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n
g
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
to
p
ar
a
m
eter
alter
atio
n
s
,
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
lo
w
n
o
is
e
m
ar
g
in
,
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
l
y
co
m
p
le
x
d
esig
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
m
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
C
r
o
s
s
tal
k
,
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
co
u
p
lin
g
,
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
d
elay
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
,
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
te
g
r
it
y
ar
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
g
e
n
er
ated
d
u
e
to
lo
w
s
ig
n
al
r
eliab
il
it
y
an
d
in
te
g
r
it
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
es
s
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
V
L
SI
w
h
ic
h
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ici
e
n
c
y
,
co
s
t,
f
ea
s
i
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
n
a
m
e
l
y
p
o
w
er
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
,
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
o
w
er
i
n
d
r
iv
er
s
,
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
s
,
r
ec
eiv
er
s
a
n
d
r
ep
ea
te
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
ca
n
b
e
eli
m
i
n
ated
b
y
p
laci
n
g
t
h
e
r
ep
ea
ter
s
o
r
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
s
alo
n
g
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
R
C
w
ir
es
an
d
h
elp
s
to
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
d
esi
g
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
p
o
w
er
-
d
elay
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
all
t
h
ese
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
a
tech
n
iq
u
e,
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
-
d
ela
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
a
n
d
lar
g
er
d
esig
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
er
e
w
e
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
Po
w
er
E
f
f
icien
t Cl
o
ck
D
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
S
w
itc
h
ed
C
ap
ac
i
to
r
DC
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Hen
ce
,
i
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
el,
a
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
co
m
p
lex
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
i
t
d
esig
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
attai
n
ed
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
m
o
d
u
les.
He
n
ce
,
a
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
w
itch
i
n
g
in
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
clo
ck
s
ar
e
r
o
u
ted
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
u
les
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
n
th
e
I
C
.
T
h
is
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
n
ee
d
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
i
n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
w
ir
es
w
i
th
t
h
ei
r
lin
k
ed
cir
cu
itrie
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
o
w
er
s
a
v
in
g
s
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
last
s
ta
g
e
o
f
a
clo
ck
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
as
lo
w
s
w
itc
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
.
I
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
b
asic
id
ea
o
f
l
i
m
itin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
alo
n
g
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
ad
o
p
ted
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
O
u
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
o
is
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
to
a
lar
g
e
e
x
te
n
t
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
also
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
b
u
s
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
its
d
esi
g
n
,
t
y
p
es,
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
V
L
S
I
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
i
n
b
u
s
s
e
s
ar
e
u
p
to
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
n
V
L
SI
c
h
ip
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
er
e
a
n
e
w
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
b
u
s
s
es
i
n
to
th
e
ch
ip
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
is
p
r
esen
ted
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
i
n
f
u
tu
r
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Her
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
f
av
ailab
le
b
u
s
d
r
iv
er
s
,
b
u
s
r
ec
eiv
er
s
an
d
th
eir
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
to
eli
m
in
a
te
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
T
h
is
b
u
s
d
es
ig
n
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
ed
i
n
Na
n
o
-
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
VL
SI
s
p
ice
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
V
L
SI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
v
er
a
n
e
x
t
d
ec
ad
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
I
I
p
r
ese
n
t
s
th
e
test
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
t
w
o
d
esi
g
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
th
e
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
ch
e
m
es.
Sectio
n
I
V
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
e
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
.
Sectio
n
V
f
i
n
all
y
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
i
n
ter
co
n
n
e
cts i
n
V
L
SI
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
h
as
tak
e
n
i
m
m
en
s
e
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
an
d
i
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
s
test
g
r
o
w
in
g
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
er
a
d
u
e
to
its
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
m
ed
ical
,
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
li
k
e
co
m
p
u
ter
,
m
o
b
iles
,
T
V
etc.
D
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
o
f
m
icr
o
a
n
d
Nan
o
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
s
h
r
in
k
in
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
m
ak
e
VL
SI
ch
ip
s
s
m
a
ller
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
a
n
d
d
elay
.
T
o
elim
in
ate
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
an
d
d
ela
y
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
a
l
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
VL
S
I
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
d
ed
u
ct
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
itie
s
lar
g
el
y
w
h
ic
h
p
r
esen
t
i
n
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Hen
ce
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
h
e
lp
in
s
h
r
i
n
k
in
g
o
f
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
s
ize
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
V
L
SI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
y
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
n
o
is
e.
Desig
n
i
n
g
a
lo
w
s
w
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
ali
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
es
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
lo
n
g
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
s
u
s
in
g
d
r
iv
er
-
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
a
v
er
y
cu
m
b
er
s
o
m
e
tas
k
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
as
d
o
n
e
s
o
m
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
in
th
is
f
ield
,
w
h
ich
i
s
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
I
n
[
1
6
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,
a
n
o
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el
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i
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tech
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e
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y
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tec
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iq
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m
i
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ate
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o
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co
n
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p
tio
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cr
ea
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m
i
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lo
b
al
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ter
co
n
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ec
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s
o
f
ch
ip
.
Ho
w
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tio
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.
I
n
[
1
7
]
,
a
n
o
v
el
L
SD
FF
ce
ll
a
n
d
a
n
o
v
el
s
w
in
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d
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le
w
-
a
w
ar
e
C
T
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
to
elim
i
n
ate
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
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ased
o
n
clo
c
k
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et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
g
en
er
ate
s
h
i
g
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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N:
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P
o
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o
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Di
s
tr
ib
u
itio
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fo
r
S
w
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ed
C
a
p
a
cito
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DC
-
DC
C
o
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ve
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ters
(
D
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A
.
S
.
R
.
Mu
r
th
y
)
29
in
s
er
tio
n
d
ela
y
a
n
d
clo
ck
s
k
e
w
,
w
h
ic
h
led
to
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
VL
SI
ch
ip
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
ag
n
eti
c
s
k
y
r
m
io
n
lo
w
p
o
w
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
g
lo
b
al
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
en
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g
y
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
a
n
d
r
ed
u
c
es
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
it
y
.
I
n
[
1
9
]
,
to
o
p
tim
ize
to
tal
d
ela
y
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
a
b
u
f
f
er
ed
ST
s
en
s
o
r
b
ased
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
ad
o
p
ted
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
o
is
e
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
c
an
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
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o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
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s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
[
2
0
]
,
a
L
MS
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
b
a
s
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
ith
m
etic
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
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ed
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ce
co
m
p
u
tatio
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l
co
m
p
l
ex
it
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a
n
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
p
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
cr
itical
p
ath
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
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m
en
t
in
d
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u
ted
ar
ith
m
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ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
i
s
v
er
y
h
ig
h
.
I
n
[
2
1
]
,
a
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
o
r
ien
ted
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
cs,
b
lo
ck
tr
u
n
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tio
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co
d
in
g
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d
d
ig
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to
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ed
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ce
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m
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x
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d
m
e
m
o
r
y
r
eq
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ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
VL
SI
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
o
n
r
atio
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
v
er
y
lo
w
.
I
n
[
2
2
]
,
a
3
-
D
No
C
-
b
u
s
h
y
b
r
id
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
m
a
k
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
i
n
b
u
s
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
o
f
V
L
SI
d
esig
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
3
-
D
I
C
tech
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lo
g
y
h
e
n
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
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d
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
also
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ce
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t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ta
t
io
n
a
l
co
s
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
tr
af
f
ic
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
a
l
is
s
u
es
ca
n
d
eg
r
ad
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
[
2
3
]
,
a
w
ir
eles
s
3
-
D
Ne
t
wo
r
k
-
on
-
c
h
ip
s
(
No
C
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
ased
o
n
in
d
u
cti
v
e
co
u
p
li
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g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
u
s
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ip
s
a
n
d
p
o
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er
s
u
p
p
l
y
b
e
co
m
e
s
li
m
ited
in
th
i
s
m
o
d
el.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
P
o
w
er
E
f
f
ici
en
t
C
lo
c
k
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
S
w
itc
h
ed
C
ap
ac
ito
r
DC
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
o
f
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
o
u
r
d
esig
n
b
u
ild
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
th
at
p
o
w
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
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ec
o
m
e
s
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
b
et
w
ee
n
in
ter
co
n
n
e
cts
f
o
r
V
L
SI
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
A
clo
ck
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
w
itc
h
p
o
w
er
b
et
w
ee
n
DC
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DC
co
n
v
er
to
r
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
b
asic
id
ea
o
f
li
m
i
tin
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
alo
n
g
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
ad
o
p
ted
to
i
m
p
r
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v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ou
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
an
d
r
ed
u
c
es n
o
is
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
to
a
lar
g
e
ex
ten
t c
lo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
n
e
w
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
c
es
t
h
e
p
o
w
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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in
t
h
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ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
u
s
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i
n
to
th
e
ch
ip
r
ed
u
c
in
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th
e
v
o
lta
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s
w
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s
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n
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r
p
r
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m
et
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r
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w
h
ich
ca
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e
v
er
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e
lp
f
u
l
in
f
u
t
u
r
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
3.
T
E
ST
AR
C
H
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
iv
er
-
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
cu
its
ar
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
test
ar
ch
itec
t
u
r
e
as
p
r
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ted
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
2
w
h
ic
h
m
o
d
els
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
len
g
t
h
an
d
t
h
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
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f
r
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m
i
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te
r
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n
ec
t
to
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ter
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n
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h
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is
f
ab
r
icate
d
i
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Me
ta
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3
la
y
er
ca
n
b
e
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g
le
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m
.
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t
i
s
m
o
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eled
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s
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π3
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is
tr
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ted
r
esis
ta
n
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ca
p
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d
el.
A
ll
cir
c
u
it
s
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i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
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r
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u
tp
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t
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p
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o
f
2
5
f
F.
T
h
e
f
an
o
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t
is
m
o
d
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ex
tr
a
d
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tr
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ted
ca
p
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m
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itio
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u
p
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d
g
ate
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s
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r
ce
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T
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e
test
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n
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itio
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ted
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T
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
est A
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ch
itect
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r
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4
.
1
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F
un
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che
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E
q
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(
|
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1
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q
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(
2
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n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
er
an
d
r
ec
e
iv
e
r
en
d
cir
cu
its
ar
e
d
etailed
F
ig
u
r
e
4
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
er
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
o
p
er
ates
in
th
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es:
A
c
ti
v
e,
Dio
d
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
So
u
r
ce
f
o
llo
w
er
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
ll
y
ac
ti
v
e
m
o
d
e,
th
e
d
r
iv
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
u
l
l
d
r
iv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ch
ar
g
e/
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
i
n
t
er
co
n
n
ec
t
li
n
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
is
li
m
ited
b
y
d
io
d
e
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
d
r
iv
er
also
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
lo
w
er
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
llo
w
er
m
o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
n
o
is
e
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
W
h
e
n
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t is d
r
iv
e
n
to
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
f
i
n
al
l
y
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
d
r
iv
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
li
m
its
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
izi
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
g
iv
e
s
h
i
g
h
er
d
r
iv
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ar
ea
a
s
i
t
h
as
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
er
ies
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
.
I
n
ca
s
e
th
e
li
n
e
is
i
n
a
ctiv
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
g
u
ar
d
s
ca
n
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
W
h
en
i
n
p
u
t
i
s
HI
GH,
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
s
M3
,
M4
an
d
M6
ar
e
ON
a
n
d
M1
(
N
d
r
iv
er
)
,
M2
,
M5
an
d
M7
ar
e
OFF.
W
h
en
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
tr
an
s
it
s
f
r
o
m
HI
GH
-
L
OW
,
M4
,
M3
a
n
d
M8
(
P
d
r
iv
er
)
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF,
w
h
i
le
th
e
g
ate
o
f
M1
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
M
5
-
M6
,
f
u
ll
y
ac
ti
v
ati
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
m
o
d
e
1
)
.
A
s
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
l
in
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
to
w
ar
d
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
M7
w
h
ic
h
is
ac
ti
v
e,
tu
r
n
s
M6
OFF
an
d
tu
r
n
s
M2
ON.
Gate
o
f
M1
“
h
o
ld
s
”
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
w
h
ile
t
h
e
li
n
e
is
d
i
s
ch
a
r
g
in
g
till
it
is
n
o
t
lo
w
en
o
u
g
h
to
ac
tiv
ate
M2
.
W
h
en
M2
i
s
ac
tiv
e,
g
a
te
o
f
M1
is
d
r
iv
en
to
m
atc
h
t
h
e
li
n
e
(
m
o
d
e
2
)
.
Up
o
n
L
OW
-
HI
GH
tr
a
n
s
i
tio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t,
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
e
v
e
n
ts
o
cc
u
r
o
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it (
M8
s
id
e)
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ec
tio
n
is
a
s
i
m
p
le
in
v
er
ter
w
ith
a
n
E
n
ab
l
e
s
i
g
n
al.
A
b
alan
ce
d
in
v
er
ter
is
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
i
m
p
licit
y
an
d
f
aster
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
r
iv
e
n
lin
e
cr
o
s
s
es
at
ev
er
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
L
o
n
g
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
lin
e
s
ca
n
lead
to
tr
an
s
is
to
r
m
is
m
atc
h
in
d
r
iv
er
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
en
ab
le
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
r
ec
eiv
er
t
h
en
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
av
o
id
in
g
an
y
b
ias c
u
r
r
en
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
li
n
e
is
n
o
t u
s
ed
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
en
d
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
(
d
r
iv
er
en
d
)
,
a
s
i
m
p
le
in
v
er
ter
w
it
h
en
ab
le
s
i
g
n
al
is
u
s
ed
as
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
en
ab
le
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
t
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t li
n
e
is
n
o
t u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
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4752
P
o
w
er E
fficien
t Cl
o
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Di
s
tr
ib
u
itio
n
fo
r
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ed
C
a
p
a
cito
r
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
ve
r
ters
(
D
r
.
A
.
S
.
R
.
Mu
r
th
y
)
31
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
ir
cu
it Sc
h
e
m
atic
f
o
r
s
ch
e
m
e
-
1
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dr
iv
er
E
n
d
Sch
e
m
at
ic
f
o
r
s
ch
e
m
e
-
1
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
ec
eiv
er
E
n
d
Sc
h
e
m
atic
f
o
r
s
ch
e
m
e
1
4
.
2
.
F
un
ct
io
nin
g
o
f
s
che
m
e
-
2
T
h
e
cir
cu
it sch
e
m
atic
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
esig
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
27
–
36
32
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dr
iv
er
-
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
Sc
h
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
,
Sch
e
m
e
-
II
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Dr
iv
er
en
d
s
ch
e
m
ati
c,
Sch
e
m
e
-
II
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
ec
eiv
er
en
d
s
c
h
e
m
atic,
Sch
e
m
e
-
II
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
P
o
w
er E
fficien
t Cl
o
ck
Di
s
tr
ib
u
itio
n
fo
r
S
w
itch
ed
C
a
p
a
cito
r
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
ve
r
ters
(
D
r
.
A
.
S
.
R
.
Mu
r
th
y
)
33
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
li
n
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
p
ass
tr
an
s
is
to
r
M1
p
r
o
v
id
es
is
o
latio
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ta
g
es.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
is
p
ass
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
Vd
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
M3
w
il
l
f
lo
w
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ta
g
e.
W
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
n
o
d
e
is
o
lated
,
M4
p
u
ll
s
u
p
t
h
e
g
ate
o
f
M3
at
th
e
i
n
p
u
t.
M1
3
,
M1
4
an
d
M1
5
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
en
s
u
r
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
u
ll
-
d
o
w
n
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
s
tatic
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
i
s
eli
m
i
n
ated
b
y
M1
1
an
d
M1
2
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
w
h
i
ch
d
o
n
o
t
allo
w
s
tatic
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
h
en
M2
is
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
ON.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
p
u
ll
-
u
p
d
ev
ice
i
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
lo
w
-
to
-
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
.
5.
SI
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
o
r
Sch
e
m
e
-
I
an
d
I
I
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
s
ar
e
ev
alu
a
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ics:
d
ela
y
,
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
o
w
er
d
elay
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
A
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
e
t
wo
s
ch
e
m
e
s
is
p
r
ese
n
te
d
.
5
.
1
.
Dela
y
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
v
er
s
u
s
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
len
g
t
h
f
o
r
Sch
e
m
e
-
I
an
d
I
I
.
T
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
le
n
g
th
w
as
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
m
m
to
1
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
f
o
llo
w
s
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
len
g
t
h
w
h
ile
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
Sch
e
m
e
-
I
I
is
q
u
ad
r
atic.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
is
les
s
er
f
o
r
Sch
e
m
e
-
I
I
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
len
g
t
h
s
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
len
g
t
h
s
;
th
e
d
ela
y
in
Sc
h
e
m
e
-
I
I
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
ap
p
r
ec
iab
ly
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
at
in
Sc
h
e
m
e
-
I
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
ad
r
atic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
v
er
s
u
s
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t le
n
g
t
h
,
Sc
h
e
m
e
-
I
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
v
er
s
u
s
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t le
n
g
t
h
,
Sc
h
e
m
e
-
II
5
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
Co
ns
u
m
ptio
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
Da
v
e
,
M
.
Ja
in
,
M
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.
Ba
g
h
in
i,
D.
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ip
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terc
o
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e
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ts
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
VL
S
I
S
y
st
.
(2
0
1
3
);
21
:
3
4
2
–
3
5
3
.
[2
]
S
.
K.
L
e
e
,
S
.
H.
L
e
e
,
D.
S
y
lv
e
ste
r
,
D.
Blaa
u
w
,
J.
Y.
S
im
.
A
9
5
fJ/
b
c
u
rr
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
tra
n
sc
e
ive
r
fo
r 1
0
mm
o
n
-
c
h
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p
in
ter
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
.
in
IEE
E
S
o
li
d
-
S
tate
C
ircu
it
s Co
n
f
.
(IS
S
CC)
Dig
e
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e
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P
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p
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rs (IE
E
E,
2
0
1
3
:
2
6
2
–
2
6
3
.
[3
]
S
.
L
e
e
,
S
.
L
e
e
,
B.
Kim
,
H.
P
a
rk
,
J
.
S
im
.
Cu
rre
n
t
-
m
o
d
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tran
sc
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e
r
fo
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sili
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o
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I
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l
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S
o
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rc
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s
2
0
1
4
;
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0
4
4
–
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0
5
3
.
[4
]
R.
T
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
N.
T
a
lw
a
l
k
a
r,
C.
P
.
Yu
e
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
W
o
n
g
,
n
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c
h
ip
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tri
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a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts,
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
tate
Circu
it
s
.
2
0
0
3
;
3
8
:
8
3
4
–
8
3
8
.
[5
]
R
Am
b
ik
a
,
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Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
ra
n
,
KR
Ka
sh
wa
n
.
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ta
se
c
u
rity u
sin
g
se
ria
l
c
o
mm
u
ta
ti
v
e
R
S
A
CORE
fo
r m
u
lt
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le F
PGA
sy
ste
m
.
IEE
E,
De
v
ice
s
,
Circu
it
s an
d
S
y
ste
m
s (ICDCS)
,
2
0
1
4
2
n
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
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f
e
re
n
c
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o
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,
m
a
rc
h
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[6
]
Y.
Ba
i
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
W
o
n
g
.
Op
ti
m
iza
t
io
n
o
f
d
riv
e
r
p
re
e
m
p
h
a
sis f
o
r
o
n
-
c
h
ip
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Circ
u
it
s S
y
st.
I:
Reg
u
l
a
r P
a
p
.
2
0
0
9
;
56
:
2
0
3
3
–
2
0
4
1
.
[7
]
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.
M
.
W
il
so
n
,
R.
Ba
sh
ir
u
ll
a
h
,
L
.
L
u
o
,
J.
Xu
a
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P
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D
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F
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A
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e
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p
re
-
e
m
p
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a
sis sig
n
a
li
n
g
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
VL
S
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st
.
2
0
0
9
;
1
7
:
1
2
6
7
–
1
2
7
4
.
[8
]
R.
Ho
,
T
.
On
o
,
R
.
D.
Ho
p
k
in
s,
A
.
Ch
o
w
,
J.
S
c
h
a
u
e
r,
F
.
Y.
L
iu
,
R.
Dro
st
.
Hig
h
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
lo
w
e
n
e
rg
y
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
l
y
d
riv
e
n
o
n
-
c
h
i
p
w
ires
.
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
l
id
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
.
2
0
0
8
;
43
:
52
–
6
0
.
[9
]
E.
M
e
n
si
n
k
,
D.
S
c
h
in
k
e
l,
E.
A
.
M
.
Klu
m
p
e
rin
k
,
E.
v
a
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3
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Ra
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[1
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6
.
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6
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7
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in
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8
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terc
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ts,
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in
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ra
n
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ti
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s
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0
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-
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[1
9
]
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f
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p
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lo
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In
terc
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ts
.
in
IEE
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M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s L
e
tt
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rs
,
2
0
1
7
;
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:
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-
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.
[2
0
]
M
.
T
.
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a
n
,
S
.
R
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h
a
m
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d
,
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.
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p
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th
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se
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h
it
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r Us
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ms
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ID)
.
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d
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ra
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d
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:
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2
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3
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.
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1
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S
.
L
.
Ch
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n
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.
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st an
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g
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in
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so
rs
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o
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l
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99
:
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1
[2
2
]
J.
Zh
e
n
g
,
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W
u
,
L
.
Zh
o
u
,
Y.
Ye
,
K.
S
u
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DF
S
B
-
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se
d
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rm
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l
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a
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D No
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tu
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s
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in
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c
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rg
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ms
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2
0
1
6
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:
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3
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.
[2
3
]
T
.
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g
a
m
i,
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M
a
tsu
tan
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M
.
K
o
i
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h
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,
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s A
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tu
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s f
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d
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T
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ip
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s
.
in
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T
r
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c
ti
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rg
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ste
ms
,
2
0
1
6
;
24
(
2
):
4
9
3
-
5
0
6
.
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