I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
May
201
8
,
p
p
.
6
8
7
~6
9
5
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ee
cs
.
v
1
0
.
i2
.
p
p
687
-
6
9
5
687
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
ijeec
s
Dispa
rities in
t
he
Indu
ced
Ra
in At
t
enua
tion be
tw
een
Bea
co
n
(Narro
w
ba
nd)
a
n
d Bro
a
dba
nd Sa
t
ellite
Lin
k
s
in
Tr
o
pica
l
Z
o
nes
I
dris
s
a
A
bu
ba
k
a
r
1
,
J
a
f
ri
Din
*
2
,
H
o
ng
Yin L
a
m
3
1
,
2
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s Ce
n
tre,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
,
S
k
u
d
a
i
8
1
3
1
0
.
3
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
P
a
rit
Ra
ja,
Ba
tu
P
a
h
a
t
8
6
4
0
0
J
o
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
1,
3
S
a
telli
te Ne
tw
o
rk
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s Ce
n
tre (NOC),
Nig
e
rian
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
a
telli
te L
td
,
Ob
a
sa
n
jo
S
p
a
c
e
Ce
n
ter
A
b
u
ja,
Nig
e
ria
.
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
N
ov
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
2
5
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
T
h
e
u
ti
li
s
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
s
a
b
o
v
e
1
0
G
Hz
b
y
th
e
sa
telli
te
in
d
u
stries
to
p
ro
v
i
d
e
th
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
(BW
)
re
q
u
ired
f
o
r
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
m
u
lt
i
m
e
d
ia
se
rv
ice
s,
v
id
e
o
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
in
g
,
d
irec
t
-
to
-
h
o
m
e
T
V
p
ro
g
ra
m
me
s
a
n
d
I
P
d
a
ta
re
q
u
ires
th
e
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
a
tm
o
s
p
h
e
ric
lo
ss
e
s
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
li
n
k
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
sa
telli
te
-
to
-
e
a
rth
li
n
k
s.
T
h
e
trad
e
-
o
f
f
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
se
rv
ice
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
,
d
a
ta
ra
te
a
n
d
BW
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
sc
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
e
rro
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
s
to
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
se
r
v
ice
s
a
lso
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
th
e
li
n
k
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
a
d
v
e
rse
a
t
m
o
sp
h
e
ric
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s,
e
sp
e
c
iall
y
ra
in
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
.
I
n
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
s
tu
d
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
o
n
sp
a
c
e
-
to
-
e
a
r
th
sa
telli
te
li
n
k
s
u
sin
g
th
e
b
e
a
c
o
n
n
a
rro
w
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
I
P
c
a
rrier
sig
n
a
l
s
o
f
a
Nig
c
o
m
sa
t
-
1
R
sa
telli
te
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
a
t
4
2
.
5
°
E.
A
V
S
A
T
re
c
e
i
v
in
g
ter
m
in
a
l
a
t
a
latit
u
d
e
of
7
.
4
°
N,
l
o
n
g
it
u
d
e
of
9
.
0
4
°
E
a
n
d
a
lt
it
u
d
e
o
f
3
3
4
m
a
b
o
v
e
se
a
lev
e
l
w
a
s
u
ti
li
s
e
d
to
q
u
a
n
ti
fy
th
e
ra
in
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
b
e
a
c
o
n
a
n
d
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
sig
n
a
ls
d
u
ri
n
g
ra
in
e
v
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
th
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
th
e
l
in
k
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
c
lea
r
sk
y
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
,
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
s
ig
n
a
l
,
th
e
in
d
u
c
e
d
ra
in
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
o
n
b
e
a
c
o
n
sig
n
a
l
p
re
se
n
t
ed
a
d
isp
a
r
it
y
in
th
e
re
sp
o
n
se
s
,
re
su
lt
in
g
i
n
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
v
a
riatio
n
s
o
f
1
0
.
1
4
d
B
in
t
h
e
c
a
rrier
-
to
-
n
o
ise
ra
ti
o
(C/N)
a
n
d
1
7
.
4
2
d
B
in
th
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
sig
n
a
l
lev
e
l
a
t
a
Ku
-
b
a
n
d
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
1
2
.
5
1
8
G
Hz
.
T
h
e
se
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
s
w
e
re
a
lso
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
th
e
Cra
n
e
g
lo
b
a
l
ra
in
m
a
p
a
n
d
IT
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
1
2
.
Bo
t
h
m
o
d
e
ls
d
isa
g
re
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
v
a
lu
e
s f
o
r
A
b
u
ja,
Nig
e
ria.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Av
ailab
ilit
y
B
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
a
l
R
ain
Atten
u
atio
n
VS
A
T
s
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
af
r
i D
in
,
W
ir
eless
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
C
e
n
tr
e,
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
lec
tr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
,
Sk
u
d
ai
8
1
3
1
0
E
m
ail:
j
af
r
i
@
u
t
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
s
atelli
te
ap
p
licatio
n
s
er
v
ice
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
h
ig
h
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
th
(
B
W
)
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
d
eli
v
er
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
d
ata
r
ate,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
t
a
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
ca
p
ac
it
y
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
B
W
in
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
te
m
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
at
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
i
es
is
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ir
s
h
o
r
ter
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
w
h
e
n
co
llid
in
g
w
it
h
r
ain
d
r
o
p
s
alo
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
ath
,
eit
h
er
b
y
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t o
r
to
tal
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ig
r
atio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
i
g
n
al
s
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
ab
o
v
e
1
0
GHz
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
r
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
e
an
d
m
o
d
el
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
ef
f
ec
t
s
i
n
b
o
th
te
m
p
er
ate
an
d
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
c
h
alle
n
g
es
r
e
m
ai
n
cr
itical.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
6
8
7
–
6
9
5
688
u
s
i
n
g
s
atellite
b
ea
co
n
s
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Natio
n
al
A
er
o
n
au
t
ic
an
d
Sp
ac
e
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
tr
a
tio
n
(
NAS
A
)
w
ith
Ap
p
licatio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Satel
lite
A
T
S
-
5
an
d
A
T
S
-
6
s
a
tellit
es
in
th
e
1
9
7
0
s
,
w
h
i
le
m
an
y
m
o
r
e
ar
e
s
till
b
ei
n
g
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esear
ch
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t g
r
o
u
p
s
.
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
s
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
at
ellites
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
I
NT
E
L
S
AT
s
atellite
f
leets,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
in
t
h
e
Un
i
ted
States
,
J
ap
an
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e,
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
te
m
p
er
ate
r
eg
io
n
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
r
esear
ch
ca
m
p
a
ig
n
s
h
a
v
e
al
s
o
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
c
ted
u
s
in
g
o
th
er
s
atel
lite
s
o
u
r
ce
s
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
ese
co
u
ld
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
to
tal
g
lo
b
al
co
v
er
ag
e.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
atelli
tes
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
s
tu
d
ie
s
ar
e
th
e
C
OM
ST
A
R
,
E
T
S
-
I
I
,
SIRIO
,
C
S,
OL
YM
P
US,
A
ST
R
A
-
2
B
,
SES,
KO
R
E
A
S
A
T
s
,
W
I
NDS
an
d
S
AR
A
C
US
s
atel
lites
.
Si
m
i
lar
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
er
cial
s
atellites,
w
it
h
eit
h
er
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
b
ased
g
e
n
er
ated
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
t
atio
n
s
;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
SIN
O
S
A
T
s
,
I
NDOS
A
T
,
NI
GC
OM
S
A
T
s
,
T
UKS
A
T
an
d
B
E
L
I
NT
E
L
S
A
T
-
1
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
Am
o
n
g
co
m
m
er
cial
s
a
tellite
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
als
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
u
s
ed
as
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
als,
w
it
h
a
n
u
n
m
o
d
u
lated
o
r
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
wav
e
(
C
W
)
ca
r
r
ier
w
ith
a
f
i
x
e
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
to
b
ea
co
n
s
atellite
s
,
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
a
p
p
licati
o
n
ca
r
r
ier
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
s
w
i
th
ce
r
ta
in
d
ef
i
n
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ates
(
T
R
)
in
b
it
s
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
(
b
p
s
)
o
cc
u
p
y
i
n
g
a
ce
r
tain
B
W
at
an
ass
ig
n
ed
t
r
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
b
ea
co
n
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
r
elati
v
e
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lin
k
m
ar
g
i
n
.
T
h
is
w
il
l
h
elp
t
h
e
s
atelli
te
o
p
er
ato
r
s
in
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
ad
e
m
it
ig
at
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lin
k
d
esi
g
n
r
elati
v
e
to
th
e
B
W
ca
p
ac
ity
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Sev
er
a
l
r
ai
n
a
tten
u
atio
n
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
b
y
I
T
U
-
R
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
r
ain
at
ten
u
atio
n
i
n
s
atellite
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
;
n
ev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
o
d
els
d
is
ag
r
ee
w
i
th
th
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
w
it
h
h
ea
v
y
r
ain
f
all.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
i
g
n
a
ls
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
d
if
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
b
ea
co
n
C
W
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
B
W
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tai
n
d
ata
r
ate
to
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
er
v
ice
a
v
ailab
ili
t
y
ab
o
v
e
9
9
%
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
an
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
o
f
eq
u
al
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
als,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
b
ea
co
n
s
.
Satellite
s
er
v
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
w
it
h
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
tr
af
f
ic,
s
u
c
h
as
v
o
ice
co
n
n
ec
tiv
it
y
i
n
v
o
ice
o
v
er
I
P
(
VOI
P
)
,
d
ir
ec
t
-
to
-
h
o
m
e
T
V,
v
id
eo
o
n
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
co
n
f
er
en
c
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
ac
ti
v
e
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
s
e
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
c
an
o
n
l
y
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
u
s
i
n
g
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
,
an
d
h
en
ce
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lin
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t.
A
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al,
in
co
n
tr
ast,
is
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
i
g
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
at
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
in
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
Satell
ite
b
ea
co
n
s
h
a
v
e
v
ital
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
s
a
tellite
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
tele
m
etr
y
s
er
v
ices
i
n
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
-
cr
itical
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
n
av
ig
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
f
leet
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
g
lo
b
al
pos
itio
n
in
g
,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
h
e
n
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
L
-
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
s
ate
llit
e
b
ea
co
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
eliab
l
y
ev
en
in
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ai
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
r
eliab
le
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
li
n
k
a
n
al
y
s
is
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
also
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
li
n
k
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
i
s
cr
itica
l
f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
ate
llit
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
h
i
ch
is
eq
u
all
y
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
p
o
w
er
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
s
p
ec
tr
al
n
o
is
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
r
atio
(
ca
r
r
ier
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
,
C
/N)
r
elatin
g
to
in
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
R
F)
s
ig
n
al
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata
r
ate,
v
id
eo
q
u
alit
y
o
r
au
d
io
f
id
elit
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
o
f
r
ai
n
at
ten
u
a
tio
n
w
il
l
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
in
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
u
s
in
g
b
ea
co
n
s
h
as
n
o
t p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
p
ti
m
al
l
y
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
i
m
p
air
m
en
ts
en
o
u
g
h
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
ain
ef
f
ec
t
[
2
]
.
B
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
AC
T
S
s
atellite
s
w
er
e
s
i
m
ilar
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
r
esear
c
h
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
,
w
h
ile
b
ea
co
n
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
in
cip
all
y
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
p
o
in
ti
n
g
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
in
co
m
m
er
cial
s
ate
llit
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
1
-
d
B
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
u
p
lin
k
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
(
U
P
C
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
HP
A
)
s
atu
r
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
(
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
)
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
t
h
e
Nig
C
o
m
Sa
t
-
1
R
s
atelli
te.
Nig
er
ia
a
n
d
t
h
e
W
es
t
Af
r
ica
n
s
u
b
-
r
eg
io
n
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
o
f
th
e
Ni
g
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
s
a
tellite,
an
d
th
e
y
ar
e
s
itu
ated
i
n
t
h
e
h
e
av
y
r
ai
n
zo
n
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
in
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
r
ain
m
ap
’
s
r
ain
zo
n
e
s
N
a
n
d
P
.
T
h
ese
zo
n
es
m
o
s
tl
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
e
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
co
n
v
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
s
tr
atif
o
r
m
r
ai
n
t
y
p
es,
g
i
v
in
g
r
is
e
to
a
h
i
g
h
r
ain
r
ate,
lo
n
g
er
ev
e
n
t
d
u
r
ati
o
n
an
d
w
id
er
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
[
3
]
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
a
g
r
ee
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
i
n
s
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
ies,
n
o
n
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
eith
er
lin
k
b
u
d
g
et
s
o
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
ad
e
m
i
ti
g
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
er
v
ice
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
1
.
1
Ra
in At
t
enua
t
io
n a
nd
Sa
t
ellit
e
L
in
ks
S
atellite
li
n
k
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
r
ain
atte
n
u
at
io
n
d
ef
i
n
e
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
o
f
ti
m
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
Satel
lite
-
to
-
ea
r
t
h
C
W
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
atten
u
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
VS
A
T
ter
m
in
a
ls
at
a
Ku
-
b
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
er
e
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
ev
alu
a
tio
n.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
r
ai
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ar
e
th
e
C
/N
f
o
r
th
e
R
F
s
i
g
n
al,
w
h
er
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
C
/N
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
lin
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Dis
p
a
r
ities
in
th
e
I
n
d
u
ce
d
R
a
in
A
tten
u
a
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
B
ea
c
o
n
(
N
a
r
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
)
and
…
(
I
d
r
is
s
a
A
b
u
b
a
ka
r
)
689
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
t
h
e
lin
k
,
in
w
h
ic
h
a
lo
w
er
B
E
R
r
esu
lts
i
n
b
etter
lin
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
[
4
]
.
I
n
s
at
elli
te
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
ac
tic
e,
l
in
k
av
aila
b
i
lity
,
r
ain
at
ten
u
ati
o
n
an
d
d
u
r
at
io
n
o
f
o
u
t
ag
e
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
ter
m
s
o
f
s
e
r
v
ic
e
w
h
en
s
u
b
s
cr
i
b
in
g
t
o
s
a
tel
lit
e
t
r
an
s
p
o
n
d
e
r
s
o
p
e
r
a
tin
g
at
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
ci
es
o
f
th
e
Ku
-
b
an
d
an
d
ab
o
v
e
.
T
h
e
u
p
l
in
k
to
d
o
w
n
lin
k
co
m
p
o
s
ite
lo
s
s
es f
r
o
m
r
ain
ef
f
ec
ts
v
a
r
i
es w
ith
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lo
ca
t
io
n
an
d
l
o
ca
l
w
ea
th
er
p
r
o
f
il
e
r
el
ativ
e
t
o
th
e
p
o
in
t
r
a
in
r
at
e
an
d
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
[
4
]
.
1
.
2
T
he
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
1
2
Ra
i
n At
t
enua
t
io
n M
o
del
T
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
12
r
ain
atte
n
u
at
io
n
m
o
d
el
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
a
r
ai
n
f
all
r
ate
at
0
.
1
%
to
0
.
0
0
1
%
o
f
ti
m
e
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
wh
en
t
h
e
li
n
k
i
s
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
b
y
a
r
ain
e
v
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
lo
ca
ti
o
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
es
u
lt
s
to
esti
m
ate
atten
u
atio
n
d
u
e
to
r
ai
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
esti
m
a
tes
o
f
atten
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tatis
t
ics
alo
n
g
t
h
e
s
la
n
t
p
ath
o
f
s
atellite
-
to
-
ea
r
th
atte
n
u
atio
n
at
an
y
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
f
r
o
m
4
–
5
5
GHz
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
0
.
0
1
(
)
[
/
]
R
k
R
d
B
k
m
.
(
1
)
1
.
3
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
8
3
7
-
7
Ra
in Ra
t
e
M
o
del
T
h
is
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
et
h
o
d
ca
lcu
l
ates
th
e
r
ai
n
f
all
r
ate
ex
ce
ed
ed
f
o
r
a
d
esire
d
an
n
u
al
av
er
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ti
m
e
ex
ce
ed
a
n
ce
an
d
a
g
i
v
en
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
ar
th
u
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
m
ap
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
to
tal
r
ain
f
al
l
an
d
m
o
n
th
l
y
m
ea
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
al
r
ai
n
f
al
l
r
ate
d
ata
ex
ce
ed
e
d
f
o
r
0
.
0
1
%
o
f
an
av
er
ag
e
y
ea
r
,
R
0
.
0
1
(
m
m
/
h
)
,
is
also
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
,
an
d
t
h
ese
d
ata
ar
e
av
ailab
le
as
d
ig
ital
m
ap
s
.
I
n
p
u
t p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
:
1.
p
: D
esire
d
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ex
ce
ed
an
ce
(
%);
2.
L
at:
L
atit
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
esire
d
lo
ca
tio
n
(
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
N)
; a
n
d
3.
L
o
n
:
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
esire
d
lo
ca
tio
n
(
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
E
)
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
: Rp
: Rai
n
f
al
l r
ate
ex
ce
ed
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ex
ce
ed
a
n
ce
(
m
m
/
h
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
n
u
m
b
er
ii,
co
n
v
er
t T
ii (
K)
to
tii (
°C
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
n
u
m
b
er
ii,
ca
lcu
late
r
ii a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Fo
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
n
u
m
b
er
ii,
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ain
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
0
100
2
4
*
*
ii
ii
i
i
i
i
MT
P
Nr
(
%)
.
(
2
)
Fo
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
n
u
m
b
er
ii,
wh
er
e
ii
=
{0
1
,
0
2
,
0
3
,
0
4
,
0
5
,
0
6
,
0
7
,
0
8
,
0
9
,
1
0
,
1
1
an
d
1
2
}
,
th
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
m
ea
n
to
tal
r
ain
f
al
l,
MT
ii (
m
m
)
,
at
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
ca
tio
n
(
L
at,
L
o
n
)
h
as b
ee
n
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
f
r
o
m
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
ca
l d
ata.
1
.
4
Appl
ica
t
io
n o
f
Sa
t
ellit
e
B
ea
co
ns
A
s
ate
llit
e
b
ea
co
n
is
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
f
i
x
ed
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
f
i
x
ed
-
p
o
w
er
,
u
n
m
o
d
u
la
ted
C
W
ca
r
r
ie
r
r
ad
iated
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
tellite.
B
ea
co
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
tele
m
e
tr
y
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
i
n
s
p
ac
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
to
E
ar
th
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
ef
f
ec
t
s
an
d
m
i
tig
a
tio
n
s
t
u
d
ies.
C
o
m
m
er
cial
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
atellite
s
u
s
e
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
f
o
r
p
o
in
tin
g
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
atelli
te
p
o
s
itio
n
,
n
av
i
g
atio
n
,
f
leet
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
tical
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
r
esear
ch
in
d
ee
p
s
p
ac
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
[
9
]
.
W
h
en
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
atellite
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
all
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
in
tin
g
t
h
e
ea
r
th
-
s
tatio
n
ter
m
in
al
to
t
h
e
s
atel
lite o
f
in
ter
es
t.
B
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
ca
n
also
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
ain
f
ad
e
f
o
r
au
to
m
at
ic
u
p
li
n
k
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l (
A
UP
C
)
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
1
0
]
.
A
s
a
tellite
b
ea
co
n
ca
n
b
e
an
on
-
b
o
ar
d
C
W
s
ig
n
al
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
ased
,
as
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
N
i
g
C
o
m
Sat
-
1
R
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
w
a
s
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
a
s
a
C
W
(
R
F)
ca
r
r
ier
at
a
14
-
GHz
u
p
li
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
an
Ag
ile
n
t
E
8
2
5
7
D
s
ig
n
al
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
u
p
li
n
k
i
n
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
p
o
lar
i
s
at
io
n
is
at
1
4
GHz
,
an
d
t
h
e
v
er
t
i
ca
l
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
is
at
1
2
GHz
[
9
-
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
e
v
en
o
p
er
ates
o
p
ti
m
all
y
in
ad
v
er
s
e
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s,
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
a
g
o
o
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
ea
r
th
-
s
tatio
n
p
o
i
n
ti
n
g
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
.
R
ai
n
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
in
a
Ku
-
b
an
d
b
ea
co
n
is
u
s
u
all
y
esti
m
ated
at
1
–
5
d
B
;
h
o
w
ev
e
r
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
clim
a
to
lo
g
y
a
n
d
r
ain
r
ate
(
R
0
.
0
1
)
,
th
is
is
n
o
t
r
ea
lis
tic
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
r
ain
r
eg
io
n
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
is
in
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
±
2
d
B
;
th
is
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
s
ite
o
f
th
e
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
ca
m
p
u
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
6
8
7
–
6
9
5
690
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
w
a
v
e
(
CW
)
B
ea
c
o
n
Sig
n
al
S
h
o
w
i
n
g
a
Stab
ilit
y
o
f
2
d
B
,
Me
asu
r
e
d
at
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
,
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
tab
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
ain
ev
e
n
t
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
UT
M,
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
s
a
m
p
led
at
r
ate
s
o
f
0
.
5
Hz
an
d
1
Hz
f
o
r
f
ad
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
ea
co
n
w
ith
in
2
d
B
,
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
w
et
ev
e
n
t
s
[
1
0
]
,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
atten
u
atio
n
i
s
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
lin
k
o
u
ta
g
e
s
o
f
d
ir
ec
t b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t satellite (
DB
S)
telev
i
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices.
1
.
5
I
nd
uced
At
t
enua
t
io
n o
n a
Co
m
po
s
it
e
L
in
k
A
co
m
p
o
s
ite
li
n
k
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
u
p
lin
k
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
lo
o
p
s
alo
n
g
t
h
e
r
et
u
r
n
p
at
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
atellite
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
es
i
n
d
u
ce
d
alo
n
g
t
h
e
r
etu
r
n
li
n
k
d
u
e
to
at
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
n
o
is
e
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
er
m
a
l
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
7
]
,
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
lin
k
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
s
an
d
in
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
et.
SatMa
s
ter
-
P
r
o
is
a
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
et
s
o
f
t
war
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
lin
k
b
u
d
g
et
a
n
d
p
ath
lo
s
s
e
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
lin
k
m
ar
g
in
b
y
s
a
tellite
i
n
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
(
I
SP
s
)
.
T
h
ese
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
ath
ef
f
ec
t
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
s
1
,
2
an
d
3
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
r
ain
r
ate
m
o
d
el
v
alu
e
,
C
r
an
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ap
r
ain
zo
n
e
s
a
n
d
r
ain
g
au
g
e
–
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ain
r
ate
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
h
o
w
s
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
ain
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
atte
n
u
atio
n
,
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
2
1
.
8
4
d
B
,
1
8
.
7
5
d
B
an
d
2
6
.
5
7
d
B
.
T
h
is
also
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
a
t r
ain
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
v
ar
ies
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
ain
r
ate.
Fo
r
th
e
Ni
g
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
co
m
p
o
s
ite
li
n
k
s,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
a
tell
ite
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
l
o
ca
l c
li
m
ato
lo
g
y
[
8
]
:
1.
Nig
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
s
at
ellite
p
o
s
itio
n
=
4
2
.
5
°
E
,
o
p
er
a
tin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
=
1
4
/1
2
GHz
,
p
o
lar
i
s
atio
n
=
9
0
;
2.
R
ain
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
:
I
T
U
-
R
=
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
,
c
r
an
e
=
9
0
m
m
/
h
,
r
ain
g
au
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
=
1
4
0
.
0
m
m
/
h
,
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
a
v
a
ilab
ilit
y
=
9
9
.
9
8
%;
an
d
3.
T
o
tal
s
y
s
te
m
n
o
is
e:
2
9
0
K;
l
o
o
k
an
g
le
=
4
7
.
8
3
°
;
t
r
u
e
s
atellite
a
zi
m
u
t
h
=
1
0
2
.
7
2
°
;
p
a
th
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
s
atellite
=
3
7
,
2
1
7
.
4
1
k
m
.
T
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
837
-
7
r
ain
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
a
r
ai
n
r
ate
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
,
w
h
ile
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
C
r
an
e
g
lo
b
al
r
ai
n
m
ap
,
it
i
s
9
0
m
m
/
h
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
lb
)
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ai
n
r
ate
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
R
G3
-
M
r
ai
n
g
au
g
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
140
m
m
/h
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
b
o
th
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
an
d
C
r
a
n
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
ai
n
r
ate
f
o
r
A
b
u
j
a
,
Nig
er
ia.
Si
m
i
lar
d
is
p
ar
it
y
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
w
it
h
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
a)
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
v
ar
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
9
0
m
m
/
h
to
1
4
0
m
m
/h
(
F
ig
u
r
e
2
b
)
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
it
y
m
o
ti
v
ated
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
s
th
eir
p
r
ed
ictio
n
d
id
n
o
t sh
o
w
s
a
tis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
a.
Glo
b
al
R
ain
Ma
p
S
h
o
w
in
g
Ni
g
er
ia
at
90
m
m
/
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
b
.
C
C
DF o
f
Me
a
s
u
r
ed
R
ain
r
ate
S
h
o
w
in
g
140
m
m
/h
,
a
g
ai
n
s
t t
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
Mo
d
el
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
R
a
i
n
r
a
t
e
m
m
/
h
E
x
c
e
e
d
a
n
c
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
K
u
a
l
a
L
u
m
p
u
r
3
y
e
a
r
s
J
o
h
o
r
B
a
h
r
u
1
y
e
a
r
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
8
3
7
-
5
A
b
u
j
a
-
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Dis
p
a
r
ities
in
th
e
I
n
d
u
ce
d
R
a
in
A
tten
u
a
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
B
ea
c
o
n
(
N
a
r
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
)
and
…
(
I
d
r
is
s
a
A
b
u
b
a
ka
r
)
691
Fro
m
th
e
co
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
C
C
DF
)
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
b
,
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
8
3
7
-
7
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
/h
f
o
r
A
b
u
j
a
,
Nig
er
ia
,
w
h
i
le
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
p
r
esen
te
d
1
4
0
m
m
/h
.
T
h
es
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
er
e
th
e
n
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
SatMa
s
ter
-
P
r
o
s
atellite
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
,
an
d
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
s
1
,
2
an
d
3
,
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
atte
n
u
at
io
n
v
a
lu
es
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
r
ain
r
ate
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
atellite
-
to
-
ea
r
th
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
,
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
s
i
g
n
al
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
b
ea
co
n
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
lin
k
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
T
U
-
R
R
ain
M
o
d
el
with
a
R
ai
n
R
a
te
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
R
a
i
n
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
1
.
8
4
dB
T
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
3
.
1
4
dB
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
y
e
a
r
)
9
9
.
9
9
%
T
ab
le
2
.
C
r
an
e
G
lo
b
al
R
ain
M
o
d
el
w
ith
a
R
ai
n
R
ate
o
f
9
0
m
m
/
h
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
s
U
n
i
t
R
a
i
n
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
1
8
.
7
5
dB
T
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
.
0
5
dB
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
y
e
a
r
)
9
9
.
9
9
%
T
ab
le
3
.
R
ain
Gau
g
e
–
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
P
o
in
t
R
ain
R
ate
o
f
1
4
0
m
m
/
h
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
R
a
i
n
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
6
.
5
7
dB
T
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
7
.
8
7
dB
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
y
e
a
r
)
9
9
.
9
9
%
I
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
ain
att
en
u
at
io
n
v
ar
ies
w
it
h
th
e
r
ain
r
ate
.
T
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
a
r
ain
r
ate
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
/h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
atte
n
u
ati
o
n
o
f
2
1
.
8
4
d
B
,
C
r
an
e
w
it
h
a
r
ain
r
ate
o
f
9
0
m
m
/h
p
r
ese
n
t
s
1
8
.
7
5
d
B
an
d
th
e
r
ain
g
a
u
g
e
–
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
in
t r
ain
r
ate
o
f
1
4
0
m
m
/
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
atten
u
atio
n
o
f
2
6
.
5
7
d
B
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
to
asce
r
tain
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
ea
co
n
C
W
s
ig
n
a
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
/N
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
s
i
g
n
al
le
v
el
(
R
x
)
.
A
ll
t
h
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
li
n
k
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
li
n
k
m
ar
g
i
n
a
n
d
u
p
li
n
k
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
lo
s
s
es e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
VSA
T
.
T
h
e
Nig
C
o
m
Sat
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
ac
il
it
y
an
d
Ni
g
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
s
atelli
t
e
w
er
e
u
til
is
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
it
h
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
a
Nig
c
o
m
s
at
-
1
R
o
r
b
ital
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
4
2
.
5
°E,
u
p
lin
k
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
4
GHz
,
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
2
G
Hz
a
n
d
Ho
r
izo
n
tal/Ver
tical
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
et
u
p
co
m
p
r
is
ed
t
w
o
u
n
i
ts
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
V
S
A
T
s
co
-
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
ain
ce
ll.
T
h
ese
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
n
its
w
er
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
a
b
ea
co
n
-
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ter
m
i
n
al
o
n
r
ec
eiv
e
-
o
n
l
y
m
o
d
e
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ter
m
in
a
l
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
it
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
e
ch
a
n
n
els
in
th
e
DVB
-
S2
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
a
ti
m
e
d
iv
i
s
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
s
ch
e
m
e
w
it
h
o
th
er
VS
A
T
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
i
n
g
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
b
ea
co
n
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
b
ea
c
o
n
VS
A
T
w
as
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
to
r
ec
eiv
e
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
s
atel
l
ite
d
o
w
n
lin
k
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
VSA
T
w
a
s
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
m
o
d
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
I
P
s
er
v
ice
s
.
T
h
is
w
a
s
to
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ain
a
tten
u
ati
o
n
in
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
ea
co
n
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
i
g
n
al.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
u
n
it
o
f
a
V
S
A
T
an
ten
n
a
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
u
n
it
v
ia
an
i
n
ter
f
ac
ilit
y
l
in
k
u
s
i
n
g
co
ax
ia
l
ca
b
le
(
ca
t6
)
to
m
i
n
i
m
i
s
e
th
e
c
ab
le
lo
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ter
m
in
al
s
ch
e
m
atic
.
T
ab
le
4
.
E
ar
th
Statio
n
P
ar
am
e
ter
s
f
o
r
th
e
B
ea
co
n
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
W
av
e
(
C
W
)
an
d
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
C
ar
r
ier
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
s
V
S
A
T
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
Ty
p
e
O
f
f
se
t
D
i
a
me
t
e
r
1
.
8
m
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
1
2
.
5
1
8
G
H
z
P
o
l
a
r
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
A
z
i
mu
t
h
1
0
2
L
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
7
.
1
4
°
N
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
9
.
0
2
°
E
A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
3
3
4
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
6
8
7
–
6
9
5
692
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
B
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
VSA
T
O
u
td
o
o
r
Un
it
R
ec
eiv
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
Ku
-
B
an
d
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
f
r
o
m
Nig
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ku
-
B
a
n
d
B
ea
co
n
R
ec
eiv
er
Set
u
p
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
Nig
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
An
al
y
s
er
.
T
h
e
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
–
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
t
er
m
in
a
l
w
as i
n
s
tal
led
w
i
th
a
cl
ea
r
lin
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t (
L
O
S)
to
th
e
s
atellite
f
ield
o
f
v
ie
w
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
ec
eiv
ed
C
W
ca
r
r
ier
w
as
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
ed
o
n
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
al
y
s
er
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
R
F
s
ig
n
al
s
p
lit
ter
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
u
n
it
w
as
f
it
ted
w
it
h
a
lo
w
n
o
is
e
b
lo
ck
(
L
NB
)
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
atellite
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
t
it
t
o
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
I
F)
o
f
1
5
0
0
MH
z.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
was
th
e
n
a
m
p
li
f
ied
as d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
a
u
n
d
er
a
clea
r
s
k
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
d
b
ea
co
n
ca
r
r
ier
s
;
Fig
u
r
e
5
b
s
h
o
w
s
o
n
l
y
th
e
b
ea
co
n
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
ai
n
ev
e
n
t
,
wh
en
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
w
as c
o
m
p
l
etel
y
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
d
u
e
to
r
ain
atten
u
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
VSA
T
s
ig
n
al
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
al
y
s
er
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
a
);
it
is
t
y
p
i
ca
ll
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
t
y
w
it
h
s
e
v
er
al
ca
r
r
ier
s
s
h
ar
in
g
a
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ain
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
atte
n
u
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
ter
m
i
n
al
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
an
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
li
n
k
d
esi
g
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
b
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ea
co
n
d
u
r
in
g
r
ai
n
e
v
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
ate
llit
e
li
n
k
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
a
a
n
d
5
b
u
n
d
er
a
cl
ea
r
s
k
y
an
d
w
et/r
ai
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
,
ca
n
b
e
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
r
ain
e
f
f
ec
t a
n
d
t
h
e
lev
e
l o
f
atte
n
u
at
io
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
test
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
a.
C
lear
Sk
y
S
h
o
w
in
g
Mu
ltip
le
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
C
ar
r
ier
s
o
n
Nig
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
er
s
an
d
B
ea
co
n
Sig
n
als
i
n
Delta
Ma
r
k
er
1.
Fig
u
r
e
5
b
.
R
ain
E
v
e
n
t S
h
o
w
i
n
g
No
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
C
ar
r
ier
,
w
it
h
O
n
l
y
B
ea
co
n
Si
g
n
als
o
n
t
h
e
S
p
ec
tr
u
m
A
n
al
y
s
er
,
w
it
h
th
e
B
ea
co
n
i
n
Delta
Ma
r
k
er
1.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fro
m
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
,
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
1
2
an
d
C
r
an
e
m
o
d
el
s
b
o
th
s
h
o
w
ed
a
clea
r
d
iv
er
g
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
,
as
w
ell
a
s
th
e
r
ain
g
au
g
e
–
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ain
r
ate.
W
h
ile
th
e
C
r
a
n
e
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
w
ed
r
elativ
el
y
clo
s
e
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
ith
t
h
e
ITU
-
R
m
o
d
el,
b
o
th
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ated
th
e
r
ain
r
ate
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Nig
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
s
ate
llit
e
;
h
en
ce
,
th
e
atten
u
atio
n
w
as a
ls
o
u
n
d
e
r
esti
m
ated
,
lead
in
g
to
a
lo
w
er
lin
k
m
ar
g
i
n
.
3
.
1
.
L
ink
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
a
tellite
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
is
g
en
er
all
y
p
r
esen
ted
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
/N
r
atio
,
illu
s
tr
ati
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
a
lit
y
,
o
r
th
e
B
E
R
,
v
id
eo
i
m
p
air
m
e
n
t
s
an
d
au
d
io
f
id
elit
y
.
Si
n
ce
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
i
th
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
r
a
in
r
ate,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ad
e
m
ar
g
in
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
r
ai
n
f
a
ll
r
ate
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
al
y
s
er
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
a
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
p
o
w
er
ab
o
v
e
th
e
n
o
is
e
lev
el
o
f
1
2
.
5
6
d
B
f
o
r
th
e
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
(
d
elta
m
ar
k
er
1
)
an
d
1
2
.
0
2
d
B
f
o
r
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Dis
p
a
r
ities
in
th
e
I
n
d
u
ce
d
R
a
in
A
tten
u
a
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
B
ea
c
o
n
(
N
a
r
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
)
and
…
(
I
d
r
is
s
a
A
b
u
b
a
ka
r
)
693
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
o
n
a
1
0
d
B
p
er
d
iv
is
io
n
s
ca
le.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
a
d
ep
icts
b
o
th
th
e
b
ea
co
n
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
als
a
t
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
th
e
s
a
m
e
le
v
el
u
n
d
er
clea
r
s
k
y
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
o
f
Ni
g
co
m
s
at
-
1
R
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
ain
ev
en
t
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
b
,
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
ai
n
e
v
e
n
t
last
i
n
g
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t 1
,
2
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
at
a
h
i
g
h
er
r
ate
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
,
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ca
r
r
ier
is
co
m
p
lete
l
y
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
a
in
e
f
f
ec
t,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
is
s
till
av
ai
lab
le.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
u
ch
h
i
g
h
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
to
w
it
h
s
t
an
d
th
e
r
ain
ef
f
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ain
att
en
u
at
io
n
o
n
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
zo
n
es
u
s
u
all
y
m
a
k
e
s
it
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
en
t
h
e
C
/N
d
r
o
p
s
b
y
6
d
B
,
as
p
r
ed
ic
ted
b
y
s
ev
e
r
al
r
ain
at
ten
u
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
els,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
8
3
7
-
7
.
Sim
ilar
l
y
,
Fig
u
r
es
6
an
d
7
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
1
4
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
s
u
n
d
er
a
clea
r
s
k
y
,
w
h
ile
Fi
g
u
r
es
8
an
d
9
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
ain
’
s
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
o
th
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
d
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
s
m
e
asu
r
ed
o
n
1
5
J
u
n
e
2016.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
lear
S
k
y
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
S
ig
n
al
w
ith
a
C
ar
r
ier
-
to
-
No
i
s
e
R
atio
(
C
/
N
)
ab
o
v
e
1
2
d
B
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
lear
Sk
y
Nar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
B
ea
co
n
Sig
n
al
w
it
h
Stab
ilit
y
o
f
2
d
B
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
i
g
n
al
’s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
,
w
h
ile
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
lin
k
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
last
ed
u
p
to
7
8
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
b
o
t
h
tr
an
s
m
it a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
p
o
w
er
le
v
el
,
w
h
i
le
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
e
x
h
ib
ited
r
elativ
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
Sig
n
al
with
A
C
ar
r
ier
-
to
-
No
is
e
R
atio
(
C
/N)
o
f
5
.
6
8
d
B
B
elo
w
th
e
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
,
w
it
h
A
b
o
u
t
700
Seco
n
d
s
o
f
Fa
d
e
C
o
n
d
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Nar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
B
ea
co
n
Sig
n
al
Se
n
s
it
iv
i
t
y
of
5
d
B
u
n
d
er
A
R
ai
n
E
v
en
t
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
e
B
W
’
s
ca
p
ac
it
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
s
3
an
d
4
w
h
e
n
a
1
-
Hz
BW
is
ap
p
lied
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
C
/N
f
o
r
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
li
m
it
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
B
W
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
C
/N
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
B
W
p
o
w
er
s
h
o
w
n
,
as
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
’s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
a
an
d
5
b
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
as
a
r
atio
o
f
th
e
s
atellite
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ate
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
5
:
Re
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
b
R
q
o
w
E
T
C
N
N
B
,
(
3
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
10
20
30
T
i
m
e
S
e
c
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
d
B
N
C
S
I
T
J
u
n
e
1
4
C
L
R
S
K
Y
C
/
N
R
A
T
I
O
T
X
P
O
W
E
R
R
X
P
O
W
E
R
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
10
20
30
T
i
m
e
M
i
n
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
d
B
K
u
B
e
a
c
o
n
E
v
e
n
t
2
C
/
N
R
a
t
i
o
R
x
P
o
w
e
r
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
10
20
30
T
i
m
e
S
e
c
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
d
B
N
C
S
I
T
J
u
n
e
1
5
R
E
V
E
N
T
2
C
/
N
R
A
T
I
O
T
X
P
O
W
E
R
R
X
P
O
W
E
R
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
10
20
30
T
i
m
e
M
i
n
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
L
e
v
e
l
d
B
K
u
B
e
a
c
o
n
E
v
e
n
t
2
C
/
N
R
a
t
i
o
R
x
P
o
w
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
6
8
7
–
6
9
5
694
Fo
r
a
u
n
it
y
BW
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
,
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
it
y
b
ec
o
m
e
s
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
b
R
oo
E
C
T
NN
(
4
)
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
C
/N
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
f
r
o
m
1
0
l
o
g
w
O
c
c
o
CC
B
NN
.
(
5
)
E
q
u
atio
n
5
also
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
e
B
W
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
(
B
w
)
i
n
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
er
v
ices
,
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
cr
itical
in
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
s
o
f
a
C
W
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
T
R
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
al
s
o
a
cr
i
tic
al
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r
BW
,
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
n
b
o
th
s
i
g
n
a
ls
.
T
ab
le
5
.
B
ea
co
n
an
d
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
Sig
n
al
s
’
R
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
C
lear
S
k
y
a
n
d
R
ai
n
E
v
e
n
t
L
o
s
s
es
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
l
e
a
r
-
s
ky
C/N
(
d
B
)
R
a
i
n
C
/
N
(
d
B
)
C
l
e
a
r
-
s
ky
R
x
(
d
B
R
a
i
n
R
x
(
d
B
)
R
x
l
o
ss
d
B
(
c
l
e
a
r
sk
y
/
r
a
i
n
)
B
e
a
c
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
1
8
.
3
5
1
5
.
8
2
-
2
8
.
4
6
-
3
5
.
4
9
7
.
0
3
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
1
3
.
1
0
5
.
6
8
-
2
8
.
1
9
-
4
5
.
6
1
1
7
.
4
2
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
5
.
2
5
1
0
.
1
4
0
.
2
7
1
0
.
1
2
1
0
.
3
9
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
s
ig
n
als
u
n
d
er
clea
r
s
k
y
an
d
r
ain
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s,
w
it
h
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t 1
7
.
4
2
d
B
;
th
e
b
ea
co
n
o
n
l
y
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
d
a
lo
s
s
o
f
7
.
0
3
d
B
.
Sim
ilar
l
y
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
v
ar
ia
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
be
ac
o
n
w
as
1
0
.
1
2
d
B
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ain
ef
f
ec
t
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
5
a
s
a
f
ac
to
r
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
atellite
li
n
k
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
li
m
it
i
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
C
/
N
(
C
/N
R
eq
)
,
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
p
er
b
it
to
T
R
,
an
d
t
h
e
B
W
.
T
h
e
C
/
N
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
.
1
4
d
B
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
(
R
x
)
o
f
1
0
.
1
2
d
B
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
c
lear
s
k
y
a
n
d
r
ai
n
e
v
en
t
s
ca
lls
f
o
r
a
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
i
m
p
air
m
en
t
m
iti
g
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
o
wn
li
n
k
s
i
g
n
al
w
as
u
s
ed
to
e
s
ti
m
ate
t
h
e
atten
u
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
u
p
lin
k
s
i
g
n
al
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
ca
l a
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
atte
n
u
atio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
i
zin
g
o
f
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
et
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
h
e
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
to
b
e
u
tili
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
i
s
ev
alu
a
tio
n
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
E
q
u
atio
n
5
.
T
h
is
p
o
i
n
t
s
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
a
b
ea
co
n
s
i
g
n
al
(
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
)
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
u
c
h
b
etter
in
b
ad
wea
th
er
,
d
u
e
to
it
s
h
i
g
h
er
g
ai
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
n
ar
r
o
w
,
f
o
cu
s
s
ed
r
ad
io
-
w
a
v
e
b
ea
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
ar
e
o
p
ti
m
al
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
d
i
s
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
ea
co
n
’
s
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
s
o
tr
o
p
ic
r
ad
iated
p
o
w
er
(
E
I
R
P
)
an
d
lo
w
er
lo
s
s
es
[
1
4
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
s
f
o
r
r
ain
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
l
in
k
m
ar
g
in
ap
p
lica
tio
n
i
n
VS
A
T
s
w
i
ll
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ain
r
ate
d
et
er
m
in
e
s
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
atten
u
atio
n
an
d
p
o
w
er
m
ar
g
i
n
f
o
r
li
n
k
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
;
u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
w
ill
r
esu
lt
i
n
less
m
ar
g
i
n
allo
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
atel
y
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
is
lo
s
s
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
i
m
p
air
m
e
n
t
m
iti
g
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
(
P
I
MT
s
)
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
b
ee
n
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
MO
E
)
an
d
UT
M
u
n
d
er
“
HI
C
OE
R
esear
ch
Gr
a
n
t”
Vo
t.
No
.
R
.
J
.
1
3
0
0
0
0
.
7
8
2
3
.
4
J
2
2
1
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
v
er
y
g
r
atef
u
l
f
o
r
all
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
e
n
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
O.
O.
Ob
i
y
e
m
i
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
Ra
in
f
a
ll
v
a
riab
il
it
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
in
Nig
e
r
ia”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
2
5
issu
e
1
,
m
a
y
,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Dis
p
a
r
ities
in
th
e
I
n
d
u
ce
d
R
a
in
A
tten
u
a
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
B
ea
c
o
n
(
N
a
r
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
)
and
…
(
I
d
r
is
s
a
A
b
u
b
a
ka
r
)
695
[2
]
J.
S
.
M
a
n
d
e
e
p
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
Ra
in
f
a
ll
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
Ku
-
b
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
li
n
k
d
e
sig
n
i
n
ra
in
y
T
ro
p
ica
l
Cli
m
a
te”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ge
o
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
”
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
A
.
D.
P
a
n
a
g
o
p
o
u
lo
s,
e
t
a
l,
“
S
a
t
e
ll
it
e
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
a
t
Ku
,
K
a
,
a
n
d
V
-
b
a
n
d
s:
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
i
mp
a
irme
n
ts
a
n
d
miti
g
a
t
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,”
IEE
E
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
u
rv
e
y
s
T
u
to
rials,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
-
1
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
A
.
Id
rissa
,
e
t
a
l,
“
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Co
d
in
g
a
n
d
M
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
a
telli
te
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
li
n
k
s
in
h
e
a
v
y
ra
in
re
g
io
n
:
a
n
o
p
e
ra
to
r’s
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ied
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(
AR
PN)
,
V
o
l
1
1
No
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
8
5
8
-
7
8
6
1
,
Ju
n
e
,
2
0
1
6
[5
]
IT
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
12
“
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
d
a
ta
a
n
d
p
re
d
ictio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
re
q
u
ired
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
Earth
-
sp
a
c
e
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
s”
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
IT
U
-
R
P
.
8
3
7
-
7
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
p
re
c
ip
it
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
”
2
0
1
3
.
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Un
io
n
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
o
n
Ra
d
i
o
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
.
[7
]
D.Y.
Ch
o
i
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
C
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
m
e
a
su
re
d
ra
in
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
1
2
.
2
5
G
Hz
b
a
n
d
w
it
h
p
re
d
icti
o
n
s
u
sin
g
IT
U
-
R
m
o
d
e
l”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
An
ten
n
a
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
Hi
n
d
a
wi
Pu
b
li
sh
i
n
g
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
Av
a
d
h
Na
n
d
ra
e
t
a
l
,
“
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
S
a
telli
te
L
in
k
De
si
g
n
”
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
DO
I:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
ECON.
2
0
0
8
[9
]
S
e
lv
a
c
h
a
n
d
ra
n
Ko
g
u
lan
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
we
a
th
e
r
o
n
Be
a
c
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
lev
e
l”,
www.so
u
rc
e
fo
rg
e
.
isa
e
.
fr/
p
ro
jec
ts 2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
F
é
li
x
Cu
e
rv
o
e
t
a
l
,
“
Ka
-
b
a
n
d
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
c
a
m
p
a
ig
n
in
M
a
la
y
sia
-
f
irst
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
site
d
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
a
ly
sis”
IEE
Exp
lo
re
-
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
(
Eu
CAP
),
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
L
.
G
a
n
g
“
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
T
DM
A
Hig
h
lyM
o
b
il
e
S
a
tco
mS
ta
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
”
4
th
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
V
o
lu
m
e
8
2
o
f
IP
CBEE
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
J.
Bo
rd
e
r
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
P
ro
x
ies
In
ten
d
e
d
t
o
M
it
ig
a
te L
i
n
k
-
Re
late
d
De
g
r
a
d
a
ti
o
n
s”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ne
two
r
k
W
o
rk
in
g
Gr
o
u
p
NA
S
A
Gle
n
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
Ce
n
ter
M
o
n
ten
e
g
ro
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
G
.
I
m
m
a
d
i,
e
t
a
l,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ra
in
A
tt
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Ku
Ba
n
d
sa
telli
te
sig
n
a
l
in
tr
o
p
ica
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
DA
H,
S
A
M
m
o
d
e
ls”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
sc
ien
c
e
s,
Asia
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
Pu
b
li
sh
i
n
g
Ne
two
rk
(
AR
PN),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
No
.
4
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
Ka
n
e
k
o
,
Ka
z
u
m
a
,
e
t
a
l.
"
An
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
fl
e
x
ib
le
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
u
ti
l
iza
ti
o
n
i
n
h
i
g
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
sa
telli
te
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
ms
wit
h
d
ig
i
ta
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
li
ze
r."
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(ICC),
2
0
1
7
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
.
I
EE
E
,
2
0
1
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Id
rissa
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r,
Ob
tain
e
d
(B
.
En
g
)
-
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
,
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
id
u
g
u
ri
,
Nig
e
ria 2
0
0
1
.
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
Ce
rti
f
ica
te i
n
S
p
a
c
e
S
y
ste
m
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
a
tell
i
te
P
a
y
lo
a
d
,
f
ro
m
Ch
in
a
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
p
a
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(C
A
S
T
)
,
S
h
e
n
z
h
o
u
I
n
stit
u
te,
Be
ij
i
n
g
,
2
0
0
7
.
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
g
re
e
(M
.
En
g
)
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic an
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Be
i
h
a
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
ij
in
g
Ch
in
a
,
2
0
0
1
2
.
R
e
se
a
rc
h
stu
d
y
in
S
p
a
c
e
to
E
a
rt
h
S
a
telli
te
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
su
p
e
rv
isio
n
o
f
P
r
o
f
.
M
a
d
y
a
D
r.
Ja
f
ri
Din
.
W
o
rk
e
d
a
t
Nig
e
rian
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
p
a
c
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
A
g
e
n
c
y
,
A
b
u
ja.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
w
it
h
N
e
tw
o
rk
O
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
C
e
n
ter an
d
S
a
telli
te
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Div
isio
n
o
f
Nig
e
rian
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
a
telli
te
(
Nig
C
o
m
S
a
t
)
L
td
,
A
lso
w
o
rk
e
d
w
it
h
a
s f
ield
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
w
it
h
In
te
r
C
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ni
g
e
ria P
L
C
, a
M
o
b
il
e
/
F
ix
e
d
W
irele
ss
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
o
ff
e
rin
g
b
o
th
G
S
M
a
n
d
CDMA
w
ir
e
les
s se
r
v
ice
s in
Nig
e
ria.
Ja
f
ri
Bin
Din
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is BS
EE
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
T
ri
-
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ian
a
USA
in
1
9
8
8
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
9
7
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
He
a
d
o
f
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
ts,
Un
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te A
c
a
d
e
m
ic M
a
n
a
g
e
r
De
p
u
ty
De
a
n
(
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t)
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(F
KE)
UT
M
f
ro
m
2
0
0
8
ti
ll
2
0
1
3
.
He
is cu
rre
n
tl
y
th
e
De
p
u
ty
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
Ce
n
ter (W
CC)
UT
M
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
rre
late
d
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ra
d
io
w
a
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
sa
telli
te
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Hig
h
A
lt
it
u
d
e
p
latf
o
rm
sta
ti
o
n
s (
HA
P
S
),
S
a
telli
te T
V
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
stin
g
,
W
e
a
th
e
r
Ra
d
a
r
a
n
d
so
u
n
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
f
ish
e
ries
In
d
u
stry
.
Ho
n
g
Yin
L
a
m
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
E
n
g
.
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
)
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
,
in
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
th
e
n
se
rv
e
d
a
s a
p
o
std
o
c
t
o
ra
l
f
e
ll
o
w
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(UT
M
),
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
is cu
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rs
it
i
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
sin
c
e
2
0
0
7
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
re
lativ
e
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ra
d
io
w
a
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
th
e
a
tm
o
sp
h
e
re
,
w
it
h
sp
e
c
if
ic
f
o
c
u
s o
n
ra
in
(ra
in
d
ro
p
s
ize
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
str
u
c
tu
re
s c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
)
f
o
r
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
L
a
m
is a re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
th
e
Yo
u
n
g
S
c
ien
t
ist
A
wa
rd
s a
t
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
s a
n
d
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
(IS
A
P
),
J
a
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
A
sia
P
a
c
if
ic Rad
io
S
c
ien
c
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
T
a
i
wa
n
,
in
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.