TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 201
5, pp. 13 ~ 1
8
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
16i1.863
6
13
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
21, 2015; Revi
sed
Jul
y
2
7
, 2015; Acce
pted Augu
st 15, 2015
New Methods for Reducing the Problems of
Photovoltaic Systems
Sobhan Do
r
a
haki
Youn
g Res
ear
chers an
d Elite
Club, Bushe
h
r
br
anch, Islam
i
c Azad Un
iver
sit
y
, Bush
ehr, Iran
email: so
bha
nd
orah
aki@
gmai
l
.
com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Increasi
ng
of d
e
man
d
i
n
th
e e
nergy
sph
e
re
a
nd
al
so
u
nprec
ede
nted
pro
life
r
ation
of e
n
vir
o
nmenta
l
poll
u
tants i
n
the air
has p
u
she
d
hu
man
tow
a
rd t
he usin
g of rene
w
able e
nergy
sources suc
h
a
s
photov
olta
ic systems. Unfortu
nately, des
pite
all the efforts ma
de, in
the fi
eld of ph
otovo
l
taic systems, stil
l
the usa
b
i
lity of
this cle
an
and
renew
ab
le s
o
u
r
ce is ske
ptical
in the
w
o
rld. T
h
is p
a
p
e
r exa
m
i
nes s
o
me
b
a
si
c
prob
le
ms of p
hotovo
l
taic sys
tems a
nd disc
usses
a few
new
approac
he
s to reduce s
o
me pro
b
le
ms
of
photov
olta
ic
sy
stems.
Th
e pro
pose
d
appr
oac
hes hav
e
ca
pa
biliti
e
s
an
d d
i
fficulties
w
h
ich
a
r
e i
n
vestig
ated
i
n
this study.
Ke
y
w
ords
: ph
otovolta
ic-New
Method –H
ove
r
ing-so
lar tree-
sea
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
One of the method
s whi
c
h
has be
en pro
posed to
redu
ce the enviro
n
mental issu
es is the
use
of photo
v
oltaic sy
ste
m
s a
s
a
so
urce of
cl
ea
n and
ren
e
wable en
ergy [1-3]. No
wad
a
ys
followin
g
the
increa
sing d
e
mand i
n
th
e ene
rg
y sp
here, m
any peopl
e acro
ss the worl
d have
benefited f
r
o
m
sol
a
r te
ch
nologi
es
and
co
nsi
s
tent
ly
has bee
n a
d
ded o
n
the
n
u
mbe
r
of p
a
nels
installe
d all
over the
world [4]. One reason for
u
s
ing this e
nergy can
b
e
its ea
sy usabi
lity
(co
m
pa
red
wi
th wind po
we
r station
s
). It can b
e
sa
i
d
that photovolt
a
ic ind
u
stry i
n
the worl
d h
a
s
the capa
city of more than 40 GW in the
energy pr
od
uction of the worl
d [5
]. Photovoltaic syst
ems
are
co
mmonl
y use
d
in t
w
o form
s
of conne
cted
or
discon
ne
cted
from th
e n
e
t
work. Usu
a
lly
discon
ne
cted
from of network
can b
e
h
e
lpful in
rem
o
te area
s of the network which the cost
o
f
electri
c
ity
i
s
high
fo
r
th
e
m
[6,
7].
Bel
o
w are menti
oned some l
o
catio
n
s whi
c
h co
mmonly
use
photovoltai
c
power sy
ste
m
s:
1)
Con
s
tru
c
tion
purp
o
ses in t
he urb
an con
s
tru
c
tion
2)
Touri
s
m lo
cat
i
ons in remot
e
area
s of the
network
3) Establishing
power
pla
n
ts
4)
Agricultural la
nds a
s
a po
wer su
pply
Gene
rally th
e field of sol
a
r
system
ca
n
be
con
s
id
e
r
ed
wide
sp
re
ad, as th
e p
u
rpo
s
e
s
mentione
d a
bove only
expre
s
s a
smal
l part
of t
he
exploitation o
f
sola
r pa
nel
s. Photovolta
ic
system
s, alo
ng with all th
e benefits th
at have fo
r p
o
we
r net
work also
con
s
ist
ently have so
me
probl
em
s, which th
ese issue
s
al
way
s
red
u
ce the
amount
of u
s
ing th
em.
Re
sea
r
che
r
s are
alway
s
loo
k
in
g to provide n
e
w an
d innov
ative met
hod
s to redu
ce th
e probl
em
s of such syste
m
s.
Since sol
a
r panel
s con
s
i
s
tently
re
quire
a
la
rg
e
a
r
ea for solar
energy ha
rve
s
ting, o
ne of
the
probl
em
s tha
t
solar
syste
m
s a
r
e faci
n
g
is the p
r
o
b
lem of re
qu
ired la
nd a
r
e
a
. This p
r
obl
em
mostly sho
w
s itself in powe
r
plant pu
rpo
s
es, be
cau
s
e
building a p
o
w
er pl
ant pra
c
tically takes
an
area
of few
acres
without any usability (agricultura
l,
construction,
etc.). Another problem that
photovoltai
c
system
s are
often facing
is ex
ce
ssiv
e
warming o
f
the panel's proble
m
. This
probl
em is o
b
se
rvable in
redu
cin
g
the
useful
life of
the panel
s a
nd also re
du
cing the
syst
ems
efficien
cy wit
h
con
s
ide
r
in
g of P_V
an
d I_V a
rray
s
in a
varia
b
l
e
tempe
r
atu
r
e [8]. Figu
re
1
indicates am
ount of redu
ct
ion in the out
put
power of panel in the v
a
riabl
e tempe
r
ature.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 2015 : 13 – 1
8
14
Figure 1. P_V diagra
m
for consta
nt expo
sure of 1 kW / m ^ 2 and a
cha
nge in
temperature
of 5 ° C to 45 ° C
The othe
r infl
uential p
r
oble
m
in this field
,
is the pro
b
l
e
m of dro
p
shado
w effect
on the
sola
r pan
el. Due to the direct relatio
n
b
e
tw
ee
n amou
nts of exposu
r
e
re
ceived b
y
the panels
and
amount of
so
lar ele
c
tri
c
ity gene
rated
ou
tput, dr
op
sh
ado
w is d
e
scribed
as a
de
stru
ctive fact
or
[9,10]. In this pape
r thro
ugh propo
sin
g
of new
installation locat
i
ons, innovati
v
e methods
to
alleviate the above mentio
ned proble
m
s are presente
d
.
2. The Simulation Of Pho
t
ov
oltaic Sy
stems
Bas
e
d
On Ph
y
s
ic
al Behav
i
or
The p
h
ysi
c
al
behavio
r of a
photovoltai
c
cell i
s
ve
ry
si
milar to
a dio
de with
a P-N link. By
radiatin
g to
a
link,
so
me
e
nergy
pen
etrate into th
e li
nk
and
rea
c
h
e
s to
its P-N
link. T
h
is cau
s
e
s
that the cu
rre
n
t cre
a
tes i
n
the semi
co
nd
uctor. In
id
eal
cell
s, the wa
sted
curre
n
t amount i
s
zero.
But in reality, som
e
amo
u
n
t of gene
rat
ed current
i
s
wa
sting. Usu
a
lly the wa
st
ed current
wi
th a
parall
e
l re
sist
ance (
are place
d
in con
n
e
ction
with ground.
Thi
s
re
sisto
r
value i
s
usually a
large n
u
mbe
r
. Because in usu
a
l, the wa
sted amo
unt is much lowe
r than the ou
tput value. By
applying the
above conten
ts, Figure 2
ci
rcuit is
re
sult
ed.
Figure 2. Circuit model of
a photovoltaic
system [11]
Curre
n
t so
urce sh
own in Fi
gure
2 is a m
odelin
g of a p
r
odu
ce
d current that its a
m
ount i
s
based on tem
peratu
r
e a
nd
environ
ment radiation va
lu
es [12]. Equa
tion (1)
sho
w
s its value.
(1)
In above eq
uation, G is actual
radi
ation,
sho
w
s referen
c
e radiation,
sh
ow
s
referen
c
e temperature,
is sho
r
t
cir
c
uit
curr
ent
in
,
con
d
ition and
is current increased
coeffici
ent for the variation
s
pe
r ea
ch
Celsiu
s de
gree
. As describe
d
above,
that sho
w
n in
Figure 2 rep
r
ese
n
ts a
pat
h for lea
k
a
g
e
curre
n
t
to grou
nd. Th
e
curre
n
t amou
nt is obtai
ne
d
throug
h the Equation (2):
(2)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Ne
w Method
s for Redu
cin
g
the Problem
s of
Photovoltaic System
s (Sobhan
Do
ra
haki
)
15
In above
eq
u
a
tion,
panel
output cu
rre
n
t
and
is outp
u
t voltage. T
he
curre
n
t an
d
voltage outp
u
t amount a
r
e larg
ely dep
ende
nt on lo
ad
re
si
stan
ce
value. The
output voltag
e is
largely a
n
on-lin
ea
r co
mpone
nt wh
ich thi
s
rea
s
on
sh
ould
sea
r
ch in
diode
non
-linear
(expon
ential) function
s.
Th
e
current val
ue ca
n be obt
ained fro
m
Equation (3):
(3)
Also
we
ca
n
apply KCL ru
le at the t
op
node,
output
curre
n
t rel
a
tion o
b
tained
i
n
the follo
win
g
way
:
(4)
3. Hov
e
ring
Photov
oltaic Sy
stem
Gene
rally on
e of the m
a
j
o
r p
r
obl
em
s
in t
he con
s
truction of
any
power plant
is
the
probl
em of required area
for the proje
c
t. This
pro
b
l
e
m in cro
w
d
ed urb
an are
a
s ca
n dissu
ade
energy field i
n
vestor f
r
om
doing th
e proj
ect. Also
crea
ting of sol
a
r b
u
ilding
s
(pan
el install
a
tion
on
the roof of the building
)
, due to limited spa
c
e an
d
lo
w efficien
cy of panels, enta
ils the probl
e
m
o
f
power p
r
od
u
c
ed
sho
r
tag
e
requi
red fo
r the dome
s
tic
use. Anoth
e
r
probl
em is th
e issue of drop
sha
d
o
w
that
as d
e
scribed
in the p
r
eviou
s
sect
io
n, ha
ve an adve
r
se effects on t
he pa
nel. On
e of
the pro
p
o
s
ed
solutio
n
s fo
r
overcomin
g
the ab
ove pr
o
b
lems i
s
by u
s
ing
hoveri
n
g
system
s. In this
respe
c
t, so
m
e
ballo
on
s
ca
n con
s
ide
r
ed
whi
c
h
are
fixed to the
grou
nd throug
h
co
nne
cting
cabl
es
and h
e
ld p
h
o
tovoltaic p
a
nels
hove
r
in
g. Cabl
e h
o
lders h
a
ve th
e duty of tra
n
sferrin
g
po
wer
gene
rated in
the land as well as fixing ballo
o
n
s.
In Figure 2
an example
of a hovering
photovoltai
c
system is sho
w
n.
Figure 2. Example of hover
ing photovolt
a
ic sy
stem
s
The ab
ove method ba
se
d on eliminat
ing the nee
d
for land a
r
e
a
is co
nsi
d
e
r
ed as a
n
effective step
in orde
r to redu
ce the co
st of
photovo
l
taic syste
m
s. Al
so the use of hoverin
g
photovoltai
c
system'
s
ball
oon
s can re
duce the
po
ssi
bility of drop sha
d
o
w
from the obje
c
ts
comp
ared wit
h
panel
s' in
stallation on th
e grou
nd leve
l. In this proje
c
t along
with the photovolt
a
ic
system, win
d
turbi
n
e
s
can
also be pla
c
ed
a
n
d
e
s
tab
lish a hybrid
photovoltai
c
-
win
d
hoveri
n
g
whi
c
h acco
rdi
ng to the eno
rmou
s speed
of the wind
in
sky com
p
a
r
e
d
to the grou
nd level, can
be
an effective method.
From p
r
obl
e
m
s of this ap
proa
ch, the p
o
ssibilit
y of conne
ctor
cabl
e ruptu
r
e an
d
the cost
of establi
s
hin
g
balloo
n
s, can be note
d
.
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TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 2015 : 13 – 1
8
16
4. Installatio
n
of Photov
oltaic Sy
stem
in Transmis
sion Lines
Another p
r
op
ose
d
method
of non-allo
cating
sp
ecifi
c
land are
a
for photovoltai
c
powe
r
plant is install
a
tion of photo
v
oltaic panel
s in t
he transm
i
ssi
on ca
ble. This meth
od can al
so be a
n
effective ma
nner of
red
u
c
ing
the
dro
p
shad
ow e
ffect o
n
the
p
hotovoltaic systems and
also
removal
of la
nd a
r
ea
pa
ra
meter fo
r the
photovolta
i
c
power plant proje
c
ts. Figu
re
3 sh
ows a
n
example of p
hotovoltaic p
anel
s in
stalle
d on the tran
smissi
on cable
s
.
Figure 3. Photovoltaic pan
els in
stalled o
n
transmissio
n lines
Of problem
s this de
sign, weight gainin
g
of transmi
ssi
on lines an
d the need for in
sulato
rs
that can
with
stand th
e me
ntioned
wei
g
ht, can
be n
a
med. It is
clear th
at the
prices of the
s
e
insul
a
tor i
s
m
o
re exp
e
n
s
ive com
p
a
r
ed t
o
co
nvention
a
l insulators
and
would
be
effective on t
he
ultimate co
st of the proje
c
t. The wind fa
ctor
also
can b
e
effective in this proj
ect.
5.
Solar Tree
Another ide
a
to use th
e p
h
o
tovoltaic
systems i
s
i
n
th
e
form
of
sola
r tree
s
creatio
n in
the
city. This artif
i
cial tre
e
s
wh
ich thei
r leav
es a
r
e the
so
lar pa
nel
s, ca
n be u
s
ed a
s
a platform fo
r
mobile chargi
ng
of pass
engers on the roadsides,
parks and al
so will cr
eate
a
shadow or a place
to
relax or ca
r
pa
rking.
In Figure
4 an e
x
ample
of
this
s
o
lar trees is
s
h
own.
Due to the
s
i
mplic
i
ty
and ap
plica
b
il
ity of
this method, no certai
n defect
s
wa
s obse
r
ved in this stu
d
y for this metho
d
.
Figure 4. Example of a sol
a
r tree
6. Installation of Potov
o
lt
aic Ss
y
s
tem
in Sea Surfa
c
e
One of the p
r
opo
sed
soluti
ons fo
r three
issue
s
of re
q
u
ired l
and
area, dro
p
sha
dow
and
high tem
perature
whi
c
h
are th
e maj
o
r p
r
obl
em
s of
photovolt
a
ic
system
s
is in
stallation
of
photovoltai
c
panel
s in se
a level. By doing so, not
only the su
rface of the e
a
rth will n
o
t be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Ne
w Method
s for Redu
cin
g
the Problem
s of
Photovoltaic System
s (Sobhan
Do
ra
haki
)
17
occupi
ed, but
the page
s pl
ace
d
on the
surfa
c
e
of
wa
ter ca
n be u
s
ed as
a bri
d
g
e
on the water
surface.
It is
also cl
ear that at sea level
s
, prob
ability of drop
shadow i
s
much l
e
ss
com
pared to
land su
rfa
c
e. Also this ap
proach can le
ssen incr
ea
sin
g
temperatu
r
e
of panels a
n
d
thus red
u
ci
ng
the output po
wer
of pan
els by using th
e
mech
ani
sm
of sea
wate
r
and p
r
op
ertie
s
of water h
e
a
t
absorptio
n. F
i
gure
5 i
ndi
cates
an
exa
m
ple of
a
p
hotovoltaic p
o
we
r pl
ant i
n
sea l
e
vel. Of
probl
em
s of t
h
is m
e
thod,
environ
menta
l
pro
b
lem
s
fo
r fish
eri
e
s an
d de
stru
ction
of the
bea
ch
es'
natural e
n
viro
nment may b
e
named.
Figure 5. An example of a photovoltai
c
power pla
n
t in sea level
7. Conclusio
n
Acco
rdi
ng to
this
study, co
nsid
erin
g the
probl
em
s of l
and
sho
r
tag
e
,
drop
shad
o
w
effe
ct
of buildi
n
g
s
a
nd o
b
je
cts ad
jace
nt to
pan
els, n
eed
to
determi
ne
m
odern l
o
catio
n
s
and
meth
od
s
for extractin
g
energy from
photovoltai
c
systems i
s
un
denia
b
le. In this stu
d
y, Innovative methods
for u
s
ing p
hot
ovoltaic
syste
m
s
was expla
i
ned. Al
so i
n
each sectio
n
along
with th
e advanta
g
e
s
o
f
each metho
d
, disa
dvantag
es
were al
so
descri
bed.
It can
be
said t
hat for pa
rks,
parking l
o
ts
and
in ge
neral m
u
nicip
a
l p
u
rp
o
s
e
s
, the
be
st
approa
ch i
s
u
s
ing
of
sola
r t
r
ee
s a
nd
also
as la
rge
-
scale
power pla
n
t they can b
e
u
s
ed
with t
he above types
of improved
structu
r
e.
This pap
er can be use
d
in cre
a
tio
n
of
lo
w-co
st po
we
r pl
ants a
nd
economi
c
al
photovoltai
c
. In this
study,
new metho
d
s for o
p
timal
u
s
e of
photovo
l
taic system
s wa
s
p
r
e
s
ente
d
as
a p
r
opo
sa
l and
advant
age
s an
d di
sadvantag
es
of
them
were
examine
d
. In future
stu
d
i
e
s,
more d
e
tailed
study for opti
m
ization of m
entione
d tech
nique
s is recommen
ded.
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