Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
C
omputer
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
265
~
272
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
265
-
272
265
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
T
owards u
sing UA
V
fo
r
i
mp
r
ov
in
g 5G cell
ular
com
mu
nicati
on
systems
Moham
ed El
Sayed
Kotb
1
,
Wagd
y R. Ani
s
2
,
A
hmed
A.
Ab
d
-
El
hafez
3
1
Studen
t
i
n
F
ac
u
lty
of
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g
-
Ain
-
Sham
s Un
ive
rsit
y
(AS
U), Eg
y
p
t
2
Pr
ofe
ss
or
in
F
a
cul
t
y
of Enginee
ring
Ain
-
Sham
s Unive
rsit
y
(AS
U),
Eg
y
p
t
3
Com
m
unic
at
ions De
par
tment
,
M
il
itar
y
Techni
c
al Col
l
age
(MTC),
Eg
y
pt
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
10
, 202
1
Re
vised
Jun
5
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
1,
2021
Unm
anne
d
ae
ri
al
veh
ic
l
es
(UA
Vs
)
have
spark
ed
a
lo
t
of
in
t
ere
st
in
the
wire
le
ss
net
wor
king
comm
unity
as
an
emergi
n
g
subjec
t
in
ae
r
ia
l
robot
ic
s.
The
UA
V
envi
ronm
ent
ca
n
be
used
to
improve
UA
V
com
m
u
nic
a
ti
ons
in
var
ious
wa
y
s.
The
se
sm
art
de
vic
es
cate
r
for
a
br
oad
var
i
ety
of
wire
le
ss
te
chno
logi
es
an
d
appl
icati
ons
bec
ause
of
UA
V's
inhe
ren
t
featur
es
rel
ated
to
ver
satile
m
obil
ity
in
3D
spac
e
,
a
utonomous
oper
at
ions
as
well
as
int
ellige
n
t
positi
oning.
Th
i
s
stud
y
wi
ll
inv
esti
gate
the
con
ver
gence
s
y
ner
g
ie
s
be
twee
n
5G/B
5G
m
obil
e
s
y
stems
and
UA
V
te
chnol
og
ie
s,
with
the
UA
V
bei
ng
int
egr
at
ed
int
o
c
urre
nt
c
el
lu
la
r
n
et
works
as
a
m
oder
n
ae
r
ia
l
us
er
equi
pm
ent
(UE).
In
th
is
int
egr
at
ion
,
UA
Vs
play
the
f
unct
ion
of
ce
l
l
ula
r
fl
y
i
ng
customers,
and
a
re
hen
ce
r
efe
rr
e
d
to
as
c
el
lu
la
r
l
y
l
inke
d
UA
Vs
(a
.
k.
a
.
UA
V
-
UE,
drone
-
UE,
5G
-
conne
cted
drone
,
or
ae
ri
al
user).
The
m
aj
or
goal
of
thi
s
rese
arc
h
is
to
provide
a
thoroug
h
ana
l
y
sis
of
the
int
egr
a
ti
on
t
ask,
as
well
a
s
m
aj
or
technical
bre
akt
hroughs
fr
om
5G/B5G
and
cur
ren
t
work
in
prototy
ping
arc
hi
t
ecture
and
field
tr
ials
th
at
support
c
el
l
-
base
d
UA
Vs
.
Thi
s
stu
d
y
exa
m
ine
s
re
ce
n
t
3GP
P
standa
rds
adva
nc
es
a
s
well
as
soci
o
-
ec
onom
i
c
cha
l
le
nges
tha
t
m
ust
be
addr
ess
ed
bef
or
e
th
is
p
rom
ising
te
chno
log
y
c
an
be
prope
rl
y
implemente
d
.
Th
ere
ar
e
al
r
ea
d
y
som
e
a
cc
ess
ible
issues
cl
e
ari
ng
the
wa
y
for
po
te
nt
ial
stud
y
oppor
tun
it
ie
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ce
ll
ular
net
work
Groun
d
c
ontrol
stat
ion
Payl
oad
Terr
est
rial
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
Un
m
ann
e
d
ae
rial
v
ehicl
es
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
ed
El S
ay
ed
K
otb
El S
ay
ed
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nic
and
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
E
ngineeri
ng
Faculty
of E
ngineerin
g
,
Ai
n
-
Sh
am
s U
ni
ver
s
it
y (A
SU),
E
gypt
Em
a
il
:
m
oh
a
m
m
ed.
kotp
2@g
m
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Un
m
ann
e
d
ae
r
ia
l
veh
ic
le
s,
or
U
AV
s
,
are
ty
pical
ly
op
e
rated
a
nd
ha
ndle
d
by
ai
rcr
a
ft
that
do
not
have
a
hum
an
pilot
on
boa
rd
or
by
em
bed
de
d
a
uto
nom
ou
s
c
ompu
te
r
pro
gr
am
m
es.
Dro
nes
a
r
e
a
c
omm
on
te
rm
for
un
m
ann
e
d
aeri
al
veh
ic
le
s
(
U
AV
s
).
It
is
a
cutti
ng
-
ed
ge
c
on
ce
pt
der
ive
d
from
aero
sp
a
ce
rob
otics
th
at
has
enorm
ou
s
pote
ntial
fo
r
no
vel
app
li
cat
io
ns
an
d
eco
no
m
ic
opportu
niti
es
in
a
var
ie
ty
of
in
dustrie
s
[
1
]
-
[
3].
The
global UAV
m
ark
et
w
as
asses
sed
t
o
be
US$
20.
68 b
il
li
on
i
n
2017
a
nd
is
a
nt
ic
ipate
d
to
reac
h
US$59.
82 b
il
li
on
by 20
26
[
4],
w
it
h
a cum
ulati
ve
an
nu
al
gro
wt
h rate
(
C
AG
R
)
of
14.20 perce
nt du
rin
g
the
project
ed
era
.
Thr
ee
-
dim
ensi
on
al
,
a
uton
omou
s
,
an
d
m
od
ular
U
A
Vs
ha
ve
bee
n
de
vel
op
e
d
to
prov
i
de
ap
peali
ng
so
luti
ons
f
or
a
wide
ra
ng
e
of
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
i
nc
lud
in
g
ci
vil
a
nd
pu
blic
safet
y,
industrial
IoT
net
works,
se
cur
it
y
and
de
fen
ce
i
ndus
trie
s
,
cy
be
r
physi
cal
struct
ur
es
,
at
m
o
sp
he
ric
an
d
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
ob
s
er
vation,
a
nd
s
o
on
[5
]
-
[
7].
U
AV
s
ha
ve
bee
n
able
to
ex
hi
bit
su
bs
ta
ntial
us
e
acr
os
s
a
var
ie
ty
of
ci
vili
an
an
d
industrial
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
m
any
do
m
a
ins
us
in
g
ne
w
te
chnolo
gies
s
uc
h
as
a
rtific
ia
l
intel
li
gen
ce
(
AI),
t
he
inter
ne
t
of
thing
s
(
Io
T
),
a
nd
a
ugm
ented
reali
ty
/virtual
r
eal
it
y
(A
R/
VR).
Be
cau
se
U
A
Vs
are
a
da
ptiv
e
al
ti
tud
e
-
s
upportin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
265
-
272
266
fly
ing
platf
orm
s,
new
us
e
cases
f
or
eac
h
of
t
hese
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
a
re
e
m
erg
in
g,
su
c
h
as
sa
fe
a
nd
accurat
e
wireless
gu
i
ding
an
d
c
on
t
ro
l
c
oor
din
at
io
n,
as
well
as
eff
ect
i
ve
kn
ow
le
dg
e
transm
issi
on
to
the
gro
und
c
ontr
ol
syst
e
m
[
8
]
-
[
10]
.
In
order
f
or
thi
s
nex
t
dev
el
opm
ent
to
ta
ke
pl
ace,
two
li
nes
of
in
vestigat
io
n
are
need
e
d.
First,
ho
w
a
wireless
netw
orkin
g
netw
or
k
th
at
is
desig
ned
a
nd
integ
r
at
ed
to
m
eet
t
he
s
pecific
ne
eds
of
dron
e
s
w
hile
enab
li
ng
acce
s
sibil
it
y
and
ea
sy
operati
on
f
or
num
ero
us
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
is
app
li
ed
[
11
]
-
[
13]
.
Anothe
r
im
portan
t
factor
to
co
ns
i
der
is
the
exte
nt
to
w
hich
sci
entifi
c
an
d
te
c
hnologica
l
pro
blem
s
arise
fro
m
this
m
erg
er.
To
this
end,
w
e
will
f
oc
us
on
dem
on
strat
ing
disti
nctive c
har
act
e
risti
cs an
d
acc
om
pan
yi
ng ch
al
le
nges
[14
]
-
[
16]
.
1.1.
Re
quirem
en
t
for
UAV
c
om
munica
tion
U
A
V req
uirem
ents ca
n be cat
egorised
into
t
wo grou
ps
fro
m
the stan
dpoi
nt of c
onta
ct
[1
7]:
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
co
ntr
ol
and
non
-
payl
oad
(CNP
C):
T
his
refe
rs
to
flig
ht
op
erati
on
s'
tim
e
-
crit
ic
al
con
trol
an
d
safety
co
ntro
ls
.
To
m
ai
ntain
a
sta
ble
an
d
e
ff
ect
ive
U
AV
serv
ic
e,
CNPC
requires
na
vi
gational
updat
es,
wayp
oin
t
upda
te
s,
an
d
ATC
updates.
CN
P
C
ty
pical
ly
need
s
ve
ry
safe
a
nd
ef
fici
ent
c
onnec
ti
vity
with
lo
w
data
rate
requir
e
m
ents
(f
ew
hund
red
K
b/s
).
Th
e
CNPC
reli
abili
ty
crit
erion
is
le
ss
than
a
pack
et
er
r
or
rat
e
of
10
−
3 (PER
).
Payl
oad
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
:
Thi
s
ref
er
s
to
any
know
le
dge
di
ssem
inati
on
pr
ocedu
res
bet
w
een
the
U
A
V
and
la
nd
sta
ti
on
s
t
hat
ar
e
par
t
of
a
UAV
m
issi
on
.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
in
a
m
on
it
or
in
g
proce
du
re,
a
UAV
m
us
t
transm
it
real
-
tim
e
vid
eo
to
a b
ase
sta
ti
on/re
m
ote
pilot
via
payl
oad
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n.
Payl
oad
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
necessit
at
es
th
e
us
e
of
a
m
edia
capa
ble
of
ha
nd
li
ng
hi
gh
data
rates
(often
higher
in
f
ull
H
D
vi
deo
transm
issi
on
or
w
irel
ess
b
ac
khaulin
g) [1
8].
1.2.
In
teg
r
ati
on o
ppo
r
tu
ni
ties
w
ith cell
ular
network
UAV pe
netrati
on into
the m
obil
e n
et
w
ork
is one
of thr
ee
br
oad p
a
ra
dig
m
s [
19
]
, [
20]
:
UAV
-
a
ssist
ed c
el
lular commun
ic
at
io
ns
: U
A
Vs
are inte
nd
e
d
to serve as f
l
yi
ng
b
ase
po
i
nts,
relay
s,
or
a
nc
hor
locat
ion
s
that
m
ay
intel
li
gen
tl
y
relocate
the
m
sel
ves
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
vi
sible
qu
al
it
y
of
ex
per
ie
nce
(
QO
E
),
sp
ect
r
um
dep
en
da
bili
ty
,
and
c
overa
ge
gains
of
pr
ese
nt
w
irel
ess
te
rr
es
tria
l
networ
ki
ng
syst
e
m
s
[2
1
]
,
[
22]
.
T
his
a
rc
hitec
ture
ca
n
be
see
n
i
n
Fi
g
ur
e
1
(
a
)
.
Be
c
ause
of
it
s
dy
nam
ic
m
ob
il
ity
and
reposit
ion
i
ng,
the
adoptio
n
of
UAVs
prov
i
des
a
wide
vari
et
y
of
ben
e
fits
to
the
curren
t
te
rr
est
rial
con
ta
ct
schem
e.
On
req
ue
st,
the
UAV'
s
base
sta
ti
on
(f
ly
-
in
base
sta
ti
on
or
relay
s)
co
uld
be
pr
ov
i
ded,
w
hich
is
an
at
tract
ive
op
ti
on
f
or
disaste
r
m
anag
em
ent.
To
ad
dress
the
need
s
of
c
on
s
um
ers
in
ho
tsp
ot
areas,
op
ti
m
al
3D
po
sit
io
ning
an
d
synch
r
on
isa
t
ion
of
fly
ing
base
sta
ti
on
s
will
exp
an
d
th
e
reach
an
d
da
ta
rate
of
current
wireless
netw
orks.
T
hese
adv
a
ntage
s
undo
ub
te
dly
sat
isfy
co
m
plex,
dynam
ic
a
nd
grow
i
ng
data
requirem
ents for
cell
ular 5G/
B5G
net
works.
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
with
cel
lul
ar
assist
ed
U
AV
s:
This
is
al
so
known
a
s
m
ob
il
e
un
m
a
nn
e
d
ae
rial
ve
hicle
s
(UAVs)
.
Fly
ing
U
AVs,
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
g
ure
1
(
b
)
,
are
c
urr
ent
aerial
us
er
syst
e
m
s
(U
Es)
of
te
r
restrial
UEs
that
co
nn
ect
to
the
net
work
ne
tworks
of
the
sk
y'
s
cel
ls.
In
recent
ye
ar
s,
du
e
t
o
it
s
su
cc
ess
in
est
ablis
hi
ng
secur
e
wi
reless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
with
la
nd
cel
lular
sta
ti
on
s,
this
a
ppr
oac
h
has
r
ecei
ved
a
lot
of
at
te
ntion
[23].
UAV
-
U
AV
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
-
UAV
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
:
In
t
his
m
od
el
,
a
com
m
un
it
y
of
UAVs
interact
s
wi
th
the
gro
und
us
er
i
n
a
t
ru
st
worth
y
m
ann
er
in
orde
r
to
enc
our
age
a
utono
m
ou
s
fligh
t,
fleet
co
ordinati
on,
an
d
colli
sion
av
oi
dan
ce
.
Fig
ur
e
1
(
c
)
,
de
picts
the
arch
it
ect
ur
e
.
The
a
uthors
lo
oked
at
secur
e
a
nd
di
rect
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
betwee
n U
AV
s
that
us
e t
he
sam
e rad
io
sp
ect
r
um
an
d
c
onnect cel
lular
so
il
us
ers
[
24]
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
1. U
AV
-
cel
lular
netw
ork
integ
rati
on
opport
un
it
ie
s
, (
a)
UAV
-
as
sist
ed
cel
lular
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
, (b
)
Ce
ll
ular
-
assist
ed UA
V
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n,
(c
) UA
V
-
U
AV co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
To
wa
rd
s
usi
ng
U
AV
for
im
provi
ng
5G cel
lu
lar c
ommunic
at
ion
syste
m
(
M
ohamed
El
Sa
y
ed
K
otb
)
267
2.
RESEA
R
CHS A
ND TUTO
RIA
L
S
RELA
TE
D
Wor
k
is
on
th
e
increase
to
e
xp
l
or
e
the
inte
rp
la
y
betwee
n
UAVs
an
d
cel
lular
netw
or
ks.
In
re
cent
ye
ars,
new
ide
as
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
posed
to
a
dd
ress
the
pr
ob
le
m
s
of
sci
ence,
te
chnolo
gical
,
so
ci
o
-
eco
nom
i
c
an
d
secur
it
y
issue
s.
T
he
li
te
ratur
e
i
nclu
des
m
any
po
ll
s,
pr
ese
ntati
ons
and
guides
that
offe
r
a
c
oh
e
re
nt
unde
rstan
ding
of
this
stu
dy
f
ie
ld.
T
hese
w
orks
not
only
al
low
the
rese
arch
group
to
m
on
it
or
con
ti
nuou
s
researc
h,
but
al
so
to
br
i
ng
tog
et
he
r
t
he
knowle
dge
t
hat
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
and
resea
rcher
s
in
the
com
m
un
it
y
require.
The
m
ajo
rity
of
the
resea
rch
a
nd
tut
or
ia
ls
are
pr
im
aril
y
fo
cu
sed
on
:
i)
U
A
V
i
nteg
rati
on
oppo
rtu
niti
es
with
5G/B
5g
o
cel
lular
net
works
f
ro
m
a
UAV
-
assist
ed
cel
lular
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
per
s
pecti
ve
,
ii
)
new
dev
el
op
m
ents,
fu
t
ur
e
tre
nds,
and
c
halle
nge
s
for
U
A
V
cel
lular
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
or
ii
i)
detai
le
d
analy
s
is
and
perform
ance
stud
y
with
reg
a
r
d
to
sp
eci
fic
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
pro
blem
s,
su
ch
as
the
canal.
Our
disse
rtat
ion
,
on
the
oth
e
r
hand
,
is
fo
c
us
e
d
on
the
cel
lular
UAV
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
co
nce
pt.
W
e
wa
nt
to
outl
ine
ou
r
existi
ng
researc
h
a
nd
t
utoria
ls,
as
we
ll
as
wo
r
k
on
cel
lular
U
AV
s
,
to
em
ph
asi
se
the
i
m
po
rta
nc
e
and
novelty
of
ou
r
new resea
rc
hs
in co
m
par
iso
n t
o
pre
vious
res
earch
.
The
m
ajo
rity
of
cu
rr
e
nt
resea
rch
s
are
f
ocu
s
ed
on
an
d
disc
us
se
d
in
detai
l
on
U
A
V
-
as
sist
ed
cel
lula
r
con
ta
ct
.
T
he
re
is
a
sm
a
ll
num
ber
of
re
sear
chs
f
oc
us
in
g
on
the
cel
lula
r
UAV
m
od
el
,
Howe
ver,
the
current
works
are d
is
pe
rsed
and d
o
not
pro
vid
e a
co
m
pr
ehen
sive
unde
rstan
ding of
the p
ara
dig
m
.
In
o
the
r
wor
ds,
only
a
few
sp
eci
fic
aspects
of
ce
ll
ular
U
AV
co
nn
ect
ivit
y
ha
ve
bee
n
th
oro
ughly
in
vestigat
ed
th
us
far,
s
uc
h
as
UAV
-
gro
und
channel
m
od
e
ll
ing
or
opti
m
iz
at
ion
traje
ct
or
y
or
MI
MO.
T
hese
works
do
no
t
offe
r
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
analy
sis,
with
rev
ie
w
hi
gh
li
gh
ts
of
al
l
so
r
ts
dev
ote
d
to
m
ob
il
e
UA
Vs,
bu
t
rathe
r
a
un
iq
ue
su
bject
in
detai
l.
Ther
e
fore,
a
coh
e
sive
w
ork
i
s
sti
l
l
la
cking
and
pro
vid
es
a
n
over
view
of
al
l
t
ypes
of
res
earch
pro
gr
ess
.
This
re
searc
h
a
i
m
s
to
fill
this
vo
i
d
a
nd
f
ocu
s
es
exclu
sively
on
cel
lular
UAVs.
The
resea
r
ch
incl
ud
e
s
analy
sis
on
sta
te
-
of
-
the
-
art
t
echnolo
gies,
s
yner
gisti
c
converge
nce
pro
bl
e
m
s
fo
r
UAVs
as
ae
rial
use
rs
i
n
5G
/
B5
G
m
ob
il
e
networks,
th
e
under
ly
in
g
ne
twork
a
rch
it
e
ct
ur
es,
5G
im
p
rovem
ents
to
physi
cal
la
ye
rs,
fiel
d
te
sti
ng
,
sim
ul
at
ion
an
d
te
st
bed
creati
on.
Netw
ork
vi
r
tuali
zat
ion
f
unct
ions
intera
ct
ion
(
NFV)
In
the
arch
it
ect
ural
con
te
xt
of
5G/B
5G
pro
gr
ess
,
cl
oud
inf
rastr
uctu
re
te
ch
no
l
og
y
f
or
m
ob
il
e
li
nk
ed
U
AVs
al
so
pro
vid
es t
he
cl
oudificat
io
n
a
nd s
of
t
war
e
of
ne
twork
r
es
ourc
es,
prom
oting
them
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
It
is
near
ly
i
m
p
os
sible
to
sim
u
la
te
all
that
go
es
on
in
the
rea
l
wo
rld
with
re
al
-
w
or
ld U
A
V
s,
includi
ng
the
uniq
ue
cha
ll
eng
es
an
d
a
dvanta
ges
of
th
os
e
ai
rcr
a
fts
li
nk
e
d
by
cel
lular
netw
orks
.
T
her
e
is
a
de
fici
ency
of
academ
ic
li
te
r
at
ur
e.
Var
i
ou
s
ongo
i
ng
e
ffo
rts
are
unde
rt
aken
by
acad
e
m
ic
s
fr
om
b
oth
the
b
us
i
ne
ss
an
d
academ
ia
wh
o
are
fo
c
us
i
ng
on
m
or
e
pract
ic
al
prototypes
that
will
li
kel
y
exp
a
nd
t
he
capab
il
it
ie
s
of
these
ongoin
g
te
c
hnologies
[25].
The
sig
nifican
ce
of
t
he
m
os
t
oft
en
dif
fers
dep
e
ndin
g
on
(on)
the
pu
rpo
se
f
or
wh
ic
h
the
c
oncept
or
obje
ct
ive
that
the
prototype
s
a
re
desi
gned
and
(as
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
oth
e
r
con
ce
pts/o
bjec
ti
ves
that
are
r
eal
iz
ed)
,
a
nd
f
un
ct
io
n
im
plem
entat
ion
(s
a
re,
in
tu
rn,
of
t
en
reli
a
nt
on
t
he
m
ai
n
obj
ect
ive
.
By
way
of
e
xam
ple,
one,
a
rese
arch
pr
oj
ect
m
ay
co
ncen
trat
e
f
ully
inv
est
ig
at
e
5G/5
G
networ
k
op
e
rati
ons
a
nd
eff
ic
ie
nt
us
e
of
unm
ann
ed
aerial
veh
ic
le
s
(UA
Vs)
5
a
nd
the
.
A
nothe
r
prototype
can
place
pr
i
or
it
y o
n havi
ng
a
n
e
ff
ic
ie
nt,
pre
dicta
ble conn
ect
ivit
y
with
good
qual
it
y of
se
rv
ic
e
(QoS
)
guara
ntees.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
e
ach
prot
otype
is
able
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
separ
at
e
hardw
a
re
a
nd
so
ft
war
e
fli
ght
sta
cks
to
reach
the
sam
e
end
ta
r
get.
Althou
gh
it
is
up
to
the
own
ers
to
ch
oo
se
t
he
ty
pe
of
plat
form
s
they
us
e,
Ope
n
so
urce
or
propriet
ary
ha
rdwa
re
a
nd
softwa
r
e
are
both
poss
ible.
T
hu
s
,
c
urren
t
i
niti
at
ives
fo
c
us
on
go
al
s
hav
e
a
strong
detai
ls
and
pur
pose
to
the
pr
oduc
t
that
m
ake
them
m
or
e
valuab
le
or
inte
resti
ng
t
o
cu
s
tom
ers,
con
t
rib
uting
m
eaning
an
d
trai
ts
to
the
design
of
the
pro
du
ct
bei
ng
desig
ned.
Be
fore
there
are
of
fici
al
sta
nd
a
rds
a
vaila
ble,
we
m
u
st
purs
ue
t
hese
prototypin
g
ef
for
ts
with
ou
t
re
ga
rd
to
t
he
nee
d
for
c
om
patibil
i
ty
or
the possi
bili
ty
o
f
conflic
ts.
But
we'
re
sti
ll
la
cking
a
n
op
tim
a
l
rep
rese
nt
at
ion
of
cel
lular
-
c
onnecte
d
dro
ne
pr
oto
ty
pe
.
Alth
ough
these p
arti
cula
r
f
eat
ur
es of the
p
erf
ect
pro
t
ot
ype
would depe
nd
on
proj
ect
requirem
ents, th
e goal i
s i
m
p
or
ta
nt:
the
pro
duct
m
us
t
ha
ve
a
set
of
c
riti
cal
featur
es
that
are
not
to
o
c
om
ple
x.
So
far,
our
stud
y
has
done
exactl
y
no
t
hing
but
presum
e
an
op
ti
m
al
and
li
st
al
l
-
inclusi
ve
pr
oto
ty
pe,
a
nd
i
nv
est
iga
te
the
fa
ct
or
s
that
go
into
it
.
a
prototype
is
re
fer
e
nced
to
re
veal
the
featu
r
es
that
us
e
rs
m
ay
hav
e
a
nd
m
ake
a
com
p
ariso
n
with
pr
evio
us
pro
du
ct
s
to
ou
t
li
ne
the
featu
re
s
to
wh
ic
h
en
d
us
ers
would
li
ke
to
ha
ve
in
a
giv
e
n
co
ntext
a
c
om
plete
l
y
no
n
-
exh
a
us
ti
ve
l
ist
of
these
feat
ur
es
at
tem
pts
to
gi
ve
yo
u
a
n
a
nalo
gy
f
or
this
pro
duct
is
m
eant
to
ser
ve
as
a
util
it
arian
pur
pose
,
not
as
an
exh
a
us
ti
ve
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
.
Exa
m
ples
of
new
to
existi
ng
us
e
cases,
pa
rtic
ul
arly
new feat
ur
es
, c
an be
disco
vered th
r
ough the
evo
l
ution
of e
volvin
g
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
for ce
ll
ular
-
c
onnected
UAV
s
.
We
are
sp
eci
f
ic
al
ly
loo
king
at
wh
at
e
xists
in
the
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent
of
current
a
nd
po
te
ntial
us
es
of
U
A
Vs
with
resp
ect
to
LTE
/4G/5G/B
ov
e
r
cel
lular
network
net
wor
ks
he
re.
The
que
ries
are
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
265
-
272
268
out
li
ne
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
wa
ys.
A
nd
ab
ou
t
90
per
ce
nt
ope
n
-
s
ource
4G
c
onnected
dev
ic
es
wer
e
te
ste
d,
fr
ee
and
li
ghtwei
gh
t
UA
V
is
def
i
ne
d,
bri
ngin
g
f
ort
h
a
new,
li
ght
weigh
t,
sta
bl
e,
and
li
ghtwei
gh
t
cl
ass
of
cel
lular
connecte
d
ve
hi
cl
e.
To
deliv
er
a
f
ully
autonom
ou
s
a
nd
fail
-
safe
fly
ing,
this
desig
n
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent
integrates
op
e
n
-
s
ource
hard
war
e
a
nd
ope
n
-
softwa
re
ha
r
dware/
op
e
n
-
software
bu
il
ding
blo
c
ks
.
T
his
c
on
ta
in
s
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
i
ve
e
xp
la
nation
of
flig
ht
co
nt
ro
ls,
rad
i
o
a
nt
enn
as
,
an
d
4G
cel
lular
m
od
em
har
dware
an
d
so
ft
war
e
opti
ons,
as
well
as
on
cel
lula
r
m
od
em
s
that
us
e
4G
a
nd
ex
pa
nd
this
sc
hem
atic,
the
ha
rdware
and
so
ft
war
e
c
ompone
nts
em
plo
ye
d
in
the
pr
oto
ty
pe
dev
el
op
m
ent
are
de
picte
d
in
Fi
gure
2.
A
n
intri
cat
el
y
desig
ne
d
a
nd
highly
com
plex
a
vionics
sc
hem
at
ic
is
seen
in
Fig
ur
e
3,
wh
il
e
the
equ
i
pm
ent
diagr
a
m
s
and
detai
l
schem
ati
cs
are
ta
bula
te
d
in
Ta
ble
1.
The
pr
oto
ty
pe
is
exam
ined
to
m
ake
su
re
it
has
ade
quat
e
f
li
gh
t
tim
es,
sta
ys
lev
el
,
kn
ow
s
w
hi
ch
directi
on
the
wi
nd
is
bl
owin
g,
perform
s
in
the
ai
r
aut
onom
ou
sly
,
an
d
gi
ves
real
-
ti
m
e v
ideo
i
m
ages.
T
he
si
gn
i
ficant
dev
el
op
m
ents that
ha
ve
ta
ke
n plac
e in this
work
are li
ste
d belo
w
:
4.
Com
m
ercial
o
f
f
the
sh
el
f
(C
O
TS) ha
rdwar
e
and ap
plica
ti
ons.
5.
Fo
r
the
r
ec
ord, t
he
lo
ngest
ti
m
e, the
U
A
V h
as b
ee
n
al
of
t i
n t
he
ai
r
for o
ve
r
a
n hour.
6.
W
or
king
in
ta
nd
em
with
pr
ogra
m
m
ing
,
th
is
do
c
um
ent
sh
ows
us
er
s
th
e
strai
gh
t
forward
,
su
cci
nct
an
d
pr
eci
se
path
to
co
ncep
t
a
nd
init
ia
l
desig
n,
wh
ic
h
la
ys
out
the
total
c
ours
e
of
w
hole
pro
j
ect
creati
on
from
sta
rt to finish
. T
her
e
is a
n
int
eracti
ve on
li
ne
m
anu
al
(
wi
ki) and s
upplem
entary m
a
te
rial
to
this
pag
e
.
Figure
2. Proto
ty
pe
desi
gn and c
onfig
ur
at
i
ons
Figure
3. Sc
he
m
at
ic
o
f
the a
vi
on
ic
s c
om
po
ne
nts
Ce
ll
ular
-
co
nne
ct
ed
U
A
Vs
ty
pical
ly
hav
e
a
var
ie
ty
of
Se
nsors
that
recor
d
a
nd
dissem
i
nate
data
are
com
m
on
on
c
el
lular
-
c
onnect
ed
UAVs
w
hi
ch
cha
nges
t
heir
l
ocati
on
s
co
ntinuo
us
ly
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
these
recorde
d
data
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
4
betw
een
cel
ls
an
d
this
m
ov
em
ent
ha
d
been
sim
ulate
d
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
s
5
a
nd
6
(see
in
ap
pe
nd
i
x)
to
cl
arify
this
research
a
tt
it
ud
e
and
ex
pl
ai
n
the
m
entioned
fly
in
g
plat
form
.
This
increase
s
the
li
kelihood
of
vu
l
ner
a
bi
li
ty
exp
osu
re.
This
fly
ing
platfor
m
is
su
bject
to
cy
ber
-
physi
cal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
To
wa
rd
s
usi
ng
U
AV
for
im
provi
ng
5G cel
lu
lar c
ommunic
at
ion
syste
m
(
M
ohamed
El
Sa
y
ed
K
otb
)
269
at
ta
cks
ai
m
ing
at
ob
ta
ini
ng,
i
ns
pe
ct
ing,
an
d
m
anipula
ti
ng
in
form
at
ion
a
bout
UAV
payl
oa
ds
by
reprog
ram
m
ing
it
to
perf
orm
un
desira
ble
act
s.
This
fly
ing
platf
or
m
is
vulne
rab
le
t
o
cy
ber
-
physi
cal
at
ta
cks
aim
ed
at
ste
aling
,
i
ns
pecti
ng,
an
d
ab
us
in
g
UAV
payl
oa
d
deta
il
s
by
r
epro
gr
am
m
ing
it
to
do
un
de
sirable
act
ion
s.
E
xisti
ng
sa
fety
inform
ation
m
easur
es
are
not
sui
ta
ble
fo
r
m
obil
e
UA
Vs
sinc
e
they
do
not
ta
ke
account
of
po
t
entia
l
risks
to
s
ever
al
on
-
bo
a
r
d
se
ns
ors
a
nd
UAV
act
uat
or
s
.
A
n
intr
uder
c
an
ex
plo
it
the
con
ta
ct
an
d
c
on
tr
ol
m
echan
ism
of
UA
V
an
d
the
refor
e
m
ake
br
in
ging
it
back
onli
ne
ver
y
chal
le
ng
in
g.
New
secur
it
y
m
et
ho
dolo
gies
m
us
t
al
so
be
est
ablishe
d
in
order
to
preve
nt
a
bove
-
m
entioned
int
ru
si
on
s
a
nd
ha
ckin
g
proce
dures.
Table
1.
S
ho
w
s the a
vionics c
om
po
ne
nts that
we
re
us
ed
Co
m
p
o
n
en
t
Mod
el
Flig
h
t Co
n
troller
O
m
n
ib
u
s F4
Pr
o
GPS
BN
-
220
Rad
io
Rx
TBS Nano
Ca
m
er
a
&
Video
Tx
TX05
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ras
p
b
err
y
Pi
Z
e
ro
W
4
G M
o
d
e
m
Verizon
USB7
3
0
L
4
G Anten
n
a
TS9
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. U
AV d
irect
io
n wit
h a disc
on
ti
nuit
y
thres
hold
with
two se
par
at
e c
el
lular lay
ou
ts
,
(
a)
UA
V
trajecto
ry w
it
h first cel
l l
ay
ou
t
, (b) U
A
V
tra
j
e
ct
or
y
with sec
ond ce
ll
lay
ou
t
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
we
ha
ve
c
onduct
ed
a
n
exte
nsi
ve
analy
sis
on
the
UAV
c
onnecti
vity
m
od
el
(cell
ular
li
nk
ed
U
A
V)
wh
e
r
e
UAV
is
em
bed
ded
as
a
m
od
ern
aer
ia
l
UE
in
est
a
blishe
d
5G/B
5G
cel
ls.
Fir
stl
y,
the
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
ta
xo
nom
y
of
t
he
dif
fer
e
nt
te
chnolo
gy
fiel
ds
of
ne
w
ap
plica
ti
on
s
as
well
as
the
te
chn
ol
og
ic
a
l
pro
blem
s
of
U
AV
inc
orp
or
at
ion
with
cel
lul
ar
netw
orks.
We
then
c
on
ce
ntrate
on
prom
isi
ng
netw
ork
desig
ns
and
p
hysic
al
la
ye
r
enh
a
ncem
e
nts
for
5G/B
5G
netw
orks
in v
ie
w
of
cel
lular
li
nk
e
d
U
AV
s
hardw
a
re
an
d
dev
i
c
e
desig
n
c
halle
nges.
The
co
re
adv
a
nce
d
5G
s
olu
ti
ons
ha
ve
been
el
ab
or
at
e
d
s
uch
that
U
AV
co
nnect
ivit
y
acro
ss
m
ob
il
e sp
ec
tru
m
is integrated
an
d faci
li
ta
te
d
sea
m
le
ssly
. T
o
assess the
de
sign
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
b
ene
fit and
Re
search
real
im
ple
m
entat
ion
c
halle
nge
s,
we
ha
ve
highli
gh
te
d
e
nd
ea
vours
to
buil
d
work
i
ng
pr
oto
t
ypes,
as
well
a
s
fiel
d
te
sts
and
m
od
el
li
ng
.
P
rog
ress
in
3GP
P
sta
nd
ard
i
zat
io
n
op
e
r
at
ion
s,
natio
na
l
and
f
or
ei
gn
le
gislat
ion
a
nd
so
ci
o
-
econom
ic
hu
rdl
es
issues
will
need
to
be
co
nsi
der
e
d
be
fore
the
la
te
st
te
chn
ology
can
be
a
dopted
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
.
We
ho
pe
that
t
his
stu
dy
w
ou
l
d
be
a
val
uab
l
e
and
i
nspirin
g
ai
d
f
or
researc
her
s
i
n
m
ob
i
le
connecte
d
U
A
Vs
to
op
e
n
a
holi
sti
c p
ic
ture
and
ha
r
ness
t
heir
m
axim
u
m
p
otentia
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
265
-
272
270
APPE
ND
I
X
Figure
5
.
MAT
LAB
a
nim
ation
Figure
6. En
d of
sim
ulatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
To
wa
rd
s
usi
ng
U
AV
for
im
provi
ng
5G cel
lu
lar c
ommunic
at
ion
syste
m
(
M
ohamed
El
Sa
y
ed
K
otb
)
271
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NCE
S
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ult
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V
sy
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c
y
b
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ph
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ica
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appl
i
ca
t
ions:
A
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nsive
rese
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t
ure
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E
Comm
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H.
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H.
Zh
ao,
J.
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ng
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D.
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J.
Li
and
J.
W
ei
,
“
Resea
rc
h
on
unm
anne
d
ae
ri
al
v
ehi
c
le
n
e
tworks:
A
c
y
ber
ph
y
sic
al s
y
st
e
m
per
spec
t
ive,”
IE
EE
Comm
unic
a
t
ions R
ese
archs
a
nd
Tutor
ial
s,
vo
l
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M.
Moza
ffa
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M.
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s,
Y.
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H.
Na
m
and
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Deb
bah,
“
A
tut
oria
l
on
uavs
for
w
ire
l
ess
net
works
:
Applic
a
ti
ons,
ch
al
l
enge
s,
and
o
pen
probl
ems
,
”
IEEE
communi
cat
ions
researc
hs
and
tut
orials
,
vol
.
21
,
no.
3
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T.
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Ze
ng,
R
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Zh
ang,
T
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J.
Li
m
,
“
W
ire
le
ss
com
m
unic
at
ions
wit
h
unm
anne
d
aeria
l
veh
ic
l
es:
Opportunit
i
es
and
cha
l
le
nges,
”
I
EEE
Comm
unic
at
io
ns Magazine
,
vo
l.
54
,
no
.
5
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pp
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3
6
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2016
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doi
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MCO
M.2016.
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[10]
A.
Fotouhi
et
a
l.
,
“
Rese
arc
h
on
uav
cellular
co
m
m
unic
at
ions:
Prac
tical
aspe
c
t
s,
standa
rdi
zatio
n
adva
nc
ements,
reg
ulation,
and
sec
uri
t
y
chall
eng
es,
”
IE
EE
Comm
unic
ati
ons R
ese
a
rchs
and
Tutor
ia
ls,
vol.
21
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no.
4
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2019,
doi
:
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11
09/COMS
T.
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P.
Marsch
et
a
l.
,
“
5G
rad
io
a
cc
ess
net
work
arc
hi
te
c
ture:
De
sign
guide
l
ine
s
and
ke
y
consi
der
ations,”
I
EEE
Comm
unic
ati
ons Magazine
,
vol
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54,
no
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11
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pp
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Marsch,
I.
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Ö.
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k
ci
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M.
Te
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i
c,
S.
E.
El
A
y
ou
bi
and
M.
Säily
,
“
Emerging
net
work
arc
hit
e
ct
ur
e
and
func
t
ional
design
conside
r
at
ions
for
5G
rad
io
a
ccess
,
”
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
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rging
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at
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“
An
over
vie
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P
rel
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ase
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enha
n
ce
d
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ond:
Re
ce
n
t
ad
vanc
es
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e
tre
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”
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n
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M.
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m
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G.
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at
h
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H.
Yaniko
m
ero
glu,
“
Is
5G
rea
d
y
for
drone
s:
A
look
i
nto
cont
empora
r
y
and
prospec
ti
ve
wire
le
ss
net
wor
ks
from
a
stand
ard
izati
on
per
sp
ec
t
ive
,
”
I
EE
E
W
irel
ess
Comm
unic
ati
ons
,
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iz
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“
Drone
-
ai
ded
comm
unic
a
ti
on
as
a
ke
y
en
abl
er
for
5G
an
d
resil
i
ent
public
safe
t
y
n
et
wor
ks,”
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E
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons
Magazine,
vol
.
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no.
1,
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J.
Kerc
ze
ws
k
i,
J.
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il
son
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.
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Bish
op,
“
Freque
nc
y
spec
trum
for
int
egr
ation
of
unma
nned
ai
r
cra
f
t
,”
IEE
E
/A
IA
A
32nd
Digit
al
Av
ionics
Syste
ms
Confe
renc
e
(
DASC)
,
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5
–
1,
doi
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.
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[18]
3GP
P
TR
36.
777,
“
Te
chn
ic
a
l
spec
if
ic
a
ti
on
grou
p
rad
io
a
ccess
net
work:
stud
y
o
n
enha
nc
ed
L
TE
support
for
ae
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BIOGR
AP
HI
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ORS
Prof.
Dr.
Wag
dy
R.
An
is
,
he
r
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e
ive
d
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is
B.
Sc
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from
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E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
Eng
ine
e
ring
Depa
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,
Ain
sham
s
univ
ersity
,
Ca
iro,
Eg
y
pt
.
M.Sc.
from
Ain
sham
s
univ
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in
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P
h.
D.
in
1985
Curre
ntly
Emer
it
us
Profess
or
at
El
e
ct
roni
cs
E
ngine
er
ing
and
El
ectrical
Co
m
m
unic
at
ions.
Email
:
wagdia
n
i
s51@
eng.
asu.
ed
u.
eg
Ass.
Pr
of.
D
r.
Ah
me
d
A.
Ab
del
-
Hafe
z
,
h
e
recei
ved
his
B.
Sc.
and
M.S
c.
from
the
Com
m
unic
at
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Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment,
Mili
tar
y
Te
chn
ical
Co
ll
eg
e,
C
ai
ro,
Eg
y
pt
in
1990
,
1997
respe
ctively
.
Ph.D.
from
Otta
wa
Univer
si
t
y
in
2003.
Curr
ent
l
y
He
ad
of
c
r
y
ptogr
ap
h
y
rese
arc
h
ce
n
te
r
since
2012,
Eg
ypti
an
Arm
ed
Force
s.
His
rese
a
rc
h
int
ere
sts
in
cl
u
ding
Applie
d
c
r
y
p
togra
ph
,
and
Inform
at
ion
Sec
urity
.
Email:
aa
b
del
haf
ez
@gm
ai
l
.
com
Mohame
d
El
Say
ed
Kotb
El
Say
ed
,
h
e
re
ce
iv
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his
B.
Sc.
from
the
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment,
fa
cul
t
y
of
engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
z
aga
z
ig
univ
er
sit
y
,
z
agazi
g
,
E
g
y
pt
in
2010
,
m
aste
r
studen
t
in
Ain
sham
s
unive
rsit
y
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
and
e
le
c
tronics
Depa
rtment
.
Curre
ntly
,
m
ember
of
cr
y
ptogr
aph
y
r
ese
ar
ch
c
ent
er
sin
ce
201
5,
Eg
y
ptian
Ar
m
ed
Force
s.
Email
:
m
ohammed.
kotp2@gm
ail
.
com
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