Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
, p
p.
4
5
3
~
4
62
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
453
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
An an
alys
is
of C
RM pra
ctices in
th
e telec
ommun
ication
ind
ustry in Ir
aq
Ho
s
am Alden
Riyadh
1
,
S
als
ab
il
a Ais
yah
Alf
aiz
a
2
, A
b
d
ulsatar
Abdul
ja
b
ba
r
Su
l
tan
3
,
Munadil
K
. F
aa
e
q
4
, Ra
dya
n
D
anan
joy
o
5
1,5
Univer
sita
s M
uhamm
adiy
ah
Yog
y
ak
arta, Indon
esia
2
Univer
sit
y
of
A
irl
angg
a, I
ndone
sia
3
Nineve
h
Educat
ion
Dire
ct
or
at
e
,
Mos
ul,
Nineve
h
,
Ira
q
4
Fairl
ei
gh
Dick
i
nson Unive
rsit
y
,
Cana
d
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1
1,
202
0
Re
vised
Ma
y
1, 20
21
Accepte
d
J
un
6
,
2021
Today
,
conc
ern
i
ng
the
ca
p
ac
i
t
y
to
rea
c
t
strai
gh
tf
orwardl
y
to
clie
nt
demands
and
offe
r
the
cli
ent
a
profound
expe
rie
n
ce
that
is
customize
d
and
int
eract
iv
e
,
orga
nizati
ons
in
the
t
el
e
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
industr
y
m
ust
have
the
ca
pa
ci
t
y
t
o
set
up,
support,
and
con
ti
nue
th
e
connect
ions
to
ward
long
-
t
erm
cl
i
ent
s.
Thi
s
stud
y
attempts
t
o
anal
y
z
e
and
ob
serve
th
e
customer
re
lationship
m
ana
gement
(CRM)
pra
ct
i
c
es
tha
t
aff
e
ct
firm
per
for
m
anc
e
t
el
e
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
cor
pora
t
ions.
Th
us,
the
stud
y
e
m
plo
y
ed
a
quali
ta
ti
v
e
m
et
hod,
t
he
prima
r
y
dat
a
wer
e
obta
in
ed
using
the
que
stionna
ir
e,
and
t
he
responde
nts
c
onsisted
of
100
peopl
e
.
Th
e
result
s
propos
e
that
customer
rel
a
ti
onships
'
m
ana
gement
fac
tor
s
in
cl
ud
ed
the
g
at
her
ing
of
informati
on
,
the
proc
essing
of
dat
a
,
th
e
m
ana
gement
of
inform
at
ion,
the
lo
y
alt
y
of
customers,
and
th
e
ret
en
ti
on
o
f
customers
with
signifi
c
ant
l
y
re
la
t
ed
to
the
p
er
form
anc
e
of
a
firm
in
the
industr
y
of tel
ecom
m
unic
at
ion
in
Ira
q
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CR
M pr
act
ic
es
Custom
er
r
el
at
ion
s
hip
Firm
p
erfor
m
a
nce
T
el
ecom
m
un
icati
on
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ho
sam
A
lde
n R
iy
adh
Un
i
ver
sit
as M
uh
am
m
adiy
ah
Yogyaka
rta
Jl. Bra
wij
ay
a,
Geb
la
gan, Ta
m
antirt
o,
Kec. Kasiha
n, Ba
nt
ul
Daer
a
h Isti
m
e
wa Yo
gyaka
rta
5518
3
, I
ndone
sia
Em
a
il
: Ho
sam
.
al
den@u
m
y.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
20
09
,
Ir
a
q
was
ge
ner
al
ly
seen
as
ha
ving
sign
s
of
tem
po
ra
ry
ci
vil
sta
bili
t
y,
and
effo
r
ts
to
reb
uild
and
resto
re
I
ra
q
are
m
os
tl
y
un
de
r
way.
It
is
hope
d
that
re
gi
on
al
te
ns
i
on
s
will
no
t
un
derm
ine
this
progress.
Fr
om
the
te
leco
m
ind
ust
ry
per
s
pecti
ve,
th
ese
sta
bili
ty
sign
s
pe
rm
itted
the
m
ob
il
e
a
nd
fi
x
e
d
sect
ors
to
reconstr
uct
an
d
rest
or
e
ser
vi
ces.
I
f
the
sit
ua
ti
on
ca
n
be
pre
serv
e
d,
the
highly
popula
te
d
I
raq
i
m
ark
et
off
ers
a
n
excell
ent
cha
nc
e
for
f
utu
re
t
el
ecom
m
un
ic
ation
grow
t
h
.
T
her
e
a
re
three
le
ading
c
om
pan
ie
s
in
the
m
ob
il
e
sect
or
,
nam
ely
Zai
n
I
raq,
A
sia
cel
l
,
an
d
K
or
e
k
Tel
ec
om
.
These
operators
c
urren
t
ly
can
be
ne
fit
from
dev
el
op
m
ents
relat
ed
to
m
ob
il
e
infr
ast
ru
ct
ure,
with
si
gns
t
hat
ope
rato
rs
a
re
pr
e
par
i
ng
th
ei
r
cel
lular
net
works
for
4
G
te
ch
nolog
ie
s
.
I
n
rece
nt
ye
ars,
opera
tors
ha
ve
f
oc
use
d
on
rest
or
at
i
on
w
ork
f
oc
usi
ng
on
re
pairi
ng
a
nd
rep
la
ci
ng
netw
orks
dam
aged
or
destr
oyed
by
the
Ci
vil
War.
T
hese
re
cov
e
ry
e
ffor
ts
ha
ve
par
tl
y
l
ed
to
a
grow
t
h
in
m
ob
il
e
data
us
ag
e
an
d
inc
reas
ed
m
ob
il
e
dat
a
rev
e
nue.
Fixed
broa
dban
d
netw
orks
a
r
e
unde
r
dep
l
oym
ent,
and
re
pair
s
are
unde
rw
ay
to
r
epair
dam
aged
fiber
opti
c
cables.
T
he
te
rm
s
i
m
pr
ovin
g
th
e
firm
perform
ance,
m
ark
et
ing
of
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p,
an
d
CR
M
are
uti
li
zed
near
ly
intercha
ng
ea
bly
[1
]
,
[
2],
for
in
sta
nce,
descr
i
bes
the
m
ark
et
ing
of
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
as
"at
tract
ing
,
m
a
intai
nin
g
a
nd
enh
a
ncin
g
c
us
t
om
er
relat
ion
s
hip
s
."
Accor
dingly
,
[
3]
sugg
est
s
t
he
su
bse
que
nt
exp
la
natio
n:
"An
orga
nizat
ion
e
ngage
d
in
proacti
vely
creati
ng,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
454
dev
el
op
i
ng
a
nd
m
ai
ntaining
com
m
i
tt
ed,
interact
ive
,
a
nd
prof
it
a
ble
e
xch
a
nges
with
sel
ect
ed
c
us
t
om
ers
(p
a
rtne
rs)
ove
r
tim
e
is
eng
a
ge
d
i
n
relat
ion
s
hip
m
ark
et
ing
.
",
la
te
ly
by
e
xpan
ding
the
e
xt
ent
of
m
ark
et
ing
of
relat
ion
s
hip
an
d
seei
ng
it
in
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
m
anag
em
ent
and
s
ocial
set
t
ing
.
Harker
i
n
[3
]
,
it
is
sta
ted
the
"
m
ark
et
ing
bas
ed
on
relat
io
nships
,
netw
orks
,
and
i
nt
eracti
on,
re
co
gniz
ing
that
m
ark
et
ing
is
e
m
bed
de
d
in
th
e
total
Ma
nag
em
ent
of
the
netw
orks
of
t
he
sel
li
ng
orga
nizat
ion
,
the
m
ark
et
,
and
so
ci
et
y.
It
is
directed
t
o
lo
ng
-
te
rm
win
-
win
relat
ion
s
hips
with
in
div
i
du
a
l
custom
ers,
a
nd
val
ue
is
j
oi
ntly
create
d
betwee
n
the
pa
rtie
s
involve
d.
"
T
he
firm
is
su
ppose
d
to
fo
c
us
on
it
s
key
custo
m
ers
in
CR
M.
They
ca
n
be
c
har
act
erize
d
as
thos
e
whose
necessit
ie
s
cou
ld
be
m
et
by
the
firm
'
s
abili
ti
es.
This
way,
at
the
fun
dam
ental
le
vel
,
firm
s
are
require
d
to
sel
ect
the
c
li
ent'
s
idea
tha
t
it
would
be
appr
opriat
e
f
or
ser
ving.
Ba
se
d
on
the
dem
ogra
ph
y
pro
file
,
the
cl
ie
nts
ought
to
be
c
hosen
ba
sed
on
the
patte
rn
of
ps
yc
ho
grap
hy,
nee
d
sa
ti
sfacti
on
nat
ure,
us
a
ge
f
requ
ency,
and li
fe
-
cy
cl
e s
ta
ge.
T
he
CR
M essence
li
es in th
e
dif
fer
e
nt
ia
ti
on
te
net
bet
ween t
he
cl
ie
nts.
Con
se
quently
,
the
par
t
of
"C
us
tom
er
Lifet
im
e
Value",
in
CR
M,
has
gott
en
sp
eci
al
sig
ni
ficance.
A
"C
us
tom
er
Lifet
i
m
e
Value"
is
a
pract
ic
al
gau
ge
of
the
ove
rall
bu
si
ness
t
ha
t
can
be
hope
d
f
ro
m
a
cl
ie
nt
if
he
sta
ye
d
loya
l
ov
e
r
his
li
f
et
im
e.
In
this
r
egard,
[4
]
poi
nted
ou
t
that
custom
ers'
p
rofit
abili
ty
has
m
or
e
no
te
worthi
ness
than
the
val
ue
of
a
li
feti
m
e.
The
wr
it
ers
ha
ve
rev
eal
e
d
tha
t
it
is
essenti
al
to
kn
ow
cl
ie
nt
s
w
ho
ben
e
fit
from
t
ho
s
e
that
retu
rn
lo
w
pro
fits
.
Anothe
r
co
nc
ern
i
ng
iss
ue
is
that
adv
erti
sers
ye
arn
for
the
sat
isfact
ion
of
the
cl
ie
nt.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
it
is
essenti
al
to
com
pr
ehe
nd
t
ha
t
a
po
sit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
prof
it
abili
ty
an
d
c
om
fo
rt
co
ul
d
no
t
be
unde
r
est
i
m
at
ed.
Hence
,
the
pro
fita
bi
li
t
y
of
t
he
cl
ie
nt
is
a
fun
dam
ental
m
eas
ur
e
that
is
need
ed
due
to
co
ns
id
erati
on
for
th
e
achievem
ent
of
the
act
ivit
y
of
CR
M.
The
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
sect
or
in
Ir
a
q
has
m
anag
ed
a
n
im
po
sing
business
m
od
el
.
It
is
on
l
y
op
erate
d
by
the
gove
rn
m
ent;
it
shou
l
d
be
r
un
as
a
pri
vate
fir
m
and
be
c
ompeti
ti
ve.
A
t
t
he
be
ginnin
g
of
2003,
Ir
a
q
repor
te
d
it
would
release
the
first
pr
i
vate
te
le
co
m
li
cense
in
the
natio
n
for
m
ob
il
e
and
fixed
ser
vices.
Even
t
hough
i
n
the
new
op
e
rato
r,
the
governm
ent
would
ta
ke
a
m
ino
rity
sta
ke.
Ge
neral
te
le
com
m
un
ic
ation
s
aut
hority
(G
T
A)
was
s
hap
e
d
si
m
ul
ta
neo
usl
y
as
a
ne
w
re
gu
l
at
or
y
aut
hority
for
the
sect
or
of
te
le
com
.
The
li
cense
a
wa
rd
has
been
delay
ed
s
ever
al
ti
m
es
bu
t
is
e
xpect
ed
i
n
2005.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
beca
us
e
of
it
s
a
dm
inistr
at
ion,
the
c
ho
i
ce
of
CR
M
syst
e
m
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
was
chall
en
ging
a
nd
an
esse
ntial
sta
ge
for
it
s
r
eeng
i
neer
i
ng
business
proces
s.
T
he
syst
e
m
app
li
ca
ti
on
ought
to
be
determ
ined
after
the
deal
of
the
de
pa
rtm
ents
and
gen
e
r
al
m
anag
e
m
ent.
The
pur
po
se
was
t
o
set
up
si
gn
i
f
ic
ant
associat
ion
s
with
t
he
c
li
ents,
a
bette
r
adm
ini
strat
ion
to
t
he
cl
ie
nt
s,
an
d
adv
a
nce
co
rr
es
pondence
.
At
pr
ese
nt,
cl
ie
nts
are
getti
ng
pro
gr
e
ssively
dem
and
in
g
a
nd
sop
histi
cat
ed.
They
antic
ipate
that
firm
s
sh
ou
l
d
be
progressi
vely
reli
able
an
d
e
xcep
ti
onal
ly
re
sp
onsi
ve
an
d
gi
ve
m
or
e
serv
i
ces
to
their
be
nef
it
.
F
irm
s
hav
e
ad
diti
on
al
ly
un
de
rs
tood
the
necess
it
y
to
dr
a
w
nea
rer
to
the
cl
ie
nts
to
hav
e
the
opti
on
to
def
eat
the
c
om
petit
ion
and
to
ex
pand
th
ei
r
m
ark
et
stock,
es
pecial
ly
in
the
scena
rio
that
is
co
m
petit
ive,
un
sta
ble,
a
nd
f
ast
-
cha
ng
i
ng.
I
n
this
m
od
er
n
era,
m
os
t
Ir
aqi
people
are
us
in
g
m
ob
il
e,
and
day
by
day,
th
ey
are
getti
ng
new
se
rv
ic
es
from
mo
bile
ope
rato
r
com
pan
ie
s.
Cu
stom
er
sat
isfact
ion
is
a
pro
ble
m
al
l
ov
er
the
world
,
includi
ng
I
ra
q.
The
re
a
re
t
hr
e
e
m
ob
il
e
op
e
ra
tor
c
om
pan
ie
s
in
I
raq
nam
ed
Asiacel
l,
Zai
n
,
an
d
Kore
k
Tel
ecom
,
as
is
know
n
world
wide
e
ve
ry
com
pan
y
ha
s
so
m
e
prob
l
e
m
sat
isfyi
ng
the
cust
om
ers
by
pr
ov
i
ding
bette
r
serv
ic
es
,
a
nd
I
r
aqi
m
ob
il
e
co
m
pan
ie
s
are
not
dif
fer
e
nt
f
r
om
that.
Existi
ng
syst
em
s
are
no
t
ge
nuinely
decen
t
at
associat
ing
on
e
cl
ie
nt
to
anot
her
a
nd
m
aking
se
ns
e
.
I
n
I
r
aq’
s
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
ser
vi
ce,
so
m
e
info
r
m
at
ion
reg
a
rd
i
ng
how
the
functi
on
i
s
op
e
rati
ng
as
well
as
the
pro
posed
syst
e
m
s,
wh
ic
h
pe
r
m
it
the
m
to
tak
e
data
about
cl
ie
nt
inform
ation
,
cus
tom
er
us
age,
diff
e
re
nt
pr
e
fe
ren
ces
,
an
d
pro
fita
bili
ty
,
to
util
iz
e
tho
se
data
to
exp
a
nd the
r
el
a
ti
on
s
hip
of cli
ents w
it
h
the
or
gan
iz
at
io
ns
ha
ve no
t
bee
n
a
bl
e to
be ob
ta
i
ne
d.
This
st
ud
y'
s
m
ai
n
obj
ect
iv
e
is
to
analy
ze
an
d
obser
ve
t
he
CR
M
pract
ic
es
tha
t
aff
ect
firm
perform
ance
in
m
ob
il
e
op
e
r
at
or
c
om
pa
nies.
Th
us,
this
st
ud
y
will
answer
the
basic
qu
est
ion
s.
This
s
tud
y
is
sign
ific
a
ntly
diff
e
ren
t
from
the
rest
of
the
stud
ie
s
a
vaila
ble
in
the
li
te
ratu
r
e
beca
us
e
it
wi
ll
answ
e
r
an
d
c
la
rify
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
of
CR
M
pr
a
ct
ic
es
factor
s
that
influ
e
nce
m
ob
il
e
op
erat
or
com
pan
ie
s'
fi
rm
per
fo
rm
anc
e.
This
stud
y
will
al
so
pro
vid
e
val
ue
to
cu
stom
ers
and
re
def
i
ne
business
processe
s
f
or
t
he
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
ect
or
in
I
ra
q
to
creat
e
m
or
e
ef
fici
en
t
an
d
e
ff
ect
ive
firm
s
that
can
pro
vid
e
t
he
se
r
vice
becau
s
e
of
the
crit
ic
al
fa
ct
o
rs
that affect c
us
tom
er s
at
isfact
i
on. T
his p
a
per
'
s p
racti
cal
cont
rib
ution
s att
rac
t new
c
us
tom
ers,
r
et
ai
n
th
e exi
sti
ng
custom
ers,
a
nd
create
com
pr
e
hensi
ve
relat
ion
sh
i
p
m
anag
e
m
ent
a
m
on
g
th
e
m
wh
ic
h
has
been
the
ai
m
of
eve
ry
orga
nizat
ion
.
This
can
only
be
achi
e
ved
t
hro
ugh
a
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
under
sta
nd
i
ng
of
CR
M,
it
s
evo
luti
on,
CR
M
pr
ocess
,
and
s
uccess
fu
l
CR
M
i
m
ple
m
e
ntati
on
,
wh
ic
h
has
m
otivate
d
this
stud
y.
T
his
stud
y
will
giv
e
the
public
an
d
pr
i
va
te
firm
s
so
luti
on
s
f
or
im
plem
enting
c
us
to
m
er
relat
ion
s
hip
m
anag
em
ent
te
chnolo
gy
cu
rr
e
ntly
facin
g
them
.
T
hu
s
,
this
stud
y'
s
structu
re
is
or
ga
nized
fi
rst
in
the
intr
oduct
ion
,
sec
ond,
the
li
te
ratur
e
revi
ew,
third m
et
ho
do
l
og
y,
fo
ur
th
in
t
he fin
dings,
a
nd the
f
ift
h
i
n
th
e co
nclusi
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
CRM
p
r
actic
es
in
the
tel
eco
m
municatio
n
i
ndus
try
in
Ir
aq (
Ho
s
am Al
den
Riy
adh
)
455
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
2.1
.
CRM
as
a
b
usiness
str
at
e
gy
CR
M
is
a
bu
s
iness
strat
egy
intende
d
to
up
gr
a
de
inc
om
e,
pr
ofi
ta
bili
ty
,
and
cl
ie
nt
sat
isfact
ion
by
so
rtin
g
out
the
ve
ntu
re
ar
ound
cl
ie
nt
sect
io
ns
,
e
nc
oura
ging
cl
ie
nt
-
dr
i
ven
pr
act
ic
es,
an
d
act
ualiz
ing
cl
ie
nt
-
dr
i
ven
proce
du
res
[5
]
.
It
is
re
co
m
m
end
ed
by
[6
]
that
pro
fi
li
ng
of
the
cl
ie
nt,
gu
a
ra
nteei
ng
fu
lfil
le
d
m
e
m
ber
s
,
and
c
onveyi
ng
pred
om
inant
worth
would
help
the
ca
use
of
CR
M.
I
nv
e
sti
gations
of
pro
du
ct
ive
CR
M
act
ivit
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
at
te
m
pte
d
to
em
ph
asi
ze
the
si
gn
i
ficance
of
the
cy
c
le
of
the
cl
ie
nt
relat
ionshi
p
a
nd
it
s
el
e
m
ents.
Hardin
g
[
7]
cal
le
d
at
te
ntio
n
to
the
sig
nifica
nce
of
upgra
di
ng
t
he
proce
sses
of
busine
ss
a
nd
pr
e
par
i
ng
of
cl
ie
nts b
ef
or
e C
RM
ex
ecuti
on.
Th
e
m
anag
em
ent o
f
cl
ie
nt r
el
at
ion
s
hip
s is a p
rim
ary ing
redi
ent in
the
value
c
hai
n.
T
he
strat
egy
is
to
m
axi
m
ize
the
us
e
of
C
RM
te
chn
ol
og
i
es.
As
a
trium
ph
facto
r,
CR
M
need
s
sign
ific
a
nt
cha
ng
e
s
an
d
ve
nt
ur
es
i
n
hier
arc
hical
and
oper
at
ion
al
[
8].
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
a
def
i
niti
ve
inqu
iry
is
wh
et
her
t
he
cl
ie
nt'
s
or
ie
ntati
on
an
d
the
e
xec
ution
of
cl
ie
nt
con
necti
ons
a
re
sig
nificant
f
or
a
n
organ
iz
a
ti
on
'
s
pros
per
it
y.
Le
wis
an
d
Slac
k
[9
]
intr
oduce
d
influ
e
ntial
and early
researc
h,
w
hic
h
dem
on
st
rated
that
th
e
c
li
ent's
retenti
on
has
a
rem
ark
able
ef
fect
on
t
he
pro
fita
bili
ty
,
thu
s
exp
li
ci
tl
y
dem
on
st
rati
ng
t
hat
the
m
or
e
dr
a
wn
out
the
cl
ie
nt'
s
relat
ion
s
hip
keeps
go
i
ng,
the
m
ore
note
w
or
thy
i
ts
prof
it
abili
ty
will
be
the
c
on
cl
us
io
ns
m
entio
ne
d
above
by
sev
eral
researc
hers
fr
om
diff
ere
nt
sp
eci
al
iz
at
i
on
s
unde
rline
that
pr
esent
cl
ie
nt
are
a
l
ot
le
ss
exp
e
ns
i
ve
to
hold
t
han g
et
ti
ng
new cl
ie
nts.
2.2
.
Cu
s
to
me
r
l
oyalt
y
The
im
pr
ov
em
ent
of
cl
ie
nt
loya
lt
y
include
s
creati
ng
an
d
su
pport
in
g
a
relat
ion
s
hip
w
it
h
a
cl
ie
nt,
wh
ic
h
prom
pts
the
co
ntin
ual
bu
yi
ng
of
ser
vi
ces
or
it
em
s
i
n
a
fixe
d
ti
m
e.
Be
sides,
t
he
ba
se
of
cl
ie
nts'
loya
lty
per
m
it
s
fir
m
s
t
o
de
dicat
e
thei
r
ef
forts
to
dif
fer
e
nt
busine
ss
issues.
Cl
ie
nt
s
can
e
xh
i
bit
their
loya
lt
y
in
a
few
diff
e
re
nt
ways
.
T
hey
co
uld
decide
to
re
m
ai
n
with
a
firm
,
reg
ar
dle
ss
of
wh
et
her
this
c
on
ti
nua
ti
on
i
s
char
act
e
rized
a
s
a
relat
io
nship
or
increm
enting
t
he
am
ount
of
buyi
ng
or
bo
t
h.
With
thi
s
in
vestigat
io
n'
s
en
d
go
al
,
l
oyal
ty
is
con
si
der
e
d
th
e
con
cl
us
ive
outc
om
e
or
the
cru
ci
al
com
ponen
t
of
e
ff
ect
i
ve
CR
M.
D
ue
to
this,
nu
m
erous
rese
arch
e
rs
ha
ve
re
com
m
end
ed
t
ha
t
loya
lt
y
is
a
relat
ion
al
occur
ren
ce
.
O
ur
m
otivati
on
is
to
c
onnect
loya
lt
y
to
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
CR
M
the
or
y.
Eve
n
t
hough
sev
eral
resea
rc
her
s
.
[10]
R
ec
ognize
th
e
loy
al
ty
of
the
bran
d,
t
he
l
oyal
ty
of
the
st
or
e
,
the
l
oyal
ty
of
sal
es
re
pr
es
entat
ives,
th
e
loya
lt
y
of
product
an
d
se
rv
ic
e
,
thi
s
researc
h
co
ns
i
der
s
the
l
oyal
ty
idea
as
the
gr
ou
ping
of
e
ve
ry
ty
pe
of
it
.
The
be
ginnin
g
s
ta
ge
for
the
ini
ti
at
ive
of
CR
M
is
the
v
isi
on
of
CR
M
.
It
shou
l
d
be
noti
ced
that
Ga
r
tner
(
2004)
des
cribe
d
'
Vision
'
as
on
e
of
the
e
igh
t
bu
il
di
ng
bl
ocks
of
a
tri
um
ph
ant
ve
nture
of
C
RM
.
Visio
n
in
the
CR
M,
as
t
he
m
aking
of
a
n
im
age
of
w
ha
t
the
cl
ie
nt
-
dr
i
ve
n
unde
rtak
in
g,
will
resem
ble
to
guara
ntee
that
com
petitive
posit
ion
can
be
m
ade
in
the
m
ark
et
place
is
cl
arified
be
ca
us
e
the
CR
M
app
li
cat
io
n
has
essenti
al
strat
egies
,
e
xtensive
eff
ect
,
a
nd
a
well
-
deliberate
d
vision
.
N
onet
hele
ss,
a
n
a
pprop
r
ia
te
procedure
shou
l
d
be
im
p
le
m
ented
to
fig
ur
e
t
he
vision
of
CR
M.
Sh
ahi
da
n
[
11
]
,
G
ord
on
[
12
]
su
ggest
e
d
the
visio
n
of
CR
M
sh
ou
ld
be
ch
os
e
n
be
fore
set
ti
ng
out
on
the
CR
M
under
ta
ki
ng
.
T
his
sho
ul
d
be
fi
nish
e
d
consi
der
i
ng
th
e
m
issi
on
,
visi
on,
sta
nd
a
rd
de
scriptio
n,
a
nd
co
re
values
a
gain
st
wh
ic
h
it
te
nd
s
to
be
est
im
a
te
d.
Anothe
r
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
that
assist
s
in
def
i
ning
the
vi
sion
of
CR
M dep
e
nds
on the e
ssentia
l at
tribu
te
s
of
the
cl
ie
nt a
nd f
i
rm
.
2.3
.
In
f
orm
ati
on
gath
eri
n
g, proce
ssing
, a
nd
m
anag
e
me
nt
Inform
at
ion
co
ll
ect
ion
or
i
nfor
m
at
ion
gath
erin
g
is
a
crit
erio
n
to
m
easure
that
inf
or
m
ation
s
ource
s
are
log
ic
al
ly
gather
e
d
by
CR
M
syst
e
m
s.
All
custom
ers
'
in
form
ation
is
us
efu
l
f
or
CR
M
strat
egy
-
m
aking
[13].
CR
M
inform
ation
te
c
hnology
colle
ct
s
an
d
updates
c
us
to
m
ers'
info
rm
ation
c
onti
nu
al
l
y
to
unde
rstan
d
eac
h
custom
er'
s
hab
it
s.
Ther
ef
ore,
data
colle
ct
ion
com
es
fr
om
all
po
ssible
sou
r
ces
-
exte
rn
al
an
d
inter
nal
resour
ces
,
li
ke
organ
iz
at
ion
s
a
nd
ind
i
vid
uals
within
th
e
firm
and
out
side.
A
c
om
pu
te
r
-
rea
da
ble
form
at
stores
the
data
,
and
it
ca
n
easi
ly
be
trans
for
m
ed
into
a
database.
For
e
xa
m
ple,
on
e
way
to
colle
ct
CR
M
data
is
by
usi
ng
t
he
po
i
nt
of
sal
e.
Wh
e
n
a
produ
ct
is
prepa
re
d
well
to
sel
l
for
a
c
us
tom
er,
it
s
ba
r
c
odes
c
ould
be
scan
ne
d
into
the
CR
M
syst
e
m
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
his
pro
du
c
t
rel
at
es
to
a
par
ti
cular
cust
om
er
and
his
or
he
r
account
inf
orm
at
ion
.
Sale
s
represe
ntati
ves
cou
l
d
ad
dr
ess
t
he
cust
om
er'
s
ph
on
e
nu
m
ber
and
em
ail
add
res
s
by
cr
edit
card
s
-
thes
e
two
ty
pes
of
da
ta
reco
r
d
CR
M
process.
A
su
it
a
ble
inf
or
m
at
ion
colle
ct
ion
m
et
hod
im
pr
ov
e
s
the
perform
a
nce
of
CR
M.
Mc
Connell
and
Pete
r
[14]
i
f
the
CR
M
syst
e
m
s
col
le
ct
data
fr
om
two
s
ources,
t
hey
co
uld
rec
ord
the
ov
e
rall
bu
si
ne
ss
process
an
d
qu
ic
kly
deliv
er
it
to
oth
er
orga
nizat
ion
al
m
anag
em
ent.
Be
aven
[
15
]
m
ark
et
sp
eci
al
ist
s
can
form
ulate
an
appr
opriat
e
strat
egy
f
or
CR
M
wh
e
n
t
hey
get
the
data.
Cust
om
ers
can
sea
rc
h
f
or
any
pr
oduct'
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
publis
hed
in
t
he
ne
ws
pap
e
rs
or
the
I
ntern
et
in
par
ti
cula
r
detai
ls
to
help
them
accom
plish
their
requirem
ents.
The
"I
nfo
r
m
at
ion
Coll
ect
ion
"
crit
eri
on
is
to
evaluate
CR
M
syst
e
ms
data
colle
ct
ed
from
internal
a
nd
exter
nal
sourc
es.
It
m
akes
i
nfor
m
at
ion
co
m
pr
ehen
sive
a
nd
easy
for
CR
M
strat
egy
-
m
aking
.
The
m
anage
m
ent
pr
oces
s
data
are
relat
ed
to
the
inf
orm
at
ion
,
colla
ti
on,
cl
ie
nt
data
us
age,
and
c
om
pilat
io
n
of
al
l
cl
ie
nt
c
on
ta
ct
points
t
o
pro
duce
cl
ie
nt
knowle
dge
a
nd
pro
per
pro
m
ot
ing
reacti
ons
.
[
16
]
The
m
ai
n
com
pone
nts
of
m
ater
ia
l
of
the
dat
a
reg
a
rd
i
ng
t
he
process
of
m
anag
em
ent
are
the
arc
hiv
es
of
data,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
456
wh
ic
h
gi
ves
a
m
e
m
or
y
to
the
corporate
ab
ou
t
cl
ie
nts;
th
e
s
yst
e
m
s
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
(
IT
)
(
wh
ic
h
inco
rpor
at
e
th
e
associat
ion
'
s
so
ftwa
re,
m
idd
le
wa
re,
an
d
hard
war
e
of
c
om
pu
te
r)
;
to
ols
of
a
naly
sis;
and
t
he
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
the
ba
ck
office
an
d
f
ront
office
(whic
h
bolst
er
the
nu
m
erous
act
ivit
ie
s
eng
a
ge
d
with
interfaci
ng
str
ai
gh
tf
orwa
rd
ly
with
cl
ie
nts
and
ove
rsee
ing
adm
inist
rati
on
,
in
ner
t
asks,
a
nd
prov
i
der
connecti
ons)
.
In
business
,
the
crit
ic
al
ta
sk
is
to
c
om
bi
ne
relat
io
nship
m
ark
et
ing
with
inte
gr
at
e
d
m
ark
et
in
g
eff
ect
ively
in
a
bid
to
est
abl
ish
custom
er
loya
l
ty
[1
7].
A
s
a
few
inv
e
sti
gations
ha
ve
dem
on
strat
ed
,
holdin
g
cl
ie
nts
m
ay
be
prov
i
de
a
m
or
e
feasible
uppe
r
ha
nd
tha
n
proc
uri
ng
ne
w
ones.
Si
gnific
antly
,
there
is
an
increasin
g
real
iz
at
ion
a
m
on
g
m
ark
et
ers
that
it
is
le
ss
costly
to
keep
hold
of
cl
ie
nts
com
par
e
d
to
fig
ht
f
or
the
new
one.
T
he
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
of
cl
ie
nt
loya
lt
y
include
s
cr
e
at
ing
a
nd
s
upportin
g
a
relat
ion
s
hi
p
with
a
cl
ie
nt,
wh
ic
h
prom
pts
the
co
ntinu
al
bu
yi
ng
of
se
rvi
ces
or
it
em
s
i
n
a
fixe
d
ti
m
e.
Be
sides,
[
18]
the
base
of
cl
i
ents'
loya
lt
y
per
m
it
s
organ
iz
at
io
ns
to
de
dicat
e
their
effor
ts
to
dif
fer
e
nt
business
issues.
F
ro
m
t
his
pe
rsp
ect
ive
,
it
is
essenti
al
to
ke
ep
the
c
us
to
m
er'
s
ho
ld
in
the
I
raq
i
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
sect
or
c
om
par
ed
t
o
creati
ng
ne
w
custom
ers.
I
n
the
f
ram
ewo
r
k,
inf
orm
ation
gathe
rin
g
is
th
e
first
c
om
po
ne
nt
to
know
a
bout
the
cust
om
er
as
their
ch
oice,
wh
at
they
wa
nt
from
the
telecom
m
un
ic
at
i
on
se
rv
ic
es
,
and
how
they
get
te
le
com
m
u
nicat
io
n
serv
ic
es
.
I
n
[
19
]
t
o
ide
ntify
their
sat
isfact
io
n
le
vel
an
d
the
serv
ic
e
they
dem
and
,
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
erv
ic
e
gathe
r
s
their
da
ta
su
ch
as
th
ei
r
age,
their
s
erv
ic
e
le
vel
suc
h
as
w
hich
c
onnecti
on
they
are
us
in
g,
a
nd
thei
r
addresses
.
The
arch
ive
of
dat
a
giv
es
a
m
e
m
or
y
to
the
pow
erful
firm
abo
ut
cl
ie
nts
and
inco
r
porates
a
gen
e
ral
inf
or
m
at
ion
store
eq
ui
pp
e
d
f
or
crit
ic
al
infor
m
ation
inv
est
i
gations.
I
n
m
o
re
sign
i
ficant
associat
ions,
it
m
igh
t
con
ta
in
a
warehouse
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
an
d
associat
ed
in
form
ation
dat
abases
a
nd
st
or
es
.
Tw
o
ty
pes
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
areho
us
e
s
a
re
the
ope
rati
on
al
inf
or
m
at
ion
st
or
e
an
d
t
he
c
onve
ntio
nal
in
f
or
m
at
ion
wa
re
hous
e
.
The
se
co
nd
one
store
s
on
ly
t
he
data
that
is
i
m
po
rtant
t
o
gi
ve
a
sin
gle
ide
ntit
y
to
al
l
cl
ie
nts.
T
he
m
anag
em
ent
process
data
ar
e
relat
ed
to
the
inform
ation
,
c
ollat
ion
,
cl
ie
nt
data
us
age,
a
nd
com
pilat
ion
of
al
l
cl
ie
nt
con
ta
ct
po
i
nts
to
produce
cl
ie
nt
kn
owle
dge
a
nd
prop
e
r
prom
oting
reacti
ons.
[
2
0
]
,
[2
1
]
T
he
m
ai
n
com
po
ne
nts
of
m
at
erial
of
the
data
re
gardin
g
the
pr
ocess
of
m
anag
e
m
ent
are
the
a
rch
i
ve
of
data,
w
hich
gi
ves
a
m
e
m
or
y
t
o
the
c
orporate
a
bout
cl
ie
nts;
t
he
syst
em
s
of
I
T,
wh
ic
h
in
co
r
porate
the
ass
oc
ia
ti
on
'
s
so
ft
w
are,
m
idd
le
wa
r
e,
a
nd
hard
war
e
of
c
om
pu
te
r;
to
ols
of
a
naly
sis;
and
the
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
the
ba
ck
office
a
nd
fro
nt
office,
wh
i
c
h
bo
lst
er
the
num
ero
us
act
ivit
ie
s
eng
a
ged
with
interfa
ci
ng
strai
gh
t
for
wardly
with
cl
ie
nts
and
ove
rseein
g
adm
inis
trat
ion
,
inn
e
r
ta
s
ks
,
and
pro
vid
er
con
necti
ons.
T
hus
the m
ai
n
hypotheses
f
or
m
ulated
as:
H
1
: The
g
at
heri
ng
of in
form
ation
is
posit
ivel
y rela
te
d
to
the
p
e
rfor
m
ance of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
firm
s.
H
2
: The
pr
oces
s of inf
or
m
at
io
n
is
posit
ively
r
el
at
ed
to
the
pe
rfor
m
ance of
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
firm
s.
H
3
: The
m
anage
m
ent o
f
info
r
m
at
ion
is posit
ively
r
el
at
ed
to
the
perform
ance of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
ir
m
s
H
4
:
The
loya
lt
y
of the
cu
st
om
e
r
is
po
sit
ively
re
la
te
d
to t
he pe
rfor
m
ance of t
el
ecom
m
un
ic
ation
firm
s.
H
5
: The
r
et
e
ntion
of t
he
c
us
to
m
er is positi
ve
ly
r
el
at
ed
to t
he
p
e
rfor
m
ance
of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
i
rm
s.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
stu
dy
us
e
s
a
qua
ntit
at
ive
ap
proach
.
T
he
s
urvey
is
c
onduct
ed
by
di
stribu
ti
ng
ques
ti
on
nai
res
to
colle
ct
the
pr
i
m
ary
data.
Th
e
popula
ti
on
was
th
ree
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
firm
s
in
Ir
a
q
nam
ed
Zai
n
Ir
a
q,
Asiacel
l
,
and
Kore
k
Tel
eco
m
,
and
one
hund
red
quest
io
nn
ai
res
wer
e
distrib
uted
wit
h
an
82%
rati
o
or
82
respo
nd
e
nts.
T
he
strat
ifie
d
sa
m
pl
ing
te
ch
nique
is
c
ho
se
n
f
or
t
his
stu
dy
,
and
the
sam
ple
of
res
ponde
nt
s
was
s
el
ect
ed
from
custom
ers
in
di
ff
ere
nt
areas
a
nd
ci
ti
es.
This
researc
h
wa
s
a
correla
ti
on
stu
dy
that
exp
l
or
e
d
th
e
sta
ti
sti
cal
relation
s
hip
betwe
en
the
fact
or
s
that
influ
e
nc
e
CR
M
in
the
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
industr
y
.
To
exam
ine
the
da
ta
obta
ined
in
this
re
searc
h,
it
em
plo
ye
d
sta
ti
sti
cal
pack
a
ge
f
or
the
so
ci
al
sci
ence
(S
P
SS)
19
.
0
ver
si
on.
For
the
proces
sin
g
of
data,
fou
r
sta
ti
sti
cal
strateg
ie
s
wer
e
util
iz
ed
fo
r
var
i
ous
goal
s.
T
hes
e
are
descr
i
ptive
sta
t
ist
ic
s,
reli
abili
ty
te
st
s
,
co
rr
el
a
ti
on
a
naly
sis,
and
re
gressi
on
a
naly
sis.
T
his
resea
rch
'
s
data
w
as
gathe
red
from
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
fi
rm
s
in
Ir
aq
.
W
it
h
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
us
tom
er
serv
ic
es
,
these
orga
nizat
ion
s
gave
i
m
po
rtant
i
nfo
rm
ation
,
from
w
hich
we
co
uld
determ
ine
our
res
ults
w
it
h
high
ge
neral
iz
abili
ty
.
Also
,
t
he
sam
pling
w
as
f
it
ti
ng
in
the in
du
st
ry of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Th
e fi
rst step
was
that t
he
C
RM
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
is
extensi
ve
[
22
]
and
f
urt
her
de
velo
ped
[2
3
]
,
[2
4
]
in
t
el
ec
omm
un
ic
at
ion
serv
ic
es
com
par
e
d
to
m
os
t
oth
er
industries'
sect
or
s
.
T
his
resea
rch
'
s
res
ults
can
gi
ve
s
om
e
value
a
nd
edi
f
yi
ng
know
le
dg
e
to
ass
ociat
ion
s
i
n
diff
e
re
nt
sect
ors.
Sec
ond,
re
gardless
of
how
t
el
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
ser
vice
rep
re
sents
a
m
assiv
e
sect
or
of
the
econom
y,
there
is
a
m
eager
m
easur
e
of
r
esearch
direct
ed
to
in
vestig
at
e
the
cl
ie
nt
serv
ic
es
a
nd
firm
s
'
exp
e
riences
in
offe
rin
g
the
ty
pes
of
as
sist
ance
th
r
ough
C
RM
in
this
a
re
a.
T
his
in
vestigat
ion
can
fill
in
the
vo
i
d.
The
sam
pling
of
non
-
pro
ba
bili
ty
conven
ie
nce
[2
5
]
would
be
sel
ec
te
d
as
t
he
desi
gn
of
t
he
sam
pling
i
n
this
exam
inatio
n.
It
w
ould
be
si
nce
c
onve
nience
sam
pl
ing
is
re
gula
rly
util
iz
ed
dur
ing
a
n
exam
i
nat
i
on
ven
t
ur
e'
s
ex
plorat
or
y
per
io
d
a
nd
m
ay
be
is
the
ideal
m
et
ho
d
of
obta
ini
ng
s
om
e
fu
nd
am
ental
data
rap
idly
an
d
prof
ic
ie
ntly
.
O
ne
hundre
d
sta
ff
a
nd
perso
nn
el
en
gag
e
d
with
the
cl
ie
nt'
s
m
anag
em
ent
rela
ti
o
nship
w
ou
l
d
ha
ve
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
CRM
p
r
actic
es
in
the
tel
eco
m
municatio
n
i
ndus
try
in
Ir
aq (
Ho
s
am Al
den
Riy
adh
)
457
been
ch
os
e
n
f
or
the
instr
um
e
nt
intr
oduce
d
i
n
this
un
der
ta
ki
ng
.
T
he
qu
e
sti
onnaire
was
m
easur
e
d
by
t
he
five
-
po
i
nt Like
rt sc
al
e from
1
. S
tr
ongly disa
gr
ee
2.
Disa
gr
ee
.
3.
Undecide
d, 4.
Agree,
5. Str
on
gly ag
ree.
4.
FIN
DINGS
4.1
.
Fre
quen
cy of
g
e
nder
First,
the
a
uthors
a
naly
zed
t
he
res
ponde
nt's
gende
r
from
the
100
q
ue
sti
onnaires
.
Most
respo
nd
e
nts
are
m
al
es,
86
(86%
)
m
al
es,
and
only
14
(
14%)
fem
al
es.
The
resu
lt
a
nd
the
in
form
ation
of
th
e
res
po
nd
e
nt'
s
gende
r
are
s
hown in
T
able
1.
Table
1.
Ge
nd
e
r
i
nfo
rm
at
ion
of r
e
spo
nd
e
nts
Measu
re
Ite
m
Res
p
o
n
d
e
n
t (
N)
Percent
(%)
Gen
d
er
Male
86
86%
Fe
m
ale
14
14%
Total
100
100%
4.2
.
Co
rrel
ati
on
analysis
Correl
at
ion
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
t
est
i
s
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
te
st
to
te
st
2
var
ia
bles
to
find
out
w
het
he
r
the
re
is
a
relat
ion
s
hip
or
no
t.
The
c
orr
el
at
ion
val
ue
(
r)
ranges
from
1
to
-
1,
the
value
cl
os
er
t
o
1
or
-
1
m
ea
ns
th
e
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the
t
wo
va
riables
is
ge
tt
ing
str
onge
r
,
on
the
othe
r
hand
a
value
c
lose
to
0
m
ea
ns
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the
two
var
ia
bles
is
getti
ng
we
aker.
A
posit
ive
value
in
di
cat
es
a
un
idir
ect
ion
al
relat
ion
s
hip
(
X
go
es
up
t
hen
Y
goes
up
)
an
d
a
ne
gative
va
lue
ind
ic
at
es
an
in
ver
se
relat
ion
s
hip
(
X
go
es
up
then
Y
go
e
s
dow
n).
C
orrelat
ion
cat
e
gories
can
be
di
vid
e
d
accor
ding
t
o
t
h
e
T
a
ble
2
:
T
he
auth
ors
f
ound
that
inf
or
m
at
ion
ga
therin
g,
an
d
fi
rm
per
f
or
m
ance
is
co
rr
el
at
ed
(
0.35),
e
ach
oth
e
r
at
the
0.05
sig
nifica
nt
le
vels
from
the
p
ears
on
c
orrelat
io
n
analy
sis.
I
nform
at
ion
process
ing
a
nd
firm
per
f
or
m
ance
co
rr
el
at
e
(
0.33)
a
t
0.0
5
sign
if
ic
a
nt
le
ve
ls.
Inform
ation
m
anag
e
m
ent
and
firm
per
f
or
m
ance
corre
la
te
d
(0
.
04)
at
the
0.
01
sig
ni
ficant
le
vel.
Cust
ome
r
loya
lt
y
an
d
firm
per
f
or
m
ance
c
orrelat
ed
(
0.6
7)
at
0.01
sig
nificant
le
vels,
a
nd
c
us
tom
er
retenti
on
a
nd
fi
rm
per
f
or
m
ance
are
c
orrelat
ed
(0.47)
at
sig
ni
ficant
le
vels 0.0
1
as
well
. F
r
om
this
can
c
oncl
ude
that
ind
ep
en
de
nt
var
ia
bles
are
correla
te
d
to
the
dep
e
nd
e
nt
va
riable
s.
It
m
eans
that
the
gathe
r
ing
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
the
processi
ng
of
in
form
at
io
n,
t
he
m
anag
e
m
ent
of
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
,
cu
sto
m
er
loya
lt
y,
an
d
the
retenti
on o
f
c
ust
om
ers
hav
e a p
os
it
ive eff
ect
o
n
the f
irm
'
s p
erfor
m
ance.
Ba
sed
on the g
ui
delines
f
or
providin
g
interp
retat
ion
of
c
orrelat
io
n
coeffic
ie
nts
i
nt
erv
al
c
oeffici
ent
r
el
at
io
ns
hi
p
le
vel,
0.00
-
0.
199
ver
y
l
ow,
0.2
0
-
0.399
lo
w,
0.40
-
0.599
m
edium
,
0.
60
-
0.7
99
str
ong,
a
nd
0.80
-
1,000
ve
ry
stron
g,
w
hen
viewe
d
from
th
e
sign
ific
a
nce
va
lue,
the
two
va
riables
te
ste
d
are
rev
eal
e
d
ha
ve
a
relat
ion
s
hi
p
if
the
sign
ifi
cance
value
is
<
0.05
and
ther
e
is
no
relat
io
nship
if
the
si
gn
ific
a
nce
value
is
>
0.05.
Co
rr
el
at
i
on
te
st
res
ults
can
be
see
n
i
n
next
sect
ion
.
Table
2.
C
orrel
at
ion
a
naly
sis
Gath
ering
of
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Proces
s o
f
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Manag
e
m
en
t of
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Loyalt
y
of
Cu
sto
m
er
Reten
tio
n
of
Cu
sto
m
er
Fir
m
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
G
ath
e
ring
1
0
.12
6
0
.14
4
0
.58
3
(**
)
0
.48
1
(**
)
0
.34
5
(*)
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
p
rocess
in
g
0
.12
6
1
0
.61
2
(**
)
0
.35
4
(*)
0
.36
0
(*)
0
.33
3
(*)
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Manag
e
m
en
t
0
.14
4
0
.61
2
(**
)
1
.23
5
0
.28
9
(*)
0
.43
8
(**
)
Cu
sto
m
er
L
o
y
alty
0
.58
3
(**
)
0
.35
4
(*)
0
.23
5
1
0
.77
5
(**
)
.66
5
(**
)
Cu
sto
m
er
Reten
tio
n
0
.48
1
(**
)
0
.36
0
(*)
0
.28
9
(*)
0
.77
5
(**
)
1
.46
6
(**
)
Fir
m
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
0
.34
5
(*)
0
.33
3
(*)
0
.43
8
(**
)
0
.66
5
(**
)
0
.46
6
(**
)
1
**Sig
nificant a
t 0.01 l
evel,
*
S
ign
ific
a
nt at 0.
05 level
4.3
.
Reg
re
ssion
a
n
aly
sis
In this
par
t,
the
au
th
ors a
naly
zed th
e
r
e
gr
e
ssion t
o p
rove t
he
h
yp
oth
e
sis,
w
hich was:
H
1
: The
g
at
heri
ng
of in
form
ation
is
posit
ivel
y rela
te
d
to
the
p
e
rfor
m
ance of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
firm
s.
H
2
: The
pr
oces
s of inf
or
m
at
io
n
is
posit
ively
r
el
at
ed
to
the
pe
rfor
m
ance of
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
firm
s.
H
3
: The
Mana
gem
ent o
f
i
nfo
rm
ation
is
posit
ively
r
el
at
ed
to the
p
e
rfo
rm
a
nce
of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
ir
m
s.
H
4
: The
loyal
ty
o
f
the c
us
to
m
er is positi
ve
ly
r
el
at
ed
to t
he
p
e
rfor
m
ance
of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
i
rm
s.
H
5
: The
r
et
e
ntion o
f
t
he
c
us
to
m
er is positi
ve
ly
r
el
at
ed
to t
he
p
e
rfor
m
ance
of tel
ecom
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
i
rm
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
458
4.3.1
.
Re
gressi
on
analysis
fo
r inf
ormatio
n
gath
eri
n
g
and
f
ir
m per
f
orm
an
ce
The
a
utho
rs
f
ound
the
relat
io
nship
bet
we
en
in
f
or
m
at
ion
gathe
rin
g
a
nd
firm
perf
orm
ance,
the
sign
ific
a
nt
value
is
a
=
0.05.
I
n
this
res
ult,
R
2
=
0.0
73,
m
eaning
t
hat
t
he
regressio
n
equ
at
io
n
will
correct
ly
pr
e
dict
7.4%
of
t
he
cases
a
nd
92.
6%
will
no
t.
The
res
ul
t
rev
eal
ed
tha
t
inform
at
ion
gathe
rin
g,
F
c
hange
=
3.352
a
nd
p
=
0.00
<
0.05
has
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
to
the
perform
ance
of
the
firm
.
On
this
basis,
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
t
hat
there is a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip betwee
n
i
nform
at
ion
g
at
her
i
ng and
firm
p
erfor
m
ance
.
a)
Co
rrel
at
i
on
and
de
termin
at
ion c
oeffici
ent
The
co
rr
el
at
io
n
coeffic
ie
nt
s
hows
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
the
in
de
pende
nt
var
ia
bl
es,
nam
ely
info
rm
at
ion
gathe
rin
g
with
the
f
ir
m
var
ia
ble,
th
e
R
-
value
(c
orrelat
ion
c
oeff
ic
ie
nt)
is
0.
11
7,
this
correla
ti
on
value
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
relat
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
inform
at
ion
gathe
rin
g
an
d
the
f
irm
var
ia
ble
is
include
d
in
the
weak
cat
eg
ory
becau
se
it
is
in
the
ra
nge
of
0
.
0
-
0.2.
T
he
co
eff
ic
ie
nt
of
det
erm
inati
on
is
us
ed
t
o
cal
culat
e
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
t
he
in
flue
nce
or
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
gathe
rin
g
on
the
f
irm
var
ia
ble,
the
coeffic
ie
nt
of
determ
inati
on
us
e
d
is
R
squa
re
beca
us
e
t
he
re
is
one
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riabl
e.
Table
3
s
hows
the
resu
lt
s o
f
R
(c
oeffici
ent
of d
e
te
rm
inati
on
)
of
0.0
73.
T
his
m
eans
that 7.3% o
f
firm
var
ia
bl
es
will
be
in
flu
enced
by
inf
or
m
at
ion
gather
i
ng.
Whi
le
the
re
m
ai
ni
ng
92.7%
of
f
irm
var
ia
bles
will
be
influ
ence
d
by
ot
her
var
i
able
s
that are
not i
nc
lud
e
d
in
this st
ud
y.
Table
3.
M
od
el
s
umm
ary
Mod
el
R
R Sq
u
are
Ad
ju
sted
R Squ
are
Std
.
Er
ror of
the
Esti
m
at
e
Ch
an
g
e Statistics
Du
rbin
-
W
atso
n
R Sq
u
are
Ch
an
g
e
F
Ch
an
g
e
d
f
1
d
f
2
Sig
.
F
Ch
an
g
e
1
.11
7
a
.07
3
.07
6
.42
0
0
7
.07
4
3
.35
2
1
98
.00
0
1
.60
2
a.
Pr
ed
icto
rs: (
Co
n
stan
t),
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Gath
ering
b
.
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
i
ab
le: f
ir
m
pe
rf
o
r
m
an
ce
b)
Hy
p
othesis
tes
ting
Hyp
oth
esi
s
te
s
ti
ng
is
us
e
d
to
answer
the
hy
po
t
hesis
m
ade
by
the
resea
rc
her.
Ba
sed
on
Table
3,
the
sig v
al
ue
is o
bt
ai
ned
. F of
0.0
00. Because th
e v
al
ue
of sig F (0.00
0)
<
= 0.0
5,
the reg
ress
ion
a
naly
sis
m
od
el
is
sign
ific
a
nt.
Thi
s
m
eans
that
H0
is
rej
ect
ed
a
nd
H
1
is
acce
pted
so
that
it
ca
n
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
the
f
ir
m
c
an
be
sign
ific
a
ntly
af
fected
by in
for
m
at
ion
g
at
her
i
ng.
4.3.
2
.
Re
gressi
on
for
inf
orm
at
i
on
p
roces
sing an
d f
ir
m
p
erfo
rm
an
ce
Af
te
r
that,
i
n
t
he
sec
ond
re
gressi
on
analy
sis
betwee
n
i
nform
at
ion
proce
ss
ing
a
nd
firm
per
f
or
m
ance,
the
sig
nificant
value
is
a
=
0.
05.
I
n
t
his
res
ul
t,
R
2
=
0.
081,
m
eaning
t
hat
the
re
gressi
on
e
qu
at
io
n
will
co
rr
ect
ly
pr
e
dict
8.1%
of
the
cases
an
d
91.
9%
will
no
t.
T
he
res
ult
rev
eal
ed
th
at
inf
or
m
at
ion
processin
g,
F
c
ha
ng
e
=
3.048
a
nd
p
=
0.0
00
<
0.05
has
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
t
o
th
e
perform
ance
of
the
firm
.
O
n
this
basis,
it
c
an
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
t
hat
there is a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip betwee
n firm
p
er
form
an
ce and in
form
at
ion
pro
ces
sin
g.
a)
Co
rrel
at
i
on
and
de
termin
ati
on
c
oeffici
ent
The
c
orrelat
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
ai
m
s
to
sh
ow
th
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
the
ind
e
pende
nt
var
ia
ble,
nam
e
ly
inform
ation
processi
ng
with
the
f
irm
var
i
able,
the
R
val
ue
(c
orrelat
io
n
coeffic
ie
nt)
is
0.103,
this
correla
ti
on
value
ind
ic
at
e
s
that
the
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
betwee
n
inf
or
m
at
ion
processi
ng
a
nd
the
f
irm
var
ia
ble
is
include
d
in
the
weak
cat
eg
ory
becau
se
it
is
in
the
ra
nge
of
0
.
2
-
0.4.
T
he
co
eff
ic
ie
n
t
of
det
erm
inati
on
is
us
ed
t
o
cal
culat
e
the
infl
uen
ce
or
c
ontrib
utio
n
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
processin
g
on
th
e
f
irm
var
ia
ble,
the
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
determ
inati
on
us
e
d
is
R
sq
ua
re
beca
us
e
the
r
e
is
on
e
in
depend
e
nt
va
riabl
e.
Table
4
ob
t
ai
ned
the
resu
l
ts
of
R
(co
e
ff
ic
ie
n
t
of
determ
inati
on
)
of
0.0
81.
T
his
m
eans
that
8.
1%
of
fir
m
var
ia
bles
w
il
l
be
influ
en
c
ed
by
inf
or
m
at
ion
pr
ocessin
g
.
Wh
il
e
the
rem
ai
nin
g
91.9%
of
f
ir
m
var
ia
bles
wi
ll
be
in
flue
nce
d
by
ot
her
va
r
ia
bles
that are
not i
nc
lud
e
d
in
this st
ud
y.
b)
Hy
p
othesis
t
es
ting
Hyp
oth
esi
s
te
s
ti
ng
is
use
d
t
o
an
swe
r
the
hypothesis
m
ade
by
t
he
rese
arch
e
r.
Ba
se
d
on
Table
4
ob
ta
ine
d
the
va
lue
of
si
g.
F
of
0.000.
Be
ca
us
e
the
value
of
si
g
F
(
0.000)
<
=
0.0
5,
t
he
re
gr
es
sio
n
analy
sis
m
od
el
is
sign
if
ic
ant.
This
m
e
ans
that
H
0
is
rej
ect
e
d
an
d
H
1
is
acce
pted
s
o
it
can
be
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
th
e
f
ir
m
can
be
si
gn
ific
antly
aff
ect
e
d by in
form
at
ion
pro
ces
sin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
CRM
p
r
actic
es
in
the
tel
eco
m
municatio
n
i
ndus
try
in
Ir
aq (
Ho
s
am Al
den
Riy
adh
)
459
Table
4.
M
od
el
s
umm
ary
Mo
d
el
R
R Square
A
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
R
Sq
u
ar
e
St
d
.
E
rr
o
r o
f t
h
e
E
s
t
i
m
at
e
Ch
a
n
g
e Sta
t
i
s
t
i
cs
D
u
rb
i
n
-
W
at
s
o
n
R Square
Ch
a
n
g
e
F
Ch
a
n
g
e
d
f1
d
f2
Si
g
.
F
Ch
a
n
g
e
1
.103
a
.081
.089
.420
7
2
.081
3
.0
4
8
1
98
.000
1
.5
3
1
a.
Pred
i
ct
o
r
s
:
(
Co
n
s
t
a
n
t
),
I
n
f
o
rm
at
i
o
n
p
ro
c
es
s
i
n
g
b
.
D
ep
e
n
d
en
t
V
ar
i
ab
l
e:
F
i
rm
perf
o
rm
an
ce
4.3.3
.
Re
gressi
on
for
inf
orm
at
i
on
m
ana
ge
ment an
d f
ir
m
perf
orm
an
c
e
The
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
i
nfo
rm
ation
m
anage
m
ent
an
d
fi
r
m
per
form
ance,
the
sig
nifican
t
value
is
a
=
0.
05.
T
his
re
su
lt
R
2
=
0.
079,
m
eaning
that
the
regressio
n
equ
at
io
n
will
correct
ly
pr
edic
t
7.
9%
of
the
cases
and
92.1%
will
no
t.
T
he
res
ult
rev
eal
ed
that
F
change
=
4.0
03
a
nd
p
=
0.0
00
<
0.0
5
has
a
po
sit
ive
relat
ion
to
the
firm
'
s
per
fo
rm
ance.
O
n
this
basis,
it
can
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
there
is
a
po
sit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
be
twee
n
the
m
anag
em
ent of in
form
at
ion
an
d firm
p
er
for
m
ance
.
a)
Co
rrel
at
i
on
and
de
termin
ati
on
c
oeffici
ent
T
he
c
orrelat
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
ai
m
s
to
sh
ow
th
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
the
ind
e
pende
nt
var
ia
ble,
nam
el
y
info
rm
at
ion
m
anag
em
ent
and
t
he
f
i
rm
var
ia
ble,
the
R
value
(corr
e
la
ti
on
coe
ff
ic
i
ent)
is
0.075,
this
co
r
relat
ion
val
ue
ind
ic
at
es
that
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
between
in
for
m
at
ion
m
anag
e
m
ent
and
the
f
irm
var
ia
ble
is
include
d
in
t
he
we
ak
cat
eg
or
y
be
cause
it
is
bet
ween
0.2
-
0.4
.
The
c
oeffici
en
t
of
determ
inatio
n
is
us
e
d
to
cal
cul
at
e
the
influ
e
nce
or
c
on
tri
bu
ti
on
of
i
nfo
rm
ation
m
anag
em
ent
on
th
e
f
irm
var
ia
ble,
the
coeffic
ie
nt
of
determ
inati
on
us
e
d
is
R
sq
ua
re
beca
us
e
the
r
e
is
on
e
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riable.
Table
5
ob
ta
in
ed
th
e
resu
lt
s o
f
R (c
oeffici
ent
of d
e
te
rm
inati
on
)
of
0.0
79.
T
his
m
eans
that 8.1% o
f
firm
var
ia
bl
es
will
be
in
flu
enced
by
i
nfo
rm
ation
m
anag
e
m
ent
.
Wh
il
e
the
rem
ai
nin
g
92.
1%
f
irm
var
ia
bles
will
be
in
flue
nc
ed
by
ot
her
va
riables
that are
not i
nc
lud
e
d
in
this st
ud
y.
Table
5.
M
od
el
s
umm
ary
Mod
el
R
R Sq
u
are
Ad
ju
sted
R Squ
are
Std
.
Er
ror of
the
Esti
m
at
e
Ch
an
g
e Statistics
Du
rbin
-
W
atso
n
R Sq
u
are
Ch
an
g
e
F
Ch
an
g
e
d
f
1
d
f
2
Sig
.
F
Ch
an
g
e
1
.07
5
a
.07
9
.08
6
.42
2
9
6
.07
7
4
.00
3
1
98
.00
0
1
.52
5
a.
Pr
ed
icto
rs: (
Co
n
stan
t),
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
b
.
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
i
ab
le:
F
ir
m
perf
o
r
m
an
ce
b)
Hy
p
othesis
tes
ting
Hyp
oth
esi
s
te
s
ti
ng
is
use
d
t
o
an
swe
r
the
hypothesis
m
ade
by
t
he
rese
arch
e
r.
Ba
se
d
on
Table
5
ob
ta
ine
d
the
va
lue
of
si
g.
F
of
0.000.
Be
ca
us
e
the
value
of
si
g
F
(
0.000)
<
=
0.0
5,
t
he
re
gr
es
sio
n
analy
sis
m
od
el
is
sign
if
ic
ant.
This
m
eans
that
H
0
is
rej
ect
e
d
an
d
H
1
is
acce
pted
s
o
that
it
can
be
concl
uded
t
ha
t
the
f
irm
can
be si
gnific
antly
af
fec
te
d
by
i
nfor
m
at
ion
m
anag
em
e
nt
.
4.3.4
.
Re
gressi
on
for
cus
t
om
er loyalt
y an
d
firm
per
fo
rm
an
ce
The
relat
ionshi
p
betwee
n
c
us
t
om
er
loya
lty
a
nd
fi
rm
per
for
m
ance
sign
ific
ant
valu
e
is
a
=
0.
05.
T
his
resu
lt
R
2
=
0.0
64,
m
eaning
th
at
the
regressi
on
e
quat
ion
wi
ll
cor
rectl
y
pr
e
dict
6.4%
of
the
cases,
a
nd
93.6%
will
n
ot.
T
he
r
esult rev
eal
e
d
c
us
tom
er lo
ya
lt
y, F ch
an
ge
= 4
.
481
a
nd
p
= 0
.
000
< 0.0
5
posit
ively
r
el
at
ed
to th
e
perform
ance
firm
.
On
this
basis,
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
there
is
a
po
sit
i
ve
relat
ion
s
hip
between
cu
sto
m
er
loya
lt
y and
fir
m
per
form
ance.
a.
Co
rrel
at
i
on
and
de
termin
ati
on
c
oeffici
ent
The
c
orrelat
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
ai
m
s
to
sh
ow
th
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
the
ind
e
pende
nt
var
ia
ble,
nam
el
y
custom
er
loya
lt
y
with
the
firm
var
ia
ble,
the
R
val
ue
(c
orrelat
ion
c
oe
ff
i
ci
ent)
is
0.0
70,
this
correla
ti
on
value
in
dicat
es th
at
the r
el
at
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
cu
stom
er lo
ya
lty
and
firm
var
ia
bles is inclu
de
d
in th
e
weak
cat
e
gory
becau
se
it
is
between
0.2
-
0.4.
T
he
coe
ffi
ci
ent
of
deter
m
inati
on
is
use
d
to
cal
culat
e
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
in
flue
nce
or
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
of
c
us
tom
er
loya
lt
y
to
th
e
f
irm
var
ia
ble,
t
he
coe
ff
ic
i
ent
of
determ
inati
on
us
e
d
is
R
sq
ua
re
beca
us
e
the
r
e
is
on
e
in
depend
e
nt
va
riabl
e.
Table
6
ob
t
ai
ned
the
resu
l
ts
of
R
(co
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
determ
inati
on
)
of
0.0
64.
T
his
m
eans
that
6.
4%
of
fir
m
var
ia
bles
w
il
l
be
influ
en
c
ed
by
custom
er lo
ya
lt
y.
W
hile t
he
r
e
m
ai
nin
g 93.6%
Firm
var
ia
bl
es w
il
l be i
nf
l
ue
nced by
oth
e
r varia
bles that a
re not
include
d
i
n
t
his stu
dy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
460
Table
6.
M
od
el
s
umm
ary
Mod
el
R
R Sq
u
are
Ad
ju
sted
R Squ
are
Std
.
Er
ror of
the
Esti
m
at
e
Ch
an
g
e Statistics
Du
rbin
-
W
atso
n
R Sq
u
are
Ch
an
g
e
F
Ch
an
g
e
d
f
1
d
f
2
Sig
.
F
Ch
an
g
e
1
.07
0
a
.06
4
.08
3
.42
1
9
3
.06
9
4
.48
1
1
98
.00
0
1
.50
3
a.
Pr
ed
icto
rs: (
Co
n
stan
t),
Cu
sto
m
er
loyalt
y
b
.
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
i
ab
le:
F
ir
m
perf
o
r
m
an
ce
b.
Hy
p
othesis
tes
ting
Hyp
oth
esi
s
te
s
ti
ng
is
use
d
t
o
an
swe
r
the
hypothesis
m
ade
by
t
he
rese
arch
e
r.
Ba
se
d
on
Table
6
ob
ta
ine
d
the
va
lue
of
si
g.
F
of
0.000.
Be
ca
us
e
the
value
of
si
g
F
(
0.000)
<
=
0.0
5,
t
he
re
gr
es
sio
n
analy
sis
m
od
el
is
sign
if
ic
ant.
This
m
eans
that
H
0
is
rej
ect
e
d
an
d
H
1
is
acce
pted
s
o
that
it
can
be
concl
uded
t
ha
t
the
fir
m
can b
e
sig
nificantl
y af
fec
te
d
by c
us
t
om
e
r
loya
lt
y.
4.3.5
.
Re
gressi
on
for
cus
t
om
er reten
tion a
nd
firm
per
formance
Last
regressio
n
betwee
n
c
us
t
om
er
retenti
on
and
firm
per
f
orm
ance,
the
sign
i
ficant
val
ue
is
a
=
0.
05.
In
this
res
ult,
R
2
=
0.046,
m
e
anin
g
t
hat
the
regressio
n
eq
ua
ti
on
will
co
rrec
tl
y
pr
edict
4.6%
of
the
case
s,
a
nd
93.1%
will
no
t
.
The
re
su
lt
re
ve
al
ed
c
us
tom
er
retenti
on,
F
ch
ang
e
=
4.726
a
nd
p
=
0.0
00
<
0.
05
has
a
pos
it
ive
relat
ion
to
fir
m
per
form
ance.
On
this
ba
sis,
it
can
be
con
cl
uded
that
th
ere
is
a
po
sit
iv
e
relat
ion
sh
i
p
betwe
e
n
custom
er r
et
en
ti
on
a
nd
firm
pe
rfor
m
ance.
a)
Co
rrel
at
i
on
and
de
termin
ati
on
c
oeffici
ent
The
c
orrelat
ion
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
ai
m
s
to
sh
ow
th
e
m
agn
it
ude
of
the
relat
ionshi
p
bet
ween
t
he
ind
e
pende
nt
var
ia
ble,
nam
e
ly
custom
er
ret
ention
with
the
f
irm
var
ia
ble,
the
R
value
(c
orrelat
ion
coe
f
fici
ent)
is
0.214,
this
correla
ti
on
val
ue
in
dicat
es
th
at
the
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
c
us
tom
er
retenti
on
an
d
t
he
f
i
r
m
var
ia
ble
is
inclu
ded
in
the
wea
k
ca
te
gory
beca
us
e
it
is
between
0.2
-
0.4.
T
he
c
oeffici
ent
of
de
te
rm
inati
on
is
us
ed
t
o
cal
cul
at
e
the
influ
e
nce
or
c
ontrib
utio
n
of
c
us
tom
er
retenti
on
on
t
he
firm
va
riable,
t
he
c
oeffici
ent
of
de
te
rm
inati
on
use
d
is
R
square
beca
us
e
th
ere
is
one
in
de
pende
nt
var
ia
ble.
Ta
ble
7
obta
ine
d
the
res
ults
of
R
(c
oeffici
ent
of
determ
inati
on
)
of
0.046.
T
his
m
eans
that
4.6%
of
firm
var
ia
bles
will
be
infl
uen
ce
d
by
custom
er
ret
entio
n
.
Wh
il
e
t
he
rem
ai
nin
g
95.4
%
f
irm
var
ia
bles
will
be
i
nf
l
uenced
b
y
oth
e
r
va
riables
t
hat
ar
e
not
incl
ud
e
d
in
this
stud
y.
Table
7.
M
od
el
s
umm
ary
Mod
el
R
R Sq
u
are
Ad
ju
sted
R Squ
are
Std
.
Er
ror of
the
Esti
m
at
e
Ch
an
g
e Statistics
Du
rbin
-
W
atso
n
R Sq
u
are
Ch
an
g
e
F
Ch
an
g
e
d
f
1
d
f
2
Sig
.
F
Ch
an
g
e
1
.07
0
a
.06
4
.08
3
.42
1
9
3
.06
9
4
.48
1
1
98
.00
0
1
.50
3
a.
Pr
ed
icto
rs: (
Co
n
stan
t),
Cu
sto
m
er
loyalt
y
b
.
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
i
ab
le:
F
ir
m
perf
o
r
m
an
ce
b)
Hy
p
othesis
tes
ting
Hyp
oth
esi
s
te
s
ti
ng
is
use
d
t
o
an
swe
r
the
hypothesis
m
ade
by
t
he
rese
arch
e
r.
Ba
se
d
on
Table
7
ob
ta
ine
d
the
va
lue
of
si
g.
F
of
0.000.
Be
ca
us
e
the
value
of
si
g
F
(
0.000)
<
=
0.0
5,
t
he
re
gr
es
sio
n
analy
sis
m
od
el
is
sign
if
ic
ant.
This
m
e
ans
that
H
0
is
rej
ect
e
d
an
d
H
1
is
acce
pted
s
o
it
can
be
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
th
e
fir
m
can
be
si
gn
ific
antly
aff
ect
e
d by cu
stom
er r
e
te
ntion
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Custom
er
relat
ion
s
hip
s
m
anag
em
ent
(CRM)
has
c
omm
on
ly
been
ex
pect
ed
to
giv
e
a
c
om
petit
ive
edg
e
t
o
an
ass
ociat
ion
a
nd
posit
ively
aff
ect
the
orga
nizat
ion
'
s
perf
or
m
ance
in
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
in
Ir
a
q.
I
n
this
inv
est
igati
on,
the
aut
hors
hav
e
disc
ov
er
ed
that
gathe
ring
in
f
or
m
at
ion
,
the
processi
ng
of
inf
or
m
at
i
on,
the
m
anag
em
ent
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
custom
er
loya
lt
y,
and
the
retenti
on
of
c
us
t
om
ers
hav
e
a
posit
ive
ef
fect
on
the
firm
'
s
per
f
orm
ance.
Ba
sed
on
the
res
ults,
it
cou
l
d
be
c
oncl
ud
e
d
that
it
is
crit
ic
a
l
to
gat
he
r
the
cl
ie
nt'
s
data
t
o
execu
te
CR
M
and
pe
rfo
rm
bette
r.
The
se
r
e
su
lt
s
ap
pro
ve
the
lo
ng
-
held
belie
f
that
CR
M
is
a
f
unda
m
ental
achievem
ent
factor
f
or
t
he
business'
s
pe
rfo
rm
ance.
Firm
s
hoping
to
e
nhance
their
ass
oc
ia
ti
on
s
with
c
li
ents
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
CRM
p
r
actic
es
in
the
tel
eco
m
municatio
n
i
ndus
try
in
Ir
aq (
Ho
s
am Al
den
Riy
adh
)
461
need
c
on
ti
nual
l
y
to
screen
their
internal
pro
cedures
an
d
be
hav
i
or.
For
m
a
rk
et
in
g
pro
fess
ion
al
s,
this
res
earc
h
acce
ntu
at
es
th
at
CR
M
factor
s
su
c
h
as
the
gathe
rin
g
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
the
proc
essin
g
of
in
f
or
m
at
io
n,
th
e
m
anag
em
ent
of
in
form
at
ion
,
the
c
us
tom
er's
loya
lt
y,
and
the
c
us
tom
er's
retenti
on
wi
ll
determ
ine
CR
M
'
s
perform
ance
qu
al
it
y.
Then
,
m
ark
et
ing
e
xperts
ought
to
per
s
ua
de
the
top
a
dm
inist
rat
ion
of
the
pr
i
ncipal
sign
ific
a
nce
to
keep
up
a
ge
nuine
cl
ie
nt
em
ph
a
sis
to
cause
the
firm
to
be
cru
ci
al
to
cl
ie
nt
s.
Exc
hangin
g
costs
beco
m
e
crit
ic
a
l
to
cl
ie
nts
wit
hin
.
S
o
that
the
cl
ie
nt
'
s
loya
l
t
y
is
a
po
ssible
resu
lt
with
to
p
m
anag
em
ent
s
uppor
t
on
kee
ping
up
a
sta
gge
rin
g
cl
ie
nt
em
ph
asi
s,
inter
nal
pro
cedures,
an
d
c
ultur
e
ou
gh
t
t
o
be
cl
ie
nt
-
dri
ven
to
reinfo
rce
cl
ie
nt
co
nn
ect
io
ns
.
Furthe
r
,
m
ark
et
ing
prof
es
s
ion
al
s
s
ho
uld
hel
p
s
pr
ea
d
the
ideal
s
of
bein
g
genuinely
cl
ie
nt
-
dr
ive
n
usi
ng
inn
e
r
m
ark
et
ing
en
dea
vors
.
Finall
y,
e
m
pl
oyees,
ou
gh
t
to
be
e
ng
a
ge
d
to
ha
ve
sco
pe
ov
e
r
the
ir
act
ivit
ie
s
of
serv
ic
e
an
d
capaci
ti
es
to
deliver
exp
li
ci
t
cl
ie
nt
need
s
to
serv
e
in
an
e
nt
irel
y
cl
ie
nt
-
dr
i
ve
n
way.
T
hese
fi
nd
i
ngs
m
ay
hav
e
s
om
e
i
m
plica
ti
on
s
i
n
dev
el
op
i
ng
in
du
st
ries
li
ke
t
he
Ir
a
q
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
in
dustry.
Ther
e
is
a
la
c
k
of
evi
den
ce
.
The
refor
e
,
t
he
re
is
a
nee
d
to
car
ry
out
a
m
or
e
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
inv
est
ig
at
ion
i
n
the
c
onte
xt
of
Ir
a
q.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
t
his
stu
dy'
s
cor
e
obj
ec
ti
ve
will
be
w
or
t
hy
for
cust
om
er
relat
ion
sh
i
p
m
a
nag
em
ent
pr
ac
ti
ces
in
the
cont
ext
of
the
Ir
a
q
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
in
dustry
and
it
s
i
m
pact
on
fir
m
per
form
ance.
This
em
piri
cal
stud
y
condu
ct
e
d
he
re
h
as
a
few
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s.
S
om
e
of
the
lim
it
at
ion
s
ca
n
be
li
ste
d
as
the
relat
ively
sm
all
sa
m
ple
siz
e
of
cust
om
ers.
T
his
is
due
t
o
t
he
s
urvey'
s
com
plexity
, w
hich
wa
s a d
ire
ct
m
easur
e o
f
the accu
racy of
respo
ns
es. S
ec
ondly, this co
ul
d
no
t b
e exten
ded
t
o
oth
e
r
sec
to
rs
s
uch
as
m
anu
f
a
ct
ur
in
g,
tra
ns
portat
io
n,
a
nd
he
al
thcare.
Pro
po
sit
io
ns
f
or
t
he
nex
t
resea
r
cher
s:
C
us
tom
er
beh
a
vior
possibly
sign
ific
a
ntly
adv
anta
ges
ser
vi
ce
prov
i
der
s
,
pa
rtic
ularly
within
ser
vice
at
tribu
te
s
to
cust
om
iz
a
tio
n
as
m
os
t
m
o
bile
te
le
com
mu
nicat
i
on
ser
vi
ce
pro
vid
er
s
a
re
m
ulti
national.
m
or
eo
ver,
besides
researc
hers
co
uld
c
onsider
te
sti
ng
relat
io
nships
i
nv
est
igat
ed
in
diff
e
re
nt
nations
su
c
h
a
s
the
U
nited
St
at
es
of
Am
erica,
Japan
,
Chi
na,
or
C
anad
a
,
al
ong
w
it
h
sever
al
sect
or
s
t
o
fin
d
a
c
om
pr
om
ise
d
gen
eral
m
od
el
ut
il
iz
e
it
in
al
l
sect
or
s
a
s
the
basic
f
orm
ula
ti
on
f
or
pro
j
ect
in
g
c
hanges
to
cust
om
e
r
sat
isfact
io
n,
r
et
ention,
an
d
l
oyal
ty
wh
e
re
pro
du
ct
at
tribu
te
s
var
y.
REFERE
NCE
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t
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y
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nd
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ustom
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ti
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gement
,
"
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r
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ionship
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a
ti
onship
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th
e
custo
m
er
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onship
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ana
gement
a
nd
pat
i
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ine
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m
ina
ti
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n
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cur
ren
t
relati
onship
m
ark
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ti
ng
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ti
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ix
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m
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at
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m
ana
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vic
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b
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t
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"
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Lo
y
a
lty
:
Medi
at
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Eff
ect
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Afford
abi
lit
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An
Empirical
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on
Sm
art
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in
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a
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st
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at
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a
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oud
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hospita
l
informati
on
s
y
st
em
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ng
provide
r
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cal
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te
ms
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io
n
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a
custo
m
er
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a
ti
onshi
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m
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ull
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T.
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A.
W
arsha
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y
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and
B
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er
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’
’
S
y
stem,
m
et
ho
d
and
computer
pr
ogra
m
produc
t
f
or
per
form
ing
o
ne
or
m
ore
a
ct
io
ns
base
d
on
a
d
e
te
rm
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d
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u
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w
a
n
t
i
a
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d
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P
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L
e
s
t
a
r
i
,
‘‘
T
h
e
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
M
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
C
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
'
s
L
o
y
a
l
t
y
M
e
d
i
a
t
e
d
b
y
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y,
"
D
e
R
e
M
a
J
u
r
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
j
e
m
e
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
4
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
9
1
6
6
/
d
e
r
e
m
a
.
v
1
1
i
2
.
2
3
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
462
[
1
8
]
V
.
L
e
p
o
j
e
v
i
ć
a
n
d
S
.
Đ
u
k
i
ć
,
"
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
l
o
ya
l
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
m
a
r
k
e
t
-
a
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
h
e
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
f
S
e
r
b
i
a
,
"
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
15
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
1
9
0
/
F
U
E
O
1
8
0
3
2
4
5
L
.
[19]
J.
Peppar
d,
"
Custom
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relati
onshi
p
m
ana
gement
(
CRM
)
in
fina
n
cial
servi
ce
s,"
Eur
opea
n
Manag
eme
nt
Journal
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vo
l
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,
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Cust
omer rel
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he
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U
.
S
e
k
a
r
a
n
a
n
d
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B
o
u
g
i
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‘‘
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
:
A
s
k
i
l
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
’
’
J
o
h
n
W
i
l
e
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S
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n
s
,
2
0
1
6
.
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B
.
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urnha
m
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ea
suring
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ansna
ti
on
al
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se
d
Crime:
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Empirical
Stud
y
of
Exi
sting
Dat
a
Se
ts
on
TOC
with
Parti
cular
R
efe
re
nce
to
Inte
rgov
e
rnm
ent
al
Organ
i
sati
ons,
"
Tr
ansnational
Or
ganise
d
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Pe
rs
pe
ct
i
ve
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L
ake
t
a,
and
Z.
Misi
c
,
"Cus
tomer
rel
at
i
onship
m
ana
ge
m
ent
:
Conce
p
t
a
nd
importanc
e
f
or
banki
ng
se
ct
or
,
"
UT
MS
Journal
o
f
E
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[24]
H.
Li
ao
,
"D
o
it
right
thi
s
ti
m
e
:
The
rol
e
of
emplo
y
ee
serv
ic
e
r
e
cove
r
y
per
form
a
nce
in
customer
-
per
ceive
d
just
ice
andc
ustom
er
lo
yal
t
y
after
servi
ce
fai
lur
es,
"
Journal
of
app
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,
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[25]
M.
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and
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Shouk
,
"The
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customer
rel
ati
onship
m
ana
gement
pra
ct
i
ce
s
on
ai
rli
n
e
custo
m
er
lo
y
al
t
y
,
"
Journal
of
Tour
ism,
Her
it
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&
Serv
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Marke
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2019
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Hosam
Alden
Riay
dh
,
Recei
v
ed
a
doct
or
al
degr
ee
in
Ac
co
unti
ng
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Brawij
a
y
a
,
Indo
nesia
.
Curre
n
tly
work
ing
as
L
ect
ure
r
of
account
i
ng,
a
t
Univ
ersit
a
s
Muham
m
adiy
a
h
Yog
y
ak
art
a
.
Ind
onesia
.
Th
e
m
ai
n
rese
arc
h
area
is
int
ere
sted
in
Corpora
te
Soci
a
l
Responsibil
ity
,
Acc
ounti
ng
Info
rm
at
ion
s
y
s
te
m
,
Mana
gement Inf
orm
at
ion
S
y
s
te
m
,
and
Sus
ta
in
abi
l
ity
R
epor
t
in
g.
Sals
abila
Aisy
ah
Alfai
z
a
is
a
Master
of
Ma
nage
m
ent
S
ci
en
ce
at
Univer
sit
y
of
Airla
ngga
,
Indone
sia.
Her
rese
arc
h
inter
est
inc
lud
es
ma
nage
m
ent
info
rm
at
ion
s
y
stem,
cor
pora
te
soci
al
responsibil
ity
,
a
nd
gre
en
m
ark
e
ti
ng,
Suppl
y
ch
ai
n,
sus
ta
in
abi
l
ity
.
Curr
ent
l
y
,
she
is
working
as
Mana
ger
o
f
P
T
.
Dee
nsajay
a
int
er
nat
ion
al
compan
y
in
South
Java
I
sland
in
Indone
s
ia
.
Ab
d
uls
atar
Abdu
ljabb
ar
Su
lta
n
,
a
le
c
ture
r
,
an
d
rese
ar
che
r
a
h
i
ghl
y
compet
ent
MIS
profe
ss
iona
l
with
a
prove
n
tr
ac
k
rec
o
rd
in
de
signing
te
a
chi
ng
,
and
m
ana
ging
dat
ab
ase
s.
Ph.D.
in
(Te
chnol
og
y
,
Opera
ti
ons
and
Logi
sti
cs
Mana
gement)
,
Univ
ersity
Utar
a
Malay
si
a,
Mast
er
of
Scie
nc
e
in
(Mana
gement
I
nform
at
ion
S
y
st
em),
Univer
sit
y
of
Mos
ul.
His
rese
ar
ch
are
a
in
Technol
o
g
y
,
Opera
ti
ons
and
Logi
stic
s
Mana
gement,
Mana
gement
Inform
at
ion
S
y
stem
E
-
comm
erc
e,
and
Te
chno
log
y
Ado
pti
on.
Munad
il
K.
Fa
aeq
recei
ved
the
B.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
publi
c
administ
rat
ion
from
Bag
hdad
Univer
sit
y
,
Ira
q
(2002
-
2003).
H
e
rec
e
ive
d
hi
s
Master
of
Busi
ness
Ad
m
ini
stration
(MBA
)
in
(2
008)
and
Ph.D.
in
Mana
gement
Inform
at
ion
S
y
s
te
m
from
the
Northe
rn
Univer
si
t
y
of
Ma
lay
sia
i
n
(2014).
He
has
m
ore
tha
n
5
y
e
ars
of
expe
rie
n
ce
as
a
le
ct
ur
er
in
Univer
sit
ie
s
and
col
l
e
ges
Moreove
r,
he
w
as
appoi
n
te
d
to
be
a
ch
ai
rm
an
o
f
the
cr
ea
t
ivi
t
y
and
innov
at
ion
comm
it
te
e
in
th
e
school
of
busine
ss
m
ana
gement
in
2017,
Dire
c
tor
of
Resea
rch
,
In
novat
ion
,
and
C
om
m
erc
ia
li
z
at
io
n
Exhi
bition
.
Rad
y
an
Dan
anj
oy
o
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Lectu
r
er
a
t
th
e
Facul
t
y
of
E
con
om
ic
s
and
Busin
ess,
Univer
sit
as
Muham
m
adi
y
ah
Yog
y
ak
arta,
I
ndonesia
.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
h
is
B
ac
he
lor
of
M
a
nage
m
ent
fro
m
Univer
sita
s
Isla
m
Indone
sia.
He
obta
ine
d
hi
s
m
aste
r’s
deg
ree
in
interna
t
i
onal
business
at
Groningen
Univ
ersity
,
the
Netherla
nds
,
and
Univ
ers
it
as
Gadj
ah
Mada
,
Indon
esia.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
h
i
s
Ph
.
D.
in
Constru
ct
ion
Mana
geme
nt
from
Auckl
an
d
Univer
sit
y
of Tec
hno
log
y
,
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
.
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