In
d
o
n
e
sian
Jou
r
n
al of
Ele
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
erin
g
a
n
d
C
om
pu
t
er S
c
ien
ce
Vol.
14, No.
1, April 2019,
pp.
290~294
ISSN: 2502-
4752,
DOI
:
10.115
91/ijeecs.
v
14.
i
1
.
pp290-294
290
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/
i
j
eec
s
Sp
ectral coding perfo
r
ma
nce u
nder
free space
optical medium
A.K
Ra
h
m
a
n
1
, C.B.M
.Rashid
i
2
,
S.A Al
j
u
n
i
d
3
, K
.
F
.
T
a
mri
n
4
, Ru
d
iyan
to
P
.
Jon
g
5
,
D.N.A
Za
i
d
el
6
,
Y
.
S
Sa
m
a
t
7
1,
4
,
5,
6
,
7
F
acu
lt
y o
f
En
g
in
eerin
g
,
D
e
p
art
m
ent o
f
E
lect
ri
cal
E
lect
ron
i
c, U
n
i
v
ersity
M
alay
si
a S
a
rawak,
Malay
sia
2,
3
A
dvan
ce
Com
m
u
n
i
catio
n E
ngin
e
eri
n
g
, Cent
r
e of
Excellen
ce, SCCE,
Un
i
v
ers
i
t
y
M
al
ays
i
a P
e
rli
s
, M
alaysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
8
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
26,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 10,
2
0
1
8
Th
is
p
ap
er
f
ocu
s
on
perf
o
r
ma
n
ce
o
f
c
od
e
Zero
C
orrel
a
tio
n-Co
rrel
ati
on
(ZCC)
i
n
f
r
ee
s
p
ace
o
pt
ical
c
om
m
unicatio
n.
T
h
e
Z
CC
c
od
e
h
a
s
a
s
up
erior
chara
c
t
e
ri
stic
w
hi
ch
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
te
t
he
o
verl
appi
ng
c
od
e
b
e
t
w
een
a
n
y
u
s
e
r
s
.
Du
e
to
t
his
h
i
gh
clas
s
ch
aracteris
ti
c,
t
he
c
o
d
e
imp
r
ov
es
t
he
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce
o
f
th
e
co
nv
ent
i
on
al
c
od
e
i
n
f
ree
s
p
ace
o
p
tical
e
n
v
i
r
on
men
t
.
In
t
h
i
s
pa
p
e
r
t
h
e
anal
ys
is
p
erf
o
rm
ance
of
b
it
e
rro
r
rat
e
i
s
con
s
ideri
ng
t
h
e
aval
a
nche
(
A
P
D
)
no
is
e,
t
h
e
rm
al
noi
se
a
n
d
m
u
l
tiuser
in
terf
erence.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
sh
o
ws
t
h
a
t
Z
C
C
cod
e
i
m
p
rov
e
t
he
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
o
f
c
on
ven
tio
nal
c
o
de
i
n
t
e
rm
o
f
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
us
ers,
p
o
w
er receiv
e
d an
d d
a
ta b
it
rate.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
APD n
o
i
se
Con
v
e
n
ti
ona
l c
ode
F
S
O
c
omm
uni
cati
o
n
ZCC c
o
de
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Abdul
Rahm
an Bin Kram,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
Ele
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
Uni
v
ersi
ty
M
al
ays
i
a
Sar
a
wa
k,
F
a
kult
i
K
e
j
u
r
u
t
e
r
aa
n,
J
a
l
an D
ato
Mo
h
d
. Musa
,
9430
0 K
o
t
a
S
am
ara
h
an, Sar
awak,
M
a
lays
ia.
Em
ail:
kara
hma
n
@
unim
a
s.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
F
r
ee
s
pace
o
p
tic
s
(
F
S
O
)
ca
n
descr
i
be
a
s
a
s
e
nd
i
ng
ver
y
h
i
gh
ba
n
dw
id
t
h
d
ig
ita
l
data
fro
m
one
p
o
i
n
t
to
a
not
he
r
us
i
n
g
a
l
a
ser
beam
i
n
a
m
e
t
h
od
s
i
m
i
la
r
t
o
f
iber
o
pt
i
c
s
,
b
u
t
d
irec
tly
t
hr
ou
g
h
t
he
a
tm
osphe
re
w
it
h
o
u
t
the
fi
ber.
F
S
O
a
l
s
o
ca
n
be
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
co
nc
ept
of
a
n
a
rro
w
bea
m
of
l
i
ght
w
h
i
ch
i
s
lau
n
c
he
d
a
t
a
t
ra
nsm
i
ssion
st
a
tio
n,
transm
itte
d
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
a
tmos
pher
e
,
and
su
bse
que
n
t
l
y
r
ec
eive
d a
t
the
r
ec
ei
vin
g
s
ta
t
i
o
n
[1],
[6].
Fre
e
s
p
a
ce
o
p
t
i
cal
c
o
mmu
n
i
cati
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
a
t
t
r
ac
t
e
d
a
c
o
nsid
era
b
l
e
a
tte
n
tio
n
for
a
va
rie
t
y
o
f
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
i
n
th
e
fie
l
d
of
t
e
l
e
c
om
muni
ca
ti
ons.
F
S
O
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
s
pa
n
o
v
e
r
a
w
ide
ran
g
e
from
s
a
t
e
lli
t
e
link
s
to
r
ob
o
tics
a
n
d
gene
ra
te
d i
n
t
e
rest from
se
ver
a
l d
i
s
t
inc
t
m
ar
ket
s, nam
ely
:
t
he
l
a
s
t mi
le high ba
ndw
id
t
h
i
nter
ne
t
con
n
ec
tiv
i
t
y, the
t
em
p
o
ra
ry
h
ig
h
ba
n
d
w
i
dt
h data l
i
n
ks, the m
obi
le
t
e
l
e
p
hony bac
k
-
h
au
l
(
3
G
)
, satell
it
e
li
nks as
w
e
ll a
s
the
v
a
r
i
ous a
pp
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s
w
her
e
t
he
opt
ical
f
ibe
r
s c
a
nn
o
t be
de
p
lo
ye
d.
R
e
cen
tl
y
,
o
pt
ic
al
c
od
e
-
div
i
si
on
m
ul
tip
l
e
ac
ce
ss
(C
DMA)
s
c
h
emes
ha
ve
b
ee
n
p
o
p
u
lar
a
m
o
n
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
i
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
d
e
w
h
i
c
h
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
u
s
e
r
s
t
o
a
c
cess
the
ne
tw
o
r
k
sim
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
ly
o
r
asy
n
chr
o
n
o
u
s
l
y
[
2,
3
,
8,
9
,
10]
.
T
h
ere
a
r
e
t
h
ree
ty
pes
b
a
sic
o
f
d
ivi
s
i
o
n
mult
i
p
l
e
a
cces
s
sch
e
me
s.
F
i
r
st
ly
i
s
t
i
me
-di
v
i
s
io
n
mu
l
tip
le
a
c
c
e
s
s
(TD
M
A)
w
h
i
c
h
d
iv
i
d
es
a
cc
ess
by
t
i
me
, se
con
d
l
y is freq
u
e
n
c
y
-
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
m
u
l
tip
le
ac
cess (
F
D
M
A
)
div
i
d
e
s
i
t
b
y
fr
e
que
nc
y an
d
t
h
ir
dl
y
i
s
c
o
d
e
div
i
s
io
n m
u
lti
p
l
e
a
cce
ss
(
CD
MA
).
A
m
ong
the
s
e
th
r
e
e
t
ype
s
of
s
chem
es
C
D
M
A
is
eas
ier
in
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
si
gn
me
nt
.
Th
e
r
e
h
a
s
b
een
repor
t
e
d
[8, 11
,
12,
13,
14] prop
o
se
d o
f
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
CD
M
A
for
fr
ee
spac
e
op
t
i
c
a
l
com
mun
i
ca
tio
n an
d bac
k
g
r
ou
nd
lig
ht i
s the
o
n
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
de
ra
ti
o
n
p
erform
ance
[
4].
However
for
co
nv
e
n
t
i
on
al
c
od
e
su
c
h
a
s
OO
C
c
o
d
e
,
th
e
ma
j
o
r
w
e
a
kness
i
s
t
he
p
rese
nce
o
f
o
ve
rla
p
p
i
n
g
w
e
i
ght
i
n
c
ode
o
r
m
o
re
we
l
l
k
n
o
wn
a
s
cross
cor
r
el
ati
o
n.
Th
is
c
on
d
i
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l le
ad
t
o e
x
iste
nc
e
o
f
m
ul
ti
ple
acc
ess i
n
terf
ere
n
ce
(MAI) no
ise
[7,
15,
16,
17,
18, 19,
20].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Spec
t
r
a
l
c
o
d
i
n
g
per
f
orm
anc
e un
de
r
free s
pac
e optic
a
l
m
e
di
um
(A.
K
Rahm
an)
29
1
Bas
i
ca
ll
y
t
h
e
MA
I
co
ntr
i
b
u
tion
i
s
c
om
e
fr
o
m
num
ber
of
u
se
rs.
If
l
a
r
ge
n
um
ber
o
f
u
se
rs
i
nv
o
l
ve
t
he
MA
I
as
w
ell
w
ill
i
n
cre
a
se
w
hic
h
l
ea
d
t
o
d
eter
i
o
r
a
tio
n
o
f
t
he
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
U
l
t
i
ma
t
e
l
y
t
his
c
o
ndi
ti
on
ca
n
pro
duce
p
o
o
r
bi
t
error
ra
t
e
(
BER)
w
here
ca
n
drop
be
low
t
h
e
ac
ce
pta
b
le
st
a
ndar
d
c
om
munic
a
t
i
o
n
BER (
10-
9).
Base
d
o
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
A
nuar[
5],
he
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
t
he
n
o
v
e
l
c
ode
w
hi
ch
c
re
a
t
e
ze
ro
c
ross
c
orrel
a
ti
on
code
w
ith
o
u
t
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
p
erfor
m
ance
e
spec
ia
lly
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
i
nc
re
asing
l
a
r
ge
n
umber
of
u
se
r
w
i
t
h
m
ain
t
a
i
n
un
d
e
r
the
a
cce
p
t
a
b
l
e
B
E
R
.
There
f
ore
as
one
t
h
e
k
ey
e
lem
e
nt
i
n
de
si
g
n
i
ng
O
C
DM
A
i
s
t
o
redu
c
e
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
corr
elat
i
on
be
t
w
een
c
ode
o
r
user.
I
n
t
hi
s
p
a
per
w
e
f
ocus
on
Z
C
C
c
od
e
p
e
rf
o
r
ma
n
c
e
in
fre
e
sp
ac
e
op
ti
cal
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
c
h
a
n
ne
l.
T
h
e
c
o
m
par
i
so
n
w
i
t
h
c
on
ve
n
tio
na
l
c
ode
t
h
a
t
i
s
O
O
C
c
o
d
e
i
n
t
e
r
m
o
f
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
users,
data
bi
t
rate
and
p
o
w
e
r
rec
e
ive
d
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
A.
Zer
o
C
ross Co
r
r
elati
on
Co
de
The
n
u
mbe
r
of
users
and len
g
t
h o
f
t
he
c
ode
f
or
Z
CC c
o
d
e c
a
n
i
s
g
i
ve
n b
y
[5]:
(1)
An
d
(2)
wher
e
K
is
t
he
num
ber
of use
r
s
,
L
is the
le
ng
t
h
of
t
h
e c
o
d
e
a
nd
w
i
s t
h
e we
ig
ht
o
f t
h
e cod
e
. Th
e
da
t
a
bit
ra
t
e
i
s
gi
ve
n by
[4]:
(
3
)
wh
er
e
Tc
i
s
t
he
time
in
terva
l
B.
Pr
ob
a
b
ili
ty o
f
Error
The
aver
age
n
u
mbe
r
of abs
o
rbe
d
p
h
o
t
o
ns
a
t r
ece
iver
can
b
e
de
no
t
ed
a
s
:
(4)
w
h
er
e the
ph
o
t
on
ab
sorp
t
i
on
rate
w
he
n
‘1’
transm
i
s
s
i
on oc
c
u
rs i
s gi
ve
n
as:
(5)
Mea
n
w
h
ile
t
he
c
h
i
p
in
ter
v
a
l
ti
m
e
,
T
c
= 1/
(
R
b
x
L
)
(6)
W
h
ere
t
h
e
Rb
i
s
t
h
e
da
ta bit
r
a
te
o
f 1
bi
ts
/se
que
nce
-
per
i
o
d
,
Pr
i
s t
h
e
to
tal rec
e
ive
d
l
a
s
er
pow
er
b
y t
h
e
A
P
D,
η
is
A
P
D
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
e
f
fic
i
e
n
cy
,
h
is
P
la
nk’
s
c
ons
t
a
n
t
a
nd
f
0
is
t
h
e
o
p
t
ica
l
f
reque
nc
y.
W
h
e
n
l
a
ser
tra
n
smi
t
‘
1’
or ‘
0’ the
pho
t
o
n
ab
sorp
t
i
o
n
ra
t
e
c
a
n w
r
it
te
n
as:
w
h
er
e
λ repr
esent the
t
o
t
a
l ph
ot
o
n
a
bsor
pt
io
n
r
a
te d
ue to s
i
gna
l
bac
kgr
o
und a
n
d A
P
D
b
u
l
k
lea
ka
ge c
urr
e
nt,
λ
b
is
t
he
p
h
o
t
o
n
a
b
sor
p
t
i
o
n
rate
due
t
o
the
a
c
t
u
al
b
ac
kgr
o
und
li
g
h
t,
e
i
s
a
n
e
le
ctro
n
cha
r
ge,
I
b
/e
i
s
re
prese
n
t
the
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
on
o
f
the
A
P
D
bu
lk
l
ea
ka
ge
c
ur
ren
t
t
o
t
h
e
A
P
D
out
p
u
t
a
nd
Me
i
s
the
m
o
du
la
ti
o
n
e
x
t
inc
t
io
n
r
a
tio
o
f
the la
se
r out
p
u
t
pow
e
r
in “
1
” or
“
0”
state.
1
Kw
(1
)
Lw
w
1
b
c
R
TF
s
c
T
0
r
s
P
hf
b
sb
s
b
b
e
I
e
I
M
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
290 –
2
94
29
2
The
ge
ner
a
l e
xpr
essio
n
f
or
b
it
e
rror
ra
t
e for F
S
O
is give
n
b
y:
(
7
)
C.
O
r
tho
g
ona
l O
p
tica
l
C
o
d
e
(O
OC)
Pr
ob
a
b
ili
ty e
rror
can
b
e
expre
s
s
as
(
8
)
(
9
)
wher
e the
Q
(
x) is Q
func
tio
n o
f
BE
R
,
x
=
l
o
g(
BE
R).
F
o
r
unc
on
dit
i
o
ned
BER
i
n
p
r
e
senc
e
of
t
urb
u
l
e
n
t
,
w
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
he
g
a
mm
a-
gam
m
a
di
stri
b
u
t
i
o
n
t
urbu
le
nce
mode
l
com
b
i
n
e
d
w
it
h
the
con
d
iti
o
n
e
d
B
E
R
w
hic
h
c
a
n
be
w
r
itte
n a
s
:
(
1
0
)
D.
Z
e
ro
C
r
o
s
s
C
orr
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
d
e
(
Z
C
C
)
Pro
b
abi
l
i
t
y
of
e
r
ro
r ca
n
b
e
ex
p
re
ss as
(
1
1
)
(
1
2
)
F
o
r
B
E
R
i
n
tu
r
b
u
l
e
n
t
c
ondi
t
i
on
t
h
e
B
ER
w
i
l
l
d
en
ot
e
as
:
(
1
3
)
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
We
p
r
e
se
nt
s
om
e
num
er
i
c
a
l
r
esu
l
t
usi
n
g
the
fol
l
ow
in
g
para
me
t
e
r:
num
ber
of
u
s
e
r
s
=
4
0,
the
w
a
v
e
len
g
t
h
of
o
pt
i
c
a
l
c
a
rrier
i
s
8
2
5nm
a
nd
t
he
b
it
r
a
t
e
da
t
a
i
s
R
b
=
1
56M
bp
s.
F
o
r
Z
CC
c
od
e
t
h
e
K
=
4
and
F
=
1
6
0
an
d for O
O
C
K = 4
and F
= 481.
The
bac
k
g
rou
nd l
i
ght
ph
o
to
n ar
ri
v
a
l
ra
t
e
λb
=
10
11
.
F
i
gure
1
s
h
ow
s
BE
R
vers
us
d
a
t
a
bit
rate
b
etw
e
en
Z
CC
c
ode
a
n
d
O
O
C
c
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
d
a
t
a
b
i
t
r
a
t
e
i
s
me
asure
d
f
r
o
m
10
0
M
b
p
s
t
o
3
G
b
ps.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
us
ers
is
s
et
t
o
4
0
u
s
ers
an
d
wav
e
l
e
ng
th
λ
i
s
82
5n
m.
Code
l
e
n
gth
Z
C
C
F
is
1
60
a
n
d
O
O
C
F
i
s
4
8
1
a
n
d
bot
h
c
o
de
s
us
in
g
c
o
d
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
K
=
4
.
W
e
c
a
n
s
e
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
ZCC c
o
de
p
erfor
m
s
bett
e
r
c
o
m
pa
red
to O
O
C
c
o
d
e.
Thi
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
in
crea
si
ng
o
f
d
a
ta
b
it
r
a
t
e
will
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
c
hi
p
in
t
e
rva
l
time
(Tc)
a
nd
s
eq
uenc
e
-
peri
od
(F
).
T
his
bec
a
use
t
h
e
da
t
a
b
it
ra
te
i
s
r
e
ver
s
es
p
rop
o
r
ti
ona
l
w
ith
c
h
i
p
in
t
e
rva
l
t
ime
(Tc)
a
nd
seq
u
enc
e
-
(0
)
(
0
)
(
1
)
(
1
)
Vth
Vth
P
e
P
P
e
rror
P
e
r
ror
1
()
2
I
E
RR
OR
I
F
a
l
s
e
Al
a
r
m
M
i
s
s
PP
P
P
1
01
22
0
01
1
2
I
N
bb
ERROR
I
i
bb
Th
Th
PP
Q
Q
1
1
2l
o
g
(
.
)
(
)
2
Qe
r
f
c
x
1
2
01
2
22
0
01
2(
)
1
((
2
)
)
.
(
)
()
(
)
2
I
N
bb
ER
RO
R
I
i
bb
Th
T
h
PX
k
X
P
Q
Q
1
()
2
E
RR
OR
Fal
s
e
A
l
a
r
m
M
i
s
s
PP
P
01
22
01
11
22
bb
ERROR
bb
Th
Th
PQ
Q
2
01
2
22
01
2(
)
1
(
(
2
)).(
(
))
()
(
)
2
bb
ERROR
bb
Th
T
h
PX
k
X
Q
Q
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesia
n
J
Elec Eng
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
ISSN:
2502-
4752
Spe
c
t
r
a
l
cod
i
n
g
per
f
orm
ance
un
der free
s
p
a
c
e
opt
i
c
a
l
m
e
di
um
(
A
.
K
Rahm
an)
29
3
pe
r
i
od (
F
)
.
H
er
e due O
O
C
c
o
d
e
ha
ve
a
l
o
n
g
e
r
code
l
e
n
gt
h c
o
mpa
r
e
to ZC
C
i
t
ca
u
se
t
he data b
i
t
ra
t
e
de
c
re
ase.
A
s
w
e
incr
e
a
se
m
or
e
bit
r
a
t
e
t
he
B
ER
f
or
O
O
C
w
or
se.
Thi
s
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
d
i
f
f
er
s
for
ZC
C
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
s
u
p
por
t
a
t
a
h
i
g
h
d
a
t
a
b
i
t
r
a
t
e
.
A
t
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
b
i
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
on
w
hi
ch
i
s
10
-9
t
h
e
OOC
c
od
e
c
a
n
o
n
ly
sur
v
ive
ap
pr
o
x
i
ma
te
ly
4
0
0
M
b
ps
m
e
a
nw
hi
le
f
or
Z
C
C
c
o
d
e
i
t
c
a
n
r
e
a
ch
ap
p
r
o
xi
mate
ly
1
.7Gb
p
s
.
F
i
gur
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
BE
R
v
e
r
s
us
numbe
r
of
u
se
r
.
T
he
numbe
r
o
f
u
se
r
is
m
easu
red
f
r
o
m
5
t
o
16
0
user
s.
T
he
d
a
t
a
b
i
t
r
a
te
i
s
1
5
6
M
bp
s
w
i
t
h
c
ode
l
e
n
gt
h
ZCC
is
F
=
160
a
n
d
O
O
C
c
od
e
l
e
ngt
h
i
s
F
=
481
a
nd
us
i
n
g
sa
me
c
o
d
e
w
e
ig
ht
K
=
4
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
ha
t
a
t
B
E
R
1
0
-
9
t
h
e
O
O
C
c
o
d
e
ca
n
s
u
pp
or
t
a
p
pr
ox
im
at
ely
3
0
user
s
b
u
t
Z
CC
can
r
e
ach
a
ppr
ox
im
ate
l
y 8
0
u
se
r
s
.
F
o
r
O
O
C
c
ode,
t
he incr
e
asi
ng n
u
m
b
er of
users w
i
ll i
n
c
r
ease
a
s
w
e
ll
the
n
u
m
be
r
proba
b
ili
ty
o
f
i
n
te
rfer
en
ce
b
e
t
ween
u
se
r
s
w
h
ic
h
c
a
n
c
ause
t
he
i
ncr
e
a
s
i
ng
o
f
b
i
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
te.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
i
t
'
s
o
w
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
O
O
C
c
o
d
e
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
im
um
c
r
o
ss-
cor
r
elati
on
e
q
ual
to
1
.
Ho
wev
e
r
f
o
r
ZCC
cod
e
t
h
e
m
ax
imu
m
c
ro
s
s
-co
r
relation
i
s
zero
.
In
ot
her
w
o
r
d
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
ove
r
l
a
p
p
i
ng
c
ode
we
i
g
ht
o
c
c
u
rr
ing
in
Z
CC
co
d
e
.
Ther
efor
e th
e
bit
err
o
r r
a
te can
be
r
educ
e
d
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
B
E
R
v
e
r
s
u
s
d
a
t
a
b
i
t
ra
t
e
(
M
b
p
s
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
BER
ver
s
us
n
umbe
r
of
u
ser
s
4.
CONCLUSION
The
perf
orm
a
nce
o
f
a
tmos
ph
eric
O
CD
MA
f
or
z
ero
cr
o
s
s
corr
elat
i
o
n
c
od
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
pa
r
i
son
OO
C
c
o
d
e
h
a
s
b
een
a
nal
y
ze
d.
T
he
Z
C
C
c
o
d
e
has
be
e
n
p
r
o
ve
n
t
o
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
rfo
r
m
an
c
e
in
a
tmo
s
ph
eri
c
c
ond
i
t
i
on
c
o
mpar
ed
t
o
th
e
O
O
C
c
ode.
N
o
over
l
a
p
pi
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
u
se
r
gi
ve
a
b
i
g
ad
v
a
nt
a
g
e
f
o
r
ZC
C
co
de
w
hic
h
r
educe
BE
R
f
a
c
t
or
.
Fr
om
num
er
ic
al
a
na
lys
i
s
Z
CC
ca
n
su
p
por
t
h
i
gh
da
ta
b
it
r
a
t
e
up
to
g
i
g
a
b
i
t
p
e
r
s
ec
on
d
w
ith
h
ig
h
num
ber
of
u
se
r
s
.
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
Th
is
w
or
k
has
b
e
en
s
up
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
My
RA
g
r
a
nt
U
n
i
ver
s
it
i
Ma
lays
ia
Sar
a
wak
.
REFE
R
E
NCES
[1]
J
.
S
ch
ust
e
r,
H
.
W
i
lleb
r
and,
S
.
Bloo
m,
E
.
K
o
rev
aar,
U
nders
tan
d
in
g
the
pe
rforma
n
c
e
of
F
re
e
Spa
c
e
O
ptic
s
,
i
n
Jou
r
na
p
e
fro
l
o
f
O
p
tical
N
etw
o
rking
,
2
0
0
3.
[2]
J
.
S
a
l
ehi,
C
od
e
d
i
v
i
s
i
on
m
ultip
le-ac
cess
techn
i
q
u
e
in
opt
ical
f
i
b
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
–
P
a
r
t
I
:
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s. Co
m
mu
n.
, vo
l
.
37
,
n
o
. 8
, p
p. 82
4
-
83
3,
Aug
. 1
98
9.
[3]
J
.
S
al
e
h
i
and
C.
b
racket
,
Co
de
d
ivisio
n
mu
ltip
le-acc
ess
t
echni
q
u
e
i
n
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
n
et
wo
rks
-
P
art
II:
S
y
st
em
p
e
rfo
rm
ance an
a
l
ysis,IEE
E T
r
ans
. Co
mmun
., v
o
l
.
3
7
, n
o.8
,
p
p
. 83
4-8
4
2
,
A
ug
.
19
89.
[4]
[4
]R.M
G
ag
li
ardi,
P
u
lse-co
ded
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-acc
es
s
in
s
pace
o
p
t
i
cal
co
m
m
unicatio
ns
,
IE
EE
J
o
u
rn
al
on
sel
ected
a
re
as
i
n
commun
i
cation
,
V
ol.13
, No.3
, A
pr
i
l
,
1
9
9
5
.
[5]
[5]A
nuar.
MS,
S.A
Al
j
u
nid
,
M
i
n
i
m
izi
ng
co
rrelat
i
on
e
f
f
ect
u
sin
g
zero
cro
s
s
corr
e
l
atio
n
cod
e
i
n
spect
ral
am
pl
it
ude
coding optical
c
ode
di
visi
on
m
ultiple acces
s,
O
p
tical
Revi
e
w
V
o
l.
1
9,
N
o
.
1
(20
12
) 20
–2
4
.
[6]
W
ill
ebran
d
,
H
.,Gh
u
m
a
n
,
B.S.
F
ree-sp
ac
e
O
p
t
i
c
s
,
E
n
a
bli
ng
Optical
C
onn
ecti
v
ity
i
n
T
oday
'
s
Net
w
ork
s
,
S
a
ms
P
u
bli
s
hin
g
,
In
dianap
ol
is.
2
0
0
1
.
[7]
]N.
G. Tarhu
n
i
,
T
.
O.
Korh
on
en,
M.
El
m
u
s
rat
i
, a
nd
E. Mu
t
a
f
u
n
g
w
a
:
O
p
t.
C
o
m
mu
n.
2
59
(
20
06
)
6
5
5.
[8]
S
.
A
.
A
l
j
u
n
i
d
,
M
.
D
.
A
.
S
a
m
a
d
,
M
.
O
t
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
H
.
H
i
s
h
a
m
,
A
.
H
.
K
a
s
iman
a
nd
M
.
K.
A
bdu
ll
ah,
D
e
vel
opm
en
t
of
M
o
d
i
fi
ed
D
ou
ble-W
e
ig
h
t
C
od
e
and
it
s
Imp
l
e
m
en
tati
on
i
n
M
u
lti-Rat
e
T
r
ans
m
i
ssio
n
s.
N
et
wo
rk
s
,
C
om
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n,
2
005
1
3th
IEEE
i
nt
ernatio
nal
Co
nf
eren
ce,
V
o
l
.
1
, IS
S
N
1
5
3
1
-
22
16
,
p
p.5
.
[9]
Z
.
W
e
i
et
a
l
.,
”
M
o
d
ified
Quad
rati
c
Con
g
ruen
ce
C
od
es
f
o
r
F
iber
B
r
ag
g
Gr
ati
ng
bas
e
d
S
p
ect
ral
A
m
p
l
it
ude
C
o
d
in
g
O
p
ti
cal
C
DM
A S
y
st
e
m
”,
Jo
urnal
Li
gh
tw
ave
T
echno
lo
gy
,
Vol
19
,
S
e
pt
.
2
001
,
1
2
7
4
-1
281
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
290 –
2
94
29
4
[10]
X.W
a
ng
,
”Key
s
t
o
ward
s
p
r
actical
O
CDM
A
n
etw
o
rks
”
,
7t
h
IE
EE
I
nt.
Conf.
on
O
p
t
oel
ectro
nics,
Fi
ber
Op
ti
cs
a
n
d
Ph
oto
n
i
c
s
(
Ph
ot
on
ic
s2
00
4) (In
v
i
te
d
Pa
pe
r)
,
De
c
. 2
00
4
.
[11]
M
.
S.
A
n
u
ar,
S
.
A.
A
lj
un
i
d
,
N
.
M.
S
aad
,
S
.
M.
H
am
zah
,
New
desi
gn
o
f
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
i
n
O
C
D
M
A
w
i
t
h
zero cro
s
s
-
correlat
i
o
n
. O
p
tics
Co
m
m
unicatio
ns
(
2
0
09),
Elsev
i
er
B.
V
.
[12]
Gu
u-Chan
g
Yan
g
:
O
p
t
i
cal
O
rt
hogo
nal
Co
des
with
u
neq
u
al
a
u
t
o-
a
nd
c
ross
-correlat
i
on
c
ons
t
rain
t
s
.
IEEE
T
rans
.
on
Inf
o
rmat
io
n
T
h
eo
ry,
V
o
l
.
41,
N
o.1
,
1
99
5,
p
p9
6-
106
.
[13]
J
a
w
a
d
.
A
.
S
a
l
e
h
i
,
F
.
R
.
K
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
V
.
K
.
W
e
i
:
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s
:
D
e
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
IEEE
T
r
ans. on I
n
f
o
r
m
ation
the
o
ry,
Vol.35
, Nol.3,
May 1989,
pp5
95
–
6
0
5
.
[14]
W.C.
K
won
g
a
n
d
G
.C.
Yan
g
,
“
C
on
st
ructi
o
n
of
2n
p
r
i
m
e
s
e
qu
ence
co
des
fo
r
opt
ic
al
c
o
d
e
di
vi
sio
n
m
ulti
pl
e
access
,
IEE
P
r
oc.
Co
mm
un
,
vo
l.
1
4
2
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
14
1-1
5
0
,
1
9
9
5
.
[15]
M
.
S.
A
n
u
ar,
N.M
.
S
aad,
A.
M
oham
m
e
d,
E
.L.
Ba
l
e
ki
r,
“
Devel
opm
ent
of
a
zero
cro
s
s
c
o
rrelat
i
on
c
od
e
f
o
r
spect
ral
am
plitude
c
oding
optical
c
ode
divi
s
i
on
m
u
ltiple
access
(O
C
D
MA),
”
IJCSN
S
I
n
t
ernat
i
on
al
J
o
u
rn
al
o
f
Com
p
u
t
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
a
n
d Ne
two
r
k Se
c
u
rity,
v
o
l. 6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
De
c
. 2
00
6.
[16]
S
.
A.
A
lj
unid
,
M
.
Is
ma
i
l
,
A.
R.
R
am
li
,
B.
M.
A
li,
M
.
K.
A
bdull
a
h,
“
A
new
f
a
mily
o
f
optical
C
DMA
sys
t
em
s
,
”
IEEE
P
h
o
t
onics
Tech
no
lo
gy
Letter,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o.
1
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
4
.
[17]
S
a
ng
W
o
o
k
Ha
n
“
O
pti
c
al
C
DMA
with
O
pti
cal
O
rth
o
g
onal
Code”
M
u
l
t
i
us
er
W
i
r
eles
s
Commu
ni
catio
n
(EE3
8
1
k)
Clas
s
P
r
oject,
F
a
ll
20
02
.
[18]
C. H. Lee:
F
ib
er to
th
e h
o
m
e
using
a
P
O
N infras
t
ru
ctu
r
e
,
J
.
Li
g
htwav
e
T
ech
no
l.
,
vol.
2
4
,
p
p
.
4
568
–458
3,
D
ec.
20
06
.
[19]
J.
S
.
Lee,
Y
.
C.
C
hu
ng,
D
.
J
.
D
iGio
van
n
i:
S
p
ectru
m
-
s
l
i
ced
f
ib
er
a
mpl
i
fi
er
light
s
ource
f
o
r
multichanne
l
W
D
M
app
l
i
c
at
io
n
s
,
IEEE
P
ho
t
o
n
.
Tech
no
l.
L
e
tt.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
45
8-14
61
,
Dec. 1
99
3.
[20]
M
.
S.
An
uar,
S
.
A
.
Aljunid
,
R
.
B
a
d
lishah
,
N
.M
.S
aad,
I.
An
don
ov
ic
“
P
e
rf
orman
ce
An
alysis
o
f
Optical
Z
ero
Cros
s
Correl
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
O
C
DM
A S
y
stem
”
,
J
ourn
a
l of
Ap
p
lied
S
cien
ces 7
(2
3
)
:3
819
-38
2
2
,
2007
,
I
SS
N
18
12-5
6
5
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.