Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
228
~
1
236
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752,
DOI: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
228
-
1
236
1
228
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Intrinsic
m
otivations f
or
p
ro
du
ctiv
e
a
geing
No
ri
s
an
Abd
Ka
ri
m
1
, Ha
ry
an
i H
ar
on
2
,
Nat
r
ah Ab
dull
ah
3
,
W
an
Ad
il
ah W
an
Adna
n
4
,
Sha
ri
fah
Muz
li
a
Sy
e
d
Must
afa
5
1,2,3,4
Facul
t
y
of C
om
pute
r
and
Mathe
m
at
i
ca
l
Sc
ie
nc
es,
Univ
ersiti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA Shah
Alam, S
el
angor
5
Facul
t
y
of Educ
at
ion
Univer
sit
i Te
knologi MA
RA Punca
k
Al
am,
Sela
ngor
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
1
5
, 201
8
Re
vised N
ov
3
0
, 2
018
Accepte
d Dec
1
5,
2018
The
invol
v
ement
of
the
el
der
l
y
in
the
activi
t
ie
s
is
low
compare
to
y
oung
e
r
adul
t
due
to
th
ei
r
fr
ai
l
t
y
.
Th
is
pape
r
pre
sen
ts
int
r
insic
m
oti
v
at
ions
fo
r
produc
ti
v
e
ag
ei
n
g
where
i
t
high
lights
the
f
ac
tors
t
hat
m
oti
va
te
the
el
der
l
y
to
par
ticipate
in
the
ac
t
ivi
t
ie
s.
T
her
e
are
th
irt
e
en
e
lderl
y
r
esponde
nts
ca
m
e
from
the
people
in
th
e
urba
n
Klang
Va
ll
e
y
.
The
qua
li
t
a
ti
ve
da
ta
an
aly
si
s
appr
oac
h
is
used
in
thi
s
stud
y
.
Th
ere
ar
e
fiv
e
in
tri
nsic
factors,
whi
ch,
consist
o
f
Autonom
y
,
Co
m
pet
enc
e
,
Re
la
t
edne
ss
,
Curiosity
and
Al
trui
s
m
tha
t
m
oti
v
ate
the
p
art
i
ci
pa
ti
o
n
of
th
e
e
lde
r
l
y
in
vo
lunt
e
er
ing,
ca
r
egi
ving
and
se
lf
-
deve
lopment
act
ivi
ties
in
th
is
stud
y
.
Thi
s
r
ese
ar
ch
foc
uses
on
a
ct
ivitie
s
that
result
ed
in
tri
nsi
c
val
ues
and
n
ot
on
m
onet
ar
y
val
ue
li
k
e
m
ost
of
past
rese
arc
h
ers.
Intr
insi
c
m
oti
vat
ion
fea
ture
s
are
sig
nifi
c
ant
feature
s
in
ICT
as
the
ide
nt
ifi
c
ation
of
th
e
IC
T
f
ea
tu
res
is ba
s
ed
on
m
oti
vat
ion
to
us
e
th
e
IC
T.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
In
tri
ns
ic
m
otivati
on
Pr
od
uctive
a
ge
ing
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Norisan
Ab
d K
arim
,
Faculty
of Com
pu
te
r
an
d
Ma
them
a
ti
cal
Scie
nces,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
Sh
a
h Alam
, S
el
angor
.
Em
a
il
:
no
risan
@tm
sk
.u
itm
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
By
the
ye
ar
2050,
the
gl
ob
al
popula
ti
on
a
ge
d
60
an
d
a
bove
will
ex
pand
by
m
or
e
tha
n
three
ti
m
es.
I
t
is
est
i
m
at
ed
that
the
nu
m
ber
of
the
el
de
rly
can
reac
h
almost
2
bill
ion
[
1].
This
popul
at
ion
has
pr
ob
l
e
m
s
in
achievin
g
ext
rinsic
value
or
m
on
et
ary
value
as
they
exp
e
rience
co
ns
trai
nts
in
co
ntribu
ti
ng
towa
r
d
s
so
ci
et
y
su
c
h
as
goin
g
t
o
w
ork
e
ver
y d
ay
becau
se o
f
their p
oor
healt
h
co
ndit
ion
[
2
]
-
[
4].
H
oweve
r
,
the
el
de
rly
ar
e
able
to
be
pro
duct
ive
in
te
rm
s
of
intrinsic
valu
e
su
c
h
as
t
hey
are
rich
i
n
knowle
dge
a
nd
wisdom
[5
]
.
Re
cent
researc
h
has
a
lso
ag
ree
d
on
the
values
of
the
el
de
rly
,
a
s
highli
ghti
ng
the
producti
ve
agein
g
c
onc
ept
to
stud
e
nts in
a
unive
rsity
cu
r
ric
ulu
m
r
esulte
d i
n goo
d perce
pt
ion
s
of the
elde
rly
[
6].
Pr
od
uctive
a
gi
ng
in
vo
l
ves
t
he
pa
rtic
ipati
on
of
ol
der
pe
op
le
that
present
value
to
t
he
so
ci
et
y
an
d
them
sel
ves
in
t
he
act
ivit
ie
s
[7]
.
The
values
c
an
be
achie
ve
d
or
prese
nted
in
two
ty
pes
,
w
hich
are
int
rinsi
c
and
extrinsic
[8
]
.
Ba
sed
on
pr
i
or
li
te
ratur
e
revi
ew,
the
re
are
three
dim
ension
s
(acti
viti
es)
of
pro
du
ct
iv
e
agein
g
wh
ic
h
inclu
din
g
Ma
r
ket
A
ct
ivit
ie
s
,
C
areg
ivin
g
an
d
V
oluntee
rin
g
[
7]
,
[9
]
,
[10
]
-
[
21]
.
Howe
ver,
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
agr
ee
d
by
so
m
e
pr
ior
res
earche
rs
[
19
]
,
[2
1]
as
one
of
pro
duct
iv
e
ageing
dim
ensio
n.
Re
gardless
of
el
der
ly
physi
cal
con
st
raint,
IC
T
can
at
tract
t
he
el
der
ly
in
s
oc
ia
l
act
ivit
ie
s
[2
2].
Past
resea
rch
e
rs
discusse
d
on
how
to
re
duce
el
der
ly
lon
el
ine
ss,
increase
th
e
par
ti
ci
pation
of
the
el
de
rly
i
n
the
act
ivit
ie
s
even
though
of their
f
rail
ty
[24
]
by
reco
m
m
end
ed t
o
use
I
CT
in m
anag
in
g
t
he
m
se
lves [23
]
.
In
tri
ns
ic
val
ue
s
are
im
po
rtant
to
the
el
de
rly
,
as
they
m
a
y
i
m
pr
ov
e
qu
al
it
y
of
li
fe
[25]
an
d
el
de
rly
are
seekin
g
intrin
s
ic
value
in
their
li
fe
[21].
Th
us,
this
researc
h
fo
cu
ses
on
act
ivit
ie
s
that
resu
l
te
d
intrinsic
values
and
not o
n
m
on
et
ary val
ue
li
ke
m
os
t of
p
ast
r
esearc
hers.
I
nt
rinsic v
al
ue
s e
m
erg
e f
ro
m
the acti
viti
es
m
ot
ivate
d
by
intrinsic
m
otivati
on.
I
ntri
ns
ic
m
otivati
o
ns
are
am
on
g
t
he
co
ntributi
on
facto
rs
to
prom
ote
par
ti
ci
pation
in
people
act
ivit
ie
s
[
26
]
,
[
27
]
.
I
ntrin
sic
m
otiva
ti
on
ref
e
rs
t
o
t
he
reason
f
or
e
ver
y
act
ivit
y
pe
rfor
m
ed
f
or
intrinsic
value
[28].
T
hus,
t
he
a
pprop
riat
e
intrinsic
m
ot
ivati
on
s
t
ha
t
dr
ive
the
el
der
ly
to
perf
orm
the
act
ivit
ies
for
pro
du
ct
ive
ag
e
ing
will
b
e i
nv
est
igate
d
in
thi
s
stu
dy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
tri
nsi
c moti
vations f
or p
rod
uctiv
e agein
g
(
Norisa
n
A
bd K
ar
im)
1229
Pr
e
vious
resea
rch
e
rs
highli
gh
te
d
a
few
theo
r
ie
s,
m
od
el
s
an
d
at
ti
tud
es
as
i
ntrin
sic
m
otivati
on
towa
rds
people’s
well
bein
g
[
29
]
,
[
30]
.
Past
resear
cher
s
ha
ve
ide
ntifie
d
m
any
t
heories
of
intr
insic
m
otivati
on
that
hav
e
been
ap
pl
ie
d
into
de
sig
n
of
in
form
a
tio
n,
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd
te
c
hnol
og
y
[
26
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
31
]
,
[
32]
.
T
he
existi
ng
t
heories
of
i
ntrin
sic
m
ot
ivati
on
are
Self
Determ
inati
on
T
heory,
Fl
ow
T
he
or
y,
T
he
or
y
of
I
ntri
ns
ic
al
ly
Moti
vational
I
ns
tr
uction,
Org
anizat
ion
al
Ci
ti
zens
h
ip Be
hav
i
or an
d
m
any m
or
e
[29
]
,
[
33
]
-
[
35
]
.
Self
-
determ
inati
on
t
heory
is
a
m
acro
hum
a
n
th
eo
ry
an
d
m
ot
ivati
on
t
ha
t
is
associat
e
d
with
hum
an
ps
yc
holo
gical
needs
that
e
na
ble
hum
ans
to
en
gag
e
in
t
he
ir
act
ivit
ie
s
[33].
T
his
the
ory
fo
c
us
es
on
hu
m
an
intrinsic
m
otiv
at
ion
w
her
e
de
ci
sion
-
m
akin
g
an
d
act
ivit
ies
by
hu
m
ans
i
s
done
with
out
being
infl
uenced
by
exter
nal
facto
r
s.
The
re
are
th
ree
hum
an
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
al
nee
ds
,
wh
ic
h
m
us
t
be
acq
uire
d
by
al
l
hu
m
ans
in
ord
e
r
to
m
ai
ntain
ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
he
al
th
and
well
-
bein
gs
,
wh
ic
h
consi
st
of
aut
onom
y,
co
m
petence
an
d
rel
at
edn
e
ss
[36].
O
rg
a
nizat
ion
Ci
ti
zensh
i
p
Be
hav
io
ur
(OC
B)
ref
er
s
to
the
posit
ive
em
plo
ye
es’
at
ti
tu
des
that
giv
e
be
nef
it
s
to
the
orga
ni
zat
ion
an
d
th
e
m
sel
ves.
Th
e
popula
r
di
m
ension
s
of
OCB
inclu
de
Altruism
,
C
ourtesy
,
Con
sci
e
ntious
ness,
Ci
vic
Virtue
a
nd
S
port
sm
ansh
ip
[
34]
.
Pr
i
or
resea
rchers
highli
ghte
d
the
ro
le
of
O
CB
as
intrinsic
m
otivati
on
in
their
r
esearch
as
a
ntecedent
of
kn
owle
dge
sh
a
rin
g,
w
hich
i
nvol
ves
hum
an
to
hu
m
an
interact
ion [
37
]
.
Ma
lon
e
[35]
s
tud
ie
d
the
Theory
of
I
ntrin
sic
ally
Motiv
at
ion
al
I
ns
truct
io
n
i
n
c
om
pu
te
r
gam
es
to
m
ot
ivate
com
p
uter
le
ar
ning
gam
es.
He
sugge
ste
d
a
fr
am
ework
for
the
T
heory
of
I
ntrinsi
cal
ly
Moti
vat
ion
a
l
In
st
ru
ct
io
n,
w
hich
c
on
sist
s
of
three
fact
or
s:
Chall
eng
e,
Fa
ntasy
and
C
ur
i
os
it
y
in
com
p
uter
le
ar
ning
gam
es.
This
researc
h
fo
c
us
es
on
t
he
facto
rs
t
hat
m
ot
ivate
the
e
lderly
to
par
ti
ci
pate
in
t
he
act
ivit
ie
s.
Fro
m
the
identifie
d
int
rinsic
m
otivati
o
n
com
po
ne
nts,
te
chn
ol
og
y
fe
at
ur
es
are
ide
ntifie
d
f
or
s
up
portive
feat
ur
e
s
f
or
Elderly
’s
te
c
hnol
og
y.
The
r
esults
of
this
stud
y
will
identify
the
el
de
r
ly
act
ivit
ie
s
t
hat
sho
uld
be
giv
e
n
at
te
ntion
by
ot
her
re
searc
he
rs
an
d
I
T
de
velo
per
s
.
T
he
identifie
d
i
ntrin
sic
m
otivatio
n
featu
res
w
il
l
be
consi
der
e
d
as
ICT
ap
plica
ti
on
s
featu
res
tha
t
m
eet
the
requirem
ent
to
at
t
ract
the
el
der
l
y
to
par
ti
ci
pate
in
the
a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Data
are
c
ollec
te
d
withi
n
a
per
i
od
from
Ju
ne
20
14
unti
l
Jan
uar
y
20
15.
Sem
i
-
structu
re
d
inter
views
are
c
onduct
ed
to
get
dee
per
unde
rstan
ding
of
t
he
m
otivati
on
s
in
pe
rfor
m
ing
act
ivit
ie
s
by
the
el
de
rly
.
Each
intervie
w
sessi
on
t
ook
a
bout o
ne
(
1)
t
o
thre
e
(3)
ho
ur
s
.
T
he
respo
nd
e
nts’ age
wa
s
bet
we
en
61
t
o
77
ye
a
rs
ol
d.
The
t
otal
res
po
nd
e
nts
a
re
t
hirt
een
(13
)
a
nd
th
ey
cam
e
fr
om
var
i
ou
s
et
hnic
gro
up
s
,
wh
ic
h
are
Ma
la
y,
C
hin
ese,
and
I
ndia
n.
T
he
y
wer
e
six
fe
m
al
e
s
and
seve
n
m
al
es
responden
t
s.
T
he
a
pp
ro
ac
h
of
data
a
naly
sis
is
the
theo
ry
dr
i
ven
c
onte
nt
analy
sis.
The
pro
du
ct
ive
a
ge
ing
dim
ensions
fr
am
ewo
r
k
by
pr
io
r
resea
rc
her
s
[
7],
[9
]
-
[
21]
,
is
us
e
d
as
the
the
or
et
ic
al
le
ns
f
or
qual
it
at
ive
da
ta
analy
sis.
D
at
a
analy
sis
beg
ins
with
ex
pl
or
i
ng
th
e
pro
duct
ive
agein
g
dim
ension
s
(acti
viti
es)
of
the
el
de
rly
,
fo
ll
owe
d
by
intrinsic
m
ot
ivati
on
f
or
pro
du
ct
ive
a
gein
g.
Me
anwhil
e
the
intrinsic
m
otivati
ons
the
or
ie
s
that
ha
ve
bei
ng
us
e
d
in
this
res
earch
c
onsist
of
Sel
f
Determ
inati
on
Theory,
Th
e
or
y
of
I
ntrin
s
ic
al
ly
Moti
vational
I
ns
tr
uction
a
nd
Orga
ni
zat
ion
al
Ci
ti
z
ens
hip
Be
hav
i
or
.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
c
o
p
e
f
oc
us
e
s
on
n
on
m
on
e
t
a
r
y
va
l
ue
a
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s;
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
he
t
hr
ee
dim
ension
s
of
act
ivit
ie
s e
m
ph
asi
zed in t
his
r
esearch
w
e
re
Vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g,
Ca
reg
ivi
ng a
nd Self
De
velo
pm
ent.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Ther
e
are
five
(5)
intri
ns
ic
fe
at
ur
es,
w
hich
are
co
ns
ist
in
g
of
A
utono
m
y,
Com
petence,
Re
la
te
dn
ess
,
Curiosi
ty
and
Altruism
.
Therefo
re,
the
fi
ve
intrinsic
m
otivati
on
featu
res
relat
ed
to
pro
du
ct
ive
a
gein
g
are
m
app
ed
ag
ai
nst
the d
at
a
co
ll
e
ct
ed
f
ro
m
the e
lderly
are disc
us
se
d
in
the
f
ollow
in
g sec
ti
on
3.1.
Int
ri
nsic m
oti
vatio
n for
volunteeri
n
g
Vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g
r
efers
t
o
act
ivit
ie
s
involvi
ng
any
init
ia
ti
ves
done
with
ou
t
ex
pecti
ng
pay
m
ent.
The
s
e
init
ia
ti
ves
are
r
el
at
ed
to
s
ocial
an
d
ci
vic
act
iv
it
ie
s.
Vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g
act
ivit
ie
s
are
co
ns
ist
in
g
of
pe
rsonal
a
dvisi
ng
,
exp
e
rt
co
ntri
buti
on
an
d
c
omm
ittee
inv
ol
ve
m
ent
[38].
A
furthe
r
analy
si
s
in
vo
l
un
te
eri
ng
re
vealed
t
ha
t
the
intrinsic
m
otivati
on
is
aut
onom
y.
Au
tono
m
y
is
the
fee
li
ng
that
pe
op
le
endor
se
a
nd
re
gu
la
te
the
ir
own
beh
a
vior
or
th
ey
hav
e
a
se
nse
of
f
ree
will
wh
e
n
t
hey
are
do
i
ng
so
m
et
hin
g
or
m
aking
decisi
on.
In
thi
s
stu
dy,
respo
nd
e
nts
w
ere
m
otivate
d
by
auto
nom
y
wh
e
n
they
part
ic
ipate
d
in
th
e
act
ivit
ie
s
on
their
ow
n
ch
oi
ce
and
with
their
voli
ti
on
.
They
act
ed
on
their
be
ha
vior
no
t
beca
use
of
co
ntr
ol
or
pr
es
sure
by
ot
her
s.
Au
t
onom
y
in
vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g
is
shown t
hro
ugh
the
qu
otati
ons b
el
ow
:
Re
sp
on
den
t
1
(one)
s
howe
d
his
auto
no
m
y
m
ot
ivati
on
by
choosi
ng
to
be
an
adv
is
or
in
a
per
sonal
adv
ic
e a
ct
ivit
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
228
–
1
236
1230
“I
felt
pleasu
r
e
wh
e
n
I
s
ha
red
m
y
exp
eri
ence
with
othe
rs,
wh
e
n
I
s
aw
a
youn
gs
t
er
w
ho
did
so
m
et
hin
g
wrong
or
lost
in
wh
at
he
was
do
in
g…
I
c
hose
to
giv
e
him
per
sonal
ad
vice
and
he
fo
ll
owe
d
the
a
dv
ic
e…
I
e
xpla
ined
t
o
them
and
guide
d
the
m
to
the
rig
ht
way…
I
am
s
at
isfie
d
t
o
w
hat
I’ve
done
.”(R1)
Re
sp
on
den
t
1
sh
are
d
his
ex
pe
rience
a
s
a
c
omm
ittee
m
e
m
ber
of
a
n
el
derl
y
cl
ub
w
her
e
he
c
hose
t
o
orga
nize act
ivit
ie
s an
d m
ake d
eci
sio
ns
in
vo
lun
te
eri
ng acti
viti
es.
“M
y
po
sit
ion
i
n
this
se
nior
ci
ti
zen
cl
ub
is
a
s
chairm
an.
I
’
m
ver
y
ha
pp
y
d
oi
ng
t
his
jo
b
and
he
re
in
this
cl
ub
,
we
c
hoos
e
to
or
gani
ze
m
any
ac
ti
viti
es
su
ch
as
reli
gio
us
cl
asse
s,
healt
h
pro
gra
m
s,
travel
and to
ur
s
that a
re
ben
e
fici
al
to
our cl
ub m
e
m
ber
s
and als
o
t
o
the
co
m
m
un
it
y.” (R1
)
In
the
ca
se
of
Re
sp
on
den
t
5,
sh
e
c
ho
se
t
o
te
ac
h
pe
op
le
good
thin
gs
.
Usu
al
ly
,
s
he
wen
t
to
he
r
neig
hborh
ood
t
o
ta
lk
ab
ou
t
s
pi
ritual
know
le
dge.
Sim
il
arl
y,
Re
sp
on
den
t
6
chose
to
trans
f
er
his
ex
per
ti
se
to
the
new g
e
ne
rati
on.
“
I
’m
ver
y
ha
pp
y
with
m
y
l
ife
sty
le
that
I
ch
os
e
w
her
e
I
vo
l
un
te
e
r
to
cal
l
people
to
be
a
go
od
Muslim
.” (
R5
)
A
f
ur
t
her
a
na
ly
sis
in
vo
lu
nt
eering
revea
le
d
that
be
side
s
auto
nom
y,
t
he
intri
ns
ic
m
otivati
on
is
com
petence.
A
ccordin
g
to
co
ncep
t
ual
def
i
niti
on
,
co
m
peten
ce
ref
ers
to
the
desire
of
peop
le
to
so
lve
pro
blem
s
with
their
a
bili
ti
es
and
co
nce
rn
s
the
im
po
rt
ance
of
knowl
edg
e
a
nd
sk
il
ls
[36].
This
stu
dy
shows
t
hat
on
e
of
the
m
ajo
r
m
ot
ivati
on
factors
of
the
el
der
ly
bein
g
pro
duct
ive
is
beca
us
e
of
thei
r
feeli
ng
o
f
com
peten
ce
in
giv
in
g
s
olu
ti
on
s.
Re
spo
nd
e
nt
3
had
us
e
d
her
com
petencies
in
the
act
ivit
ie
s
sh
e
ha
d
done
.
S
he
m
entione
d
th
e
i
m
po
rtance
of
knowle
dge that
pushed
h
e
r
to
par
ti
ci
pate in
a
dv
is
or
y ac
ti
viti
es.
“M
y
fr
ie
nds
in
cl
ub
al
ways
a
sk
m
y
op
ini
on
an
d
a
dvic
e
th
at
are
relat
ed
t
o
healt
h.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
I
was
a
nurse
be
fore…
It
giv
e
s
m
e
pleasur
e
and
sat
isfact
io
n
because
I
ca
n
c
on
t
rib
ute
s
om
et
hin
g
to
them
.”(R3
).
Re
sp
on
den
t
9
is
sti
ll
eng
agin
g
in
te
aching
be
cause
he
is
on
e
of
the
e
xp
e
rts
in
his
subj
e
ct
m
at
te
r.
H
e
su
pp
or
ts
his st
ud
e
nts all
the
ti
m
e.
“I w
il
l com
e to the
unive
rsity
p
ur
po
sel
y t
o fi
nd out what
ar
e p
r
oble
m
s f
aced
by the stude
nts and
hel
p
them
to
so
lve
their
stu
dy
pro
blem
s.
I
enjoy
doin
g
this
and
feel
the
sat
isfact
ion
of
w
hat
I’
m
do
i
ng.”(R
9)
On
e
of
t
he
r
es
pondents
(R
3)
who
f
or
m
erly
worked
as
a
nu
rse
s
upporte
d
a
n
el
de
rly
cl
ub
pro
gr
am
by
vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g
a
s
a
com
m
ittee
m
e
m
ber
in
a
he
al
th
chec
kup
pro
gr
am
.
The
quotati
ons
below
sho
w
c
ompete
nce
m
ot
ivati
on
i
n
c
omm
ittee
involvem
ent:
“In
t
he
el
der
ly
cl
ub,
because
of
I
was
a
nu
rs
e
be
fore,
I
ha
ppil
y
vo
l
un
te
e
re
d
as
a
com
m
itt
ee
m
e
m
ber
to
assist
hos
pital
people
that
are
in
vo
l
ved
in
healt
h
m
edical
check
up
pro
gr
am
s
to
chec
k
the
healt
h
conditi
on
of
pe
op
le
in
Seni
or
Ci
ti
zens’
Cl
ub
s
o
t
hat
it
will
help
to
le
ssen
the
bur
de
n
of
the
ho
s
pital
sta
ff
for
t
he pr
ogram
...
” (R
3)
The
analy
sis
a
lso
show
s
that
relat
edn
ess
is
on
e
of
the
in
trinsic
m
otivat
ion
s
in
vo
l
un
t
eerin
g.
A
s
def
i
ned
in
c
on
ceptual
de
finit
ion
,
relat
edn
e
s
s
is
the
desire
of
hum
ans
to
est
ablish
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
th
em
through
interact
io
n
an
d
carin
g
[27],[
36
]
.
In
this
stud
y
,
it
sh
ow
e
d
tha
t
al
l
resp
on
de
nt
s
wer
e
interac
ti
ng
within
the
co
m
m
un
it
y
or
fa
m
ilies.
The
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
quot
at
ion
show
s
r
el
at
edn
ess
m
otivati
on
in
Pe
rsonal
Advisin
g
act
ivi
ti
es.
“I’
m
act
ively
i
nvolv
e
d
in
‘
Ta
bligh’
cl
ub
at
Sr
i
Peta
li
ng
. I
al
ways
par
ti
ci
pa
te
in
m
any
activiti
es
in
the
cl
ub
pro
gr
am
.
I
wa
nt
to
hav
e
a
good
relat
io
ns
hi
p
with
cl
ub
m
e
m
ber
s.
It
is
su
ch
a
pleas
ur
e
giv
i
ng
per
s
onal
advic
e to
fr
ie
nds
. …”
(R5)
Me
anwhil
e,
Re
sponde
nt
2
sai
d
that
he
ne
eded
m
or
e
fr
i
ends
an
d
co
uld
get
m
or
e
fr
ie
nds
thr
ou
gh
com
m
it
te
e inv
olv
em
ent act
ivit
ie
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
tri
nsi
c moti
vations f
or p
rod
uctiv
e agein
g
(
Norisa
n
A
bd K
ar
im)
1231
“I
lov
e
to
help
m
y
neigh
bor
.
I
al
ways
inv
ol
ve
m
yse
lf
in
wed
di
ng
ce
rem
on
ie
s
wh
er
e
I
wil
l
be
on
e
of
the
wait
ers
(c
omm
ittee
)
in
the
e
ven
t.
I
l
ove
this
job.
T
hro
ugh
the
se
act
ivit
ie
s,
I
ca
n
fi
nd
m
any
fr
ie
nds
co
m
pared to
m
y fo
rm
e
r
w
orki
ng tim
e
.”(R2)
Me
anwhil
e,
R
esp
onde
nt
10
is
a
cari
ng
pe
r
so
n
w
ho
i
nter
act
s
with
he
r
neig
hbors
th
r
ough
sh
a
rin
g
recipes
an
d
by
giv
i
ng
s
om
e
po
rtio
ns
of
her
cook
in
g
to
he
r
neig
hb
or
s.
S
he
est
ablishes
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
ps
wi
th
he
r
neig
hbors th
r
ough
he
r
e
xp
e
rtise
in
c
ooki
ng.
“
W
he
n
I
c
ook,
I
m
ake
su
re
I
will
cook
m
or
e
an
d
kee
p
so
m
e
portion
s
t
o
giv
e
to
m
y
neig
hbor…
people
say
that
I’m
go
od
in
c
oo
king
s
o
I
te
ach
m
y
neighb
or
s
c
ooking.
I
wa
nt
to
be
cl
os
e
to
m
y neigh
bor
s an
d
f
rien
ds
.
..I g
et
the u
lt
i
m
a
te
f
eel
ing
o
f
sa
ti
sfying.
.
.I
f
eel
the self
fu
lfil
lm
ent in th
is
way.”(R
10)
Last
ly
,
further
analy
sis
in
vo
l
un
te
e
rin
g
r
eveale
d
t
hat
a
no
t
her
i
ntrin
si
c
m
otivati
on
is
al
truism
.
Altruism
is
de
fine
d
as
bein
g
help
f
ul
to
othe
r
people.
Altr
uism
is
a
desire
to
hel
p
othe
r
people
who
nee
d
assist
ance
with
par
ti
cula
r
pr
oble
m
s
[3
4].
He
lping
ot
her
s
is
on
e
of
the
pro
m
ot
ing
fact
or
s
of
pro
du
ct
i
ve
a
gein
g.
Re
sp
on
den
ts al
ways put ot
hers’ prio
riti
es h
ig
her
t
h
an
t
heirs. In
t
his stu
dy, it was foun
d
th
at
, r
esp
onde
nts
w
er
e
eng
a
ge
d
in
car
e
giv
in
g
an
d
volu
nteerin
g
act
ivit
ie
s
becau
se
they
had
al
tru
is
m
beh
avio
r.
The
desi
re
to
help
oth
e
r
people
l
ed
t
he
r
esp
onde
nts
to
en
ga
ge
in
volu
nteerin
g
act
ivit
ie
s.
Al
truism
in
V
olun
te
erin
g
act
i
vity
is
sh
ow
n
th
r
ough
the
fo
ll
owin
g quotat
ions.
“
W
om
an’
s
nat
ur
e
is
al
ways
bein
g
will
ing
to
visit
ou
r
f
ri
ends
who
are
sic
k
an
d
help
people
in
diff
ic
ulti
es…We,
f
r
om
the club
, al
ways v
is
it
p
eop
le
wh
o are sick. We ar
e p
le
asu
red
to supp
or
t t
hem
.
W
e li
ste
n
a
nd t
al
k
to t
hem
b
y givin
g
t
hem
ad
vice….”
(R3)
Re
sp
on
den
t
3,
suppo
rts
her
f
rien
ds
em
otional
ly
by
giv
i
ng
pe
rsonal
a
dv
i
ce
an
d
hoping
that
it
will
reduce
t
he
burd
e
n.
As
m
entioned
by
Re
s
pondent
5,
s
he
is
in
vo
l
ved
in
volu
nteeri
ng
act
ivit
ie
s
s
uc
h
as
co
nt
rib
uting
he
r
ex
per
ti
se
by
r
eci
ti
ng
the
Al
Qura
n
in
funera
ls
because
of
her
desire
t
o
he
lp
ot
her
pe
op
l
e
an
d
her feeli
ng
of e
m
pathy.
“…
Wh
en
I
hea
r
that
s
om
ebo
dy
I
kn
ow
ha
s
pa
ssed
a
way,
it
is
a
m
us
t
fo
r
m
e
to
visit
…I
fe
lt
e
m
pathy
for
them
...
I
rec
it
e
the
Al
_Quran
a
nd
help
t
o
m
anag
e
t
he
funer
al
of
the
de
cease
d.
I
do
t
hi
s
beca
us
e
I
assum
e this is m
y resp
onsi
bili
ty
as o
ne
of th
e m
os
qu
e c
omm
ittee
m
e
m
ber
s…” (
R
5).
On
e
of
res
pondents
(R9)
sta
te
d
that
he
is
ver
y
m
uch
co
ncerne
d
f
or
th
e
welfare
of
hi
s
stud
e
nts
with
out t
hi
nk
i
ng
of h
is c
onditi
on. He
helps
h
i
s stu
den
ts
b
y s
har
i
ng h
is e
xpe
rtise
w
it
hout
fe
el
ing
c
onstrai
nt
s.
“Stud
e
nts
al
w
ay
s
ask
m
e
to
com
e
to
the
un
i
ver
sit
y
pur
po
s
el
y
to
ask
qu
e
sti
on
s
relat
ed
to
t
hei
r
su
bject
…
I
a
m
wil
li
ng
ly
com
e
to
help
t
he
m
even
though
I
’m
ti
red
.
It
is
m
y
pleasur
e
to
see
thei
r
su
ccess
…“ (R
9)
3.2.
Int
ri
nsic m
oti
vatio
n for c
ar
egivin
g
Ca
reg
ivi
ng
in
volvin
g
un
paid
act
ivit
y
with
e
conom
ic
value
s
pe
rfor
m
ed
w
it
h
bo
nd
i
ng
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p.
Ca
reg
ivi
ng
act
ivit
ie
s
that
s
how
the
res
ponsi
bili
ty
of
ca
r
egive
rs
a
re
ca
te
gorized
i
n
t
wo
duti
es,
w
hi
ch
are
par
e
ntin
g,
a
nd
Do
m
est
ic
wo
r
k
[
38]
.
F
ur
th
er
analy
sis
show
s
care
giv
i
ng
in
trinsic
m
otivat
ion
s
a
re
a
uton
om
y,
com
petence,
r
el
at
edn
ess
a
nd
al
truism
.
Au
tonom
ou
s
intri
ns
ic
m
otivati
on
in
Ca
reg
i
ving
w
hich
is
pa
ren
ti
ng
act
ivit
y, is sh
own
th
rou
gh the
foll
ow
i
ng qu
ot
at
ion
:
Re
sp
on
den
t
4
occupied
his
tim
e
wh
en
he
go
t
a
cha
nc
e
to
be
in
c
ha
rg
e
of
his
grand
c
hild
ren’s
act
ivit
ie
s.
He
cho
s
e
to
sen
d
and
pick
up
his
gr
an
dc
hildr
e
n
fr
om
scho
ol
e
ver
y
day.
He
is
do
in
g
these
w
it
ho
ut
bein
g
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
d by ot
her
s
.
“Our
tw
o
gr
a
nd
c
hild
ren
a
re
sta
yi
ng
with
us
.
I
c
ho
se
t
o
in
cha
rg
e
of
the
gran
dc
hildr
e
n’s
da
ily
act
ivit
ie
s (
R4).
The
respo
nden
ts
in
this
st
udy
sh
ow
t
hat
th
ey
do
the
act
i
viti
es
beca
us
e
they
can
c
hoose
w
hateve
r
work
t
hey
wa
nt
ed
to
do.
Re
s
pondent
10
is
will
ing
ly
to
do
hous
e
wor
k
ev
en
th
ough
s
he
do
e
s
not
do
it
in
he
r
own h
ou
se
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
228
–
1
236
1232
“I
ch
oose
to
do
m
y
wo
r
k
s
uch
as
co
ok
i
ng, h
ouse
cl
eani
ng
w
hen
e
ve
r
I
go
(c
hildr
e
n
hous
e
).
I
co
ok fo
r
m
y
children
an
d
m
y
gr
an
dc
hildr
e
n.
My
fam
il
y
lov
e
and
a
ppreciat
e
m
y
coo
ki
ng…w
hat
I
hav
e
done
stren
gth
e
ns
t
he
f
am
ily relat
ion
sh
i
p.
”
(
R
10)
The
sec
ond
i
ntrin
sic
m
otivati
on
in
care
giv
in
g
act
ivit
ie
s
is
com
pet
ence
intri
ns
ic
m
otivati
on.
Re
sp
on
den
ts
a
re
involve
d
i
n
care
giv
in
g
act
ivit
ie
s
becau
se
of
their
c
om
petencies
i
n
so
l
ving
pro
blem
s
especial
ly
fo
r
t
heir
fam
il
ie
s.
The
f
ollo
wing
capti
ons
sho
w
com
petence
m
otivati
ons
that
pu
s
h
respo
nd
e
nt
s
i
n
par
e
ntin
g
act
iv
it
ie
s.
On
e
of
the
res
pondents
(R
8)
is
ta
kin
g
care
of
her
sic
k
s
on
who
is
su
f
fer
i
ng
from
br
ok
e
n
a
m
arr
ia
ge.
Re
sp
on
den
t
8
is
ver
y
ex
per
i
enced
i
n
m
arr
ia
ge
m
atters.
S
he
is
ta
king
c
are
he
r
ad
ult
so
n
a
nd
sup
por
ts
hi
m
e
m
otion
al
ly
and
ph
ysi
cal
l
y.
“
I
s
upporte
d
m
y
so
n
to
so
l
ve
his
pro
ble
m
,
I
too
k
him
to
sta
y
with
m
e.
I
s
uppo
rted
him
in
m
any
things a
nd m
any w
ay
s…
our r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
is
m
uch
closer
t
ha
n bef
or
e
.”(R
8)
Re
sp
on
den
t
5,
who
is
good
in
read
i
ng
A
rab
i
c,
te
aches
her
gr
a
ndchild
ren
to
rea
d
the
Al
Qura
n
in
he
r
hous
e
.
“
W
it
h
the
kn
owle
dge
I
ha
ve
,
I
te
ach
m
y
gr
a
ndchild
ren
to
read
the
Al
-
Q
ur
a
n
an
d
re
ad
reli
giou
s
books e
ver
y
da
y becau
se I l
ov
e them
an
d wa
nt they
beco
m
e good M
us
li
m
.
”(R5
)
Me
anwhil
e, th
e f
ollow
i
ng qu
otati
on
sho
ws com
petence in do
m
est
ic
wo
r
k.
“I
cook
f
or
m
y
children
a
nd
gr
an
dc
hildr
e
n
wh
e
n
I
am
in
their
hous
e
s
o
that
they
can
eat
healt
hy
m
eal
s.
They
w
il
l
req
uest
t
heir
fa
vorite
dis
he
s.
T
hey
say
tha
t
their
c
ook
is
no
t
a
s
sam
e
as
m
ine.
The
y
lov
e m
y cooki
ng…“(R
10)
Re
sp
on
den
t
10
pr
e
par
e
s
m
e
al
s
for
her
fa
m
ily
becau
se
sh
e
is
good
i
n
co
ok
i
ng.
T
he
ap
pr
eci
at
io
n
giv
e
n
to
h
e
r by her fam
il
y
m
a
kes
thei
r
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
go
od.
T
he
re
spo
nd
e
nts
w
ere
pus
he
d b
y t
heir
kn
ow
le
dg
e
or
sk
il
ls
to
be
producti
ve
in
car
e
giv
in
g
act
ivit
ie
s
and
these
ind
irect
ly
will
m
a
ke
the
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
am
on
g
them
stronge
r.
Be
sides
auto
nom
y
and
com
petence
m
otivati
on
s,
the
res
pondents
in
this
stud
y
are
involve
d
in
caregi
ving
act
ivit
ie
s
due
to
th
ei
r
in
ner
nee
ds
to
est
a
blish
th
e
relat
ion
s
hi
p
within
fam
ily
m
e
m
ber
s
an
d
f
rien
ds
.
Quotat
ion b
el
ow s
hows
that
r
el
at
edn
ess m
otivati
on
is
one t
he dri
ving f
act
or
s
in
ca
re
giv
i
ng acti
viti
es.
“….
I
se
nd
m
y
so
n
t
o
w
ork
a
t
10
:0
0
e
ver
y
m
or
nin
g
a
nd
pi
ck
him
up
at
10
:
00
pm
ever
y
nig
ht.
It
is
m
y
pleasur
e
to
do
t
his
for
hi
m
becau
se
he
is
m
y
so
n
a
nd
his
healt
h
c
on
diti
on
is
no
t
s
o
good.
E
ver
since
the
n,
we
apprecia
te
each
ot
her
m
or
e..
.
so
m
et
i
m
es
I
t
hink
m
y
relati
on
s
hi
p
with
m
y
childre
n
i
s
poor..
.I
reall
y hope
I
ca
n
im
pr
ove m
y rela
ti
on
sh
i
p wit
h
m
y son…”(R
8)
Altruism
is
al
s
o
a
m
otivati
on
factor
in
ca
reg
i
ving
act
i
viti
es.
The
a
naly
sis
s
hows
t
hat
the
r
esp
onde
nts
hav
e
str
ong
de
sire
to
help
oth
e
r
people
i
n
ca
reg
i
ving
act
ivit
ie
s.
The
quotati
on
bel
ow
sho
ws
al
tr
uis
m
m
ot
ivati
on
i
n
c
are
giv
in
g
act
i
viti
es.
“On
ce
i
n
the whil
e,
I
will
go
to
m
y
fr
ie
nd
’s
hous
e
to g
iv
e
he
lp.
I
help
to do
ho
us
e
cl
eani
ng
a
nd
ya
r
d
cl
eaning...Sh
e
is
sic
k
an
d
un
a
ble
to
do
w
ork
a
nym
or
e
.
W
e
e
xpe
rience
the
t
rue
value
of
fr
ie
nds
hip.”(R
5)
3.3.
Int
ri
nsic m
oti
vatio
n for
sel
f
-
de
velop
me
nt
Self
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s
involve
a
ny
t
ype
of
act
ivit
ie
s
f
or
sel
f
-
im
pro
vem
ent.
The
act
ivit
ie
s
includi
ng
the
act
ivit
ie
s
that
facil
it
at
e
ind
ep
end
e
nt
act
ivit
ie
s
an
d
the
li
vi
ng
of
ol
der
pe
op
le
,
w
hich
prov
i
de
m
eaning
in
th
ei
r
li
fe
by
no
t
bu
r
de
ning
ot
her
s
.
Sel
f
-
de
ve
lop
m
ent
act
ivit
y
can
be
div
ided
into
th
re
e
su
b
act
ivit
ie
s,
wh
ic
h
are
S
piritual
En
han
cem
ent,
Pers
on
al
Im
prov
em
ent,
an
d
Self
care
[38].
A
f
ur
t
her
a
nal
ysi
s
in
Self
De
velo
pm
ent
act
ivit
ie
s
rev
eal
e
d
that
the
intrin
sic
m
otivati
ons
are
auto
no
m
y,
co
m
petence,
relat
edn
ess
and cu
riosity
.
The
f
ollo
wing
quotati
ons
sho
w
auto
nom
y
m
ot
ivati
on
in
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s.
As
m
entioned
by
Re
spo
nd
e
nt
1,
he
is
inte
re
ste
d
in
joini
ng
reli
gious
cl
ass
es
beca
us
e
he
can
get
knowle
dg
e
in
m
any
ways,
su
c
h
as
li
ste
n
to
le
ssons
o
r
as
k
quest
io
ning
to
the
gu
ru
s
or
fr
ie
nds
to
im
pr
ov
e
his
sp
irit
ua
l
know
le
dg
e
.
They
hav
e
their
ow
n fr
ee
dom
in
the
acti
viti
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
tri
nsi
c moti
vations f
or p
rod
uctiv
e agein
g
(
Norisa
n
A
bd K
ar
im)
1233
"
W
e
are
intere
ste
d
in
joinin
g
reli
gious
cl
ass
es
for
our
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
and
to
im
pr
ove
our
reli
gi
ou
s
knowle
dge.
W
e
ch
oose
to
at
te
n
d
the
cl
asse
s
re
gu
la
rly
.
I
n
c
la
ss,
we
can
as
k
the
“G
uru”
wh
at
we
do
no
t
unde
rstan
d o
r
w
e ca
n
as
k our
fr
ie
nd
s
. T
hi
s acti
vity
m
akes u
s
b
et
te
r
Mu
slim
.” (
R1)
Me
anwhil
e,
Re
sp
on
de
nt
4
ch
ooses
to
giv
e
opinions
or
com
m
ents
wh
e
n
he
is
in
discuss
i
ons.
He
say
s
that
this act
ivit
y real
ly
co
nt
rib
utes to
h
is
pe
rs
on
al
de
velo
pme
nt.
“…
I
cho
se
to
wr
it
e
com
m
e
nts
and
op
i
nions
to
res
pond
to
the
discuss
i
on
a
bout
issue
s
that
m
y
fr
ie
nds
sh
a
re i
n
Face
book,
d
i
scussions
th
rou
gh Face
book
r
eal
ly
d
evelo
p m
y sel
f
est
ee
m
..
.”
(R4)
Re
sp
o
ndent
4
is
able
to
be
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
a
nd
re
duce
healt
h
prob
le
m
s
by
doin
g
e
xer
ci
s
e.
He
m
akes
good
decisi
ons
r
e
gardin
g
to
th
ei
r
sel
ve
-
care
.
“I
decide
d
to
bri
ng
al
ong
m
y
j
og
ging
shoes
in
m
y
car
all
th
e
tim
e
so
that
I
can
easi
ly
go
for
joggin
g
or
bri
sk
walkin
g
a
nytim
e
and
anyw
her
e
.
I
fe
el
healt
hy,
fr
es
h
an
d
pro
ud
of
m
yself
wh
en
I
m
anag
e
to
do the
physi
cal
ex
e
rcises.”(R
4)
Seco
nd
ly
,
the
analy
sis
in
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
sh
ows
th
at
co
m
petence
is
on
e
of
the
i
m
po
rta
nt
m
ot
ivati
on
s
f
or
pro
du
ct
ive
a
gein
g.
T
he
res
pondents
’
ba
c
kgr
ound
know
le
dg
e
or
capa
bi
li
t
y
helps
them
to
be
bette
r
per
s
ons.
Re
sponde
nt
5
en
ga
ges
i
n
s
piritual
e
nhan
ce
m
ent
act
ivit
i
es
beca
us
e
s
he
is
co
nfi
de
nt
of
he
r
abili
ty
to
le
arn
.
“
I
s
pe
nd
m
uch
ti
m
e
on
le
ar
ning
the
Al
-
Q
uran
,
l
le
ar
n
t
he
Al
-
Qura
n
Ta
r
anu
m
,
Taj
wi
d
and
Taf
sir
of
the
Al
-
Q
ur
a
n
three
tim
es
a
w
eek.
I’
m
glad
I
was
told
that,
I
am
a
fast
le
a
rn
e
r.
The
m
os
t
sig
nificant
act
ivit
ie
s
that
I
can
do
f
or
m
ys
el
f
now
a
re,
I
wan
t
to b
e
a
good p
ers
on
an
d
get
knowle
dge
that
can
be
us
e
d here
a
nd i
n
the
h
e
reafte
r
…”(R8
)
Re
sp
on
den
t
7
s
hows
that
he
ha
s co
nfi
de
nce
with h
is a
bili
ty to
so
lve
pro
bl
e
m
s an
d
it
m
akes h
im
w
ant
to
be
m
or
e
pro
duct
ive.
His
com
petencies
in
tr
ouble
shoo
ti
ng
e
nc
our
age
him
in
pe
rsonal
devel
opm
ent
act
ivit
ie
s.
“I
lo
ve
to
re
pa
ir
watches
.
T
his
is
al
so
m
y
h
o
bby.
Wh
e
n
I’m
rep
ai
rin
g
w
at
ches,
I
will
try
to
fix
t
he
pro
blem
un
ti
l
I
s
ucceed
.
My
pr
eci
ous
e
xp
e
rience
giv
es
m
e
the
ideas
on
how
t
o
s
olv
e
t
he
prob
le
m
with
new s
kill
s… I’m
v
ery p
r
oud o
f
m
yse
lf.”(R7)
The
quotati
on
bel
ow
sho
ws
that
the
re
sponde
nt
knows
his
a
bili
ti
es
in
s
port
act
ivit
ie
s
or
healt
h
exer
ci
se a
nd t
he
se m
ake h
im
r
e
m
ai
n
pro
du
ct
i
ve
in
self
-
care
act
ivit
ie
s.
“I’
m
go
od
in
play
ing
ba
dm
i
nton.
I
pa
rtic
ip
at
e
in
m
any
ga
m
es
or
ga
nized
by
the
Elderly
Cl
ub
Sh
a
h
Alam
…I
wan
t
to b
e
h
eal
t
hy a
nd this m
akes
m
e feel
healt
hy
…”(R3
)
Also
of
note
,
s
om
e
of
the
el
der
ly
wer
e
ve
ry
act
ive
in
sel
f
-
de
velo
pm
ent
activiti
es
becau
se o
f
need
s o
f
relat
edn
es
s.
A
s
m
entioned
by
Re
sp
on
den
ts
6,
he
pa
rtic
ipate
s
in
so
ci
al
act
ivit
ie
s
to
m
eet
his
fr
ie
nds
in
s
ocial
even
ts
and
he no
ti
ced
this
act
ivit
y has im
pr
oved
h
is
p
e
rs
onal
sk
il
ls.
“Durin
g
m
y
fr
ee
tim
e,
I
lo
ve
to
s
pend
m
y
tim
e
in
the
cl
ub
with
f
rien
ds
an
d
go
f
or
ka
raoke.
It
is
j
oy
fu
l a
nd m
y
per
s
onal
s
kill
s b
ecom
e b
et
te
r.
”(R6
)
Re
sp
on
den
t
5
par
ti
ci
pates
in sp
irit
ual
en
ha
nc
e
m
ent
act
ivit
i
es
no
t
only
bec
ause
of
the
knowle
dge,
but
the m
os
t im
po
r
ta
nt thin
g
is t
o est
ablish th
e re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p wit
h G
od and
oth
e
r
p
e
op
le
.
“
I
go
t
o
th
e
r
el
igiou
s
cl
ass
t
o
update
m
y
knowle
dge…i
t
i
s
al
so
to
ha
ve
good
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
ween
m
e and
G
od and
betwee
n
m
e w
it
h hu
m
ans…
”(R5
)
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
responde
nts
ar
e
al
so
involve
d
in
sel
f
-
care
ac
ti
viti
es
su
ch
as
j
oin
i
ng
j
og
ging
cl
ubs
for
the
el
de
rly
be
cause
t
hey
wa
nt
to
ha
ve
m
or
e
fr
ie
nds
.
As
m
entioned
by
Re
sponde
nt
4,
he
wa
nts
to
feel
com
fo
rtable
a
nd
sta
y
act
ive
in
the
c
omm
u
nity
,
thu
s
he
ta
kes
ca
re
of
his
healt
h
thr
ough
br
is
k
walki
ng
with
fr
ie
nds
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
228
–
1
236
1234
“
If
we
are
he
al
thy,
it
is
easier
f
or
us
to
s
pe
nd
our
ti
m
e
with
f
rien
ds
a
nd
fam
il
y.
W
e
know
that
we
no
t
go
i
ng
t
o
br
ing
diff
ic
ulti
es
to
oth
e
r
peopl
e
if
we
are
hea
lt
hy...
T
hat’s
w
hy
I
go
for
exe
rcise
eve
ry
m
or
nin
g t
o kee
p
m
yse
lf h
eal
thy.”
(R4)
Last
ly
,
res
pondents
are
fill
ed
with
cu
riosity
wh
e
n
en
ga
ging
in
sel
f
-
de
velo
pm
ent
act
ivit
ies.
Cu
riosity
is
a
kin
d
of
de
sire
to
br
i
ng
be
tt
er
fo
rm
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
nd
unde
rstan
ding
t
hro
ugh
f
os
te
ri
ng
act
ive
le
ar
ni
ng
an
d
sp
onta
neous
e
xp
l
or
at
io
n.
Re
sp
on
de
nts
were
eng
a
ged
in
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s
because
they
cur
i
ou
s
about
s
o
m
any
thin
gs
.
In
t
his
researc
h,
m
os
t
of
el
der
ly
are
s
earchi
ng
f
or
s
pi
ritual
values
i
n
their
li
fe
he
r
e
an
d
the h
e
reafte
r.
T
he foll
owin
g q
uo
ta
ti
on s
hows
curiosit
y m
oti
vation i
n Spi
ritual
E
nh
a
ncem
e
nt acti
vity
.
“I’
m
no
t
good
in
re
adi
ng
A
r
abic.
Be
ca
us
e
of
t
hat,
I
am
at
te
nd
in
g
Al
-
Q
ur
a
n
cl
asses
th
ree
ti
m
es
a
week s
o
that
I wil
l beco
m
e a
bette
r pers
on. No
w I
have
be
com
e a b
et
te
r M
us
lim
.”(R
8)
Howe
ver,
s
ome
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
are
i
nvolv
e
d
i
n
act
ivit
ie
s
that
de
velo
p
t
heir
sk
il
ls
a
nd
knowle
dge
because
they
ha
ve
t
o
update
t
heir
knowle
dg
e
that
s
upports
their
interest
or
daily
ta
sk.
P
ersonal
im
pr
ov
e
m
ent
in
this
st
ud
y
i
s
relat
ed
t
o
kn
ow
l
e
dg
e
of
i
m
pr
o
ve
m
e
nt
i
n
t
e
rm
s
of
i
r
r
e
l
i
gi
ou
s
o
r
w
or
l
dl
y
.
Re
sp
on
den
t
9
is
m
ot
ivate
d
to
pa
rtic
ipate
in
Pe
rsonal
Im
pr
ove
m
ent
act
ivit
y
t
hro
ugh
le
ar
ning
an
d
read
i
ng
on
t
he
I
nter
net
du
e
t
o
cur
i
os
it
y i
n
his
f
ie
ld
of intere
s
t i
n
te
achi
ng so that he
ca
n
e
xpla
in
bette
r.
“
I
lov
e
to
go
to
sch
olar
blogs
,
we
bs
it
es,
jour
nals
that
are
re
la
te
d
to
m
y
int
erest.
I
le
ar
n
m
any
thin
gs
her
e
.
Ne
w
i
nfo
rm
ation
m
akes
m
e
con
fide
nc
e
to
deli
ver
kn
ow
le
dg
e
.
And
these
hel
p
m
e
to
ge
ner
at
e
m
or
e ideas in
del
iverin
g kno
w
le
dg
e.”
(R9)
Also
of note, cu
ri
os
it
y
dr
ives
the elderly
to
par
ti
ci
pate in Self
-
Ca
re acti
viti
es.
The
desi
re to
know the
le
vel
of
body
s
tam
ina
m
akes
respo
nd
e
nt
2
does
e
xer
ci
se
re
gu
la
rly
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
Re
s
pondent
13
lo
ves
to
go
t
o
the h
eal
th ce
nter
that o
ff
e
rs
he
al
th i
m
pr
ove
m
ent serv
ic
es.
Sh
e
wan
t
s to k
now
the e
ff
ect
i
ven
e
ss of th
e
m
achine
on h
e
r.
“I
do
exe
rcise
regularly
beca
us
e
I
wa
nt
to
c
heck
m
y
le
vel
of
e
ndurance
…I
feel
good
wh
e
n
I
know
that I am
sti
ll
c
apab
le
of
do
i
ng thi
ngs.”
(R2)
3.
4.
Mappin
g the i
nt
ri
nsic m
ot
i
vati
on
c
ompon
ents
w
ith
pr
oducti
ve a
gein
g ac
tivities
Fr
om
the
detailed
discuss
i
on
above,
it
is
fo
und
that
auto
nom
y,
co
m
pete
nce
an
d
relat
edn
e
ss
are
th
e
m
ot
ivati
on
al
fa
ct
or
s
to
pa
rtic
ipate
in
vo
l
un
te
erin
g,
sel
f
-
de
ve
lop
m
ent
and
caregi
ving
act
ivit
ie
s.
Table
1
sh
ows
the m
app
in
g
re
su
lt
of int
rinsic
m
otivati
on
w
it
h
act
ivit
ie
s.
Table
1
.
In
t
rinsi
c Moti
vations
for
P
rod
uctive
Ag
ei
ng
Intrin
sic Motiv
atio
n
Di
m
en
sio
n
Su
b
Activity
Co
m
p
eten
ce
,
Au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s.
Related
n
ess
,
Alt
ruis
m
Vo
lu
n
teering
Perso
n
al Adv
isin
g
,
Exp
ert
Co
n
tribu
tio
n
,
Co
m
m
ittee
Inv
o
lv
e
m
en
t
Co
m
p
eten
ce
,
Au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s.
Related
n
ess
,
Altrui
s
m
Caregi
v
in
g
Parentin
g
,
Do
m
estic
wo
rk
Co
m
p
eten
ce
,
Au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s.
Related
n
ess
,
Cu
rios
ity
Self
-
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Sp
iritual en
h
an
cem
e
n
t,
P
erso
n
al I
m
p
rov
e
m
en
t
Self
-
Care
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
earli
er
fin
ding
of
this
st
ud
y
f
ound
that
the
el
der
ly
w
ere
pe
rfor
m
ing
act
ivit
ie
s
in
vo
lu
nteerin
g,
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent,
an
d
careg
iving
[
38]
.
A
fu
rt
her
analy
sis
in
act
ivit
ies
of
the
el
derl
y
rev
eal
ed
that
five
intrinsic
m
otivati
on
s
that
pr
om
ote
pr
oduct
ive
age
in
g
we
re
identifie
d.
These
act
ivit
ie
s
are
m
otivated
by
intrinsic
m
otivati
on
s,
wh
ic
h
consi
st
of
aut
onom
y,
com
pet
ence,
relat
ed
ne
ss,
cu
riosity
and
al
tr
uism
.
All
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
this
stud
y
prefer
red
t
o
in
volve
in
act
ivit
ie
s
towards
non
-
m
on
et
ary
r
et
urns,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
intrinsica
ll
y
rew
ar
ding.
Au
t
onom
y
and
com
petence
ar
e
a
m
on
g
t
he
popula
r
com
pone
nts
of
in
trinsic
m
ot
ivati
on
tha
t
hav
e
bee
n
di
scusse
d
by
pri
or
sc
ho
la
rs.
I
n
this
stud
y,
t
hese
tw
o
intri
ns
ic
m
otivati
o
ns
are
prom
inent
reaso
ns
for
pa
rtic
ipants
to
en
ga
ge
in
volu
nteerin
g,
care
giv
in
g
an
d
sel
f
-
de
ve
lop
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s.
On
ce
t
hey
reali
zed
that
there
are
act
ivit
ie
s
al
lowed
t
hem
t
o
ha
ve
an
a
utono
m
y
and
they
felt
they
wer
e
sti
ll
need
e
d
by
the so
ci
et
y
su
ch
as
wh
e
n
their
a
dvic
e
an
d
their d
eci
sio
ns
we
re
need
e
d,
p
a
rtic
ipants
w
ante
d
to
be
a
s
pro
du
ct
ive
as t
hey co
uld i
n
t
hose act
ivit
ie
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
tri
nsi
c moti
vations f
or p
rod
uctiv
e agein
g
(
Norisa
n
A
bd K
ar
im)
1235
Re
la
te
dn
ess
is
an
oth
er
reas
on
f
or
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
to
be
pro
duct
ive,
a
s
pa
rt
ic
ipants
wan
t
to
est
ablish
relat
ion
s
hip
s
.
They
e
xh
i
bit
their
value
s
to
the
fam
il
y
and
so
ci
et
y
by
s
howi
ng
their
ca
rin
g
for
oth
e
r
people.
Partic
ipants
i
n
this
stud
y
were
eng
a
ge
d
in
volu
n
te
erin
g
a
nd
care
giv
i
ng
be
cause
they
ha
d
al
truism
behavio
r.
Thro
ugh
s
ocial
iz
ing
act
ivit
ie
s
su
c
h
as
fam
il
y
so
ci
al
iz
ing
or
com
m
un
it
y
so
ci
al
iz
ing
,
the
pa
rtic
ipants'
des
ire
to
help
oth
e
rs
wa
s
fu
l
fill
ed.
Cu
r
iosit
y
is
good
m
ot
ivati
on
f
or
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent.
Most
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
wer
e
involve
d
in
sel
f
-
dev
el
op
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s
becau
se
they
reali
z
ed
that
they
sti
ll
la
cked
know
le
dg
e.
They
ar
e
al
so
in
the
gro
up
of
pe
op
le
sea
rc
hing
f
or
a
bette
r
li
fe
he
re
an
d
in
the
herea
f
te
r.
Sp
i
ritual
le
arn
i
ng
is
on
e
of
t
he
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
’ bi
g
inte
rests.
These
fi
nd
i
ng
s
giv
e
a
directi
on
to
the
re
se
arch
e
rs
re
gard
ing
the
interes
ts
of
the
el
derl
y
or
their
m
ot
ivati
on
fac
tors
t
o
pa
rtic
ip
at
e
in
act
ivit
ie
s
in
thei
r
ow
n
way.
T
he
refo
re,
ICT
as
i
nterv
e
ntio
n
of
e
nab
le
r
towa
rd
s
int
rin
sic
value
is
hig
hl
ig
hted
in
this
researc
h.
In
tri
ns
ic
m
oti
vation
c
om
po
nen
ts
are
sig
ni
ficant
featur
e
s
in
IC
T
f
or
pro
du
ct
i
ve
a
gein
g.
Id
e
ntific
at
ion
of
the
ICT
feat
ur
e
s
is
base
d
on
m
ot
ivati
on
to
us
e
the
ICT.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
to
the
Mi
nistry
of
Ed
uc
at
ion
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
an
d
al
s
o
t
o
t
he
Re
sea
rch
Ma
nag
em
ent
I
ns
ti
tute,
Un
i
ve
rsiti
Tek
no
l
og
i
MARA
f
or
th
e
resea
rch
s
upport,
t
heir
valu
able
s
upport
a
nd
i
nput
to the p
roject.
REFERE
NCE
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n
t
T
r
e
n
d
s
i
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,”
L
N
D
E
C
T
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
p
p
.
781
-
788
,
2017
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Norisan
Abd
Kari
m
recei
ved
h
er
BS
c
in
Com
puti
ng
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Gla
m
orga
n,
Unite
d
Kingdom
in
199
8.
She
ob
ta
in
ed
her
MS
c
in
Info
rm
at
ion
T
ec
hnol
og
y
f
rom
Unive
rsiti
T
eknol
og
i
MA
RA
in
2001.
Curre
ntly
,
she
i
s
a
PhD
student
in
Inform
at
ion
Te
chno
log
y
at
t
he
Facul
t
y
of
Com
pute
r
and
Mathe
m
at
i
ca
l
S
ci
en
ce
s,
Univer
siti
Te
knolog
i
MA
RA
Malay
si
a.
Her
rese
ar
ch
int
er
est
in
cl
ud
es
fore
sight
stud
y
,
I
T
and
Soci
ety
an
d
databa
se
.
Har
y
ani
Haron
i
s
a
Profess
or
at
the
fac
u
lty
of
C
om
pute
r
and
Mathe
m
at
i
ca
l
Sci
en
ce
s,
Univer
si
ti
Te
knologi
MA
RA.
She
obta
in
ed
her
PH
D.
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
nc
e
(2009)
from
Univer
sit
y
Te
knolog
y
M
al
a
y
sia
(UTM)on
a
full
scho
la
rship
awa
rde
d
b
y
Uni
ver
siti
Te
kno
log
i
MA
RA.
She
is
ac
t
iv
e
rese
ar
c
her
and
publi
she
d
m
ore
tha
n
50
pape
rs
in
journal
s
and
proc
ee
ding
s
in
the
are
a
of
Inform
at
ion
T
echnolog
y
and
Know
le
dge
Man
ag
ement.
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