Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 2,
May 2016, pp
. 297 ~ 304
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i2.pp29
7-3
0
4
297
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 23, 201
6
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 2
9
, 2016;
Acce
pted April 11, 2016
Review on AC–AC Converter Based Dynamic V
o
ltage
Restorer
Tamilv
anan G
1
, Mahendr
an S
2
Dep
a
rtment of EEE, K.S. Rangas
am
y
C
o
ll
eg
e of
T
e
chnol
og
y
T
i
ruchen
god
e,
T
a
mil Nad
u
, India
Corresp
on
din
g
author, emai
l:
vrgtamilva
n
a
n
@
gmai
l.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he mainta
in
pow
er qu
ality i
s
one of the
ma
jor p
a
rt of all ki
nd of in
d
u
stry as w
e
ll as pow
er
systems. Volta
ge sag
and v
o
lt
age sw
ell th
e common p
o
w
e
r qua
lity issue. The Dyn
a
m
ic Vo
ltage R
e
storer i
s
the co
mmon D
e
vice w
h
ich is
used to
mitig
a
t
e
the ab
ove
pr
obl
e
m
s. In this pap
er provi
des
review
on vari
ou
s
type of AC-AC
converter bas
ed DVR. T
he
use of AC-A
C
converter ca
n compe
n
sate th
e voltag
e sag
an
d
swell without
need of an
y kind of stor
age element
s
like capacitor
and
batteri
es. The
absence of storage
ele
m
ents ca
n r
educ
e si
z
e
an
d w
e
ig
ht of th
e
DVR. T
h
e fe
a
t
ure var
i
ous
ty
pe
of AC-
AC
converters
b
a
s
e
d
DVR is conc
en
trated in this p
aper.
Key W
o
rd
s:
Dyna
mic Vo
ltag
e Restorer, po
w
e
r quality, AC
-AC converter
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The variou
s p
o
we
r quality probl
em
s are
due to the increa
sing u
s
e o
f
nonlinea
r loads like
power ele
c
tronic loa
d
s.
Voltage distu
r
ban
ce a
nd harm
oni
cs o
c
cur du
e to these loa
d
s.
The
malfunctio
n
in
g of
sen
s
iti
v
e equi
pme
n
t will
ca
uses
due
to
power
qualit
y probl
em
s. The
production
and relay syst
em will
get operate during unsuitabl
e ti
me
[1].
Dist
ribution
system is
mostly affe
cted by volta
g
e
sa
g a
nd
swe
ll po
wer qu
ali
t
y issu
e. Sho
r
t ci
rcuits, Li
g
h
tning
stro
ke
s
-
faults and in
rush
curre
n
ts
are the mai
n
sour
ce
s of voltage sag
s
. Stop / Start
of heavy loads,
badly dimen
s
ioned po
we
r
sou
r
ces, po
orly regulat
ed t
r
an
sform
e
rs, singl
e line to grou
nd fault on
the sy
stem l
ead to
volta
ge
swells. V
o
ltage
sa
g
i
s
a
decre
ase
of the
no
rm
al voltage
le
vel
betwe
en 10
and 9
0
% of the nomi
nal
RMS voltage a
t
the power freque
ncy, for
duratio
ns
of 0,5
cycle
to 1 minute.
Voltage swells are
m
o
ment
ary in
cre
a
se
of the voltage, at the
power
freque
ncy, ou
tside the no
rmal tolera
nce
s
, with
duration of more th
an one
cycle
and typically l
e
ss
than a few se
con
d
s [2-5].
The u
s
e of
Dynamic Volta
ge Re
sto
r
er i
s
on
e
of the
most effectiv
e method
s to
mitigate
voltage sa
g and swells. Cu
stom Power
Device (CP
D
) is a powe
r
ful
tool based o
n
semi
con
d
u
c
tor
swit
che
s
con
c
ept to p
r
ote
c
t se
nsitive l
oad
s if
there
is a di
sturb
ance from p
o
we
r line [5
-7].
Among the several novel
CPD, the Dy
namic Volt
a
g
e
Re
store
r
(DVR) are n
o
w
be
comin
g
more
recogni
se
d in
indu
stry to
comp
en
sate
the impa
ct of
voltage di
sturba
nces
on
sen
s
itive lo
ads
Powe
r qu
ality in the dist
rib
u
tion sy
stem
can
be
a
c
hie
v
ed better by
usin
g a custo
m
power d
e
vice
DVR for volta
ge distu
r
b
a
n
c
es such a
s
voltage
sag
s
, swells, ha
rmo
n
ics, unbal
an
ced voltag
e a
nd
etc. The
Dy
namic Voltag
e Re
sto
r
er
(DVR) is
a
d
e
vice that id
entifies the
sag o
r
swell
and
con
n
e
c
ts a v
o
ltage
sou
r
ce
in se
rie
s
wit
h
the supply
voltage in su
ch a
way that
the load volt
age
is kept in
sid
e
the establi
s
he
d tolera
n
c
e limit
s. Th
e need of serie
s
co
nne
ction is to add or
subtract the v
o
ltage level [7-10].
2. D
y
namic
Voltage Res
t
orer
Dynami
c
voltage re
sto
r
er i
s
a se
rie
s
co
nne
cted
stati
c
var device that has ap
pli
c
ation
s
in
a vari
ou
s tra
n
smi
ssi
on
an
d di
strib
u
tion
sy
stem
s.
Th
e DV
R i
s
a
seri
es
comp
e
n
sat
i
o
n
d
e
v
i
c
e
,
whi
c
h protect
s
Powe
r Qu
a
lity from volta
ge sa
gs,
swells
[11-15]. The firs
t DV
R was
ins
t
alled in
North Am
eri
c
a in 1996
- a
12.47 kV sy
stem lo
cate
d
in Anderson,
South Caroli
na. Since the
n
,
DVRs have b
een ap
plied t
o
prote
c
t critical loa
d
s
in
u
t
ilities, semi
condu
ctor
and
food pro
c
e
ssing.
Today, the d
y
namic volta
ge re
sto
r
er i
s
one of t
he m
o
st effective
PQ device
s
i
n
solving volt
age
sag
p
r
oble
m
s. The
main
fu
nction
of
DV
R i
s
to
supply
or supp
re
ss
the voltage
a
c
cordi
ngly
wh
en
the sag o
r
swell is a
c
cru
ed with suita
b
le magni
tu
d
e
and freq
ue
ncy, so that it can re
store
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 297 –
304
298
load sid
e
voltage to the desi
r
ed a
m
pl
itude and wa
veform even
when the source voltag
e is
unbal
an
ced
or di
storte
d. This
can im
prove t
he
co
st efficien
cy. The DV
R can a
c
hieve t
h
e
comp
en
satio
n
by two different
ways
o
ne is
to a
c
hi
eve by AC/DC/AC an
d an
other type
can
comp
en
sate
by
AC-A
C conversion. Now a
d
a
y t
he eval
uatio
n AC-AC co
nverter can
be
impleme
n
ted
for the
Dyn
a
m
ic Volta
ge
Re
store
r
. By
a direct
converter elimin
ate the
dc lin
k
[15-
20]. Energy
storage
ma
ke
s the DVR
unit
bulki
er a
nd
costlier. Al
so, the d
c
lin
k im
poses
a limit on
comp
en
satio
n
ca
pability o
f
the DVR in
terms
of mag
n
itude a
nd d
u
ration
of co
mpen
sation.
The
AC-AC
conve
r
ter ba
se
d DVR can eli
m
i
nat
e the sa
g for unlimite
d
d
u
ration
s.
3. Rev
i
e
w
on
AC –
AC
Co
nv
erter Base
d DVR
Bingse
n
Wan
g
et al p
r
o
p
o
s
ed a volta
ge
sag
co
ntroll
er usin
g mat
r
ix conve
r
ter
co
n
necte
d
with flywheel
this this flywheel can ge
n
e
rate t
he AC voltage. The
PM machin
e
run flywhe
el is
cho
s
e
n
to
b
e
the
ene
rgy
sto
r
age
ba
sed o
n
the
o
v
erall b
a
lan
c
e amo
ng th
e
po
wer de
nsity,
efficien
cy, co
st an
d e
n
viro
nmental
frien
d
line
ss.
Than
AC volta
ge
is u
s
e
d
as injection voltage
whe
n
the sa
g
is prod
uced.
System mainl
y
need belo
w
requi
reme
nt to produ
ce th
e optimal co
mpen
sation.
1. The store
d
energy an
d mitigate voltage sag
s
is to be to maintain an
d
recover fro
m
by
Bidire
ctional power
flow.
2. A the output of the co
nverter p
o
we
r factor
i
s
to
be maintain
ed at high ra
nge in o
r
de
r to
guarantee th
e system to functio
n
pro
p
e
r
ly
rega
rdle
ss of the nature
of the load.
3. The conve
r
ter shoul
d be operat
ed in
buck mode b
e
ca
use in voltage sa
g con
d
ition the system
need a
n
only low ra
nge of
power.
Figure 1. I Fly wheel Ene
r
g
y
Storage
ba
sed
DVR p
r
o
posed by Bingse
n
Wa
ng
Flywheel
is supply voltage
then th
e cap
a
citor is
u
s
ed
to sto
r
e th
e
energy an
d it
is a
c
t a
s
sou
r
ce the
n
the configu
r
a
t
ion in
cludin
g
the in
du
ctor
of the m
a
tri
x
conve
r
ter,
LC filter, filte
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Re
vie
w
on AC –AC Con
v
e
r
ter Ba
sed Dynam
ic Voltag
e Re
store
r
(T
am
ilvanan G
)
299
cap
a
cito
r a
c
ross the ma
ch
ine so that co
nverter
going
to boo
st mod
e
co
nfi
guratio
n. To overco
me
the control d
e
sig
n
chall
e
n
ge, a non-li
n
ear inp
u
t decouplin
g strate
gy is put forth whi
c
h ag
re
es
appli
c
ation o
f
cla
ssi
cal servo-co
ntrol desi
gn
m
e
th
odolo
g
y to the redu
ce
d-orde
r
sub
s
y
s
tem,
namely the
g
r
id interfa
c
e
L
C
filter. T
o
ov
ercome
the control de
sign
chall
enge,
a non-li
nea
r
in
p
u
t
decouplin
g strategy is pu
t forth which
allows a
ppli
c
ation of cla
ssi
cal
servo
-
control de
sig
n
methodol
ogy
to the red
u
ce
d-o
r
de
r sub
system, namel
y the grid inte
rface
LC filter. There
are t
w
o
controlle
rs a
r
e used in thi
s
method o
ne
is to cont
rol t
he voltage fo
r the inju
nctio
n
to the sy
ste
m
and to
cont
rol the spee
d
of the flywh
eel du
ring i
d
l
i
ng. Un
der t
he voltage
u
nbala
n
ce in t
h
e
system the flywhe
el req
u
ire
s
to vary the spe
ed a
c
cord
ing to the voltage level.
Jorge Pé
re
z et.al introd
uce
d
a sin
g
l
e-ph
ase AC-AC matrix
conve
r
ter
wh
ich can
comp
en
sate voltage
h
a
rm
onics and
vol
t
age regul
atio
n
at
criti
c
al l
o
ads termi
nal
s. The
co
nvert
e
r
is comp
osed with
the
only four numb
e
r of
switchi
ng
device
s
and
i
t
’s controller i
s
wo
rkin
g u
n
der
the non-li
nea
r law
Figure 2.
Single-Ph
ase AC-A
C Co
nverter Ope
r
ating
as
a Dyn
a
mic Voltage Re
store
r
pro
p
o
s
e
d
by Jorg
e Pérez, et al
The
singl
e-p
hase mat
r
ix conve
r
ter is f
ed in
betwee
n
the
sou
r
ce
and l
oad
th
e matrix
conve
r
ter i
s
use
d
to inje
ct voltage in o
ppo
site
direct
ion to the fa
uled voltage.
The ge
nerated
voltage i
s
in
jected
by th
e coupli
ng t
r
an
sform
e
r o
b
taining
a
si
nusoidal
loa
d
voltage.
T
h
e
prop
osed to
pology op
erates a
s
a
buck AC-A
C power
con
v
erter to
co
mpen
sate
s the
disturban
ce
s
gene
rated by
the AC sou
r
ce. Wh
en
th
e sag i
s
app
ear in the sy
stem mea
n
s
the
conve
r
ter
swi
t
ching i
s
in phase with the
syst
em voltage and when
the swell is
prod
uced me
an
s
the conve
r
ter
fired at 180 d
egre
e
angl
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 297 –
304
300
Figure 3. Single-Ph
ase AC-A
C Co
nverter
One of the a
d
vantage
s in
the
prop
osed
stru
cture i
s
that
the cou
p
li
ng tran
sform
e
r doe
s
not requi
re ta
ps to ch
ang
e the polarity of the compe
n
sated voltage.
Suma
Jothib
asu
et.al p
r
o
posed
a
con
t
rol sch
e
me
based o
n
th
e characte
rization of
voltage
sag
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed.
Therefore,
it
aids in
th
e
fl
exible comp
e
n
satio
n
by switchi
ng between
pre
s
ag a
nd i
n
pha
se com
pen
sation. Th
e scheme
pr
ovides 1
00% comp
en
satio
n
for type B sag,
and for
all other type
s, co
mpen
sation
u
p
to 50%
sa
g
magnitud
e
with phase jum
p
s rangi
ng from
60 to
-6
0 fo
r inte
rph
a
se
ac–a
c top
o
l
ogy. The
al
gorithm
take
s; at m
o
st,
half a
cycl
e
to
comp
en
sate
and it wo
rks in the pre
s
ence of harmonics a
nd
unbal
an
ce, since the F
o
u
r
ier
transfo
rm i
s
employed
to
extract the
fu
ndame
n
tal
co
mpone
nt. A control
sche
m
e
ba
se
d on
the
cha
r
a
c
teri
zati
on of voltage
sag i
s
propo
sed. It is test
ed on inte
rph
a
se a
c
–
a
c
co
nverter top
o
l
ogy
and it is foun
d that the sch
eme
Therefore, it
aids i
n
the
flexible co
mpen
sation
by swit
chin
g
betwe
en p
r
esa
g
an
d
inpha
se
com
pen
sation. Th
e schem
e p
r
o
v
ides 1
00% compen
satio
n
for type sa
g, and for
all oth
e
r
types, com
p
e
n
satio
n
up to
50% sa
g m
agnitud
e
with
pha
se jump
s ra
ngin
g
fro
m
60 to 60 f
o
r
interph
a
se a
c
–ac topol
ogy.Beside
s
co
m
pen
sation
gives i
n
si
ght on
the limits on
com
pen
satio
n
imposed by variou
s sag types.
The se
co
nda
ry’s of the isolation tran
sf
orme
rs a
r
e
conne
cted
su
ch that they a
dd the
output Volta
g
e
s
of the
cho
ppers and
inj
e
ct the
m
.
Deriving the i
n
je
cted volta
ge f
r
om t
w
o volta
ge
s
o
urces
fac
ilitates
the realiz
ati
on of the des
i
red ref
e
renc
e volt
age with phase s
h
ift. In this
scheme, com
pen
sation of
fundame
n
tal quantitie
s
ha
s be
en
con
s
i
dere
d
. In ca
se of harmoni
cs,
fundame
n
tal comp
one
nts
are extra
c
t
ed
and compe
n
sated by the schem
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Re
vie
w
on AC –AC Con
v
e
r
ter Ba
sed Dynam
ic Voltag
e Re
store
r
(T
am
ilvanan G
)
301
Figure 4. AC cho
ppe
r fed voltage compe
n
sate p
r
op
osed by Suma Jothiba
s
u et al
Mahe
sh K.
Mish
ra
et al i
n
trodu
ce
d a
n
AC
-A
C-co
nverter-ba
se
d
v
o
ltage sa
g suppo
rter
fed with
line
voltage
has bee
n p
r
op
o
s
ed
to
comp
ensate volta
ge
sag
with
pha
se j
u
mp.
The
operation a
n
d
switchi
ng l
ogic
of this t
opolo
g
y
are
explained i
n
detail. The
capability of the
topology i
s
te
sted fo
r diffe
rent ty
pes of voltage
sag
an
d is co
mpa
r
e
d
with
othe
r t
opolo
g
ies.
Th
is
topology ha
s the advanta
ge of elimina
t
ing st
orage
device a
nd p
r
ovidi
ng in
creased range
of
comp
en
satio
n
. The
ac–a
c ch
oppe
rs in
the sag
su
p
porte
rs are f
ed with
line
voltages. Al
so, it
retain
s the merit of the interph
a
se topo
logy by
shari
ng the power drawn, from
more than o
ne
pha
se at any instant of time.
The voltag
e
sag
sup
porte
r
is p
r
ovide
d
b
e
twee
n the P
C
C an
d the l
oad.
Whe
n
a
voltage
sag
occu
rs
at the PCC of any of
the pha
se
s,
the corre
s
p
ondin
g
sag
sup
porte
r inj
e
cts
approp
riate voltage in se
ri
es with the sup
p
ly
voltage to maintain the desire
d
load Voltage.
S
e
lect
o
r
swit
che
s
S
1,
1
,
S
2, and
2
are employed to sele
ct suitabl
e line voltage input for
these
c
o
nd
ac ch
opp
er. Sin
c
e th
e
sele
ct
or
swit
che
s
a
r
e o
p
e
r
ated
b
a
se
d o
n
a
ref
e
ren
c
e
voltag
e,
whi
c
h do
es
not signifi
ca
ntly vary during a
voltag
e sag eve
n
t, the swit
che
s
nee
d not
be
operatedat
h
i
gher freq
ue
ncy. The
r
ef
o
r
e, ea
ch
sa
g su
ppo
rter
con
s
i
s
ts of f
our
bidirectio
nal
swit
che
s
op
erated at high freque
ncy an
d fourothe
rs at power fre
que
ncy.
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 297 –
304
302
Figure 5. AC cho
ppe
r fed voltage compe
n
sato
r propo
sed by Mahe
sh K. Mishra e
t
al
Ebrahim Babaeiet.al
concentrated onthe co
st of this dc
-link
cap
a
citor is high
and it
results in hig
h
cost and limited applications
of DVRs. Therefore, some studi
es have bee
n
performed to
reduce
the
si
ze of the
ene
rgy storage
e
l
ements. There has been
l
e
ss attention to
topologies of
DVR that do
not r
equire any energy sto
r
age element. Li
ke capacitor or any kind of
battery.so it can compen
sa
te the unbalanced voltage
as unlimited time interval th
e sag and swell
both can be control by usin
g this topolog
y.
These topolo
g
ies
can
com
pensate on
e
phase
outage
s be
cau
s
e th
e comp
ensati
on voltage
in each phase is taken from a
ll
three phases of the source.
Ø is the phase angle of
the injected volta
ge and is de
fi
ned as follows:
Ø=0 for sag conditions
Ø=180 for swell conditions
Three p
hase
to single
pha
se converter is used
in
each
phase. Con
s
i
d
ering Figu
re
3.5 the
following equation can be obtained. At
t
he normal condition the b
y
pass switch
are normally
closed. At that time
the con
v
erter is not connec
ted to line so the normal voltage is appear on the
line. The switching frequen
cy is conside
r
ed as F=
and t is the sampling time and it is spiltted into
two parts, and there are peak time and
dead time.
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Re
vie
w
on AC –AC Con
v
e
r
ter Ba
sed Dynam
ic Voltag
e Re
store
r
(T
am
ilvanan G
)
303
Figure 6. AC-AC converter based voltage com
pensat
or proposed by Ebrahim
Babaei et al
The total time interval is obtained by adding peak
and dead time interval. In
the dead
time interval, the zero voltage generation in th
ree-p
hase-to-singl
e-phase con
v
erter, switches
output side will be turned
on. Similarl
y, in the peak
time interval
, the switches that cause the
maximum po
sitive outpu
t
voltage generation should
be turned on if
the converter output voltage
is in its positive half cycle and reversely, t
he switches that cause
a maximum negative outp
u
t
voltage generation should
be turned
on i
f
the converte
r output voltage is in
it
s ne
gative half cycle.
So during ea
ch sampling
period, in the time inte
rval and in the time interval, the zero
voltage
level will show up in the co
nverter output and
this will
continue for all sampling periods.
Sag
conditions
the
sy
stem
voltage
is
to be add
ed with inje
cted voltage. Whe
n
the Ø is 0
mean
s the v
o
ltage i
s
in
p
hase with
a
DVR volt
a
ge and
it can ad
ded with
the system
volta
ge,
then sag
ca
n com
pen
sat
ed. Swell
con
d
itions th
e
sy
stem voltage
is to be
su
btract with i
n
je
cted
voltage. Whe
n
the Ø is 18
0 mean
s the voltage
is out
of phase wit
h
a DVR voltage and it ca
n
subtract
with
the syste
m
voltage, then t
he swell
ca
n
be compe
n
sa
ted. Ther
efore, if one ph
ase of
the source
vo
ltage ha
s l
o
st
, the
co
rresp
ondin
g
ph
ase
of the lo
ad
can be
suppli
e
d from th
e ot
her
two pha
se
s.
4. Conclusio
n
No
w a
day th
e po
we
r q
uali
t
y is maj
o
r i
s
sue
for the
el
ectri
c
al
syste
m
s. Th
e volta
ge
sag
and
swell is the mo
st com
m
on p
r
obl
em
in the p
o
wer
system. T
h
e
s
e problem
also co
nsi
d
e
r
ed
as
seri
ou
s probl
em. The eval
uation AC –
A
C co
nver
te
r base
d
DV
R
is help
s
to a
v
oid the storage
element
s it
can redu
ce
s t
he ove
r
a
ll
we
ight an
d
co
st of the
syst
e
m
. This pa
pe
r ha
s
revived
the
variou
s type AC – AC con
v
erter ba
sed
DVR. Fr
o
m
the revive the
AC-AC conv
erter b
a
sed DVR
can
com
pen
sate the voltage sag a
s
well as
swe
ll
without ne
ed
of any
stora
ge elem
ents.
The
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 297 –
304
304
absen
ce of such
eleme
n
ts can redu
ce the si
ze
a
nd cost of DVR. The
s
e
kind of DV
R
also
comp
en
sate the voltage sa
g and swell
with unlimited time duration
s
.
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