I
ndone
s
i
a
n
J
ourna
l
of
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
ngi
n
e
e
ri
ng
a
nd
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
V
ol
.
8,
N
o.
1,
O
c
t
ob
er
20
17
,
pp
.
2
13
~
22
0
D
O
I
:
10.
115
9
1/
i
j
eec
s
.
v
8
.
i
1
.
pp2
13
-
22
0
213
R
e
c
ei
v
ed
J
un
e
2
1
,
201
7
;
R
ev
i
s
ed
Au
g
u
s
t
1
7
,
201
7
;
A
c
c
ept
ed
S
ept
em
ber
3,
201
7
T
y
p
e
s
o
f C
i
rc
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r a
n
d
i
ts
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
Su
b
s
ta
ti
o
n
Pro
t
e
c
ti
o
n
H
u
i
H
w
a
n
g
Goh
*
1
,
S
y
yi
Si
m
2
,
N
ur
I
s
k
a
nda
r
bi
n
H
a
m
z
a
h
3
,
Su
l
a
i
m
a
n
b
i
n
M
a
z
l
a
n
4
,
C
hi
n
W
a
n
Li
ng
5
,
Qi
ng
S
hi
C
hua
6
,
K
a
i
C
he
n
G
oh
7
1,
3,
4,
5,
6
D
epar
t
m
ent
of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
neer
i
n
g,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
an
d E
l
ec
t
r
oni
c
E
n
gi
n
eer
i
ng,
U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
un H
us
s
ei
n O
nn
M
al
a
y
s
i
a,
864
0
0 P
ar
i
t
R
aj
a,
B
at
u P
ahat
,
J
oh
or
,
M
al
a
ys
i
a
2
D
epar
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
E
n
gi
neer
i
ng T
ec
hn
ol
o
g
y
,
F
ac
u
l
t
y
of
E
ngi
n
eer
i
ng
T
ec
hnol
og
y
,
U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
un H
us
s
ei
n O
nn
M
al
a
y
s
i
a,
864
0
0 P
ar
i
t
R
a
j
a,
B
at
u P
ahat
,
J
oh
or
,
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
7
D
epar
t
m
e
nt
of
C
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n M
ana
gem
e
nt
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
T
ec
hno
l
og
y
M
a
na
gem
e
nt
and
Bu
si
n
e
ss,
U
n
i
ve
rs
i
t
i
T
un H
us
s
ei
n O
nn M
al
a
y
s
i
a,
8
640
0 P
ar
i
t
R
aj
a,
B
at
u P
ahat
,
J
ohor
,
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
*C
or
r
es
po
ndi
n
g aut
hor
,
e
-
m
a
i
l:
hhgo
h@
ut
hm
.
edu.
m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
P
ow
er
s
y
s
t
em
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
t
he
gen
er
at
i
o
n,
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n,
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on,
an
d s
ubs
t
at
i
o
n.
A
l
l
t
he
p
ow
er
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
m
p
o
nent
r
eq
ui
r
es
s
ui
t
ab
l
e
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
dev
i
c
es
a
s
t
he
pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
t
he s
y
s
t
e
m
dur
i
ng f
a
ul
t
oc
c
ur
.
I
n t
hi
s
p
ap
er
,
t
he c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
eak
er
has
b
ee
n s
e
l
ec
t
ed
as
one
of
t
h
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
dev
i
c
es
i
n
s
ev
er
a
l
app
l
i
c
at
i
ons
.
T
he t
y
pes
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
t
hat
has
bee
n r
ev
i
e
w
ed i
n t
hi
s
pa
per
ar
e oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
re
a
k
e
r (O
C
B),
a
i
r ci
rcu
i
t
b
re
a
ke
r (AC
B),
su
l
p
h
u
r h
e
x
a
f
l
u
o
ri
d
e
(SF
6
) ci
rcu
i
t
b
re
a
ke
r
,
va
cu
u
m
ci
rcu
i
t
br
eak
er
,
and
D
C
br
e
ak
er
w
hi
c
h ar
e
hy
br
i
d D
C
br
e
ak
er
a
nd
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
at
e D
C
br
eak
er
.
N
or
m
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
syst
e
ms
or
t
he c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
di
s
r
u
pt
ed or
d
am
ag
ed by
t
h
e f
aul
t
.
T
o i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
t
he pr
o
t
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n t
he s
y
s
t
e
m
or
c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
t
he t
y
pe
of
f
aul
t
s
and c
aus
e of
f
au
l
t
s
s
hou
l
d b
e k
now
n t
o ov
er
c
o
m
e
t
he f
aul
t
.
T
o pr
ov
i
d
e t
he s
ui
t
a
bl
e
v
ol
t
ag
e f
or
t
he
c
ons
u
m
er
,
t
he
s
ubs
t
at
i
o
n i
s
n
eed
ed t
o c
ont
r
ol
t
he v
ol
t
a
ge t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
ed
at
h
i
gh v
ol
t
ag
e f
r
o
m
t
he gen
er
at
i
ng
s
t
at
i
on.
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
a
l
s
o r
eq
ui
r
e
d i
n
a s
ubs
t
at
i
o
n.
K
eyw
o
r
d
s
:
C
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
;
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
;
ai
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
;
s
ul
p
hur
h
ex
af
l
uor
i
de c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
a
ke
r;
v
ac
uu
m
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
;
hy
br
i
d
D
C
br
eak
er
;
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
at
e D
C
b
r
eak
er
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
©
201
7
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e o
f
A
d
van
ced
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
an
d
S
ci
en
ce
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s r
eser
ve
d
.
1
.
I
nt
roduc
t
i
on
G
ene
r
at
i
ng a
nd s
u
ppl
y
i
ng
t
he pow
e
r
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
t
o t
he
us
e
r
i
s
t
he
ai
m
of
t
he el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
pow
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
o c
on
s
t
r
uc
t
and m
an
age t
o s
e
nd t
he ene
r
gy
t
o t
he ut
i
l
i
z
at
i
on
poi
nt
,
i
t
m
us
t
be
had
r
el
i
abi
l
i
t
y
and
ec
ono
m
y
.
T
he
r
el
i
abi
l
i
t
y
and
t
he
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
of
s
u
pp
l
y
w
oul
d
be
q
ues
t
i
o
ned
i
f
t
he
bad di
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e h
app
ene
d i
n a m
od
er
n s
o
c
i
et
y
i
n
a l
ong r
un i
f
t
he bad di
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e al
w
a
y
s
happ
ened.
S
i
nc
e
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
he
i
nv
ol
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
gene
r
at
i
o
n,
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
o
n,
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
a
nd
r
es
i
dent
i
al
,
s
o
i
t
needs
p
r
o
t
ec
t
i
on
t
o
av
o
i
d
dam
ag
e
t
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
a
ppl
i
anc
es
a
nd
l
o
s
e
on
e's
l
i
f
e.
I
n
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
n
g,
t
he
pow
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
one
of
t
he
ex
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
f
i
el
ds
w
hi
c
h
d
eal
w
i
t
h
s
ho
r
t
es
t
and
t
he
f
as
t
e
s
t
t
i
m
e
t
o
t
r
i
p
a
n
d
i
s
ol
at
e
t
h
e
f
aul
t
y
ar
ea
i
n
t
he
p
ow
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
o
t
hat
t
he
f
aul
t
does
no
t
af
f
ec
t
t
he s
y
s
t
em
di
r
ec
t
l
y
.
A
s
a r
es
ul
t
,
t
he s
y
s
t
em
r
em
ai
n
s
t
hei
r
s
t
abi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
r
el
i
abi
l
i
t
y
.
T
he es
s
ent
i
al
el
em
ent
s
of
p
r
ot
ec
t
i
on i
s
a s
en
s
o
r
t
o i
de
nt
i
f
y
t
he f
aul
t
c
ondi
t
i
on a
n
d a
dev
i
c
e
t
o
i
ni
t
i
at
e
t
r
i
ppi
ng
s
i
gnal
t
o
t
he
C
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
[
1]
.
T
he
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
m
us
t
f
ul
f
i
l
l
t
he
r
equi
r
em
ent
s
of
r
a
pi
dl
y
a
n
d aut
om
at
i
c
al
l
y
di
s
c
o
nn
ec
t
t
he f
aul
t
y
s
e
c
t
i
on
of
t
he p
ow
e
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
and
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
di
s
c
onn
ec
t
i
o
n
or
i
nt
e
r
r
u
pt
i
on
of
po
w
er
s
uppl
y
t
o
t
he
c
ons
um
e
r
.
A
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
t
r
i
p
i
f
t
h
e
f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
r
e
d i
n po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
ho
ul
d be ha
d i
n
pow
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
w
hi
c
h i
s
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
er
.
T
he a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
r
i
p
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
c
ir
c
u
it
b
r
e
a
k
e
r
s
a
r
e
r
e
li
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
s
e
n
s
i
t
iv
i
t
y
,
s
p
e
e
d
and
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
.
2
.
C
i
r
cu
i
t
B
r
eaker
A
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
e
r
al
s
o
k
n
ow
n
a
s
t
he
aut
om
at
i
c
al
l
y
oper
at
ed
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
s
w
i
t
c
h t
hat
f
unc
t
i
on
s
w
he
n
a
f
aul
t
det
e
c
t
ed
by
i
nt
e
r
r
upt
i
ng
t
he
c
u
r
r
ent
f
l
ow
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
v
a
r
i
ou
s
s
i
z
es
of
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
ea
k
e
r
w
hi
c
h ar
e f
r
om
s
m
al
l
dev
i
c
es
up t
o l
ar
ge
s
w
i
t
c
h
gea
r
t
ha
t
us
ed t
o
pr
o
t
ec
t
l
ow
c
u
r
r
ent
c
i
r
c
ui
t
unt
i
l
hi
gh
v
ol
t
age
c
i
r
c
ui
t
.
F
ou
r
t
y
pes
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
w
i
l
l
di
s
c
us
s
i
n
t
hi
s
pape
r
w
hi
c
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
EEC
S
Vo
l
.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
O
c
t
ober
2
017
:
2
13
–
2
20
214
m
ent
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
i
nt
r
od
uc
t
i
o
n
;
oi
l
,
ai
r
,
S
F
6,
and
v
a
c
uum
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
er
[
2]
.
T
he
b
a
s
i
c
ope
r
at
i
on
of
t
he
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
e
ak
e
r
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
1.
A
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
h
as
t
w
o
c
ont
ac
t
s
w
hi
c
h
ar
e
a
f
i
x
ed
c
ont
ac
t
an
d
a
m
ov
i
ng
c
o
nt
a
c
t
.
2.
I
n
t
he
nor
m
al
c
on
di
t
i
ons
,
t
hes
e
t
w
o
c
on
t
ac
t
s
s
t
ay
i
n
t
he
c
l
os
e
d
po
s
i
t
i
on
w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
he
s
e
t
w
o
c
ont
a
c
t
i
s
t
ou
c
he
d
ea
c
h
ot
her
.
3.
W
he
n a c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
i
s
r
equi
r
ed t
o
i
s
o
l
at
e t
he f
a
ul
t
y
par
t
s
i
n
t
he s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
m
ov
e
s
t
o
di
s
t
u
r
b
t
h
e
nor
m
al
c
o
n
di
t
i
on
c
i
r
c
ui
t
.
4.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
t
w
o
c
ont
a
c
t
s
s
e
par
at
e,
t
he
c
ur
r
ent
f
l
o
w
w
i
l
l
be
i
nt
er
r
upt
ed.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
an
a
r
c
i
ng
f
or
m
at
i
on
f
or
m
ed
bet
w
een
t
he
c
ont
a
c
t
s
.
5.
T
he c
l
o
s
ed
c
ham
be
r
i
s
t
o
pl
ac
e t
he
c
o
nt
ac
t
s
an
d i
n
t
hat
c
l
os
ed
c
ham
be
r
i
s
c
ont
ai
ne
d t
he
i
ns
ul
at
i
ng
m
e
di
um
w
hi
c
h
i
s
gas
or
l
i
q
ui
d.
T
hi
s
i
n
s
ul
at
i
n
g
m
edi
um
i
s
t
o
quen
c
h
t
he
ar
c
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
as
i
c
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
er
o
pe
r
at
i
on
2.
1.
O
i
l
C
i
r
cu
i
t
B
r
ea
ker
T
hi
s
t
y
pe
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
er
i
s
on
e
of
t
he
ol
de
s
t
t
y
pes
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
er
am
o
ng
t
h
e
ot
her
.
T
he
c
on
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
on and
ar
c
hi
t
ec
t
ur
e of
t
he oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
e
r
e v
er
y
s
i
m
pl
e an
d i
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
he
c
om
bi
nat
i
on
of
w
at
er
and
oi
l
t
hat
f
i
l
l
ed t
he t
w
o w
oo
den ba
r
r
el
s
.
T
he t
w
o v
er
t
i
c
al
bl
ad
es
t
h
a
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
i
n
t
he
c
ont
a
c
t
s
ar
e
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
a
t
t
he
t
op
an
d
ar
r
ang
ed.
T
o
c
l
o
s
e
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
t
he
v
er
t
i
c
al
bl
ade
s
c
o
nt
a
c
t
w
oul
d
d
r
op
i
nt
o
t
he
s
t
at
i
onar
y
c
ont
a
c
t
.
F
r
om
t
he
s
i
m
pl
e
begi
nni
ng
c
on
s
t
r
uc
t
i
on,
t
he oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
w
as
i
m
pr
ov
ed
and r
ef
i
ned
w
i
t
hout
c
ha
n
ge t
he ba
s
i
c
c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
m
pl
i
c
i
t
y
of
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
a
nd
t
he
m
ai
n
c
ap
abi
l
i
t
y
f
or
l
ar
ge
c
u
r
r
ent
i
nt
er
r
upt
i
on
[
3]
.
T
h
e
o
i
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
ea
k
e
r
w
i
del
y
us
e
d i
n
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
ha
s
t
w
o t
y
pe
s
w
hi
c
h
ar
e b
ul
k
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
and
l
ow
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
.
B
ul
k
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
c
o
ns
um
es
a
l
ar
ge
am
o
unt
of
oi
l
i
n
i
t
s
t
a
nk
.
O
n
t
he
ot
he
r
h
and,
l
o
w
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
onl
y
u
s
e
s
l
e
s
s
oi
l
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
b
ul
k
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
[
4]
.
T
he c
o
nc
e
pt
ope
r
at
i
on of
t
he oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
i
s
s
i
m
pl
e
c
om
pa
r
ed t
o t
he
ot
her
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
s
ho
w
s
t
he
ba
s
i
c
c
o
n
c
ept
of
t
he
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
.
T
h
e
o
il
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
ea
k
e
r
al
s
o
v
er
y
c
h
eap
a
nd
v
er
y
r
el
i
ab
l
e
i
n
o
per
at
i
o
n.
T
hi
s
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
doe
s
not
r
eq
ui
r
e
any
s
p
ec
i
al
d
ev
i
c
e
s
t
hat
a
r
e ap
pl
i
ed f
o
r
c
ont
r
ol
l
i
ng t
he ar
c
t
hat
c
aus
ed by
m
o
v
i
ng c
o
nt
ac
t
.
A
n
ar
c
i
s
f
or
m
ed
bet
w
e
en
t
h
e
s
ep
ar
at
e
d
c
o
nt
ac
t
s
w
hen
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
by
t
h
e
c
ont
ac
t
s
i
n
t
he
oi
l
ar
e
s
epa
r
at
e
d.
T
he
c
on
c
e
pt
i
s
,
dur
i
ng
t
he
nor
m
al
op
er
at
i
ng
c
on
di
t
i
ons
,
t
he
c
u
r
r
ent
w
a
s
f
l
ow
i
ng
w
he
n
t
he
c
o
n
t
ac
t
of
t
he
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
e
r
c
l
os
ed.
B
e
s
i
des
,
w
h
en
t
h
e
f
aul
t
o
c
c
ur
s
i
n
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
an a
r
c
i
s
s
t
r
uc
k
bet
w
ee
n
t
he c
ont
a
c
t
s
be
c
au
s
e t
h
e
c
o
nt
ac
t
s
of
t
he b
r
ea
k
e
r
a
r
e m
ov
i
ng a
p
ar
t
f
r
om
eac
h ot
her
.
A
l
ar
ge
am
ount
of
heat
l
i
ber
at
e
d
i
n t
he c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
c
a
us
e
d by
t
he ar
c
f
or
m
ed
du
r
i
n
g t
he f
a
ul
t
o
c
c
ur
s
.
T
hi
s
a
r
c
al
s
o
c
au
s
e
s
t
he
v
er
y
hi
gh t
em
per
at
u
r
e t
h
at
v
apo
r
i
z
ed.
A
r
c
i
n
g w
i
l
l
be ex
t
i
ngui
s
h
e
d w
hen t
he
di
s
t
an
c
e bet
w
ee
n t
w
o c
o
nt
ac
t
s
a
c
hi
ev
e i
t
s
m
ax
i
m
um
di
s
t
an
c
e.
T
h
e
el
i
m
i
nat
i
on
o
f
ar
c
i
n
g
i
s
de
pend
ed
on
t
h
e
v
ol
t
age
r
e
c
o
v
er
y
and
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
of
t
he
a
r
c
i
t
s
e
l
f
[
5
]
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
B
as
i
c
c
o
nc
ept
of
t
he
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
EEC
S
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4
752
T
y
pe
s
of
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
a
nd
i
t
s
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
S
ubs
t
a
t
i
on
Pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
H
ui
H
w
ang
G
oh
)
215
2
.
2
.
A
i
r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
A
i
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
al
s
o k
now
n as
A
C
B
i
s
t
he t
y
pe
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
e
r
t
hat
w
or
k
s
at
t
he
hi
gh
at
m
os
ph
er
i
c
pr
es
s
u
r
e
of
t
he
ai
r
.
A
C
B
i
s
d
ev
el
ope
d
af
t
er
t
h
e
oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
an
d
r
epl
a
c
e
d
t
he oi
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
e
r
c
o
m
pl
et
el
y
f
or
m
edi
um
v
ol
t
a
ge l
ev
el
.
I
n
F
r
an
c
e
and I
t
al
y
,
A
C
B
c
a
n be
c
ho
s
e
n
an
d
m
or
e
pr
ef
er
r
e
d
unt
i
l
t
he
r
at
i
ng
of
A
C
B
up
t
o
15
k
V
.
T
o
av
oi
d
t
he
r
i
s
k
of
f
i
r
e
by
oi
l
,
t
he
AC
B i
s
a go
o
d c
hoi
c
e.
I
n
A
m
er
i
c
a,
t
he A
C
B
i
s
u
s
ed
w
i
del
y
up u
nt
i
l
t
he r
at
i
ng A
C
B
15
k
V
,
t
hen
t
he
dev
el
opm
ent
of
v
ac
uu
m
and
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
t
ak
e
pl
ac
e
[
6]
.
T
he
A
i
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
ea
k
e
r
(
A
C
B
)
w
or
k
i
ng
p
r
i
nc
i
pl
es
i
s
di
f
f
er
ent
f
r
om
t
h
e
ot
he
r
t
y
pe
o
f
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
obj
ec
t
i
v
e
of
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
i
s
t
o
c
r
eat
e
a
s
i
t
uat
i
on
w
h
er
e
t
he
c
ont
a
c
t
g
ap
w
i
l
l
w
i
t
hs
t
a
nd
t
he s
y
s
t
em
r
ec
ov
er
y
v
ol
t
age t
o pr
ev
e
nt
t
he r
ees
t
a
bl
i
s
hm
ent
of
ar
c
i
ng af
t
er
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
z
e
r
o.
T
hi
s
A
C
B
al
s
o
doe
s
t
he
s
am
e
ai
m
b
u
t
i
n
a
di
f
f
er
e
nt
m
et
hod.
A
C
B
c
r
e
at
es
an
ar
c
v
ol
t
age m
or
e
t
han t
he s
u
ppl
y
v
ol
t
age
t
o i
nt
er
r
upt
i
n
g ar
c
.
T
he
m
i
ni
m
um
v
ol
t
age r
equi
r
ed
t
o
m
ai
nt
ai
ni
n
g
t
he
ar
c
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
he
a
r
c
v
ol
t
age.
T
hi
s
A
C
B
us
i
ng
t
hr
ee
di
f
f
er
e
nt
w
ay
s
t
o
i
nc
r
e
as
e
t
he ar
c
v
ol
t
a
ge.
T
he f
i
r
s
t
w
ay
s
a
r
e by
c
ool
i
ng t
h
e a
r
c
pl
a
s
m
a.
W
hen t
he pl
a
s
m
a t
em
per
at
ur
e
dec
r
ea
s
e,
t
h
e m
obi
l
i
t
y
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e of
pl
a
s
m
a al
s
o de
c
r
e
as
e
and
r
eq
u
i
r
ed m
or
e v
ol
t
age gr
adi
e
nt
t
o
m
ai
nt
ai
n
t
he
ar
c
.
S
e
c
on
d
i
s
t
o
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
l
engt
h
of
t
he
ar
c
pat
h,
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
ng
of
pat
h
r
e
s
i
s
t
an
c
e
and
t
he
ar
c
v
ol
t
age
i
s
no
a
v
oi
dabl
e.
T
hi
r
d,
t
o
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
ar
c
v
ol
t
a
ge,
t
he
a
r
c
i
s
s
pl
i
t
t
i
ng
u
p
i
n
t
o
t
he
num
be
r
o
f
s
er
i
e
s
ar
c
s
.
2.
2.
1.
C
r
o
ss
-
b
l
ast
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
ea
ker
I
n
t
hi
s
b
r
ea
k
e
r
,
t
he
bl
a
s
t
f
l
ow
s
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
at
t
he
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
angl
e
t
o
t
h
e
ar
c
.
T
h
e
c
o
nc
e
pt
of
t
h
i
s c
r
o
ss b
l
a
st
i
s c
o
n
s
i
s
t
of
t
he f
i
x
ed c
ont
ac
t
an
d m
ov
i
ng c
o
nt
ac
t
.
W
hen t
he
m
ov
i
ng c
ont
a
c
t
s
t
ar
t
s
t
o m
ov
e oppo
s
i
t
e t
o t
he f
i
x
ed c
ont
ac
t
,
t
he oper
at
i
ng
w
i
l
l
pr
odu
c
e a
r
c
hi
ng bet
w
e
en t
he
c
ont
a
c
t
s
.
T
h
e bl
as
t
w
i
l
l
f
l
ow
bet
w
ee
n
t
he c
ont
a
c
t
and el
i
m
i
na
t
e or
quen
c
h
i
ng t
he ar
c
t
hat
pr
od
uc
es
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
A
x
i
a
l
B
l
a
s
t
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
eak
er
T
he
ax
i
al
bl
a
s
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
a
k
er
al
s
o
ha
s
t
he
c
om
bi
nat
i
on
of
oper
at
i
on
of
t
he
f
i
x
e
d
c
ont
a
c
t
and m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
.
T
he
m
ov
em
ent
of
t
he m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
i
s
s
u
ppor
t
e
d by
t
h
e s
p
r
i
n
g c
l
os
i
ng
w
hi
c
h
f
u
nc
t
i
o
ned
t
o
at
t
r
a
c
t
ba
c
k
t
he
m
o
v
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
t
o
i
t
s
or
i
gi
nal
pos
i
t
i
o
n.
T
hi
s
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
of
t
he
ax
i
al
bl
a
s
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
c
o
ns
i
s
t
s
of
an a
r
c
hi
ng
c
ham
be
r
,
ai
r
v
al
v
e,
ai
r
r
es
er
v
oi
r
t
a
nk
,
and
s
er
i
es
i
n
s
ul
at
or
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
s
how
s
t
he
c
on
c
ept
u
al
di
ag
r
am
of
t
he
ax
i
al
bl
as
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
.
F
i
gur
e
3
.
C
on
c
ept
u
al
di
ag
r
am
of
t
he
ax
i
al
bl
as
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
D
ur
i
ng
no
r
m
a
l
ope
r
at
i
ng
c
o
ndi
t
i
on,
t
he
t
w
o
c
o
nt
ac
t
s
w
hi
c
h
ar
e
f
i
x
ed
a
nd
m
ov
i
n
g
c
ont
a
c
t
ar
e
i
n
c
l
o
s
e
d
pos
i
t
i
o
n.
I
n
t
hi
s
c
ondi
t
i
o
n,
t
he
ar
c
hi
ng
c
h
am
be
r
i
s
c
o
n
nec
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
ai
r
r
e
s
e
r
v
oi
r
t
ank
t
hr
oug
h ai
r
v
al
v
e be
c
aus
e t
he ai
r
v
al
v
e i
s
c
l
o
s
ed du
r
i
ng t
he
nor
m
al
ope
r
at
i
ng
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
f
aul
t
c
ondi
t
i
on,
t
he
t
r
i
ppi
ng
p
ul
s
e
i
s
p
r
od
u
c
ed
an
d
c
a
us
e
t
he
ai
r
v
al
v
e
t
o
open.
W
hen
t
he ai
r
v
al
v
e
i
s
ope
ned,
t
he ai
r
i
s
pu
s
hi
n
g aw
ay
t
he m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
op
po
s
i
t
e t
he s
pr
i
ng
pr
e
s
s
ur
e.
T
h
e m
ov
i
ng
c
o
n
t
ac
t
ex
t
r
a
c
t
ed
t
he di
s
t
a
nc
e
f
r
om
t
he f
i
x
e
d c
o
nt
ac
t
a
n
d s
t
r
uc
k
a
n a
r
c
.
W
hi
l
e
t
hi
s
op
er
at
i
on
o
c
c
ur
s
,
t
he
i
o
ni
z
ed
ga
s
es
ha
d
b
een
t
a
k
i
ng
a
w
ay
by
t
he
hi
gh
p
r
e
s
s
ur
e
of
ai
r
bl
as
t
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t
,
t
he
ar
c
w
a
s
ex
t
i
ngui
s
hed
[
7
-
10
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
EEC
S
Vo
l
.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
O
c
t
ober
2
017
:
2
13
–
2
20
216
2.
2.
3.
S
F
6
C
i
r
cu
i
t
B
r
eak
e
r
T
hi
s
t
y
pe
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
u
s
i
ng
ga
s
t
hat
k
n
ow
n a
s
s
ul
ph
ur
he
x
af
l
uor
i
de
(
S
F
6)
.
T
hi
s
t
y
pe
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
hi
gh
v
ol
t
a
ge
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
e
r
d
ue
t
o
t
he
ex
c
el
l
ent
t
o
que
nc
h
t
he
ar
c
a
nd
i
s
ol
a
t
i
on
pr
op
er
t
i
e
s
.
S
o
t
hat
,
i
t
i
s
w
i
del
y
us
ed
a
s
a
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
i
n
hi
gh
v
ol
t
ag
e
[
11]
.
T
hi
s
g
as
w
a
s
s
el
ec
t
ed
be
c
au
s
e
of
t
h
e
c
h
ar
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
t
hi
s
g
as
t
hat
has
hi
gh
el
ec
t
r
o
-
neg
at
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
he
t
y
p
e
of
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
t
hat
i
s
w
i
del
y
u
s
ed
i
n
po
w
e
r
i
nd
us
t
r
y
i
s
t
he
p
uf
f
er
t
y
pes
of
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
s
ho
w
s
t
he
pu
f
f
er
t
y
pe
of
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
e
ak
e
r
w
o
r
k
i
ng
pr
i
n
c
i
p
le
.
F
i
gur
e
4
.
P
uf
f
er
t
y
pe
of
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
w
o
r
k
i
ng
p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
F
r
om
t
h
e
F
i
g
ur
e
4
abov
e,
t
hi
s
S
F
6
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
ea
k
e
r
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
w
o
t
y
pes
of
c
o
nt
ac
t
w
hi
c
h
ar
e
f
i
x
ed
c
ont
ac
t
an
d
m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
.
I
n
t
hi
s
c
onf
i
gu
r
at
i
on,
t
he
po
s
i
t
i
on
of
t
he
c
y
l
i
nder
i
s
u
nf
i
x
ed
or
m
ov
abl
e
b
ut
t
he
pi
s
t
on
i
n
t
he
f
i
x
ed
pos
i
t
i
on.
T
he
c
y
l
i
nder
i
s
c
om
b
i
ned
w
i
t
h
t
he
m
ov
i
ng
c
o
nt
a
c
t
as
i
t
c
an
m
ov
i
ng
w
i
t
h
t
hat
c
ont
a
c
t
.
W
he
n
t
he
m
ov
i
ng
c
ont
a
c
t
s
t
ar
t
s
t
o
m
ov
e
s
,
t
h
e
S
F
6
ga
s
s
t
ar
t
s
c
om
p
r
e
s
s
ed
due
t
o
t
he
f
i
x
ed
po
s
i
t
i
on
of
t
he
pi
s
t
o
n.
A
r
c
w
i
l
l
be
pr
o
duc
ed.
T
he
el
ec
t
r
o
neg
at
i
v
i
t
y
of
t
he
S
F
6
i
s
hi
gh
and
a
s
a
r
es
ul
t
,
i
t
c
an
a
bs
o
r
b
t
he
f
r
e
e
el
ec
t
r
on.
A
bs
o
r
pt
i
on
h
ap
pene
d
w
he
n
t
he
m
ol
ec
ul
e
of
S
F
6
c
ol
l
i
d
es
w
i
t
h
t
he
f
r
ee
el
e
c
t
r
on
a
nd
f
or
m
t
he
negat
i
v
e
i
on
[
12
-
15
]
.
2.
2.
4.
V
acu
u
m
C
i
r
cu
i
t
B
r
eaker
T
hi
s
v
a
c
uu
m
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
i
s
al
s
o
k
n
ow
n
as
t
h
e
V
C
B
i
s
on
e
of
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
t
h
at
c
a
t
e
g
or
i
e
s
i
n
t
he m
edi
um
v
ol
t
age l
ev
e
l
.
T
he ope
r
at
i
on of
t
hi
s
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
has
a
di
f
f
er
ent
pr
i
n
c
i
pl
e
f
r
om
ot
he
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
a
r
c
qu
en
c
hi
ng
t
a
k
e
s
pl
ac
e
i
n
a
v
a
c
uu
m
.
T
he
ope
ni
ng
and
c
l
os
i
ng
t
he
c
ont
ac
t
a
n
d
r
el
at
e
d
ar
c
i
nt
er
f
er
en
c
e
t
ak
e
pl
ac
e
i
n
a
v
ac
u
um
c
ha
m
b
er
k
no
w
n
a
s
a v
ac
uum
i
nt
er
r
upt
er
[
16]
.
T
he m
ai
n goal
of
al
l
C
B
i
s
t
o quenc
h t
he ar
c
p
r
o
duc
ed w
h
en
t
he
c
ont
a
c
t
s
s
e
p
ar
at
ed.
I
n V
C
B
,
t
he di
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
engt
h
of
v
ac
uum
i
s
m
u
c
h hi
g
h
er
t
han t
h
e S
F
6.
S
i
nc
e t
he di
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
engt
h i
s
hi
gh t
h
e
n t
he ar
c
c
a
n
be quen
c
h
e
d w
i
t
hi
n t
he
s
m
al
l
gap.
W
h
e
n
t
he
t
w
o
c
o
nt
a
c
t
s
a
r
e
s
e
pa
r
at
ed,
i
t
i
s
n
ot
s
ep
ar
at
e
i
n
s
t
ant
l
y
.
I
t
happ
ened
i
n
a
m
i
c
r
os
ec
ond
and
s
o
t
he
s
ur
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
he
c
ont
ac
t
s
bec
om
e
t
he
hot
s
pot
.
I
n
hi
gh
t
em
per
at
ur
e,
t
he
m
et
a
l
v
apor
i
z
ed
a
nd
c
r
e
at
e
t
he
c
o
ndu
c
t
i
ng
p
a
t
h
f
or
t
he
ar
c
.
S
i
nc
e
t
h
e
i
o
ni
z
at
i
on
do
es
no
t
oc
c
ur
i
n
a
v
ac
u
um
,
t
hen
t
he
ar
c
w
i
l
l
be
el
i
m
i
nat
ed.
A
f
t
e
r
t
he
c
u
r
r
ent
bec
om
e
s
t
o
z
er
o,
t
hi
s
V
C
B
w
i
l
l
g
ene
r
at
e
hi
gh
di
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
en
gt
h t
o a
v
oi
d t
he r
ee
s
t
abl
i
s
hm
ent
o
f
ar
c
[
1
7]
.
T
h
e pr
ev
i
ous
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h of
t
hi
s
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
w
a
s
c
on
du
c
t
ed by
us
i
ng
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
an
d
bui
l
d
t
he
br
e
ak
e
r
s
m
o
del
l
i
ng t
o
ob
s
e
r
v
e al
l
pa
r
am
et
er
s
t
hat
i
nv
ol
v
e
i
n
t
hi
s
V
C
B
.
B
el
ow
i
s
s
o
m
e
of
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
he
obs
e
r
v
at
i
on
of
t
he
behav
i
o
ur
of
t
h
e
VC
B.
F
or
m
F
i
gu
r
e 5
,
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
ent
v
ol
t
ag
e
has
m
ea
s
u
r
ed.
T
hi
s
m
eas
ur
em
ent
of
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
V
C
B
i
s
b
ei
ng
u
s
ed
t
o
det
er
m
i
ne
t
he
par
am
et
er
s
of
t
he
br
ea
k
e
r
i
n
t
er
m
s
of
di
el
ec
t
r
i
c
w
i
t
hs
t
a
nd.
T
he
s
e
c
o
nd
w
av
ef
or
m
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
s
how
s
t
he
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
r
es
ul
t
f
or
t
he v
ol
t
age
o
bt
ai
ned
at
t
h
e dev
e
l
o
ped
br
ea
k
e
r
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he c
om
par
i
s
on
has
b
een m
ade i
n t
er
m
of
phas
e,
i
t
i
s
be
c
au
s
e t
h
e c
ur
r
e
nt
c
h
oppi
n
g i
s
an
al
y
s
ed w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
pha
s
e.
U
nf
or
t
unat
el
y
,
t
he
v
ol
t
age
r
e
s
t
r
i
k
e
ob
s
e
r
v
at
i
on
f
or
t
h
e
ot
h
er
pha
s
e
i
s
not
m
at
c
he
d
f
o
r
t
he
c
om
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
i
nc
e
v
i
r
t
ual
c
ur
r
ent
c
h
oppi
ng
i
nt
er
r
upt
s
t
he
i
ni
t
i
al
c
ur
r
ent
.
T
hat
c
ur
r
ent
c
ho
ppi
ng
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
EEC
S
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4
752
T
y
pe
s
of
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
a
nd
i
t
s
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
S
ubs
t
a
t
i
on
Pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
H
ui
H
w
ang
G
oh
)
217
af
f
ec
t
ed
by
t
he
c
ap
ac
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
upl
i
n
g.
I
n
t
he
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on,
t
hi
s
c
ap
ac
i
t
i
v
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng b
et
w
e
en
t
he
pha
s
e
s
hi
gh
e
r
c
om
pa
r
ed t
o t
he ot
her
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on r
es
ul
t
.
T
hes
e p
h
enom
e
na o
c
c
ur
due t
o t
he
s
t
and
ar
d
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
er
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
add
ed
w
i
t
h
s
t
r
ay
c
a
pac
i
t
a
nc
es
i
n
t
he
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
er
s
i
m
pl
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
m
odel
[
18]
.
F
i
gur
e
5
.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
v
ol
t
age
dur
i
n
g
ope
n
i
ng
O
t
her
r
es
ea
r
c
h,
t
hey
app
r
oac
hed t
o m
i
ni
m
i
z
e ov
e
r
v
ol
t
age an
d i
n
r
us
h c
ur
r
ent
s
at
V
C
B
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g,
t
he t
ec
h
nol
ogy
of
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g i
s
of
gr
eat
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e.
T
he m
ai
n i
d
ea of
c
ont
r
ol
l
ed
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
i
s
c
l
os
i
ng
o
r
openi
n
g
an
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
net
w
or
k
at
o
pt
i
m
al
i
n
s
t
ant
s
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
t
h
at
,
t
hey
al
s
o
de
v
el
op t
he
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on m
od
el
of
a
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
w
h
e
r
e
t
he pr
i
nc
i
p
l
es
of
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
ed
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g c
a
n be r
eal
i
z
ed
and t
he m
ai
n par
am
et
er
s
of
r
eal
v
ac
u
um
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
s
c
a
n b
e
c
on
s
i
d
er
e
d
[
19]
.
3
.
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
eaker
f
o
r
D
C
G
r
i
d
P
os
i
t
i
v
e
t
ec
h
nol
ogy
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
ent
of
po
w
er
el
e
c
t
r
oni
c
dev
i
c
es
i
s
al
s
o
t
he
m
ai
n
f
ac
t
or
i
n
t
he
t
r
an
s
i
t
i
on
t
o
a
ne
w
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
p
ow
er
s
our
c
e
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
ap
pl
i
c
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
D
C
g
r
i
d.
T
o
m
ai
nt
ai
n
t
he s
af
e
gr
i
d
oper
at
i
on,
D
C
b
r
ea
k
i
ng
c
onc
ept
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he ope
r
at
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
t
y
pes
of
t
he
D
C
br
e
ak
er
c
on
c
ept
t
hat
av
ai
l
abl
e
a
nd
u
s
u
al
l
y
us
e
d
i
n
D
C
g
r
i
d
[
20]
.
T
he
D
C
b
r
ea
k
e
r
t
hat
di
s
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
t
hi
s
s
ubt
o
pi
c
i
s
H
y
br
i
d
and
S
ol
i
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
D
C
br
e
ak
er
.
3
.
1
.
H
y
bri
d
D
C
bre
a
k
e
r
T
he hy
br
i
d
D
C
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
he
c
om
bi
nat
i
o
n m
ai
n br
e
ak
er
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
by
pas
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
he
by
pa
s
s
f
o
r
t
hi
s
hy
b
r
i
d
D
C
br
e
ak
e
r
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
he
s
er
i
es
c
on
nec
t
i
o
n
of
ul
t
r
a
-
f
as
t
di
s
c
on
ne
c
t
or
an
d
l
oad
c
om
m
ut
at
i
on
s
w
i
t
c
h.
I
n
t
hi
s
D
C
br
ea
k
er
,
t
he
i
m
por
t
a
nt
s
em
i
c
on
du
c
t
or
par
t
i
s
s
e
par
at
ed
i
nt
o
a
f
e
w
s
e
c
t
i
on
s
f
o
r
f
ul
l
v
ol
t
a
ge
and
c
u
r
r
ent
b
r
ea
k
i
ng
c
apa
bi
l
i
t
y
t
hat
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
i
ndi
v
i
dual
ar
r
es
t
e
r
ba
nk
.
B
es
i
de
s
,
t
he di
s
c
on
ne
c
t
i
ng C
B
w
i
l
l
i
nt
er
r
upt
r
e
s
i
d
u
al
c
u
r
r
e
nt
at
t
he
s
am
e t
i
m
e
w
i
l
l
al
s
o be i
s
l
a
nded t
he f
aul
t
c
ondi
t
i
on
w
i
t
hi
n t
he D
C
gr
i
d af
t
er
t
he
f
aul
t
c
l
ear
an
c
e
[
21]
.
T
hi
s
f
un
c
t
i
on
i
s
t
o
c
ov
er
t
he
ar
r
e
s
t
e
r
ban
k
s
w
i
t
hi
n
m
ai
n
s
e
m
i
c
o
ndu
c
t
or
b
r
ea
k
er
t
o
ov
er
h
ea
t
.
D
ur
i
ng
i
t
a
r
o
ut
i
ne
c
ondi
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
hy
b
r
i
d
D
C
b
r
ea
k
e
r
,
t
he
c
u
r
r
ent
onl
y
f
l
ow
p
as
s
i
ng
t
h
e
by
pas
s
t
hat
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
t
he
s
e
r
i
e
s
c
onn
e
c
t
i
on
of
l
o
ad
c
om
m
ut
at
i
on
s
w
i
t
c
h
a
nd
f
a
s
t
di
s
c
o
nne
c
t
or
.
W
he
n
t
he
D
C
f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
s
,
t
he
f
as
t
di
s
c
on
ne
c
t
or
i
m
m
edi
at
el
y
op
ens
an
d
t
he
l
oad
c
o
m
m
ut
a
t
i
on
s
w
it
c
h
a
l
s
o
w
i
l
l
f
a
s
t
-
f
u
nc
t
i
oned
t
o
di
r
e
c
t
t
he
c
ur
r
ent
f
l
ow
s
t
o
w
ar
ds
t
he
m
ai
n
b
r
e
ak
e
r
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
D
C
br
e
ak
er
w
i
l
l
pl
ay
i
t
i
m
por
t
ant
f
u
nc
t
i
on
t
o
bl
o
c
k
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
ent
f
r
o
m
f
l
ow
i
ng
w
h
en
t
he
m
ec
ha
ni
c
al
sw
i
t
ch
i
n
t
he
f
as
t
di
s
c
o
nne
c
t
or
open
s
[
21
-
24
]
.
3
.
2
.
So
l
i
d
St
a
t
e
D
C
B
r
ea
ker
T
hi
s
s
ol
i
d
s
t
a
t
e C
B
u
s
u
al
l
y
us
ed i
n d
c
a
ppl
i
c
at
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
of
hi
g
h v
ol
t
age
s
u
ppl
y
.
T
he
adv
ant
ag
es
o
f
t
hi
s
D
C
b
r
e
ak
e
r
ar
e i
t
has
a f
as
t
r
es
pon
s
e of
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g s
p
eed,
ef
f
i
c
i
ent
c
u
r
r
ent
i
nt
er
r
u
pt
i
on,
and
i
t
c
apa
bl
e
of
w
i
t
hs
t
an
di
ng
i
n
hi
gh
v
ol
t
age
c
ondi
t
i
on
[
25]
.
T
he
ot
her
adv
a
nt
age
s
c
om
p
ar
ed t
o
t
he ot
he
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
i
s
i
t
has
l
ac
k
o
f
m
ec
h
ani
c
al
c
om
p
one
nt
.
D
ue t
o
t
hi
s
l
e
s
s
m
ec
h
ani
c
al
c
om
pon
ent
,
t
hi
s
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
at
e
t
opol
o
gy
be
c
o
m
es
m
or
e
r
e
s
po
ns
i
v
e
and
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
e
w
hi
c
h
per
f
o
r
m
s
t
o
a
l
es
s
t
u
r
n
of
f
t
i
m
e.
B
es
i
de
s
,
t
he
m
ax
i
m
um
v
ol
t
age
ac
r
os
s
t
he
i
ndu
c
t
or
c
a
n
f
or
m
t
he
m
ax
i
m
um
ov
er
v
ol
t
age t
h
a
t
c
an p
er
m
i
t
t
he dem
agn
et
i
z
at
i
on
pr
o
c
e
s
s
t
o
be ef
f
i
c
i
ent
l
y
r
es
pon
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
EEC
S
Vo
l
.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
O
c
t
ober
2
017
:
2
13
–
2
20
218
T
he
ba
s
i
c
c
o
nf
i
gur
at
i
o
n
of
t
hi
s
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
a
k
er
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
t
hy
r
i
s
t
or
i
ns
t
ead
of
i
nt
egr
at
ed
gat
e
c
om
m
ut
ed
t
hy
r
i
s
t
o
r
f
or
s
em
i
c
o
ndu
c
t
or
dev
i
c
e
s
[
2
6]
.
U
ni
nt
e
r
r
upt
i
bl
e P
ow
er
S
up
pl
y
(
U
P
S
)
ha
s
been
w
i
del
y
us
ed i
n i
nd
us
t
r
y
.
D
ue t
o
t
he f
as
t
dev
el
opm
ent
and i
nn
ov
at
i
o
n of
t
he t
ec
h
nol
ogy
,
t
he U
P
S
c
ap
a
c
i
t
y
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
s
dr
am
at
i
c
al
l
y
.
T
he
pr
ev
i
ou
s
po
w
er
el
e
c
t
r
oni
c
r
e
s
ea
r
c
her
had
t
o d
o
s
o
m
e i
n
nov
at
i
on t
o
enh
anc
e
c
on
s
i
s
t
ent
r
el
i
abi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
c
a
pabi
l
i
t
y
of
U
P
S
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
hi
s
S
up
er
U
P
S
ha
d
b
ee
n
i
nt
r
odu
c
ed
t
o
ov
er
c
om
e
t
he
pr
obl
em
.
T
hi
s
s
u
per
U
P
S
has
t
w
o i
ndep
ende
nt
e
ner
gy
s
ou
r
c
e t
hat
ac
t
i
v
at
es
t
he s
y
s
t
em
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
o
r
e,
pow
er
el
ec
t
r
oni
c
c
o
nv
er
t
e
r
w
a
s
al
s
o
u
s
ed t
o i
nc
r
ea
s
e t
he
r
el
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he U
P
S
s
y
s
t
em
[
26]
.
D
ue t
o t
he s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
ur
r
ent
gr
o
w
t
h
i
n t
he s
upe
r
U
P
S
,
t
he f
as
t
r
e
s
po
ns
e D
C
br
ea
k
e
r
l
i
k
e
t
he
s
ol
i
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
D
C
br
ea
k
e
r
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
ed
[
2
7]
.
4
.
Pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
P
roc
ess
I
n M
al
ay
s
i
a,
11k
V
a
r
e s
u
ppl
i
ed f
or
t
h
e c
on
s
um
er
i
ns
t
al
l
at
i
o
n.
T
E
N
A
G
A
N
A
S
I
O
N
A
L
B
E
R
H
A
D
(
T
N
B
)
i
s
t
he m
ai
n el
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
uppl
i
er
i
n
M
al
ay
s
i
a.
T
o
pr
opo
s
e t
he
new
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
ns
um
er
o
r
ut
i
l
i
t
i
es
s
ho
u
l
d
t
he
l
i
ne
u
p
w
i
t
h
s
om
e
p
r
oc
e
dur
es
t
h
at
has
b
ee
n
f
i
x
ed
by
t
he T
N
B
.
T
he
pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e dev
i
c
e a
nd t
he
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
pl
ay
s
i
t
s
q
ual
i
t
y
as
m
a
i
n
c
on
s
i
d
er
at
i
o
n
t
o f
ul
l
y
f
unc
t
i
oned i
n t
he
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
i
n t
er
m
of
i
t
r
el
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
.
T
he s
uppl
i
er
s
ho
ul
d
p
r
ov
i
d
e
t
he
ap
pr
opr
i
at
e
and
m
at
c
h
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on
s
c
hem
e.
T
he
pr
oc
es
s
e
s
of
ev
al
uat
i
on
ar
e
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
6.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
os
a
l
o
f
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
fo
r
t
h
e
in
s
ta
l
la
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
at
i
c
fo
r
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
m
i
ng
p
o
i
n
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
b
m
itt
e
d
.
R
e
v
i
ew
to
th
e
c
on
s
um
e
r
a
bo
ut
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
ta
l
la
tio
n
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
nd
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
c
h
em
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
T
h
e
re
q
u
i
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
to
m
a
t
ch
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
es
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
ed
s
u
p
p
l
y
mu
s
t
b
e
i
n
fo
rm
e
d
to
t
h
e
c
on
s
um
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
th
e
t
es
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
b
m
i
tte
d
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
na
l
in
s
ta
l
la
tio
n
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
ie
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
op
os
a
l
o
f
s
e
tt
in
g
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
b
m
itt
e
d
.
A
ll
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
ie
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
fi
rm
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
t
tin
g
a
re
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
T
N
B
.
B
e
fo
re
t
h
e
c
om
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
w
i
t
n
e
s
s
e
s
a
re
n
ee
d
ed
fo
r
t
h
e
te
s
t
in
g
a
nd
v
e
r
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
t
s
i
te
.
F
i
gur
e
6.
F
l
ow
c
har
t
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
ev
al
uat
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
4
.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
S
ev
er
al
t
y
pe
s
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
h
ad b
e
en r
ev
i
e
w
e
d
as
t
he
s
el
ec
t
ed pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
dev
i
c
e.
F
or
m
t
he
r
ev
i
ew
e
d t
hat
ha
s
b
een
d
one
t
hr
oug
h t
hi
s
pape
r
,
t
he
ob
s
er
v
at
i
o
n
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
e
r
a
ppl
i
c
at
i
on,
t
he
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
c
onc
l
us
i
on t
ha
t
c
an b
e m
ad
e.
F
i
r
s
t
,
ea
c
h
c
i
r
c
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
er
has
i
t
s
c
at
e
g
or
i
e
s
w
i
t
hi
n t
he l
ow
,
m
e
di
um
,
and hi
g
h v
ol
t
age t
h
at
ar
e w
i
del
y
us
ed i
n po
w
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
EEC
S
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4
752
T
y
pe
s
of
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
a
nd
i
t
s
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
S
ubs
t
a
t
i
on
Pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
H
ui
H
w
ang
G
oh
)
219
s
y
s
t
em
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on.
S
e
c
on
d
,
eac
h
t
y
pe
of
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
f
aul
t
hav
e
t
h
ei
r
ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
ea
k
er
t
o
el
i
m
i
nat
e
t
h
e
f
aul
t
w
i
t
h
i
t
s
c
onf
i
gur
at
i
on
d
epen
ds
on
t
h
e
f
aul
t
c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
.
T
hi
r
d,
t
he
f
aul
t
doe
s
not
hav
e
i
t
f
i
x
ed pa
r
am
et
er
a
nd f
i
x
ed
c
au
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
nat
ur
al
ph
en
om
eno
n i
s
n
ot
t
he o
nl
y
f
aul
t
f
ac
t
or
,
but
i
t
has
s
ev
er
al
anot
her
f
a
c
t
or
t
hat
c
an
c
au
s
e
s
f
aul
t
s
uc
h a
s
h
um
an m
i
s
t
ak
es
,
i
ns
t
r
u
m
ent
e
r
r
or
,
a
nd i
n
s
t
al
l
at
i
on an
d
s
et
t
i
ng e
r
r
o
r
.
Las
t
,
s
u
bs
t
at
i
on i
s
n
eed
ed t
o c
o
nt
r
ol
t
he
v
ol
t
age t
r
an
s
m
i
t
t
ed
at
hi
g
h v
ol
t
age f
r
o
m
t
he gen
er
at
i
ng s
t
at
i
o
n.
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
al
s
o
r
equi
r
e
d
i
n
a
s
ub
s
t
at
i
on.
A
ckn
o
w
l
ed
g
em
en
t
T
he a
ut
hor
s
w
oul
d l
i
k
e t
o
t
hank
t
he M
i
ni
s
t
r
y
of
H
i
g
her
E
d
uc
at
i
o
n,
M
al
ay
s
i
a (
M
O
H
E
)
,
and
t
he
O
f
f
i
c
e
f
or
R
e
s
ear
c
h,
I
nnov
at
i
on,
C
om
m
er
c
i
al
i
z
a
t
i
on
,
C
ons
ul
t
an
c
y
M
anagem
ent
(
O
R
I
C
C
)
,
U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
un
H
us
s
ei
n
O
nn
M
al
ay
s
i
a
(
U
T
H
M
)
f
o
r
f
i
nan
c
i
al
l
y
s
u
ppo
r
t
i
ng
t
hi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
unde
r
t
he
F
R
G
S
gr
ant
N
o.
1529
a
nd
I
G
S
P
U
667.
R
ef
er
en
ces
[
1]
X
Li
u,
M
.
S
h
ah
i
de
hpo
ur
,
Z
Li
.
Po
w
e
r Syst
e
m
R
i
sk Asse
ss
me
n
t
i
n
C
y
b
e
r
A
t
t
ac
k
s
C
o
ns
i
d
er
i
ng
t
he
R
ol
e
of
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
on S
y
s
t
em
s
.
20
16;
305
3:
1
–
8.
[
2]
A
.
I
t
ur
r
egi
,
B
.
B
ar
bu,
E
.
T
or
r
es
,
F
.
B
er
ger
,
an
d I
.
Z
am
or
a.
El
e
ct
ri
c Arc i
n
L
o
w
-
V
ol
t
age C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
s
:
E
x
per
i
m
ent
s
a
nd S
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
.
201
7;
45(
1)
:
11
3
–
1
20.
[
3]
R
. D
. Ga
r
z
o
n
,
H
i
gh V
ol
t
ag
e C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
s
:
D
es
i
g
n an
d A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
ns
.
20
02.
[
4]
V
.
K
M
eht
a,
Pri
n
ci
p
l
e
s o
f
Po
w
e
r Syst
e
m
s:
C
i
rcu
i
t
Bre
a
ke
r
.
2
008;
46
0
-
4
86.
[
5]
R.
M
e
d
jo
u
d
j,
D
.
A
is
s
a
n
i,
K
.
D.
Ha
im
.
Co
m
p
e
t
in
g
R
is
k
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
O
il Cir
c
u
it
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
Dy
n
a
m
ic
R
e
li
a
b
ilit
y
Asse
ssme
n
t
.
1
5
t
h
I
EEE Me
d
i
t
e
rr.
El
e
ct
ro
t
ec
h
.
C
onf
.
2010;
1
606
-
161
1.
[
6]
Lan
gs
t
af
f
H
A
P
,
B
P
Ba
ke
r.
A
v
e
rt
i
ca
l
-
f
l
ow
c
o
m
pr
es
s
e
d
-
ai
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
a
nd
i
t
s
app
l
i
c
at
i
on
on
a
132
-
kv p
o
w
e
r syst
e
m
.
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
on
s
of
t
he A
m
er
i
c
an I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
neer
s
.
19
43;
6
2
(
4
)
:
188
-
19
2.
[
7]
O
B
ot
t
aus
ci
o
.
N
u
m
er
i
c
a
l
a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
he
at
i
ng
t
r
ans
i
ent
of
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
c
ont
ac
t
s
u
nd
er
s
hor
t
-
c
ir
c
u
it
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
.
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
.
C
om
p
.
,
H
y
br
i
ds
,
M
a
n
uf
ac
t
or
y
.
T
ec
hnol
og
y
.
1
993;
1
6(
5)
:
563
–
5
70.
[
8]
X
L
i,
J
Qu
, Q
W
ang,
H
Z
hao,
D
C
hen.
N
u
m
er
i
c
al
and ex
p
er
i
m
ent
al
s
t
udy
of
t
he s
hor
t
-
t
i
me
w
i
t
hs
t
an
ds
c
ur
r
ent
c
ap
abi
l
i
t
y
f
or
ai
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
.
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s.
Po
w
e
r
D
e
l
i
v
.
2
013;
2
8
(
4)
:
2610
–
2
615
.
[
9]
X
Li
,
D
C
he
n.
3
-
D
f
i
n
i
t
e el
e
m
ent
an
al
y
s
i
s
a
nd ex
per
i
m
ent
al
i
nv
es
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
of
el
ec
t
r
o
dy
n
a
m
i
c
r
ep
ul
s
i
on
f
or
c
e i
n m
ol
de
d c
as
e c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
eak
er
s
.
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
.
C
om
p.
P
ac
k
ag.
T
ec
hn
ol
.
200
5;
28(
4)
:
877
–
88
3.
[
10]
J
Qu
, X
Li
,
Q
.
W
ang.
E
x
per
i
m
e
nt
al
s
t
udy
o
n el
ec
t
r
i
c
r
es
i
s
t
anc
e of
t
i
l
t
ed
c
ont
ac
t
i
n ai
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
.
I
E
E
E
H
ol
m
C
o
nf
er
enc
e on E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
C
ont
ac
t
s
.
2016;
5
-
8.
[
11]
X
L
i,
H
Z
hao,
X
J
i
an
g,
S
J
ia
,
Q
.
W
ang.
B
r
eak
d
ow
n E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
F
i
el
d C
al
c
u
l
at
i
o
n of
H
ot
S
F
6 and i
t
s
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n t
o H
i
gh V
ol
t
ag
e C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
s
.
2012;
43
-
48.
[
12]
M
Mu
ra
t
o
vi
c,
M
K
ap
et
an
ov
i
c
,
S
De
lic
,
S
St
a
sza
k,
Z
J
a
ni
ak
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
s
of
a
n i
m
pr
o
v
ed
oper
at
i
n
g
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
hi
gh v
o
l
t
ag
e S
F
6 G
I
S
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
.
I
nt
.
C
onf
.
H
i
gh V
o
l
t
.
E
ng.
A
ppl
.
2
01
4;
6
-
9.
[
13]
J
. Gu
o
, X
. J
i
a
n
g
, B
. C
h
e
n
,
J.
Mu
.
I
nt
er
r
upt
i
on S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
at
D
i
f
f
er
ent
A
r
c
T
i
m
es
F
or
a
P
uf
f
er
T
y
pe
252k
V
S
F
6 C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
.
2
015;
34
5
-
3
48.
[
14]
M.
Mu
ra
t
o
vi
c,
M.
Ka
p
e
t
a
n
o
vi
c,
S.
D
e
l
i
c,
S.
St
a
sza
k,
Z
.
J
ani
ak
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
o
ns
of
a
n
i
m
pr
o
v
ed
oper
at
i
n
g
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
hi
gh v
o
l
t
ag
e S
F
6 G
I
S
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
.
I
nt
.
C
onf
.
H
i
gh V
o
l
t
.
E
ng.
A
ppl
.
2
01
4;
6
-
9.
[
15]
M
.
M
ur
at
ov
i
ü,
S
.
D
el
i
ü,
A
.
H
a
j
dar
ov
i
ü,
M
.
K
a
pet
an
ov
i
ü,
and
Y
.
G
uan
.
P
r
es
s
ur
e D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n al
ong
t
he
N
o
z
z
l
e
of
a H
V
S
F
6 C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
.
20
14;
4
70
-
4
73.
[
16]
M
.
F
ei
,
Z
.
K
ed
ong,
Z
.
J
i
a
n
y
o
ng,
Z
.
M
eng.
D
es
i
g
n
of
H
i
g
h
V
ol
t
ag
e
V
ac
uu
m
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
ea
k
er
’
s
O
n
-
lin
e
M
oni
t
or
i
ng a
nd
F
aul
t
D
i
ag
nos
i
s
S
y
s
t
em
.
408
–
41
3.
[
17]
L.
T
.
F
.
K
.
W
.
C
he
ng a
nd W
.
J
.
M
ol
an.
T
he D
es
i
g
n of
a 24
5k
V
V
ac
uu
m
C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
.
201
6;
6
–
9.
[
18]
T
.
A
bdul
ah
ov
i
c
,
T
.
T
hi
r
i
nger
,
M
.
R
ez
a,
and
H
.
B
r
eder
.
V
ac
uu
m
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
e
ak
er
par
a
m
et
e
r
c
al
c
ul
at
i
on
and
m
o
del
l
i
ng f
or
pow
er
s
y
s
t
em
t
r
ans
i
ent
s
t
u
di
es
.
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
.
P
o
w
er
D
e
l
i
v
.
2014;
11
65
–
117
2.
[
19]
D
. A
. P
. P
. D
,
D
. E
.
S
hev
t
s
ov
.
C
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
d
Va
cu
u
m
6
(1
0
) k
V C
i
rcu
i
t
Bre
a
k
e
r Mo
d
e
l
.
201
6
;
6(
10)
:
177
-
182.
[
20]
M
.
H
ei
dem
ann
,
N
.
S
.
F
el
l
o
w
,
and R
.
W
.
D
.
D
.
F
el
l
o
w
.
Cir
c
u
it
-
B
r
eak
er
s
f
or
M
edi
u
m
-
V
o
l
t
age D
C
G
r
i
ds
.
201
6.
[
21]
M
.
C
al
l
av
i
k
,
A
.
B
l
om
ber
g,
J
.
H
äf
ner
,
an
d B
.
J
ac
o
bs
o
n.
B
r
eak
-
t
hr
o
ug
h!
:
ABB
’
s
h
y
b
ri
d
H
VD
C
b
re
a
ke
r
,
an i
n
nov
at
i
on b
r
eak
t
hr
o
ug
h en
abl
i
ng r
e
l
i
a
bl
e H
V
D
C
gr
i
ds
.
A
B
B
R
ev
.
201
3;
2:
7
-
13.
[
22]
K
.
J
i
nk
un,
W
.
X
i
ao
gua
ng,
Y
.
B
i
ng
j
i
a
n,
G
.
Y
ang,
a
nd
H
.
Z
hi
y
u
an.
C
ont
r
o
l
S
t
r
at
egy
of
t
he
F
ul
l
-
Bri
d
g
e
B
as
ed H
y
br
i
d
D
C
B
r
eak
er
.
2015;
31
5
–
32
0.
[
23]
J
.
M
agnu
s
s
on,
A
.
B
i
s
s
al
,
G
.
E
ngd
ahl
,
J
.
A
.
M
ar
t
i
nez
,
a
nd
L.
Li
l
j
es
t
r
an
d.
C
ur
r
ent
C
o
m
m
ut
at
i
on i
n H
y
br
i
d
DC
-
br
e
ak
er
s
.
2
015;
50
6
–
51
1.
[
24]
R
.
M
aj
um
der
,
S
.
A
ud
d
y
,
B
.
B
er
ggr
en,
G
.
V
e
l
ot
t
o,
P
.
B
ar
u
pa
t
i
,
T
.
U
.
J
ons
s
o
n.
A
n
A
l
t
er
n
at
i
v
e
M
et
h
od
t
o
Bu
i
l
d
D
C
Sw
i
t
ch
ya
rd
w
it
h
Hy
b
r
i
d D
C
B
r
eak
er
f
or
D
C
G
r
i
d
.
I
EEE T
ra
n
s.
Po
w
e
r D
e
l
i
v.
2
0
1
7
;
3
2
(
2
):
7
13
–
722.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
EEC
S
Vo
l
.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
O
c
t
ober
2
017
:
2
13
–
2
20
220
[
25]
F
.
Li
u,
W
.
Li
u,
X
.
Z
ha,
H
.
Y
a
ng,
K
.
F
eng.
S
o
lid
-
S
t
at
e C
i
r
c
ui
t
B
r
eak
er
S
n
ubb
er
D
es
i
g
n f
or
T
r
ans
i
en
t
O
v
er
v
ol
t
ag
e S
uppr
es
s
i
o
n
at
B
us
F
au
l
t
I
nt
er
r
upt
i
o
n i
n
Low
-
V
ol
t
ag
e
D
C
M
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
.
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s.
Po
w
e
r
E
l
ec
t
r
on.
20
16;
32(
4)
:
1
–
1.
[
26]
N
.
K
os
t
oul
as
,
P
.
S
t
er
l
i
ng.
D
C
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
s
and t
hei
r
us
e
i
n H
V
D
C
gr
i
ds
. 1
–
11.
[
27]
H
.
Li
,
J
.
Z
hou,
Z
.
Li
u,
D
. X
u
.
S
ol
i
d s
t
at
e D
C
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
f
or
s
uper
u
ni
nt
er
r
upt
i
bl
e
pow
er
s
up
pl
y
. In
t.
Po
w
e
r El
e
ct
ro
n
.
A
ppl
.
C
onf
.
E
x
p
o.
I
E
E
E
P
E
A
C
.
2014;
12
30
–
12
35.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.