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l En
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m
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Science
Vo
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24
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cs.ia
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Im
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f
pho
t
o
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ltaic
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on i
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trial dis
tribu
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B
.
K
o
t
i R
eddy
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Am
it
K
um
a
r
Sin
g
h
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c
h
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e
c
tro
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n
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e
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tri
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En
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ly
P
ro
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io
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a
l
Un
i
v
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rsity
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ll
a
n
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R
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28
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2
0
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Sep
30
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2
0
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In
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u
stries
with
c
o
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p
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wa
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s
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o
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th
e
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x
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k
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term
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e
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te
g
ra
ti
o
n
stu
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th
e
f
u
tu
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
g
en
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atio
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ca
p
tiv
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p
o
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p
lan
t
Desig
n
ad
eq
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ac
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Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
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So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
.
Ko
ti R
ed
d
y
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
L
o
v
ely
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
Un
iv
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s
ity
J
alan
d
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ar
-
Delh
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Gr
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,
J
allan
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Pu
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1
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4
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m
ail:
k
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@
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.
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r
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
(
R
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Ss
)
ar
e
ex
h
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s
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
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tin
g
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e
g
lo
b
al
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
to
th
e
ex
ten
t
p
o
s
s
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le.
Ou
t
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
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R
E
Ss
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
,
wi
n
d
,
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y
d
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o
,
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d
b
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s
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ican
t
s
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ar
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as
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ate.
M
an
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ar
e
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co
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s
tr
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ct
ed
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
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s
e
an
d
co
n
n
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ted
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
;
h
en
ce
,
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
d
is
tr
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u
te
d
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
DE
R
s
)
h
as
ar
o
u
s
ed
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
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d
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s
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l
o
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h
o
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co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
u
n
wa
n
ted
lo
a
d
s
h
ed
d
in
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,
wh
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ca
n
b
e
o
f
f
-
s
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b
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th
e
DE
R
s
.
C
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g
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ca
p
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p
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is
b
r
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ad
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
g
en
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o
f
elec
tr
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p
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b
y
in
d
u
s
tr
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f
r
o
m
eith
er
its
av
ailab
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th
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m
al
en
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y
(
e.
g
.
,
s
team
)
o
r
o
th
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f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
its
s
elf
-
u
s
e
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
ca
p
tiv
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p
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g
en
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r
atio
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,
k
n
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wn
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,
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d
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t
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elec
tr
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d
u
s
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,
d
u
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to
u
tili
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waste
s
team
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h
o
t
liq
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id
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an
d
ef
f
l
u
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T
h
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,
in
tu
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n
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co
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v
in
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t
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r
al
r
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.
g
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co
al,
an
d
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p
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tectin
g
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n
v
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m
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R
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,
esp
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wh
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co
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[
3
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.
T
h
u
s
,
af
f
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th
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s
tab
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f
th
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two
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ca
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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Vo
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24
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h
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4
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Hen
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e
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
h
ig
h
p
en
et
r
atio
n
o
f
R
E
Ss
m
ay
d
eg
r
a
d
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
c
o
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
.
As
o
n
d
ate,
n
o
estab
lis
h
ed
c
o
d
es,
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
d
p
o
licies
o
f
DE
R
s
,
esp
ec
ially
o
n
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
ar
e
av
ai
lab
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
h
ar
e
a
n
d
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
o
f
th
eir
ad
v
e
r
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
lectr
ic
al
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
(
IEEE
)
1
5
4
7
.
7
-
2
0
1
3
[
5
]
h
as g
i
v
en
s
o
m
e
g
u
id
elin
es
to
m
ak
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
DE
R
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
en
tire
ly
d
o
n
e
till
d
ate
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
Als
o
,
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
-
2
0
1
8
[
6
]
an
d
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
a
-
2
0
2
0
[
7
]
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
ab
n
o
r
m
a
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
litt
le
wo
r
k
is
d
o
n
e
till
d
ate
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
DE
R
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
y
o
n
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
Hen
ce
th
er
e
is
an
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
DE
R
s
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
with
ca
p
tiv
e
co
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
th
is
s
tan
d
s
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
u
b
ject
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
W
ith
th
e
I
E
E
E
g
u
id
elin
es,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
g
ath
er
e
d
in
p
u
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ield
d
ata
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
DE
R
an
d
co
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
o
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
in
lar
g
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
etu
p
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
wo
r
k
,
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
em
ic
al
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
h
a
v
in
g
its
o
wn
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
(
C
C
PP
)
with
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t (
SP
P)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
I
t
is
a
k
n
o
wn
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
wer
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
u
t n
o
r
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
DE
R
s
.
T
h
e
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
.
7
-
2
0
1
3
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ce
r
tain
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
a
tech
n
ical
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e
s
u
ch
as
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
a
r
am
eter
cr
iter
ia
an
d
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
s
tu
d
y
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
.
I
t
h
as
s
tr
ess
ed
th
e
n
ee
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
an
d
f
alse
tr
ip
o
f
r
elay
s
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
o
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
,
s
y
s
tem
s
tiff
n
ess
o
r
wea
k
n
ess
,
d
esig
n
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
ar
c
f
lash
h
az
ar
d
s
tu
d
y
.
A
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
lit
er
atu
r
e
is
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
s
elec
ted
to
p
ic
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
p
ast.
I
t
h
as
h
elp
ed
in
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
up
-
to
-
d
ate
wo
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
th
er
ein
.
T
h
e
b
r
ief
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
is
g
iv
en
as f
o
llo
ws:
Ma
n
s
o
u
r
i
et
a
l.
[
8
]
h
as
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
PV
in
teg
r
at
io
n
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lim
it
v
io
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
u
tlin
ed
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
n
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
ad
al
et
a
l.
[
9
]
h
av
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
s
u
es.
Alzy
o
u
d
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
h
av
e
a
n
aly
s
ed
t
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
,
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
lev
els
with
s
im
u
latio
n
s
b
y
elec
tr
ical
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
ze
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
(
E
-
T
AP
)
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
u
g
g
ested
to
in
s
tall
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
n
ea
r
th
e
lo
ad
co
n
ter
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies t
o
m
itig
ate
DE
R
im
p
ac
t o
n
ex
is
tin
g
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
R
E
Ss
as
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
o
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
with
a
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
to
m
an
ag
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
im
u
lated
a
6
.
3
MW
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
p
o
wer
p
lan
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
o
n
i
n
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
g
r
ea
t
d
etail
in
[
1
3
]
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
n
ew
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
An
ex
p
er
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
n
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
win
d
an
d
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
1
4
]
h
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
h
o
w
to
d
o
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
t
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
m
ain
p
o
in
ts
lik
e
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
d
is
p
atch
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ien
ts
,
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Ad
eb
iy
i
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
e
lled
an
d
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
h
av
in
g
v
a
r
iab
le
lo
a
d
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
i
o
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
h
av
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
s
wer
e
ef
f
icien
tly
m
an
ag
ed
with
s
u
itab
le
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
M
PPT
)
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
co
al
f
ir
ed
s
team
p
o
we
r
p
lan
ts
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tle
t
s
team
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ir
r
esp
tv
e
o
f
l
o
ad
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t w
ith
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
tr
o
l in
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
6
]
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
is
s
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
y
p
r
o
te
c
t
i
o
n
is
s
u
es
wi
t
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
m
a
i
n
l
y
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
g
a
p
s
i
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
al
-
t
i
m
e
f
ie
l
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
ti
l
l
e
x
i
s
ts
a
n
d
th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
o
n
R
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I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
a
ct
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f simu
lta
n
eo
u
s
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
c
o
g
en
era
tio
n
…
(
B
.
K
o
ti
R
ed
d
y
)
651
−
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ad
o
p
ts
PV
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
in
g
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
p
r
in
cip
le
a
n
d
v
er
if
ies
th
e
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV simu
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e.
−
T
h
is
wo
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
p
o
wer
alo
n
g
with
co
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
p
lan
t
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
,
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t in
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
s
u
s
i
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata.
−
F
in
ally
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
g
u
id
elin
es
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ca
p
t
iv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
ese
g
u
id
elin
es
h
elp
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
f
o
r
th
eir
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
lan
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
a
s
tep
p
in
g
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
d
esig
n
,
a
n
d
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
g
iv
en
n
ex
t.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etails
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
its
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
with
ca
p
tiv
e
c
o
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
Sectio
n
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
with
ca
p
tiv
e
co
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
m
o
d
elin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
E
-
T
AP,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
with
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
ar
e
d
r
awn
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
7.
3.
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
O
F
P
V
M
O
D
UL
E
S
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
(
SP
P)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
an
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
(
s
tr
in
g
s
)
an
d
p
a
r
allel
(
ar
r
ay
s
)
to
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
.
PV
m
o
d
u
les
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
eled
to
k
n
o
w
its
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
am
b
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
s
o
lar
PV
ce
ll
is
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
o
n
wh
ich
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
o
n
its
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
is
b
e
i
n
g
d
o
n
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
b
y
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
g
g
ested
in
[
1
7
]
is
b
ein
g
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
PV
ce
ll
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ex
p
lain
ed
with
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
Sh
o
ck
ley
'
s
s
im
p
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
PV
modul
e
(
I
)
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t (
I
p
h
)
in
am
p
er
es a
r
e
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
1
)
:
=
ℎ
−
0
(
(
(
+
)
)
−
1
)
−
(
+
)
,
ℎ
=
(
ℎ
,
+
µ
(
−
,
)
(
1
)
wh
er
e
G
an
d
Gr
ef
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
in
W
/m
2
,
T
an
d
T
c,
r
ef
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
ce
ll'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
0
K;µI
s
c
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
A/
0
C
; I
o
i
s
th
e
d
io
d
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
am
p
s
;q
d
en
o
tes th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
wh
ich
is
g
iv
en
b
y
1
.
6
0
2
*
1
0
-
19
C
o
u
l
o
m
b
s
an
d
k
i
s
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
wh
ich
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
1
.
3
8
1
*
1
0
-
23
J
/K;
V
d
en
o
tes
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
ter
m
in
als
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
in
v
o
lts
;
R
s
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
in
Oh
m
s
;
R
p
is
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
in
o
h
m
s
;
Ncs
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
in
s
er
ies;
f
in
ally
,
Γ
d
e
n
o
te
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
wh
ich
lies
b
etwe
en
1
an
d
2
; w
h
ich
is
g
en
er
ally
ta
k
en
as 1
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
PV
-
mo
du
le
s
im
ula
t
io
n m
o
del
F
o
r
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
R
E
C
2
5
5
P
E
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
[
1
8
]
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
h
a
s
a
t
o
t
a
l
6
0
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
c
e
l
l
s
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
s
t
r
i
n
g
s
;
e
a
c
h
s
t
r
i
n
g
h
a
s
2
0
c
e
l
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
b
y
p
a
s
s
d
i
o
d
e
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
t
e
s
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
(
S
T
C
)
,
a
i
r
m
a
s
s
(
A
M
)
o
f
1
.
5
,
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
2
5
0
C
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
N
O
C
T
)
,
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
1
m
/
s
e
c
,
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
2
0
0
C
,
a
n
d
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
4
5
.
7
0
C
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
r
e
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
f
e
w
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
P
V
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
P
V
s
y
s
t
,
P
V
F
-
C
h
a
r
t
,
p
v
P
l
a
n
n
e
r
,
R
E
T
s
c
r
e
e
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
p
r
o
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
e
i
t
h
e
r
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
r
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
f
u
l
l
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
n
d
-
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
P
V
s
y
s
t
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
s
,
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
h
a
n
d
y
e
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[
1
9
]
.
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:
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ar
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ar
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n
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−
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ar
ac
ter
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tics
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th
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ar
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n
g
tem
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er
at
u
r
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at
co
n
s
tan
t ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
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o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
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v
em
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er
2
0
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1
:
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4
9
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T
ab
le
1
.
Deta
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o
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th
e
PV m
o
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le
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o
r
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e
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tu
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ies co
n
s
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d
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th
is
wo
r
k
S.
N
o
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a
r
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me
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e
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o
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n
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t
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l
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n
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l
p
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t
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t
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28
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n
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l
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7
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h
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mp
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mp
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r
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r
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u
r
e
1
.
I
-
V
C
h
ar
ac
t
er
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tics
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ar
y
in
g
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r
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ian
ce
at
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n
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
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V
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tics
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ar
y
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g
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n
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e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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-
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C
h
ar
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ter
is
tics
with
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ar
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g
tem
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er
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n
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ad
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ce
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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-
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C
h
ar
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ter
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tics
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ar
y
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g
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at
c
o
n
s
tan
t ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
v
alid
at
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
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-
V
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d
P
-
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ch
a
r
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ter
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tics
o
f
PV
m
o
d
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le
b
y
Sh
o
ck
le
y
'
s
s
im
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le
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io
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e
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
s
im
u
lated
r
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u
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s
in
g
(
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)
b
y
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m
p
ar
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g
with
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e
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er
e
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ce
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alu
es
g
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y
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e
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
er
(
Mf
r
.
)
o
f
SP
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
;
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
er
r
o
r
d
etails.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
er
r
o
r
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as f
o
llo
ws (
2
)
:
=
1
−
2
2
(
2
)
wh
er
e
Y
1
an
d
Y
2
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
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er
e
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ce
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al
u
e
s
p
ec
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ied
b
y
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
(
f
o
r
STC
an
d
NOCT)
an
d
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esu
lts
,
we
claim
th
at
th
e
er
r
o
r
is
v
er
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
a
ct
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f simu
lta
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s
o
p
era
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n
o
f p
h
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to
vo
lta
ic
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n
d
c
o
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era
tio
n
…
(
B
.
K
o
ti
R
ed
d
y
)
653
lo
w
an
d
t
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
e
Sh
o
ck
l
ey
'
s
s
im
p
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ac
tu
al
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
Sh
o
ck
ley
'
s
s
im
p
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
R
e
f
.
v
a
l
u
e
o
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M
f
r
.
S
i
mu
l
a
t
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s
u
l
t
u
si
n
g
(
1
)
A
p
p
r
o
x
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ma
t
i
o
n
e
r
r
o
r
S
TC
N
O
C
T
S
TC
N
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C
T
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TC
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T
P
mp
p
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5
5
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5
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0
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mp
p
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mp
p
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9
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8
4.
I
NDUS
T
RY
D
E
SC
RIP
T
I
O
NS F
O
R
CASE
ST
U
DI
E
S C
O
NSI
D
E
RE
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
(
C
C
P
P)
s
et
u
p
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
(
SP
P)
d
etails
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
c
h
o
s
e
a
k
n
o
wn
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
c
o
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ch
em
ical
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
o
th
C
C
PP
an
d
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
lan
t (
SP
P).
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
lan
t r
eq
u
ir
es h
ig
h
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
team
o
f
3
2
k
g
/cm
2
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
o
f
o
r
d
er
o
f
2
4
0
0
C
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
3
6
MW
o
u
t
o
f
wh
ich
3
0
MW
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
6
MW
is
alwa
y
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
ase
lo
a
d
s
in
p
lan
t
s
s
u
ch
as
wate
r
s
y
s
tem
an
d
v
e
n
tilatio
n
.
Sin
ce
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
o
p
er
ated
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
n
et
l
o
ad
o
f
th
e
p
lan
t
is
a
lm
o
s
t
co
n
s
tan
t
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
s
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
tim
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
l
o
ad
s
s
u
ch
as a
ir
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
an
d
s
er
v
ice
wate
r
p
u
m
p
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
‘
o
n
’
at
d
ay
tim
e
a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
‘
o
f
f
’
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
i
g
h
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
lo
ad
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tially
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
d
ar
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
will
o
f
f
-
s
et
th
e
n
et
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
ig
h
t
tim
e.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ah
s
v
er
if
ied
th
e
p
ast
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
e
s
am
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
em
atic
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
wh
o
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
s
am
e
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t sectio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Po
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
in
clu
d
in
g
C
C
PP
an
d
SP
P
4
.
1
.
Co
-
g
ener
a
t
i
o
n po
wer
pla
nt
T
h
e
C
C
PP
with
two
s
team
b
o
iler
s
an
d
tu
r
b
o
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
(
T
Gs)
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
u
s
tr
y
with
co
al
as
th
e
f
u
el
f
o
r
b
o
iler
s
.
T
h
e
Steam
g
en
e
r
ato
r
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
r
ad
ian
t
b
o
iler
with
in
teg
r
al
s
u
p
er
h
ea
ter
s
,
f
o
r
ce
d
f
lo
w
s
ec
tio
n
an
d
tu
b
u
lar
air
h
ea
ter
with
t
wo
f
o
r
ce
d
d
r
a
f
t
an
d
two
in
d
u
ce
d
d
r
af
t
f
an
s
.
T
h
e
tu
r
b
in
es
ar
e
o
f
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
co
n
d
en
s
in
g
t
y
p
e
with
tu
r
b
o
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
(
T
Gs).
T
h
e
T
Gs
ar
e
2
-
p
o
le,
3
-
p
h
ase,
air
-
co
o
led
a
n
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
d
ir
ec
tly
.
T
h
eir
m
a
x
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
is
r
ated
at
3
0
M
W
(
3
5
.
2
9
MV
A
at
0.
8
5
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
)
at
1
1
k
V
lev
els,
wh
ich
is
s
tep
p
ed
u
p
t
o
3
3
k
V
lev
el.
Als
o
,
C
C
PP
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
a
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
f
o
r
s
tar
t
-
u
p
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
at
2
2
0
k
V
le
v
els
with
2
2
0
/3
4
.
5
k
V
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
6
4
9
-
660
654
n
o
tin
g
t
h
at
f
r
o
m
an
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
,
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ea
ch
tu
r
b
i
n
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
at
least
6
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
3
0
MW
(
i.e
.
1
8
M
W
)
.
Hen
ce
,
b
o
t
h
T
Gs
to
g
eth
e
r
will
s
u
p
p
ly
3
6
MW,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ex
ac
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
n
th
is
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
h
as
in
s
talled
a
1
2
MW
-
p
ea
k
ca
p
ac
ity
SP
P
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
tatu
to
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
t
o
en
co
u
r
ag
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
SP
P
g
en
er
atio
n
tim
e
(
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
f
iv
e
to
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
in
a
d
a
y
)
,
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
C
C
PP
is
b
ein
g
k
ep
t
r
u
n
n
in
g
at
th
e
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
(
2
6
M
W
,
i.
e.
,
1
3
MW
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
T
G)
an
d
SP
P
i
s
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
est
to
s
at
is
f
y
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
lo
wer
in
g
o
f
C
C
PP
's
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
f
r
o
m
3
4
%
to
3
2
%,
an
d
ev
en
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
team
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
y
s
tem
b
ec
o
m
es c
o
m
p
lex
.
4
.
2
.
So
l
a
r
PV
po
wer
pla
nt
A
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
a
g
o
,
a
1
2
-
MW
SP
P
was
in
s
talled
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
to
tal
SP
P
was
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
d
iv
is
io
n
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
6
MW.
A
to
tal
o
f
4
7
,
0
6
0
PV
m
o
d
u
les
with
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
T
a
b
le
1
wer
e
in
s
talled
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
i
n
v
er
ter
s
wh
ich
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ex
ce
p
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
Po
we
r
ev
ac
u
atio
n
w
as
d
o
n
e
at
6
.
6
k
V
lev
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
win
d
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
o
f
2
.
5
MV
A,
3
4
0
V/3
4
0
V/6
.
6
k
V,
an
d
Dy
5
y
5
r
atin
g
.
T
h
e
L
e
v
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
was e
s
tim
ate
d
to
US $
0
.
1
1
3
[
2
0
]
.
4
.
3
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l st
ra
t
e
g
y
o
f
t
he
ind
us
t
ry
bef
o
re
SPP
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
p
lan
t
l
o
ad
d
e
m
an
d
is
m
et
b
y
C
C
PP
alo
n
g
with
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
u
n
d
er
f
l
o
atin
g
.
T
h
is
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
h
av
in
g
cir
c
u
i
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
1
,
2
,
3
an
d
6
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
in
clo
s
ed
m
o
d
e.
W
h
en
t
h
e
C
C
PP
is
‘
o
f
f
’
,
th
e
b
ase
lo
ad
s
o
f
6
MW
will
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
d
em
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
c
u
r
b
th
e
u
n
wa
n
ted
d
em
an
d
s
p
ik
e
d
u
e
to
s
u
d
d
e
n
tu
r
n
‘
o
n
’
a
n
d
tu
r
n
‘
o
f
f
’
o
f
th
e
lar
g
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
t
o
r
s
.
4
.
4
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l sra
t
e
g
y
o
f
t
he
ind
u
s
t
ry
a
f
t
er
SPP
it
e
g
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
wid
e
p
o
we
r
b
ala
n
ce
eq
u
atio
n
at
an
y
tim
e
t is g
iv
en
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
+
+
=
+
(
3
)
v
+
=
+
(
4
)
wh
er
e,
P
grid
,
P
CCPP
,
P
SPP
d
e
n
o
t
es
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
i
d
,
C
C
PP
,
an
d
th
e
S
PP
.
Als
o
,
P
BL
an
d
P
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
th
e
b
ase
lo
ad
s
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
lo
a
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
we
h
av
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
e
P
BL
as
n
o
n
-
elastic,
i.e
.
,
th
e
y
ar
e
tr
ea
ted
as
co
n
s
tan
t
lo
ad
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Q
grid
,
Q
CCPP
d
en
o
tes
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
,
an
d
th
e
C
C
PP
.
Al
s
o
,
Q
BL
an
d
Q
L
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
th
e
b
ase
lo
ad
s
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
s
.
As
lo
n
g
a
s
SP
P
is
g
en
er
atin
g
p
o
wer
,
i.e
.
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ay
tim
e,
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
u
tili
s
ed
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
C
C
PP
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
in
te
r
lo
ck
s
wh
ich
a
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
jo
in
t
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
C
C
PP
an
d
SP
P
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
n
ex
t.
I
f
a
n
y
o
n
e
T
G
o
f
C
C
P
P
is
tr
ip
p
ed
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
u
n
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
an
d
SP
P
wh
en
it
is
av
aila
b
le
to
s
atis
f
y
(
3
)
,
(
4
)
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lo
ad
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
u
d
d
en
ly
,
d
u
e
to
an
y
ab
n
o
r
m
ality
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
p
er
at
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
at
ca
s
e,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
o
f
C
C
PP
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ic
h
th
e
SP
P
to
b
e
k
ep
t
‘
o
f
f
’
to
a
v
o
id
u
n
-
a
u
th
o
r
is
ed
p
o
wer
ex
p
o
r
t
to
g
r
id
an
d
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
s
u
d
d
en
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
at
p
lan
t
b
u
s
es.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
ical
in
ter
lo
ck
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
(
C
B
)
at
GT
an
d
C
B
at
SP
P.
T
h
e
m
o
m
en
t
C
C
PP
is
n
o
t
g
en
er
atin
g
p
o
wer
an
d
C
B
at
GT
s
,
i.e
.
C
B
-
4
an
d
C
B
-
5
ar
e
‘
o
f
f
’
;
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
in
ter
lo
c
k
co
n
tact
ac
tiv
ates
an
d
tr
ip
s
t
h
e
C
B
s
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
C
B
-
1
9
an
d
C
B
-
2
0
at
SP
P
tr
ip
s
with
in
a
m
ax
im
u
m
tim
e
o
f
0
.
0
8
s
ec
o
n
d
s
(
i.e
.
,
th
e
tr
ip
tim
e
o
f
C
B
s
at
GT
an
d
SP
P
to
g
eth
er
)
.
T
h
is
is
well
with
in
th
e
lim
its
o
f
0
.
1
6
s
ec
o
n
d
s
p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
[
6
,
s
ec
.
6
.
4
.
1
,
T
ab
.
1
2
]
.
4
.
5
.
Under
-
ra
t
ed
o
pera
t
io
n
o
f
CCP
P
As
p
er
th
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
cu
r
v
es
o
f
th
e
s
team
g
en
er
ato
r
a
n
d
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
C
C
PP
b
ec
o
m
es
ab
y
s
m
al
if
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
T
G
is
less
th
an
1
6
M
W
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
C
C
PP
is
3
4
%
u
p
to
1
6
MW
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
to
3
2
%
wh
en
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
1
4
MW,
d
u
e
to
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
SP
P.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
C
C
PP
is
g
iv
en
(
5
)
.
η
C
C
PP
=
Heat
eq
uiv
al
e
n
t
of
el
ct
r
i
cal
o
ut
p
ut
In
p
ut
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
f
uel
co
m
b
us
t
i
o
n
x100
(
5
)
5.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE A
NAL
YS
I
S AN
D
R
E
SU
L
T
S
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
1
2
MWp
ea
k
SP
P
f
o
r
th
e
last
th
r
e
e
y
ea
r
s
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
g
en
er
ati
o
n
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
o
th
er
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
as
p
er
th
e
r
elev
an
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
I
E
C
6
1
7
2
4
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
is
also
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
PVs
y
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
a
ct
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f simu
lta
n
eo
u
s
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
c
o
g
en
era
tio
n
…
(
B
.
K
o
ti
R
ed
d
y
)
655
d
esig
n
'
s
e
s
tim
ate
d
o
u
tp
u
t
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
lead
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
SP
P
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
u
tili
s
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
C
UF)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
e
twee
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
ts
to
th
at
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l e
n
er
g
y
th
at
m
ig
h
t h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
a
n
d
is
g
iv
e
n
(
6
)
.
PR
=
A
ct
ual
en
er
g
y
o
ut
p
ut
(
kW
h
)
T
heor
i
t
i
cal
o
ut
p
ut
(
GA
PV
η
)
x100
(
6
)
wh
er
e
Ap
v
d
e
n
o
tes th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
SP
P m
o
d
u
les.
I
t sh
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at,
th
e
PR
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
tilt
an
g
le,
an
d
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
A
h
ig
h
er
PR
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
p
l
an
t.
A
PR
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
7
5
% a
n
d
8
0
% is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
a
tio
n
o
f
SP
P.
−
C
ap
ac
ity
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
C
UF)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
o
u
t
p
u
t
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
as
p
e
r
th
e
in
s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ich
is
g
i
v
en
as (
7
)
,
CUF
=
A
ct
ual
en
er
g
y
o
ut
p
ut
(
kW
h
)
Max
.
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
o
ut
p
ut
d
ur
i
n
g
t
he
t
i
m
e
p
er
i
o
d
(
365
∗
S
PP
i
n
s
t
al
l
ed
ca
p
ac
i
t
y
)
x100
(
7
)
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
UF
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
ai
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
d
esig
n
q
u
ality
.
A
h
ig
h
er
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
u
n
n
in
g
with
b
etter
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
v
alu
e
a
b
o
v
e
1
5
%
is
r
e
aso
n
ab
le.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ac
tu
al
f
ield
v
alu
es
o
f
PR
an
d
C
UF
an
d
co
m
p
ar
es
th
em
with
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
d
esig
n
esti
m
ates.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
we
co
n
c
lu
d
e
th
at
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
SP
P
is
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
.
A
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
1
.
8
4
MWp
ea
k
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
Dec
em
b
er
2
6
,
2
0
1
9
(
i.e
.
,
a
c
o
o
l
a
n
d
b
r
ig
h
t
s
u
n
n
y
d
ay
)
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
tim
e
t
h
e
SP
P
was
k
ep
t
o
f
f
eith
er
f
u
lly
o
r
p
ar
tially
,
d
u
e
t
o
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
r
estrictio
n
s
f
r
o
m
C
C
PP
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
at
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
s
id
e.
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
we
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
u
ch
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
SP
P
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Desig
n
esti
m
ates,
ac
tu
al
v
alu
es a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ices o
f
SP
P f
r
o
m
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
7
-
Ma
r
.
2
0
2
0
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
1
7
t
o
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
2
0
i
n
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
U
n
i
t
s (
M
U
)
M
o
n
t
h
a
n
d
Y
e
a
r
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
M
U
)
A
c
t
u
a
l
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
M
U
)
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
i
o
n
Er
r
o
r
(
%)
PR
C
U
F
R
e
mar
k
s
A
p
r
2
0
1
7
1
.
4
8
3
1
.
5
9
1
7
.
2
8
8
6
.
5
1
1
5
.
4
2
G
o
o
d
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
M
a
y
2
0
1
7
1
.
4
3
2
1
.
3
1
-
8
.
5
2
7
1
.
2
3
1
4
.
8
9
S
t
e
a
m
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
ssu
e
s
a
t
C
C
P
P
Ju
n
2
0
1
7
1
.
2
3
0
.
5
1
9
-
5
7
.
8
0
2
8
.
2
2
1
2
.
7
9
S
t
e
a
m
c
o
n
t
r
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l
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ssu
e
s
a
t
C
C
P
P
Ju
l
2
0
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8
0
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0
.
9
5
8
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9
.
6
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3
.
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8
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3
3
G
o
o
d
w
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d
i
t
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o
n
s
A
u
g
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0
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8
9
1
.
0
5
4
1
8
.
4
3
8
0
.
9
5
9
.
2
6
G
o
o
d
w
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t
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r
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t
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o
n
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e
p
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0
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4
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3
9
3
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3
4
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5
.
7
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1
.
9
4
G
o
o
d
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t
h
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d
i
t
i
o
n
s
O
c
t
2
0
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1
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3
4
4
1
.
2
8
6
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4
.
3
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6
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.
9
2
1
3
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9
8
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t
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t
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v
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0
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6
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1
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4
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5
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7
.
4
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2
3
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t
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l
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t
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c
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6
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2
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1
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6
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5
2
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5
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2
1
S
t
e
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m
c
o
n
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l
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e
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t
C
C
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e
b
2
0
1
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1
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9
1
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3
8
3
-
1
3
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0
2
7
5
.
2
0
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5
4
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t
e
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m
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l
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e
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t
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a
r
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5
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t
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o
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
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er
2
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6
4
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660
656
6.
I
M
P
AC
T
S
O
F
SI
M
U
L
T
A
NE
O
US
O
P
E
RA
T
I
O
N
O
F
SPP
AND
CCP
P
O
N
I
NDUST
RY'S
DIS
T
RI
B
U
T
I
O
N
SY
ST
E
M
-
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
co
-
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
tiv
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
,
we
s
im
u
late
th
e
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
e
r
cial
s
o
f
twar
e
E
-
T
AP
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
ain
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
PV
p
o
wer
p
en
etr
atio
n
,
p
r
ec
is
ely
,
we
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
s
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
,
an
d
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
ts
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SP
P
alo
n
g
with
ex
is
tin
g
C
C
PP
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
F
o
r
b
r
ev
ity
,
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies ar
e
d
etailed
;
−
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
1
:
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
lo
ad
f
l
o
w
o
f
th
e
PV
-
in
teg
r
ated
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
E
-
T
AP
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
to
b
e
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
at
t
h
e
lo
ad
f
lo
w
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
6
-
8
i
s
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
in
E
-
T
AP w
e
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
ac
t
u
al
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
m
o
d
el
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
2
]
.
−
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
2
:
T
h
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
jecte
d
b
y
th
e
s
m
ar
t
PV
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
in
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fro
m
th
e
p
o
wer
-
q
u
al
ity
asp
ec
t,
th
is
c
ase
s
tu
d
y
is
u
s
ef
u
l
to
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
PV
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
−
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
3
an
d
4
:
T
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
3
an
d
4
a
r
e
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
T
G'
s
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
an
d
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Pre
cisely
,
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
o
f
T
G
an
d
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
4
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
SP
P
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
es
s
en
ti
al
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
er
s
izin
g
in
o
r
d
er
to
with
s
tan
d
f
a
u
lt c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
SP
P.
−
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
5
:
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
th
e
c
o
n
tin
g
e
n
cy
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
jo
in
t
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
SP
P
alo
n
g
with
C
C
P
P.
T
h
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
is
h
elp
f
u
l
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
jo
in
t
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lts
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
ts
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
s
u
d
d
en
lo
ad
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
6
.
1
.
C
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
-
1
T
h
e
cr
itical
lo
ad
p
o
in
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
o
f
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
is
1
3
MW.
He
n
ce
,
at
all
th
e
tim
es
th
e
C
C
PP
h
as
to
s
u
p
p
ly
2
6
MW
lo
ad
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
1
0
MW
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
li
ed
f
r
o
m
SP
P,
wh
en
it
is
r
u
n
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
en
f
r
o
m
C
C
PP
with
a
b
ac
k
-
u
p
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
SP
P,
with
v
ar
y
in
g
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
to
b
e
ab
s
o
r
b
e
d
b
y
C
C
PP
,
wh
ich
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
its
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
s
im
u
late
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
w
ith
v
ar
y
i
n
g
clim
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
we
m
en
tio
n
e
d
a
b
o
v
e.
Fig
u
r
es
6
-
8
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
i.e
.
,
1
0
0
% a
n
d
4
0
% so
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
im
u
latio
n
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
we
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
e
o
f
C
C
PP
at
1
0
0
%
p
lan
t
lo
ad
is
6
0
%
o
f
its
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
is
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
Als
o
,
t
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
lev
els
at
3
3
k
V
an
d
6
.
6
k
V
b
u
s
es
ar
e
at
9
9
.
9
8
%
an
d
1
0
3
.
6
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
.
S
im
ilar
ly
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
at
1
0
0
%
an
d
4
0
%
PV
lev
els
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
C
C
PP
is
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
,
as
well,
with
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
u
g
g
ested
lo
ad
i
n
g
o
f
1
3
MW
b
y
ea
ch
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e.
Als
o
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
at
3
3
an
d
6
.
6
KV
b
u
s
es
ar
e
b
etwe
en
1
0
0
%
an
d
1
0
4
%,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
well
with
in
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
it
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
[
7
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at,
we
h
av
e
s
im
u
lated
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
1
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
SP
P
to
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
3
we
d
etail
th
e
m
er
its
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
SP
P.
6
.
2
.
C
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
-
2
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
d
u
s
tr
y
'
s
d
ata,
th
e
to
tal
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
V
HD)
b
ef
o
r
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
SP
P,
was
3
.
4
%.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
t
o
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
u
ch
as
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
r
iv
es.
Af
ter
SP
P
in
s
tal
latio
n
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ar
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
u
e
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
co
n
d
u
ct
s
im
u
la
tio
n
s
f
o
r
1
0
0
%
PV
p
en
etr
atio
n
at
6
.
6
KV
b
u
s
es
-
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
(
T
HD)
at
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
wh
er
e
DE
R
s
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
6
.
8
9
%
an
d
7
.
9
%.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
le
v
els
ar
e
ju
s
t
ab
o
v
e
5
%;
th
e
lim
its
ar
e
th
o
s
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
-
2
0
1
4
(
Se
c.
5
.
1
,
T
a
b
.
1
0
)
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
SP
P
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
s
u
itab
le
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
ilter
s
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
Simu
latio
n
s
ar
e
also
d
o
n
e
b
y
ad
d
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
i
lter
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
(
s
in
g
le
tu
n
ed
6
0
0
k
VAr
f
ilter
s
)
with
wh
ich
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
lev
el
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
c
ed
to
4
.
4
8
%.
T
h
er
e
ex
is
ts
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
t
r
o
l o
f
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
PV sy
s
tem
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
ex
p
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
a
ct
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f simu
lta
n
eo
u
s
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
a
n
d
c
o
g
en
era
tio
n
…
(
B
.
K
o
ti
R
ed
d
y
)
657
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pre
-
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
lo
ad
f
lo
w
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Po
s
t
-
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
lo
a
d
f
lo
w
at
ir
r
ad
.
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Po
s
t
-
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
lo
a
d
f
lo
w
at
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
f
4
0
0
W
/m
2
6
.
3
.
C
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
-
3
I
t
is
a
k
n
o
wn
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
tem
u
s
u
ally
o
p
e
r
ate
clo
s
e
to
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
i.e
.
,
t
h
ey
d
o
n
o
t
in
ject
an
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
n
less
it
h
as
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
o
n
l
y
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
SP
P.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
to
ca
ter
to
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
,
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
eith
e
r
C
C
PP
o
r
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
i
d
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
C
C
PP
o
r
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
in
p
o
s
t
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SP
P.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
1
0
0
%
PV
p
en
etr
atio
n
with
u
tili
ty
g
r
i
d
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
g
r
id
-
tie
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
ab
s
en
t
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
to
tal
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
is
s
u
p
p
lied
o
n
ly
b
y
C
C
PP
.
B
ef
o
r
e
SP
P
in
teg
r
atio
n
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
at
th
e
C
C
PP
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
0
.
8
3
(
la
g
g
in
g
)
an
d
with
1
0
0
%
PV
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
at
SP
P
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
7
6
(
lag
g
in
g
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ca
u
s
es
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
lin
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
a
n
d
h
av
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
is
is
s
u
e,
we
s
u
g
g
est
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
;
1
)
i
n
s
tallin
g
s
u
itab
le
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
wh
en
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
SP
P
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
u
n
ity
2
)
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
co
s
t
-
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
latter
is
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
e
to
o
v
er
s
izin
g
o
f
t
h
e
PV in
v
er
ter
s
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
PVs
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
h
av
e
to
wo
r
k
h
a
r
d
er
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
d
u
e
to
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
d
eter
i
o
r
ates
th
e
life
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
PV
in
v
e
r
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
tiv
ely
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
with
o
u
t
in
cu
r
r
in
g
m
u
ch
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
n
t
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
s
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
h
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
[
2
5
]
.
A
ls
o
,
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
wh
en
it
is
s
u
r
p
lu
s
an
d
to
r
elea
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
b
ac
k
to
lo
ad
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
s
o
lar
h
o
u
r
s
ca
n
p
ar
tially
el
im
in
ate
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
PV p
o
wer
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
is
s
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
6
4
9
-
660
658
T
h
e
PV in
v
er
ter
s
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
≤
(
)
2
(
8
)
wh
er
e
, P
SPP
,
Q
SPP
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
d
en
o
te
ac
tiv
e
,
r
ea
ctiv
e,
a
n
d
m
ax
im
u
m
ap
p
a
r
en
t p
o
wer
c
ap
ac
ity
o
f
SP
P.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
in
(
4
)
with
Q
spp
is
r
ef
o
r
m
u
l
ated
as
;
+
+
=
+
(
9
)
Fin
ally
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
a
cts
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
SP
P
in
th
e
jo
in
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
PV
in
v
er
te
r
to
0
.
8
(
lag
g
i
n
g
)
in
th
e
E
-
T
AP.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
SP
Ps
d
el
iv
er
ed
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
at
an
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
3
MW
i.e
.
,
2
5
%
o
f
r
ated
DE
R
ca
p
ac
ity
wh
ich
is
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
[
8
,
C
lau
s
e
5
.
2
]
.
T
a
b
le
4
d
escr
ib
es th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
‘
o
n
’
a
n
d
‘
o
f
f
’
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
Q
SPP
.
T
h
e
Q
-
S
PP
o
f
f
an
d
Q
-
SP
P
o
n
in
th
e
T
ab
le
4
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
tatu
s
o
f
PV
in
v
er
ter
,
f
o
r
e.
g
.
,
Q
-
o
f
f
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
is
tu
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
S
PP
o
p
er
ates
at
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
(
PF
)
.
Fr
o
m
T
a
b
l
e
4
it
is
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
d
u
r
i
n
g
Q
-
SP
P
o
f
f
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
at
T
G
was
m
ain
tain
ed
at
0
.
7
6
(
lag
g
in
g
)
with
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
tu
r
n
e
d
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
at
6
.
6
k
V
b
u
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
1
0
3
.
8
%.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Q
-
SP
P
o
n
,
th
e
T
G
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
is
m
ain
tain
e
d
at
0
.
8
4
(
lag
g
in
g
)
wi
th
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
1
0
.
5
2
%.
T
h
is
b
u
lk
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
at
T
G
is
a
cc
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p
lis
h
ed
d
u
e
to
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e
r
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ctiv
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p
o
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u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
SP
P.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
to
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
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r
b
a
n
k
s
wer
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tu
r
n
ed
‘
o
f
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’
d
u
r
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g
th
e
Q
-
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P
o
n
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r
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r
,
d
u
r
in
g
Q
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n
,
th
e
ac
tiv
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p
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wer
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u
tp
u
t
o
f
SP
P
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
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MW
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
4
.
5
2
MW
in
Q
-
SP
P
o
f
f
.
T
h
is
r
ed
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ctio
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eg
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b
le
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m
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ar
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f
ac
to
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im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
at
T
G.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
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ag
e
at
6
.
6
k
V
b
u
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
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0
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%,
wh
ich
is
p
r
ec
is
ely
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
lim
its
p
r
escr
ib
ed
in
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
tu
d
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
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al
p
o
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f
ac
to
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
d
e
v
ices
lik
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ca
p
ac
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b
an
k
s
,
au
to
-
tap
ch
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g
er
s
an
d
SP
Ps
i
n
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
o
r
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im
u
ltan
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u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
SP
P a
n
d
C
C
PP
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
d
ir
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tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
v
o
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m
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ar
is
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n
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
PV in
v
er
ter
C
a
se
Ea
c
h
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o
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t
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h
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t
p
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t
P
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@
TG
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@
S
P
P
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
%) @
6
.
6
k
V
b
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s
Q
-
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f
f
1
3
.
3
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+
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1
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5
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2
8
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1
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1
0
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8
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P
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8
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j2
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2
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0
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1
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C
a
s
e
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4
T
o
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d
y
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
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etr
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d
u
r
in
g
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
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ase
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o
lted
f
au
lt
at
PC
C
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
im
u
lated
at
1
0
0
%
PV
p
o
wer
lev
el
with
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
f
ee
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
es
9
a
n
d
1
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
r
is
e
is
o
n
ly
0
.
9
%
d
u
e
to
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
1
2
.
6
4
9
k
A
ag
ai
n
s
t
1
2
.
5
3
5
k
A
at
6
.
6
k
V
b
u
s
i.e
.
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
u
p
li
n
g
-
P
C
C
)
.
W
ith
th
is
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
i
s
n
o
t m
u
ch
s
ig
n
i
f
icam
t a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
m
a
n
ag
ea
b
le
ea
s
ily
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fau
lt o
n
6
.
6
an
d
3
3
k
V
b
u
s
es a
t p
r
e
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Fau
lt o
n
6
.
6
a
n
d
3
3
k
V
b
u
s
es p
o
s
t
-
in
teg
r
atio
n
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