Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineer
ing and Computer Scien
ce
V
o
l. 9, N
o
. 2
,
Febr
u
ar
y 201
8, pp
.
32
7
~
33
1
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.
11591/ijeecs
.v9.
i
2
.pp327-311
3
27
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: http://iaescore.c
om/jo
urnals/index.php/ijeecs
Full C-Band Tunable V-Cavity
-Laser Based TOSA and SFP
Trans
c
ei
ver Mod
u
les
K. S
ar
av
an
an
1
, V
. M
at
hivana
n
2
1
Resear
ch Scho
l
ar, D
ep
artment o
f
Information
Technolog
y
,
AMET U
niversity
, Ch
ennai
2
Departm
ent
of
C
om
puter S
cien
ce,
ARM
col
leg
e
of Eng
i
ne
ering
and
Technolo
g
y
, Chennai
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Oct 11, 2017
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 15
, 20
17
Accepte
d Ja
n 5, 2018
W
e
r
eport
the
la
test
d
eve
l
opm
ent
in
t
unabl
e
trans
m
itter
opti
cal
s
ub-a
sse
mbly
(TOSA)
a
nd
s
m
all
form-factor
p
l
uggable
(SFP)
t
ransceiv
e
rs
b
ased
on
simple
and
com
p
act
V
-cavi
t
y
l
as
er
(
VCL),
aim
i
ng
for
low-cos
t
d
eplo
y
m
en
t
i
n
metro,
access
and
data
center
ne
tworks.
The
VCL
emplo
y
s
a
half-
wave
coupler
t
o
ach
ieve
h
igh
side-mode
s
uppression
r
a
tio
(
SMSR)
and
the
Vernie
r
effect
t
o
ach
iev
e
a
w
ide
wavelen
g
th
t
uning
range.
Full
C-band
t
u
n
ing
from
1529.55-nm
t
o
1566.31-nm
w
ith
S
MSR
above
36
dB
i
s
demonstrated
.
S
i
n
ce
the
laser
do
es
not
i
nvolve
a
n
y
g
r
a
ting
or
e
pitaxial
r
egrowth,
a
nd
has
a
simple
tuning
algorith
m
,
it
allows
s
impler
p
rocesses
for
fabrication
a
nd
testing
as
com
p
ared
t
o
oth
e
r
wide
l
y
t
unabl
e
l
a
s
e
r
s
t
ru
ctur
es
.
Com
p
act
T
OS
A
s
a
nd
SFP
transceiver
modules
h
ave
b
een
d
evelop
ed
f
or
f
u
ll
C-band
tun
i
ng
with
up
to
93
channels
a
t
5
0
GHz
s
pacing.
T
ransmission
expe
rim
e
nts
are
c
a
r
ried
out
f
or
direct
m
odulatio
n
with
d
ata
rate
s
from
2.5
Gbps
t
o
8.5
Gbps.
Th
e
results
o
f
reliability
tests
o
f
the modules ar
e
also presen
ted
.
K
eyw
ords
:
Opt
o
electronic
s
Sem
i
cond
uct
o
r
Lasers
Copyright ©
201
8 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
K
.
S
a
r
av
an
a
n
,
R
e
search
Sc
h
o
l
ar,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
I
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on Tec
h
nol
ogy
,
AM
ET
Uni
v
er
sity
,
Ch
enn
a
i.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Lo
w-c
o
st
t
una
bl
e
t
r
anscei
ver
m
odul
es
a
re
k
ey
e
na
bl
ers
f
o
r
next
-
ge
nera
t
i
on
wa
vel
e
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
m
u
ltiplexing
(WDM
)
base
d
metro,
access
and
data
center
networks
.
C
u
rren
tly
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
lasers
a
re
m
o
s
tly
depl
oy
ed
i
n
l
o
ng
-
h
aul
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
ransm
i
ssi
on
sy
st
em
s
due
t
o
t
h
ei
r
h
i
gh
c
o
st
r
es
ul
t
i
ng
f
r
om
f
abri
cat
i
o
n
an
d
t
e
st
i
ng
com
p
l
e
xi
t
y
f
or
s
t
r
uct
u
res
s
u
ch
a
s
sam
p
l
e
d
grat
i
ng
di
st
r
i
b
ut
ed
B
ragg
re
fl
ect
or
(
SG
DB
R
)
[
1]
-
[
2]
,
su
perstru
c
ture
g
rating
(SSG)
DBR
laser
[3
],
d
ig
ital
su
p
e
rm
o
d
e
D
B
R
[4
]
,
m
odul
at
ed
g
rat
i
ng
Y-
br
anc
h
[
5]
,
and
M
E
M
S
b
a
s
ed
e
xt
ernal
ca
vi
t
y
l
asers
[6]
.
F
or
w
i
d
e
de
pl
oy
m
e
nt
of
t
he
W
DM
t
ec
hnol
ogy
i
n
m
e
tro,
access
net
w
or
ks
a
n
d
d
at
a
ce
nt
er
n
e
t
wo
rks
,
t
he
c
o
s
t
re
duct
i
o
n
o
f
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
tra
n
sceivers
h
a
s
b
ecom
e
a
k
ey
i
ssue.
Recently,
a
sim
p
le
a
nd
compact
t
una
ble
V-cavity
l
aser
h
as
b
een
pr
o
pos
ed
a
n
d
d
em
ons
t
r
at
ed
[
7]
-[
8]
.
It
d
o
e
s
not
r
e
q
ui
re
c
o
m
pl
ex
g
rat
i
ng
and
e
p
i
t
a
xi
al
r
egr
o
wt
h.
I
t
s
f
a
b
ri
ca
t
i
o
n
p
r
oce
ss
i
s
s
im
il
ar
t
o
t
h
at
o
f
Fa
bry
-
Per
o
t
lasers
w
ith
o
n
l
y
an
a
dd
itio
n
a
l
step
o
f
d
e
ep
e
tch
i
n
g
f
o
r
c
av
ity
m
i
rrors
.
B
y
u
si
ng
a
s
p
eci
al
l
y
d
esi
gne
d
hal
f
-
wave
c
o
upl
e
r
,
si
ngl
e-m
ode
o
perat
i
o
n
wi
t
h
h
i
g
h
si
de
-m
od
e
su
pp
res
si
o
n
r
at
i
o
(
SM
SR
)
of
3
5-
40
d
B
h
a
s
bee
n
ach
iev
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er,
we
r
ep
ort
th
e
latest
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
of
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
tran
smit
ter
o
p
tical
s
u
b
-assem
b
ly
(
TOSA)
and
sm
al
l
form
-fact
or
p
l
u
gg
abl
e
(
SFP
)
t
r
a
n
scei
ve
r
m
odu
l
e
s
based
o
n
the
V-ca
vity
l
ase
r
,
aiming
for
low-c
o
st
depl
oy
m
e
nt
i
n
m
e
t
r
o
an
d
ac
cess
net
w
o
r
k
s
.
The
c
h
i
p
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
re
i
s
i
m
pro
v
ed
,
i
n
cl
udi
ng
o
ut
p
u
t
f
r
om
a
s
i
ngl
e
m
ode
w
ave
gui
de
b
ran
c
h
fo
r
bet
t
e
r
fi
be
r
c
o
upl
i
n
g,
i
nst
ead
o
f
out
put
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cou
p
l
e
r
si
de
a
s
i
n
p
re
vi
o
u
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
.
T
h
e
b
a
c
k
s
i
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
s
er
i
s
m
e
tal-
coated
f
or
h
igh-re
fl
ect
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
re
d
u
ce
t
h
e
t
h
res
h
ol
d
a
n
d
i
m
prove
t
h
e
sl
o
p
e
ef
fi
ci
ency
.
F
u
l
l
C
-
b
a
nd
t
uni
ng
o
f
93
c
h
a
nnel
s
w
i
t
h
5
0
G
Hz
s
pa
ci
ng
has
been
d
em
onst
r
at
ed
f
or
t
he
first tim
e. Th
e
resu
lts o
f tran
s
m
i
ssi
on ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
s an
d rel
i
a
bi
lity tests are also
p
r
esen
ted.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
2502-
4
752
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
, Vol
.
9
,
N
o.
2
,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
1
8
:
3
27 – 331
32
8
2.
DEVI
CE ST
R
UCT
URE
A
N
D
O
PER
A
TI
ON
P
RI
N
C
IP
LE
Fi
gu
re
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
t
op
-vi
e
w
m
i
crosco
pe
p
hot
og
ra
ph
of
t
he
V
-C
a
v
i
t
y
l
a
s
e
r
c
h
i
p
.
I
t
w
a
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
an
d
fabricated
i
n
In
GaAsP/
In
P
m
u
ltip
le
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
w
ell
s
t
ru
cture
w
ithou
t
ep
itax
i
al
r
eg
ro
wt
h
or
b
and
g
a
p
engi
neeri
n
g
.
T
he
d
et
ai
l
e
d
l
a
y
e
r
s
t
r
uct
u
re
a
n
d
f
a
b
ri
cat
i
o
n
p
r
oc
es
s
of
t
his
l
a
ser
ha
ve
b
een
d
escri
b
ed
i
n
[8]-[9].
Th
e V-cav
ity laser con
sists o
f
t
wo
Fabry-Pero
t
cav
ities with
sl
i
ght
l
y
di
ffer
e
nt
opt
i
cal
pat
h l
e
ngt
hs. T
he l
engt
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
x
e
d
g
a
i
n
c
a
v
i
t
y
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
b
e
4
5
0
m
t
o
m
a
t
c
h
i
t
s
r
esonant
wavel
e
ngt
hs
t
o
t
h
e
IT
U
gri
d
o
f
100
GHz
s
paci
ng.
T
h
e
cha
nnel
selector
cavi
t
y
is
5
%
longe
r
s
o
t
h
at
t
he
V
ernier
e
ffe
ct
can
b
e
use
d
t
o
e
x
tend
t
h
e
t
u
n
i
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
a
l
a
r
g
e
f
r
e
e
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
r
a
n
g
e
(
F
S
R
)
o
f
a
bout
2
0
ch
ann
e
ls.
Th
e
t
w
o
cav
ities
ar
e
co
up
led
throug
h
a
h
a
lf-wave
co
up
ler
wh
ich
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
h
av
e
p
has
e
d
iffere
nce
b
e
tween
b
a
r-c
o
upli
n
g
coefficient
a
n
d
cross-c
o
upling
c
o
efficient
i
n
t
he
o
pe
rating
wav
el
e
ngt
hs
t
o
ac
hi
eve
hi
g
h
S
M
S
R
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
c
o
n
t
rol
th
e
cav
ity
l
en
g
t
h
s
p
recisely,
th
ree
d
e
ep
e
tche
d
facets
are
used
a
s
cavity
m
irrors
.
The output
i
s
e
m
itted from
the etche
d facet
of
the
cha
n
nel selector c
avity.
The
bac
k
f
acet
s
on
the
c
o
upl
e
r
an
d
on
t
he
f
ixed
g
ai
n
cavit
y
are
c
o
a
ted
with
h
ig
h-reflectiv
e
Au
f
il
m
after
surface
passivation.
T
hree
electrodes
a
r
e
de
posite
d
on
th
e
t
op
su
rfac
e
w
hi
l
e
a
c
om
m
on
gro
u
nd
el
ect
ro
de
i
s
d
ep
osi
t
e
d on
t
he
b
ac
k
si
de. The
c
h
an
nel
se
l
ect
or
e
l
ect
ro
d
e
o
n
t
h
e
l
o
ng
c
a
vi
t
y
i
s
used
f
o
r
w
a
v
el
en
gt
h
t
uni
n
g
and
t
h
e
ot
her
t
w
o
el
ect
ro
des
pro
v
i
d
e
gai
n
.
The
wavel
e
n
g
t
h
t
u
n
i
n
g
is
accom
p
lished
by
c
urrent
i
njection
in
du
ced
t
h
e
rmo
-
op
tic
e
ffect,
wh
ic
h
causes
t
h
e
refractive
index
c
h
ange.
T
h
e
couple
r
e
lect
rode
i
s
also
u
sed
for
di
rect
m
odul
at
i
on.
T
he
r
at
i
o
b
et
wee
n
t
he
l
engt
h
of
t
he
w
a
v
eg
ui
d
e
c
ove
r
e
d
by
t
he
c
o
u
p
l
er
e
l
ect
rode
a
nd
t
h
e
cavi
t
y
l
engt
h a
r
e desi
gne
d t
o
b
e t
h
e sam
e
(e.g. 6
0% i
n t
h
e c
u
r
r
en
t d
e
sign
) for th
e two
cavities [1
2
]
, in
ord
e
r to
m
i
nim
i
ze
t
h
e
wavel
e
ngt
h
c
h
i
r
p
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
di
rect
m
odul
at
i
on
a
n
d
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
m
ode
h
o
p
s.
S
t
a
nda
r
d
f
a
br
icatio
n
process
f
o
r
r
i
dg
e
w
a
v
e
gu
id
e
Fabr
y-
Per
o
t
laser
s
i
s
u
sed
wi
t
h
t
h
e
a
ddi
t
i
onal
st
e
p
o
f
deep
e
t
c
hi
ng
t
o
m
a
ke t
he
r
efl
e
ct
i
v
e m
i
rrors.
T
he c
hi
p
si
ze i
s
o
nl
y
ab
o
u
t
5
0
0
m
m
* 350 m
m
.
Fi
gu
re
1
.
M
i
cr
osc
ope
P
hot
og
rap
h
o
f
t
h
e
V
-
C
a
vi
t
y
Laser C
hi
p
3.
EX
PERM
ENTA
L
R
E
SU
LTS
AN
D
DISSC
U
SSION
S
The
l
a
ser
reac
hes
i
t
s
t
hresh
o
l
d
whe
n
t
he
t
o
t
al
c
urrent
o
f
t
h
e
t
hree
e
l
ect
ro
des
i
s
a
bout
60
m
A.
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
w
i
t
h
3
7
d
B
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
S
M
S
R
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
l
a
s
e
r
i
s
m
o
d
ul
at
ed
a
t
2.
5
G
b
ps.
T
h
e
fi
be
r
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
po
we
r
of
t
he
m
odul
e
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
6
dB
m
.
B
y
adj
u
st
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
ent
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
T
E
C
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
c
o
nt
r
o
l
,
w
e
ca
n
o
b
t
a
i
n
4
7
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
f
r
o
m
152
9.
55
-
n
m
to
1
5
66.31
-n
m
o
f
t
h
e
I
TU
g
r
i
d
i
n
100
G
H
z
spacing,
c
ove
ring
the
full
C
ba
nd.
T
o
acce
ss
the
50
GHz
spacing
g
ri
d,
w
e
cha
nge
t
he
TEC
t
em
perature
b
y
abo
u
t
4
-
5
C
t
o
t
un
e
t
o
4
6
c
h
an
nel
s
f
rom
152
9.
9
4
-
n
m
t
o
1
5
6
5
.
9
-
n
m
,
wh
i
c
h
are
shi
f
t
e
d
by
50
G
H
z
fr
o
m
t
he
p
r
ev
iou
s
g
r
i
d
.
B
y
slig
h
tly
a
d
j
u
s
ting
th
e
cur
r
en
t
of
t
h
e
c
oupler
e
l
ect
ro
de,
t
h
e
out
put
p
ow
er
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
e
l
s
c
a
n
be
b
al
a
n
ce
d.
T
he
o
ve
rl
ap
ped
spect
ra
o
f
t
h
e
93
c
h
a
nnel
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
TU
g
r
i
d
w
ith
5
0
G
H
z
s
p
acing
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Fu
ll C-
Ba
nd
Tu
nab
le V-
C
a
vity-
L
a
s
er Ba
sed
TOS
A
a
nd S
F
P Tran
sceiver Mo
du
les (K.
Sa
ra
vana
n
)
32
9
Fi
gu
re
2
.
M
eas
ure
d
S
i
n
gl
e C
h
annel
Spect
ru
m
The
dy
nam
i
c
SM
SR
i
s
abo
v
e
36
dB
f
or
a
l
l
t
he
c
han
n
el
s
whe
n
t
he
l
ase
r
i
s
un
der
2.
5
Gb
ps
d
i
r
ect
m
odul
at
i
on.
M
ost
cha
n
nel
s
r
e
ach
3
8
dB
.
T
h
e
dy
nam
i
c
SMSR
d
e
g
ra
de
s
with
i
n
c
reasi
n
g
ex
tin
ction
ratio
(
ER)
of
t
he
m
odul
at
ed
s
i
g
nal
.
W
e
t
y
pi
cal
l
y
l
im
i
t
the
ER
t
o
5~
6
d
B
s
o
that
t
h
e
S
MSR
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
is
l
i
m
ited
to
2
~
3
dB
w
i
t
h
r
espec
t
t
o
t
h
e
st
at
i
c
S
M
S
R
s
w
he
n
n
o
m
odul
at
i
o
n
s
i
gnal
i
s
a
p
pl
i
e
d.
T
he
w
a
v
el
e
ngt
hs
a
re
t
une
d
t
o
t
h
e
93
c
h
a
nnels
i
n
the
IT
U
grid
b
y
adjusting
the
currents
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ann
e
l
selecto
r
e
lectr
o
d
e
f
ro
m
2
5
m
A
t
o
148
m
A
a
nd
the
T
E
C
te
m
p
erature
betwee
n
27
o
C
an
d
78
o
C
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
i
x
e
d
gain electr
o
de
a
re set at
25 m
A
an
d 28
m
A
,
r
esp
ectiv
ely, with
s
m
a
ll
vari
a
t
i
ons
f
or
f
i
n
e
w
a
vel
e
n
g
t
h
t
uni
ng
an
d
out
put
p
owe
r
e
qual
i
zat
i
o
n.
T
h
e
f
i
b
e
r
c
ou
pl
e
d
p
owe
r
r
an
ges
fr
om
5.2
dB
m
t
o
6
.6
d
B
m
f
o
r
t
he
9
3
cha
n
ne
l
s
i
n
th
is d
ev
ice.
In
t
h
e
b
it
error
rate
(
BER)
t
est,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
m
easu
r
ed
a
t
th
e
e
rror
d
etect
or
i
s
pl
otted
against
the
receive
d
powe
r
that
i
s
m
easured
w
ith
a
n
opt
i
cal
p
ower
m
eter.
Ea
c
h
B
ER
v
alue
i
s
m
easured
w
ith
a
t
least
100
errors
.
Fi
gure
3
s
hows
t
he
m
easure
d
b
it
e
r
ror
rate
v
ersus
recei
ve
d
po
we
r
at
2
.
5
G
bps
,
com
p
ari
n
g
bac
k
-t
o-
back
(
b
2
b
)
w
i
t
h
2
5
-
km
S
M
F
t
ran
s
m
i
ssi
on
and
50
-km
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on.
The
receive
r
sensitivity
p
enalty
i
s
less
t
h
an
0
.
5
d
B
fo
r
2
5
-
km
t
rans
m
i
ssi
on
an
d
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
1
d
B
f
o
r
5
0
-
k
m
t
rans
m
i
ssi
on.
T
he
m
ai
n
cause
o
f
po
we
r
penal
t
y
i
s t
h
e
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
i
c
di
s
persi
o
n
due
t
o
wa
vel
e
n
g
t
h
c
hi
r
p
r
el
at
ed t
o
t
h
e
d
i
rect
m
odul
at
i
on.
The
m
easured
b
it
error
rate
v
ersus
receive
d
power
at
5
G
bps
i
s
shows
the
m
easured
b
it
error
rate
vers
us
r
eceive
d
power
a
t
8.5
Gbps
,
c
o
m
p
aring
bac
k
-to-back
w
ith
1
0
-
k
m
SM
F
t
r
ans
m
i
ssi
on.
T
he
p
o
w
e
r
penal
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
abo
v
e
t
w
o
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
on
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
ons
i
s
ab
o
u
t
1
dB
,
a
n
d
e
r
r
o
r
f
r
e
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
in both cases.
Figure 3. Meas
ure
d
BER Ve
r
s
u
s Receive
d Powe
r at 5Gbps
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
2502-
4
752
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
, Vol
.
9
,
N
o.
2
,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
1
8
:
3
27 – 331
33
0
The
m
a
i
n
r
eason
t
h
at
l
im
i
t
s
t
he
a
bo
ve
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
nt
up
t
o
8
.5
G
b/
s
i
s
t
he
freq
u
e
n
cy
r
espo
nse
ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
de
vi
ce,
i
ncl
udi
ng
t
h
e
l
a
ser
chi
p
a
n
d
p
ac
k
a
gi
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
e
asure
d
3
dB
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
devi
ce
i
s
a
bo
ut
5
~
6
G
H
z
f
o
r
di
ffe
re
nt
c
ha
nnel
s
.
We
a
re
c
ur
rent
l
y
d
evel
o
pi
n
g
t
he
l
aser
w
i
t
h
A
l
-
c
ont
ai
ni
ng
m
a
t
e
ri
al
sy
st
em
and i
m
pr
o
v
ed
pac
ka
gi
ng
t
o i
m
pro
v
e t
h
e
ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
reliab
ility
t
ests,
th
e
o
p
tical
c
h
a
racteristics
o
f
t
h
e
m
odul
es
a
re
m
oni
t
o
red
whi
l
e
t
h
ey
a
re
o
p
e
rated
in
a
t
est
ch
am
b
e
r
with
t
e
m
p
e
rature
s
et
a
t
70
o
C
.
S
i
n
ce
no
w
a
v
e
l
engt
h
l
o
c
k
er
i
s
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
T
O
S
A
,
th
e
wav
e
leng
th
a
nd
S
MSR
stab
ilitie
s
are
o
f
prim
ary
co
n
cern.
F
igu
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
SMSR
v
ariation
s
w
ith
tim
e
o
v
e
r
a
10
-d
ay
p
eriod
.
I
t
was
ob
serv
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
wav
e
leng
th
i
n
c
reases
b
y
a
few
pi
com
e
t
e
rs
i
n
the
fi
rst
fi
ve
d
a
y
s
or
s
o
a
nd
t
h
en
g
rad
u
al
l
y
s
t
a
b
ilize,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
S
MSR
remain
s
qu
ite
s
tab
l
e.
T
h
e
cor
r
es
po
n
d
i
n
g
fre
que
ncy
dri
f
t
s
are i
n t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
of
1
GHz
i
n
aver
a
g
e
fo
r
1
2
m
odul
es u
n
d
er
t
est
.
Fig
u
re 4
. W
avelen
g
t
h and
SMSR S
tab
ilities Un
d
e
r Reliabilit
y Tes
t
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
We
h
a
v
e
devel
ope
d
t
u
nabl
e
T
O
S
A
a
nd
S
F
P
t
ranscei
ve
r
m
odul
es
b
as
e
d
on
the
V-ca
vity
l
aser.
Full
C
ban
d
t
uni
ng
o
f
93
c
ha
n
n
el
s
fr
om
152
9.
5
5
-
n
m
t
o
1
56
6.
3
1
-
nm
w
i
t
h
5
0
GHz
s
pacing
i
s
dem
onstrate
d
.
The
dy
nam
i
c SM
SR
i
s abo
v
e
36
dB
f
or al
l
t
h
e c
h
an
nel
s
.
Fo
r t
h
e dat
a
rat
e
at
2
.
5 G
b
ps, e
rr
or
f
ree t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
o
ve
r
50
km
i
s
achi
e
ved
wi
t
h
e
xcel
l
e
nt
m
easured
e
y
e
d
i
a
gram
s.
T
he
r
ec
eiv
e
r
sen
s
itiv
ity
p
en
alty
i
s
less
th
an
0
.5
d
B
for
25-km
transm
ission
and
l
e
ss
th
an
1
d
B
fo
r
50
-k
m
tr
an
smissio
n.
E
rr
or
free
t
r
ansm
i
ssions
a
re
a
l
s
o
ac
hi
eve
d
for
25
k
m
at
5
G
bp
s
and
1
0
k
m
a
t
8
.
5
Gbps.
Th
e
reliab
ility
t
est
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
e
x
cellent
w
av
eleng
t
h
stab
ility
ev
en
t
ho
ugh
n
o
wav
e
len
g
t
h
l
o
ck
er
i
s
u
s
ed
,
th
ank
s
t
o
th
e
bu
ilt-i
n
Fa
bry-Perot
etalons
in
t
he
l
ase
r
.
Sinc
e
the
VC
L
i
s
m
uch
sim
p
l
e
r
and
m
o
re
c
om
pact
c
om
pared
t
o
w
i
d
el
y
t
unabl
e
l
asers
curre
n
tly
a
vailable
in
t
he
m
arket,
the
VCL
-
base
d
tuna
ble
TOSA
a
nd
SFP
m
o
dules
ha
ve
g
reat
pote
n
tial
f
o
r
l
ow
-c
ost
m
a
ss
depl
oy
m
e
nt
i
n
m
e
t
r
o
and access net
w
orks.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Ma
son
B.
,
et al.
,
“Widely
t
un
able
s
ampled
g
ratin
g
DBR
laser
with
i
ntegra
ted
el
e
ctroabsorption
modulator
,”
IE
EE
Photonics
Techn
o
logy Letters
, vo
l/issue: 11
(
6), pp
. 638-640
, 1999
.
[2]
Coldren
L.
A
.
,
“
Monolithic
t
un
able
d
iod
e
l
aser
s,”
IEEE Journ
a
l of Selected T
opics in Quantum Electronics
,
vol/issue: 6(6), p
p. 988-999
, 200
0.
[3]
Tohmori
Y.,
et al.
,
“
B
road-r
ang
e
w
avel
ength-tu
nabl
e
superstru
c
ture
g
rating
(SSG)
DBR
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IEEE journal o
f
quantum electro
nics
, vo
l/issue: 2
9(6), pp
. 1817-1
823, 1993
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[4]
Wa
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.
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,
“
W
i
del
y
t
unabl
e
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onolithic
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i
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rat
e
d
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OA:
D
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J.
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,
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o
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t
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erfor
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idely
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[6]
Berger
J
.
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.,
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,
“Widely
t
u
n
able
e
x
t
ernal
cavity
d
i
o
d
e
l
a
s
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
a
M
E
M
S
e
l
e
c
trost
a
ti
c
rotar
y
a
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t
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”
European Conference
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Optical Communication,
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In
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