Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
613
~
615
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
3
.
pp
613
-
615
613
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Prospe
ct Con
ve
ni
ent Stea
dfast Pr
ocedur
e in
Wire
l
ess
S
ens
or
Network
Jewan
Sin
gh
1
,
Vibh
akar
M
anso
tra
2
1
Inform
at
ion
T
e
chnol
og
y
,
AM
ET
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ch
enna
i
,
Ind
ia
2
Depa
rtment of
computer
sci
ence
&
I
T,
Univ
ersi
t
y
of
Jam
m
u,
Ka
shm
ir
,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
21
, 201
7
Re
vised
Jan
2
9
, 201
8
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
7
, 201
8
Thi
s
art
i
cl
e
obj
e
ct
iv
e
is
to
improve
the
stea
df
ast
routi
ng
in
W
ire
l
ess
Sensor
Networks
with
li
tt
le
int
erf
eri
ng
a
nd
avoi
d
pac
k
et
col
li
sion
.
In
the
sche
m
e,
th
e
ent
ir
e
node
has
the
opti
on
of
el
ecting
nex
t
Data
Com
m
unic
ation
Node
(DCN
).
The
next
dat
a
comm
unicati
on
node
is
ch
osen
depe
nd
on
the
int
ens
i
t
y
of
li
nk,
r
emaining
ene
rg
y
,
and
the
node
with
dista
nc
e
towar
ds
the
Base
Stat
ion.
Thus,
t
he
sende
r
node
tra
nsm
it
s
the
inf
orm
at
ion
to
th
e
best
DCN
.
Instant
l
y
,
the
DCN
sends
the
ac
knowledg
ement
(ACK
)
al
o
ng
with
the
num
ber
of
pac
ket
s
re
ceive
d
ba
c
k
to
the
node
from
which
it
obta
ins
the
data.
The
send
er
node
assures t
he
d
el
i
ver
y
of
th
e
t
ra
ns
m
it
te
d
pa
ckets b
y
compari
ng
the
v
al
ue
of
n
um
ber
of
pa
ck
et
s
sent
with
t
he
va
lue
obtain
ed
with
the
ac
knowledg
ement.
If
they
ar
e
eq
uiva
l
ent
,
it
will
send
th
e
ver
ifi
c
ati
on
ide
n
t
i
t
y
to
the
DCN
.
If
i
t
is
not
equ
iva
l
e
nt,
it
wi
ll
d
ecide
anot
h
er
node
w
it
h
high
est
li
nk
intensit
y
.
A
fte
r
th
at
,
the
da
t
a
choose
s
the
D
CN
and
re
peat
t
he
proc
ess
unti
l the
data
r
eache
s th
e
B
ase
St
at
ion
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ackn
ow
le
dg
e
m
ent
Data Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Node
P
acket c
olli
sion
Ra
dio
i
nterf
e
re
nce
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jewa
n
Si
ngh
,
Inform
at
ion
Te
chnolo
gy
,
AMET
Un
i
versi
ty
, Ch
en
nai,
I
nd
ia
.
1.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
W
i
reless
Se
nsor
Netw
orks
(
WSN)
c
on
ta
in
s
nu
m
ber
of
se
ns
or
no
des
an
d
they
are
hav
i
ng
the
wi
reless
connecti
on
with
eac
h
ot
her.
The
Ba
se
Stat
i
on
c
ontr
ols
the
sens
or
node
s.
The
se
nsor
no
des
ar
e
obse
rvi
ng
it
s
env
i
ronm
ent to g
et
the
p
a
rtic
ul
ar att
rib
ute ac
cordin
g
t
o
it
s c
onfig
ur
at
io
n.
Energy
awa
re
routin
g
for
rea
l
-
tim
e
and
reli
able
com
m
un
i
cat
ion
[
1]
us
ed
to
pro
vid
e
r
el
ia
ble
data
delivery
i
n
WSN.
I
n
this
sc
he
m
e,
the
se
nsor
sel
ect
s
the
rout
e
base
d
on
e
ne
rg
y,
la
te
ncy
a
nd
c
onsist
ency
path.
This
in
form
at
i
on
is
c
ollec
te
d
from
the
neighb
or
nodes
.
The
n
that
no
de
fin
ds
out
th
e
li
kelihood
va
lue
of
choosi
ng
the
pa
th.
Th
e
path
with
lo
w
ene
r
gy
cost
is
ex
pe
ct
ed
to
be
sel
ect
ed
in
this
s
chem
e.
Po
sit
ion
base
d
Power
ef
fici
en
t
pr
oto
c
ol
is
rep
rese
nts
the
consi
ste
ncy
of
pack
et
trans
f
er
that
is
pr
esented
in
[
2].
I
n
this
schem
e
intro
duced
fa
ult
tolerant
m
echan
ism
to
find
ou
t
the
fail
ur
e
li
nk
and
the
fa
ult
sens
or
no
de
an
d
al
so
to
reconstr
uct
the
fail
ed
pat
h.
I
n
[3
]
,
the
s
el
f
-
s
el
ect
ing
reli
abl
e
path
routin
g
protoc
ol
is
pro
po
s
ed
.
This
protoc
ol
was
overc
om
e
the
three
chall
eng
es
s
uch
as
delay
,
li
nk
fail
ur
e
an
d
ene
rgy
wh
il
e
tra
nsm
itti
ng
the
data
fr
om
so
urce
t
o
destinat
ion.
A
Re
li
able
m
ulti
-
ho
p
routin
g
protoc
ol
[
4]
is
pro
po
sed
to
fi
nd
out
feasible
s
horte
st
pat
h
betwee
n
sou
rc
e
and
destinat
ion.
The
a
uthor
m
ai
nly
con
sid
ers
the
ene
rg
y
and
m
e
m
or
y
sp
ace
w
hile
rou
ti
ng
the
data
pac
kets.
T
hese
pa
ram
et
ers
are
deci
des
that
the
net
wor
k
li
fetim
e.
Re
liable
Ro
uting
P
ro
t
oco
l
is
intr
oduce
d
in
[
5].
This
protoc
ol
pro
vid
e
s
reli
able
r
ou
t
e
by
us
in
g
t
he
par
am
et
er
reli
able
facto
r.
E
ve
ry
node
as
ser
ts
the
reli
abili
ty
fact
or
value.
The
so
urce
node
s
ends
the
r
ou
te
request
to
th
e
node
with
hi
gh
reli
a
bili
ty
that
is
determ
ined
by
the
reli
abili
ty
facto
r
m
ai
ntain
ed
by
t
he
node.
Ge
netic
al
gorithm
s
base
d
e
nh
a
nce
d
K
Stran
ge
po
i
nts
cl
us
te
ri
ng
al
gorit
hm
is
al
so
descr
ibe
s
that
[6
]
.
Me
dia
Access
Dela
y
and
Th
rou
ghpu
t
A
nal
ysi
s
of
Vo
ic
e
Cod
ec
with
Sil
ence
Sup
pr
essi
on
on
W
i
reless
Ad
H
oc
Netw
ork
ex
plaine
d
in
[7
]
.
W
i
reless
sensor
netw
ork
is
placed
on
var
i
ou
s
reg
i
ons
to
senses
f
or
the
dange
rous
ga
s
es
into
atm
os
phere
wh
e
re
in
peak
a
reas
of
ci
ti
zens
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
613
–
615
614
m
ov
ing
a
rou
nd,
it
helps
f
or
arm
y
so
ldiers
to
fire
detect
io
n
in
f
or
est
s
as
well
as
for
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
m
on
g
them
u
sing
al
gorithm
s f
or
pr
i
vacy co
nnect
io
n
in
se
ns
or
node
s [8].
2.
POTE
NTI
ALI
TY TI
MESE
RV
I
NG REL
I
ABLE
ROUT
ING
Her
e
,
the
se
nd
er
no
de
is
no
t
go
i
ng
to
ide
ntify
the
e
ntire
pa
thway
bef
or
e
the
data
tra
nsm
issi
on
.
T
he
sen
der
node
se
nd
s
t
he
data
in
the
hop
-
by
-
ho
p
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
Sender
fi
rstly
chooses
t
he
ne
xt
DCN
base
d
on
it
s
capab
il
it
y
to
transm
it
the
data
to
the
Ba
se
Stat
ion
.
T
he
c
apab
il
it
y
is
decided
base
d
on
it
s
li
nk
intensi
ty
,
and
rem
ai
ni
ng
ene
rg
y.
T
he
n
obt
ai
nin
g
t
he
data
pack
et
s
,
the
DCN
node
se
nd
t
he
AC
K
ba
ck
to
t
he
no
de
from
wh
ic
h
it
ob
ta
ins
the
data.
T
he
ACK
pac
ke
t
con
ta
ins
the
inform
at
ion
about
the
pac
ke
ts
ob
ta
ine
d
rat
e.
The
sen
der
ass
ures
that,
w
hethe
r
al
l
data
packet
s
hav
e
bee
n
reac
he
d
or
not.
I
f
the
s
en
di
ng
data
pac
ke
t
and
receivin
g
data
pack
et
s
are
e
qual
,
the
sen
der
send
s
the
ve
ri
ficat
ion
ide
ntit
y
to
the
DCN.
Then
this
pro
cess
is
con
ti
nu
ous
un
t
il
the
send
er
re
aches
the
data
to
Ba
se
Stat
ion
.
I
n
this
sche
m
e,
ever
y
DCN
node
f
ollo
w
s
no
de
ACK patt
er
n.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
it
a
vo
i
ds
t
he pack
et
co
ll
isi
on
a
nd
r
a
dio
i
nterf
e
re
nce.
Figure
1. Exa
m
ple top
ology
of PCSP
sch
e
m
e
Algori
th
m
:
PCSP
routin
g {
Set Sse
nd
e
r
Set B
S Base
Stat
ion
Wh
il
e {
DCN
! =
BS} {
Fo
r
each
n in
N
ei
ghbor
List
{
If
{
n wit
h hig
h ca
pa
bili
ty
}
Set DCN
n
}
S co
m
m
un
ic
at
e the
data to
DC
N
DCN sen
d AC
K
to
S
//
ACK
con
ta
in
s
pack
e
ts o
btained
r
at
e
//
So
urce
node a
naly
sis
If
{
n
s
en
d rate
==N
ob
ta
ine
d r
at
e} {
Ver
ific
at
io
n ke
y =R
and (
)*
e
ne
rg
y/
Dista
nce
}
S sen
ds t
he ve
r
ific
at
ion
key to
BS
Set S
DCN
}
}
PCSP
is
ex
pla
ined
by
us
i
ng
the
exam
ple
Figure
1.
I
n
thi
s
fig
ur
e
few
s
ens
or
nodes
a
r
e
distrib
uted
rand
om
l
y
in
t
he
se
ns
in
g
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Th
e
sens
or
desir
es
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
the
gathe
red
data
to
th
e
Ba
s
e
Stat
ion
.
B
ut
it
is
not
avail
ab
le
in
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
range.
Th
us
,
it
re
quir
e
m
ents
for
c
om
m
un
ic
at
e
the
data
thr
ough
so
m
e
DCN
no
des
to
reach
the
Ba
se
Stat
ion
.
The
PCSP
schem
e
find
s
out
th
e
ro
ute
bet
we
en
the
sen
der
a
nd
Ba
se
Stat
ion
.
In
i
ti
al
l
y
the
sender
el
ect
the
ne
xt
DCN
t
ow
a
r
ds
the
Ba
se
S
ta
ti
on
base
d
on
the
rem
ai
nin
g
ene
r
gy,
li
nk
inte
ns
i
ty
and
distance
to
the
Ba
se
Stat
ion
.
The
se
nder
com
m
un
ic
at
es
the
e
ntire
data
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Prospect
Co
nv
enient
Stea
dfa
s
t Proce
dure in
Wi
rel
ess
Se
nso
r Net
work
(
Je
wan Si
ngh
)
615
the
best
DCN.
In
sta
ntly
the
best
DCN
sen
ds
the
acknow
le
dg
em
ent
back
to
the
send
e
r.
To
offe
r
the
secur
it
y
,
the se
nd
e
r
c
rea
te
s the
ver
ific
a
ti
on
key b
y
us
i
ng the
f
ollow
i
ng
form
ula;
Re
(
)
*
[
]
t
a
n
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
E
n
e
r
g
y
V
K
R
a
n
d
D
i
s
c
e
(1)
Af
te
r
getti
ng
the
ve
rificat
io
n
key
only
,
the
DCN
node
c
a
n
tra
ns
m
it
the
data
to
the
ne
xt
DC
N
no
de
.
This
process
w
il
l be
conti
nu
e
d u
ntil
the d
at
a
p
ac
ke
t reaches
the
Ba
se Stat
ion
.
3.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Pr
ospect
c
onve
nient
ste
a
df
a
st
proce
dure
pro
vid
es
t
he
r
el
ia
bili
ty
in
m
ul
ti
hop
W
i
reless
Se
nso
r
Netw
ork.
In
t
his
schem
e,
he
route
f
ro
m
sen
der
to
Ba
s
e
Stat
ion
is
c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d
dy
nam
ic
ally.
The
Data
Com
m
un
i
cat
io
n
N
od
e
am
on
g
the
send
e
r
an
d
Ba
se
Stat
ion
is
cho
sen
base
d
on
the
li
nk
intensit
y,
distan
ce
an
d
rem
ai
nin
g
ene
r
gy. Hence
, th
e
PCSP
reduces
the inter
fer
e
nc
e an
d
a
vo
i
ds
pa
cket colli
sio
n i
n
the
netw
ork
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Jun
y
oung
Heo
,
Jim
an
Hong,
an
d
Yookun
Cho.
“
EARQ:
Ene
rg
y
Aw
ar
e
Rout
i
ng
for
Re
al
-
Tim
e
and
R
el
i
able
Com
m
unic
at
ion in
W
ire
l
ess Indu
stria
l
Sensor Netw
orks”,
IE
EE
transacti
ons on in
dustrial
inf
orm
at
ic
s
,
2009
;
5
(1).
[2]
Ahm
ed
Ali
Saih
ood,
Rak
esh
Ku
m
ar.
“
Enha
nc
ed
Locat
ion
Based
Ene
rg
y
-
Eff
i
ci
en
t
Re
li
ab
le
Rou
ting
Protocol
for
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Networks”,
In
te
r
nati
onal Journal
of
In
ve
n
ti
v
e Eng
ine
ering
and
S
cienc
es
(
IJ
IES)
,
M
a
y
2013.
[3]
Thomas
Babbi
t
t,
Christophe
r
Morrel
l
,
and
Bol
esl
aw
Sz
y
m
anski
.
“
Sel
f
-
Selec
ti
ng
Re
li
ab
le
Pat
h
R
outi
ng
in
Div
ers
e
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