
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
of
the
w
hite
obj
e
ct
change
ov
e
r
distan
ce
is
f
ro
m
2.
87
5V
t
o
0.2
5V
w
hile
the
sem
it
ran
sp
are
nt
ob
j
ect
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
cha
nge
s f
r
om
2
.
5V to 0.
1875V
.
Figure
3. Ra
ng
e senso
r
Figure
4
.
Ra
ng
e
s
ens
or set
up
for
te
sti
ng
Table
1.
O
utpu
t redult
test
es
with
diff
e
re
nt
distance
with
r
eflect
ive ob
j
ect
Distan
ce
(c
m
)
Oscillo
sco
p
e Value (
Vo
ltag
e,
V)
W
h
ite
Red
Black
Se
m
i
Tr
an
sp
arent
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
.25
1
.12
5
2
.12
5
2
.5
3
2
.87
5
2
.87
5
2
.81
2
5
2
.5
5
2
.25
2
.12
5
2
.25
1
.68
7
5
7
1
.68
7
5
1
.66
2
5
1
.62
5
1
.31
2
5
9
1
.31
2
5
1
.31
2
5
1
.25
1
10
1
.18
7
5
1
.12
5
1
.18
7
5
0
.93
7
5
12
1
1
0
.93
7
5
0
.75
15
0
.81
2
5
0
.75
0
.68
7
5
0
.62
5
20
0
.62
5
0
.62
5
0
.5
0
.37
5
25
0
.5
0
.5
0
.37
5
0
.31
2
5
30
0
.37
5
0
.37
5
0
.31
2
5
0
.25
35
0
.31
2
5
0
.31
2
5
0
.25
0
.18
7
5
40
0
.25
0
.25
0
.25
0
.18
7
5
Figure
5
.
G
raph
of the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
w
it
h dist
ance to
r
e
flect
ive obj
e
ct
0
0
.5
1
1
.5
2
2
.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
o
utput
v
o
ltag
e (
V)
Dista
nce
to
refle
ctive
o
bject
s
(cm
)
O
utput
Voltage w
i
th
dis
tance
to ref
l
ecti
ve
object
W
h
ite
Red
Black
Sem
i
Tr
a
n
sp
are
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci,
V
ol.
1
3
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
:
1
014
–
1
021
1018
The
res
ult
of
t
he
ra
ng
e
se
nso
r
us
e
to
c
on
t
rol
the
acce
le
ratio
n
a
nd
decele
r
at
ion
of
the
ca
r
was
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6.
by
us
in
g
I
n
Syst
e
m
Mem
or
y
C
AD
T
ools
to
m
ake
su
re
t
he
range
se
nsor
a
ble
to
pr
ov
i
de
accurate
sensing
res
ult
.
Figure
6
.
Re
su
l
t of ra
ng
e
se
nsor
test
ed by
i
n
s
yst
e
m
m
e
m
or
y
3.2.
S
peed
G
enera
to
r
By
us
ing
pulse
width
m
od
ulati
on
(PWM
)
m
e
thod,
the
sp
ee
d
is
scaling
acco
rd
i
ng
the
re
quired
s
peed
,
as sho
wn in T
a
ble 2
. F
i
ve
s
pe
ed
a
re
gen
e
rate
d for acc
ordin
g t
o
the
cap
abili
ti
es o
f
t
he
m
oto
r
of the
car
.
Table
2
.
M
odul
at
ion
of t
he
s
pe
ed
Sp
eed
Ti
m
in
g
(
se
co
n
d
)
ON
OFF
Low
0
.05
0
.01
Low Mediu
m
1
0
.05
Mediu
m
1
.5
0
.05
Hig
h
M
ed
iu
m
2
0
.05
Hig
h
3
0
.1
3.
3
.
Ke
ypad
Keypa
d
m
od
ul
e
is
desig
ne
d
a
nd
us
e
d
to
ent
er
the
desire
d
sp
ee
d
as
s
how
n
in
T
able
3
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
sp
ee
d gen
e
rate
d,
only
f
ive
in
puts are
d
e
sig
ne
d wit
h
e
ver
y
20
per scal
e.
Table
3
.
M
odul
at
ion
of t
he
s
pe
ed
Key
Ou
tp
u
t (
k
m
/h
)
1
40
2
60
3
80
4
100
5
120
3.
4
.
L
CD D
is
p
lay
Exter
nal
LCD
is
at
ta
ched
a
nd
interface
s
with
the
DE
0
-
Na
no
F
PGA
boar
d
to
s
how
t
he
c
urren
t
s
pee
d
and
cr
uise
set
sp
ee
d
of
the
c
ar.
The
in
put
sp
eed
f
r
om
the
keypa
d
al
so
wi
ll
sh
ow
in
the
LCD
befo
re
it
set
as
the
cru
ise
s
pe
ed.
T
he
cr
uise
set
sp
eed
will
on
ly
show
w
hen
t
he
cru
ise
is
turn
O
N
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
7,
Figure
8
a
nd
Fi
gure
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n
and
i
m
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
l
as
er
b
ase
d
i
nt
el
li
gen
t
e
m
bedded
d
ual
m
ode
s
c
ru
ise
c
ontro
l...
(
Ow
H
ui
Ne
e
)
1019
Figure
7
.
Cu
rr
e
nt
s
peed sh
ow
n on the
LCD.
Figure
8
.
The
k
ey
pa
d
i
np
ut
s
peed s
how
n
at
the sec
ond
li
ne
of the
LCD
Figure
9
.
Cu
rr
e
nt
s
peed an
d
c
r
uise s
peed s
hown whe
n
c
ru
is
e is tur
n O
N.
3.
5
.
Pro
tot
yp
e
The
ra
ng
e
se
nsor
is
fixe
d
in
the
fr
ont
an
d
back
of
the
prot
otype
as
show
n
in
the
Fi
gure
10
an
d
Figure
11
was
at
ta
ched
with
r
ang
e
sen
sors,
on
e
in
fron
t
of
the
car
a
nd
one
at
the
bac
k
of
the
ca
r.
T
he
DE
0
-
Nano
boa
rd
wa
s the
m
ai
n
platfo
rm
to co
ntr
ol
the car
. K
ey
pa
d
at
ta
ched
on
t
he
das
hboa
r
d
was
us
e
d
to e
nt
er th
e
desire
d
s
pee
d
i
n
a
ddit
ion
t
o
L
ED
i
nd
ic
at
or
t
o
al
ert
f
or
ap
proac
hing
ca
rs
f
ro
m
beh
i
nd
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
12
and
Fig
ure
13
.
Figure
10
.
Ra
nge se
nsor
in fr
on
t
of
the
car
Figure
10
.
Ra
nge se
nsor
at th
e b
ac
k of t
he
c
ar
Figure
12
.
L
E
D
f
or ale
art
w
he
n
the
re is c
ar
appr
oach
i
ng at be
hind
Figure
13
.
C
om
ple
te
p
r
oto
ty
pe
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci,
V
ol.
1
3
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
:
1
014
–
1
021
1020
3.
6
.
O
ver
all
Sy
s
tem
Result
All
the
sens
or
s
and
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
are
su
ccess
f
ully
interfaced
with
the
D
E0
-
Nano
FP
G
A.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
arc
hitec
tur
e
desc
ribe
d
a
re
su
cces
sf
ully
im
ple
m
ented
a
nd
s
how
n
the
s
yst
e
m
able
to
pe
rfor
m
ance
as
it
been
desig
ne
d.
T
he
pro
j
ect
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
by
us
i
ng
the
s
of
t
war
e
de
velo
pm
ent
too
l,
Qu
a
rtus
I
I
13.0
SP
an
d
t
he
f
ull
com
pilat
i
on
of
the
pro
j
ect
is
s
how
n
with
out err
or
as
sho
wn
in
the
Fi
gure 14.
T
his p
r
oj
ect
h
as b
een u
se
d
1,337
log
ic
elem
ents an
d i
s the
6
%
for t
he
c
om
pleted
pro
j
ect
.
Figure
14
.
Fu
ll
c
om
pilat
ion
r
e
port
without er
ror
3.
7
.
Discussi
on
Sp
ee
d
us
e
in
this
pr
oj
ect
w
a
s
not
the
act
ua
l
sp
ee
d
as
t
he
real
veh
ic
le
perform
s.
The
sp
ee
d
was
gen
e
rated
by
usi
ng
the
sp
ee
d
gen
e
rato
r
with
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
scal
ing
us
i
ng
pulse
width
m
od
ulati
on
t
o
generate
diff
e
re
nt sp
ee
d base
d o
n
the
m
oto
r
of the
pl
at
fo
rm
.
Du
e
to
t
he
li
m
it
at
ion
of
pl
at
fo
rm
,
on
ly
five
diff
e
re
nt
sp
ee
ds
we
re
gen
e
rated.
By
us
in
g
ke
ypad,
use
r
cou
l
d
set
the
s
peed
from
40
km
/h
to
120km
/
h
f
or
t
he
s
peed
with
eac
h
scal
e
of
20.
F
or
t
hi
s
proj
ect
only
fiv
e
input s
peed we
re
perform
b
ased
on the
sp
ee
d of t
he
s
pee
d gen
e
rato
r pro
vid
ed
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
c
oncl
us
io
n,
the
dual
m
od
es
cru
ise
c
ontr
ol
syst
e
m
was
desig
ne
d
an
d
i
m
ple
m
ented
to
f
ulfill
the
input
sp
ee
d
as
the
us
er
nee
d
wh
ic
h
us
in
g
bo
t
h
keypa
d
a
nd
ped
al
.
T
he
car
sp
eed
a
ble
to
acce
le
rate
and
decele
rate
base
d
on
t
he
data
r
ecei
ved
from
t
he
ra
nge
se
nso
r
an
d
t
he
cr
uis
e
co
ntro
l
s
pee
d.
T
he
al
e
rt
to
dr
i
ver
wh
e
n be
hind
ve
hicle
is ap
pro
achin
g
al
s
o
inc
lud
e
d
in
the
pr
oj
ect
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
ha
nk
t
he
Mi
nistr
y
of
E
du
cat
i
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
(MOE)
f
or
pro
vid
i
ng
the
FR
GS
researc
h
g
ra
nt
(Gran
t
no.
9003
-
0047
4)
a
nd
School
of
Com
pu
te
r
an
d
C
omm
un
ic
at
ion
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Ma
la
ysi
a Perlis (
Un
iM
A
P) f
or the
sup
port.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Gree
n
Ron,
“
Five
Cha
ll
eng
es
t
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FP
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Based
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imes,”
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2014.
[On
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il
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ee
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m
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ec
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and
A.
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“
I
nte
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Adaptive
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ont
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ise
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it
chi
ng
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et
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ee
n
Throt
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y
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es
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sensors
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ta
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t
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det
e
ct
ion
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ng/
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
cEng& C
omp Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n
and
i
m
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
l
as
er
b
ase
d
i
nt
el
li
gen
t
e
m
bedded
d
ual
m
ode
s
c
ru
ise
c
ontro
l...
(
Ow
H
ui
Ne
e
)
1021
[6]
K.
Konolige
,
J
.
Augenbra
un,
N.
Donaldson,
C.
Fiebi
g,
and
P.
Shah,
“
A
Low
-
Cost
La
ser
Distan
ce
Sensor
,
”
p
p
.
3002
–
3008,
200
8.
[7]
M.
Schuster
and
J.
Reuter,
“
Ta
r
get
Tr
ac
k
ing
in
Marine
Envi
ron
m
ent
using
Aut
om
oti
ve
Radar
and
L
ase
r
Rang
e
Sensor,”
pp
.
965
–
970,
2015
.
[8]
C.
Qiu,
“
A
Design
of
Autom
obi
le
Cru
ise
Contr
ol
S
y
st
em
Base
d
on
Fuz
z
y
PID
,
”
In
f.
Sci.
Elec
t
ron.
Elec
tr
.
En
g
.
(
ISEE
E)
,
2014
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nt.
Con
f
.
,
vol
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452,
2014
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[9]
P.
Maji
,
S.
K.
Patra
,
and
K.
Maha
pat
r
a,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
of
FPGA
base
d
f
uzzy
PI
appr
ox
imate
cont
ro
l
for
aut
om
at
i
c
cru
ise
cont
rol
s
y
stem,
”
Proc.
Int.
Con
f.
Circui
ts
,
Comm
un.
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I4C
2014,
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ber
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203
–
206
,
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14.
[10]
N.
Veda
m
,
I
.
D
ia
z
-
Rodr
igue
z
,
a
nd
S.
P.
Bh
at
t
a
cha
r
yy
a
,
“
A
no
vel
appr
oac
h
to
the
d
esign
of
cont
rollers
in
a
n
aut
om
oti
ve
cru
i
se
-
cont
rol
s
y
st
e
m
,
”
IECON
Pr
oc.
(
Industrial
El
e
ct
ron.
Con
f.,
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Annu
a
,
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2927
–
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32,
2014.
[11]
B.
W
ang,
D.
Zh
ao,
C
.
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and
Y
.
Dai
,
“
Design
a
nd
implementati
on
of
an
ad
apt
iv
e
cru
ise
cont
rol
s
y
stem
base
d
on
supervise
d
a
ct
or
-
cri
t
ic
learni
ng,
”
2015
5th
Int
.
Co
nf.
In
f. Sc
i
.
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.
,
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–
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[12]
N.
Bekiari
s
-
li
b
er
is,
C.
Ron
col
i
,
a
nd
M.
Papage
o
r
giou,
“
Predictor
-
Based
Adapti
v
e
Cruise
Control
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”
in
2016
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E
Confe
ren
c
e
on
Con
trol Ap
pli
cations (
CCA),
2016
,
pp
.
97
–
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02.
[13]
“
Phase
-
Loc
ked
Loop
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ic
s,
PL
L.”
[Online
]
.
Ava
il
able:
htt
ps:/
/
ww
w.a
lt
er
a.
com
/support/
support
-
resourc
es/ope
r
ation
-
and
-
t
esti
ng/
pll
-
and
-
cl
ock
-
m
ana
gement
/pl
l
-
b
asic
s.ht
m
l
.
[14]
“
Sharp
GP
2Y0
A41S
K0F
Anal
og
Distance
S
ensor
4
-
30cm
Ja
y
con
S
y
st
ems
LL
C.
”
[Onli
ne]
.
Available:
htt
p://ww
w.j
a
y
c
ons
y
stems
.
com/sharp
-
gp2
y
0a41s
k0f
-
ana
log
-
d
istance
-
sensor
-
4
-
30
cm.ht
m
l.
[Ac
c
essed:
03
-
Apr
-
2017]
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ow
Hui
Nee
r
e
ce
iv
ed
B.
Eng
.
(
Hons
)
Co
m
pute
r
Engi
nee
r
ing(2
017)
in
Univer
siti
Mal
a
y
si
a
Perli
s.
Join
Int
el
Micro
el
e
ct
ro
nic
s
(M)
Sdn.
Bhd
in
2017
a
s
Pre
-
Sili
con
Veri
fi
ca
t
ion
Engi
ne
er.
Curre
ntly
pu
rsuing
Master
of
Enginee
ring
in
Com
pute
r
and
Micr
oel
e
ct
ron
i
c
S
y
stem a
t
Unive
rsiti
Te
knolog
y
Malay
s
ia.
Muata
z
H.
Sal
ih
recei
ved
th
e
B.
Sc.
and
M.Sc.
d
egr
ee
s
from
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
Com
pute
r
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
Ba
ghdad,
Ira
q
,
in
1
998
and
2002,
re
spec
ti
v
ely
.
In
Septe
m
ber
2013,
he
ea
rn
ed
a
PhD
degr
ee
in
Com
pute
r
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
with
spe
cializ
ation
in
FP
GA
Embedde
d
Multi
proc
esso
r
SoC
.
From
Sept.
1998
to
Mar
ch
2003,
he
was
a
rese
ar
ch
engi
ne
er
in
Mil
i
ta
r
y
Industri
al
i
z
at
ion
Corpor
at
io
n
of
Ira
q.
From
Oct.
2003
to
Jun
e
2008,
he
was
a
le
ct
ur
er
a
nd
m
ana
ger
of
engi
nee
r
ing
fac
u
l
t
y
'
s
LABS
in
the
fac
ul
t
y
o
f
Eng
ine
er
ing
of
Al
-
Kala
m
oon
priva
t
e
unive
rsi
t
y,
S
y
ri
a.
From
Jul
y
2008
to
Jul
y
April
2011
,
he
was
a
Resea
rch
er
at
Underwat
er
Robot
ic
Resea
r
ch
Group
at
US
M.
Cur
ren
tly
,
Nov.
201
3,
he
is
a
Senior
le
ct
ur
er
a
t
UniMap,
Malay
sia
.
He
is
SM
I
EE
E
,
CEng,
MIET
and
SM
I
AC
SIT
Senior
Mem
ber
.
His
r
ese
arc
h
intere
st
s
on
designi
ng
digi
t
al
s
y
stem
s
using
FP
GA
te
chno
log
y
,
embedde
d
s
y
st
e
m
s,
computer
s
y
stem
arc
h
itec
ture
,
m
i
cro
proc
essor
arc
hitec
tu
re,
ac
t
ive
ja
m
m
ing
s
y
stem
for
l
ase
r
m
issiles
and
M2M
.
Li
m
Chin
Beng
r
ec
e
ive
d
B
.
Eng
.
(
Hons
)
Com
pute
r
Engi
ne
eri
ng(20
17)
in
Univer
si
ti
Malay
sia
Perli
s.
Join
Int
el
Micro
el
e
ct
ro
nic
s
(M)
Sdn.
Bhd
in
2017
a
s
Pre
-
Sili
con
Veri
fi
ca
t
ion
Engi
ne
er.
Curre
ntly
pu
rsuing
Master
of
Enginee
ring
in
Com
pute
r
and
Micr
oel
e
ct
ron
i
c
S
y
stem a
t
Unive
rs
it
i Te
knolog
y
Malay
s
ia.
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