Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1
195
~
1
202
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1
195
-
1
202
1195
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
High Ga
in Pow
er Gene
ra
t
ion Base
d On H
yb
rid Renew
able
Energy f
or AC L
oa
d
Appl
icat
i
on
Sha
ik
Moh
am
mad
Irsh
ad
,
G.P.R
amesh
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tr
onic
s
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
,
St.
Pet
ers
Insti
tu
te
of
Higher
Edu
ca
t
ion
and
Rese
a
rch
,
Av
adi
,
Che
nnai
600054
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
30, 2
018
Re
vised Sep
30
, 2
018
Accepte
d Oct
1
2
, 201
8
Thi
s
stud
y
pr
ese
nts
th
e
d
istri
but
e
d
en
erg
y
sour
ce
base
d
cur
ren
t
fed
inv
ert
er
h
as
gene
ra
te
d
h
igh
volt
ag
e
with
le
s
s
passive
elem
e
nts.
Th
e
h
y
brid
ren
ewa
b
le
ene
rg
y
gen
era
t
io
n
such
as
sol
ar
and
wind
has
used.
The
singl
e
stage
power
gene
ra
ti
on
base
d
sw
it
ch
ed
inv
ert
er
h
as
combined
cha
r
ac
t
eri
st
ic
s
of
bo
t
h
impedanc
e
source
inve
rt
er
and
sw
it
che
d
boos
t
inve
r
te
r
.
In
c
onvent
ion
al
volt
ag
e
sourc
e
i
nver
te
r
has
le
ss
boost
ability
a
nd
high
elec
tromagnet
i
c
no
ise
imm
unity
to
th
e
m
odified
cur
r
ent
fed
inv
erter
c
irc
u
it
.
The
si
ngle
diod
e
photovol
taic
m
o
del
and
wind
-
ba
sed
ene
rg
y
generat
ion
h
ave
fed
i
nto
cur
r
ent
fed
sw
it
che
d
in
ver
te
r
for
improving
high
ga
in
and
high
power
fac
tor
.
Th
e
m
axi
m
um
po
wer
point
tr
ac
king
such
as
inc
reme
nta
l
conduc
t
ance
al
gor
it
hm
has
fast
-
tracki
ng
of
solar
power
an
d
gen
erate
s
conti
nuous
power
to
t
he
inve
rt
er
ci
rcu
it
.
12V
sola
r
power
and
win
d
power
is
d
esig
ned
for
d
c
power
produc
t
ion
,
and
the
output
of
dc
l
ink
ca
p
ac
i
tor
is
118V
using
c
urre
nt
fed
sw
it
ch
ed
inve
rt
er
.
The
cur
ren
t
fe
d
sw
it
ch
ed
in
ver
te
r
is
desig
ned
and
imple
m
ent
ed
in
MA
TL
AB/S
imu
li
nk
envi
ronm
en
t.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Mod
ifie
d
Cu
rrent
fed
Sw
it
ch
ed
Inver
te
r
(MCF
SI
)
Perm
anen
t m
a
gn
et
sync
hrono
us
m
oto
r
(P
MSM
)
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c (
PV
)
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
Int
egr
al
(PI
)
con
t
ro
ll
er
Pu
lse
Widt
h
M
odulati
on
(PW
M)
W
i
nd
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sh
ai
k M
oham
m
ad
Irsha
d,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
E
ngineeri
ng,
St. Peter
’s Inst
it
ute of
Higher
Ed
ucati
on and
Re
search
,
Chen
nai, Tam
il
nadu,
I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
: i
rsh
adphd1
23@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
volt
age
s
ource
in
ver
te
r
ha
s
le
ss
out
pu
t
vo
lt
age
com
pa
red
to
t
he
in
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
T
he
m
ic
ro
gri
d
base
d
input
supp
ly
is
giv
e
n
to
the
current
fed
switc
hed
i
nv
e
r
te
r
has
en
ha
nce
d
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
and
reduc
e
the
vo
lt
age
stre
ss.
The
distri
bu
ti
on
ge
ner
at
io
n
ha
s
inter
face
d
w
it
h
po
wer
el
ect
ronic
c
onve
rter
an
d
co
ntr
ol
m
et
hod
to
increa
se
the
perform
ance
of
dr
i
ve
syst
em
.
The
wind
PMS
G
a
nd
phot
ovol
ta
ic
energy
-
ba
s
ed
power
ge
nerat
io
n
are
util
iz
ed
[1
-
3].
In
r
ecent
da
ys
the
operati
on
of
powe
r
el
e
ct
ronic
c
onve
rter
is
risi
ng,
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
fe
d
s
w
it
che
d
has
sin
gle
sta
ge
in
ver
te
r
ci
rc
ui
t.
The
galva
nic
isolat
io
n
bas
ed
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er
has
m
or
e
at
tra
ct
ive
an
d
util
iz
es
th
e
pu
lse
w
i
dth m
odulati
on fo
r r
egu
la
ti
ng t
he d
c li
nk c
urren
t.
The p
ow
e
r
c
on
ver
te
r
based
on contr
ol tech
ni
qu
e
fo
r
redu
ci
ng t
he
to
ta
l har
m
on
ic
d
i
stortio
n
a
nd enhance
s the
ef
fici
ency [
4
-
5].
1.1 B
ackgro
u
nd
The
m
ultilevel
conve
rter
has
i
ntr
oduce
d
t
he
vo
lt
age
le
vel,
a
nd
c
urren
t
fe
d
inv
e
rter
ci
rc
uit.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
so
urce
co
nvert
er
has
t
he
funct
ion
in
va
rio
us
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
hi
gh
dyna
m
ic
respon
se
a
nd
hi
gh
powe
r
dr
i
ves.
The
c
urre
nt
source
i
nverter
ha
s
inhe
re
nt
vol
ta
ge
gai
n,
short
ci
rcu
it
preve
nt
ion
a
nd
inc
rea
ses
the r
el
ia
bili
ty
[6
]
.
The
soft
s
witc
h
i
nv
e
rter
ba
se
d
reside
ntial
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
for
high
volt
age
r
at
io.
T
he
zer
o
com
m
ut
ation
volt
age
base
d
on
the
s
nubberless
ci
rc
uit
with
the
cl
a
m
pin
g
de
vice.
The
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
series
-
c
onnecte
d
m
odules
ha
s
ei
ther
m
is
m
at
c
h
or
par
ti
al
sha
ding
the
pow
er
is
re
duced
.
The
par
al
le
l
c
onnecti
on
of
P
V
m
od
ules
ha
s
m
or
e
adv
a
ntage
ous
t
han
series
c
on
nec
te
d
de
vice b
ecau
se
it
has
l
ess
il
lum
inati
on
d
epe
ndent on
open
ci
rcu
it
volt
age,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
195
–
1
202
1196
powe
r
is
le
ss
infl
uen
ce
d
by
s
m
al
l
var
ia
ti
on
in
m
axi
m
u
m
p
ow
e
r
po
i
nt
trac
king
volt
age
,
a
nd
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is l
ess sensi
ti
ve
to loa
d va
riat
ion
[
7].
1.2
Problem
The
inc
rem
ent
al
co
nducta
nce
m
et
ho
d
is
us
e
d
f
or
bette
r
ac
cur
acy
at
t
he
outp
ut
a
nd
fast
conve
rg
e
nc
e
sp
ee
d
i
n
t
he
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
syst
e
m
.
The
al
go
rithm
has
re
du
ce
d
t
he
di
vision
e
stim
ation
a
nd
e
ncou
nters
the
s
te
ady
sta
te
power
os
c
il
la
ti
on
and
t
he
dynam
ic
pr
oblem
su
ch
as
e
nv
iro
nm
ental
chan
ge
s.
T
he
nonl
inear
c
har
act
er
ist
ic
s
of
P
V
m
od
ule
on
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
irr
adia
nce
le
vel
ha
ve
e
nhanced
th
e
m
axim
u
m
po
we
r
a
nd
re
qu
ire
d
se
nsor
[
8]
.
The
m
od
ifie
d
c
urren
t
fe
d
s
witc
hed
i
nv
e
rter
ha
s
ob
ta
ine
d
the
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
bot
h i
m
pe
da
nce
sou
rce
inv
e
rter
a
nd
switc
he
d
bo
ost
inv
erte
r
f
or
high
gain,
a
nd
i
nh
e
re
nt
s
hoot
th
rou
gh
protect
ion
has
hi
gh
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
noise
im
m
un
it
y.
The
in
ver
te
r
has
wi
dely
use
d
i
n
bo
t
h
phot
ovoltai
c
a
nd
wind
e
nergy
ge
nerat
ion
and
co
ntin
uous
supp
ly
o
f
pow
er
to h
ig
h
gain
.
The
i
ncr
em
ental
cond
uctance
base
d
m
axi
m
um
po
wer
g
e
nerat
ed
from
the
photovo
lt
ai
c
s
upply.
The
si
nuso
i
dal
pu
lse
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
is
util
iz
ed
in
in
ve
rter
ci
rc
uit
fe
d
A
C
load
app
li
cat
io
n.
1.3 Objec
tives
a)
To
ge
ner
at
e
hig
h
vo
lt
age
us
in
g
le
ss
passive
e
lem
ents
base
d
on
distrib
uted
e
nergy
res
ource
s
power
e
d
cu
rrent
fed switc
he
d
i
nverter
b)
To
im
ple
m
ent
inc
rem
ental
cond
uctance
M
PPT
al
gorithm
to
ext
ract
c
onti
nu
ous
power
f
ro
m
distrib
ut
ed
energy re
sourc
e
2.
METHO
D
S
The
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
util
iz
es
the
m
ic
ro
gri
d
base
d
cu
rrent
f
ed
s
witc
hed
in
ve
rter
f
or
AC
loa
d
app
li
cat
io
n
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
1.
T
he
hy
br
i
d
energy
su
c
h
as
so
la
r,
wind
e
ne
rg
y
ge
ne
rati
on
has
use
d
as
a
s
ourc
e
of
pro
posed
m
od
i
fied
c
urre
nt
fed
switc
hed
inv
e
rter
has
ge
ner
at
e
high
gai
n
vo
lt
age
com
par
e
d
t
o
co
nve
ntion
al
inv
e
rter
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y.
The
ha
rm
on
ic
s
is
redu
ced
a
nd
e
nhanc
es
the
po
wer
fa
ct
or
c
orrecti
on
of
pro
posed
i
nverte
r
us
in
g
si
nuso
i
da
l pu
lse
w
i
dth
m
od
ulati
on
i
n
i
nv
e
rter ci
rcu
it
m
et
ho
dolo
gy.
Figure
1. Bl
oc
k Diag
ram
o
f
P
rop
os
ed
Ci
rcu
i
t
2.
1
.
Model
ing Of
Micro
G
ri
d
2.1.1
P
hotov
olta
ic
Ener
gy G
enera
tion
The
si
ng
le
di
ode
photov
oltai
c
ene
rg
y
ge
ne
rati
on
has
m
or
e
reli
able
a
nd
connecte
d
wit
h
c
onve
rter
ci
rcu
it
f
or
ge
ne
rati
ng
hi
gh
volt
age.
The
se
m
ic
on
duct
or
m
at
erial
has
use
d
for
a
bsor
pt
ion
of
ra
diati
on
f
ro
m
su
nli
gh
t
an
d
el
ect
ron
m
ov
es,
thu
s
by
gen
e
rat
ing
el
ect
rici
ty
.
The
m
or
e
P
V
c
el
l
is
co
nn
ect
ed
i
n
series
to
f
or
m
a
m
od
ule.
Mo
re
m
od
ules
a
re
connecte
d
to
f
or
m
an
a
rr
ay
.
The
de
rive
d
form
of
a
cu
rr
e
nt
-
volt
age
e
quat
ion
i
s
descr
i
bed as
by
:
=
{
ℎ
−
0
{
(
)
}
}
(
1
)
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
Energy
Mod
if
ied
Cu
rr
en
t f
ed
switch
ed
Inv
erter
Three
Phas
e AC
Load
W
in
d
E
n
erg
y
PI
an
d
M
P
PT
Bas
e
d
Co
n
troller and
Sinu
so
id
al
PW
M
(
Inv
erter)
V,
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
High
Ga
i
n
P
ow
er G
e
ner
atio
n
B
as
e
d On Hy
br
id
Ren
ew
able
En
er
gy
f
or
A
C
…
(
Shaik M
ohamm
ad Irsh
ad
)
1197
Wh
e
re
i
n
ab
ove
E
qu
at
i
on
(
1)
c
urre
nt
an
d
V
olta
ge
of
phot
ovoltai
c
arra
y
is
denoted
by
and
resp
ect
ively
,
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
c
urre
nt
of
a
phot
ovoltai
c
ar
ray
and
sat
ur
at
io
n
cu
rr
e
nt
are
de
no
te
d
by
ℎ
an
d
0
Re
sp
ect
ively
. T
he
ci
rc
uit
diagr
am
o
f
t
he photo
vo
l
ta
ic
cell
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gu
re
2.
Figure
2. Ci
rcui
t Diagr
am
o
f
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c C
el
l
In
e
xch
a
nge
f
or
t
he
so
la
r
pow
er
t
o
extract
m
a
xim
u
m
power
f
ro
m
the
so
la
r
a
rr
ay
,
a
n
MP
PT
(Maxim
u
m
Power
P
oin
t
T
rack
i
ng)
is
ap
pl
ie
d
wi
dely
in
m
od
el
ing
a
nd
app
li
cat
io
n
s
ol
ar
a
rr
ay
a
s
[9
-
10
]
.
T
he
volt
age
a
nd
current
of P
V m
od
el
in
eq
u (
1) is substi
tute
by
and
is give
n by
:
=
{
ℎ
−
0
{
(
)
}
}
(2)
2.1.2
MPPT
The
m
axim
u
m
pow
er
point
trackin
g
has
ge
ner
at
e
d
high
pow
er
f
ro
m
photov
oltai
c
m
od
el
.
Th
e
par
am
et
er
of
phot
ovoltai
c
en
erg
y
ge
ne
rati
on
su
c
h
as
vo
lt
a
ge,
power
a
nd
current
has
ext
racted
f
ro
m
PV
.
T
he
increm
ental
co
nductance
has
high
t
rack
i
ng
a
bili
ty
of
po
wer
f
ro
m
the
s
uppl
y
[11
-
12]
.
T
he
f
ollo
wing
e
quat
ion
is
desc
ribe
d
by
le
ft
side
m
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r
increm
ent
an
d
rig
ht
side
m
axi
m
u
m
power
de
crem
ent
as
gi
ven
by
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
flo
wc
hart
of
inc
rem
ent
al
condu
ct
a
nce
al
go
rit
hm
.
The
belo
w
f
ollo
wing
co
ndit
ion
s
ar
e
consi
der
e
d
t
o
t
rack o
r
e
xtract
m
axi
m
u
m
p
ower
us
in
g pro
posed
MP
PT T
op
ology.
Figure
3. Flo
w
Char
t
of Inc
re
m
ental
Condu
c
ta
nce A
l
gorith
m
IL
D1
Rsh
Rs
+
-
Vpv*=
Vpv
-
ΔVn
dI/dV>
-
I/V
I(n)>
I(n
-
dI/dV=
-
I/V
I(n)
-
I(n
-
1)=
0
Begi
n
Init
iali
za
t
ion
Rea
d
of
V a
nd
I
V(n)
-
V(n
-
1)=
0
Vpv*=
Vpv +
Δ
Vn
Vpv*=
Vpv +
Δ
Vn
Vpv*=
Vpv
-
ΔVn
End
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
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on
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n
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E
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
195
–
1
202
1198
⁄
=
0
at
MPP
(
3
)
⁄
>
0
at
r
ig
ht sid
e
of MPP
(
4
)
⁄
<
0
at
left side
of
MPP
(5)
⁄
=
(
)
(
)
=
+
∗
⁄
⁄
(6)
⁄
=
⁄
at
MPP a
nd
=
0
(7)
⁄
>
−
⁄
le
ft of MP
P
=
+
(8)
⁄
<
−
⁄
le
ft of MP
P
=
−
(9)
2.2
.
Win
d En
ergy Gener
ati
on
In
wind
e
nergy
ge
ne
rati
on
has
util
iz
ed
the
tu
rb
i
ne
a
nd
ge
ne
rator
for
pro
du
ci
ng
the
power
an
d
util
iz
e
into
po
wer
c
onve
rter.
The
ki
netic
energy
c
onve
rts
to
m
ec
han
ic
al
e
nergy
us
in
g
wi
nd
tu
rb
i
ne.
T
he
el
e
ct
rical
energy
is
ge
ne
rated
by
us
in
g
ge
ner
at
or
f
or
s
upplyi
ng
m
echan
ic
al
e
ne
r
gy.
In
wi
nd
t
urbine
ha
s
revolvin
g
pro
pelle
r
-
li
ke
blades
a
r
ound
a
ro
t
or.
T
he
s
ha
ft
of
the
wind
tur
bin
es
m
ov
e
s
an
d
produces
el
ect
rici
ty
[1
3
-
14]
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r
f
ro
m
t
he
wi
nd
t
urbin
e
base
d
on
perm
anen
t
m
agn
et
synchro
nous
gen
e
rato
r
f
or
va
rio
us
app
li
cat
io
ns
. T
he win
d powe
r
d
e
pende
d
on the s
pee
d,
air
densit
y an
d
s
we
pt the a
rea.
3
2
1
AV
P
(10)
The
am
ou
nt
of
ene
rg
y
in
t
he
wind
va
ryi
ng
with
t
he
cu
be
of
wi
nd
spe
ed
an
d
high
-
densi
ty
ai
r
will
ge
ner
at
e
m
or
e
powe
r.
T
he
area
of
the
wind
r
otor
r
otate
has
ge
ner
at
e
d
hi
gh
p
owe
r
of
t
he
tur
bin
e
from
the
wind
[
7
-
8].
T
he
s
wep
t
area
de
pends
on
the
rot
or
ra
diu
s
, i
ncrea
se
in
blade
le
ng
t
h.
T
he t
orq
ue
of
wind
tu
rbi
ne i
s
giv
e
n
as
:
R
o
t
o
r
s
p
e
e
d
P
T
(
11)
The win
d
m
odel
is u
se
d for
ge
ner
at
in
g p
ow
e
r
f
r
om
the p
er
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
sync
hrono
us
ge
ner
at
or
,
and tu
rb
i
ne
m
od
el
h
a
s m
erit
s su
c
h
as
high e
f
fici
ency an
d hi
gh po
wer.
3.
MO
DIFIE
D CUR
RENT F
ED SW
ITCH
ED I
NV
E
RT
ER
The
m
od
ifie
d
current
fe
d
sw
it
ched
i
nv
e
rter
ci
rc
uit
is
s
hown
in
Fi
gure
4.
The
th
ree
-
phase
i
nvert
e
r
util
iz
es
the
sin
us
oi
dal
pulse
width
m
od
ulati
on
for
c
onve
r
ti
ng
dc
to
al
te
rn
at
in
g
c
urren
t
.
This
i
nv
e
rter
can
gen
e
rate
hi
gh
ga
in
with
the
m
i
nim
u
m
passive
el
em
ent
[15
-
20]
.
The
P
I
-
base
d
i
ncr
em
ental
c
onduct
ance
has
use
d
to
sup
ply
co
ntinuo
us
powe
r.
The
c
urre
nt
fe
d
dev
ic
e
has
t
wo
switc
he
s,
t
hr
ee
diodes
,
t
wo
capaci
to
rs
and
one
inducto
r
are
c
onnecte
d
to
the
su
pply
a
nd in
ve
rter circ
uit.
The
c
urren
t
fe
d
in
ver
te
r
m
eth
od
ology
has
two
s
witc
hes
Sa
an
d
S
b
ha
s
wor
k
s
im
ultan
eo
us
ly
an
d
gen
e
rate
the
hi
gh
volt
age.
Th
e
inv
e
rter
oper
at
es
unde
r
bot
h
s
hoot
th
rou
gh
a
nd
non
sho
ot
thr
ough
t
he
sta
te
.
In
the
sho
ot,
th
rough
the
switc
h,
Sa
an
d
S
b
ar
e
on,
an
d
t
he
in
duct
or
L
1
is
cha
rg
i
ng
from
su
pply
and
C1
[21
-
22]
.
In
non
-
sho
ot
th
rou
g
h
the
sta
te
,
the
s
witc
h i
s
t
urne
d
off,
a
nd
diode
D
1
an
d
D2
a
re
f
orward
biase
d.
T
he
in
du
ct
or
charges
the
ca
pacit
or
a
nd
po
wer
are
fe
d
int
o
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
ri
pple
acr
os
s
the
in
du
ct
or
an
d
vo
lt
age
r
i
pp
le
acro
s
s the
capa
ci
tor
is
giv
e
n
a
s
:
s
C
dc
L
DT
L
V
V
I
1
2
1
(
12)
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a
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c Eng &
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Sci
IS
S
N:
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02
-
4752
High
Ga
i
n
P
ow
er G
e
ner
atio
n
B
as
e
d On Hy
br
id
Ren
ew
able
En
er
gy
f
or
A
C
…
(
Shaik M
ohamm
ad Irsh
ad
)
1199
S
L
C
DT
C
I
V
2
1
2
(
13)
Figure
4. Ci
rcui
t Diagr
am
o
f
Mod
ifie
d
C
urr
ent Fe
d
S
witc
he
d
in
ve
rter
4.
CONTR
OL
S
TRATEG
Y O
F INVERTE
R
C
I
RCUIT
The
PI
-
base
d
MPPT
c
on
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
has
fe
d
into
the
s
witc
h
Sa
a
nd
S
b.
Th
e
phot
ovoltai
c
ou
t
pu
t
is
fe
d
into
the
c
ontr
oller
ci
rcu
it
an
d
gen
e
rates
the
pulse
of
the
c
on
ver
te
r
side.
Th
e
sinu
s
oi
dal
pu
lse
width
m
odulati
on
is
us
e
d
in
the
inv
e
rter
ci
rcu
it
.
The
sin
usoidal
wa
vefor
m
is
com
par
ed
t
o
the
tria
ngula
r
waveform
fo
r
pro
duci
ng
the
pulse
of
the
three
-
phase
in
ver
te
r
. T
he p
ul
se
widt
h m
od
ul
at
ion
is
em
plo
ye
d f
or
t
he c
on
trol
of
s
witc
he
s. Th
e
inv
e
rter
s
witc
hi
ng
pulse
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
co
m
par
ing
the
sine
a
nd
car
rier
sign
al
.
The
sin
e
wa
ve
is
le
ss
than
or
equ
al
t
o
the
ca
rr
ie
r
t
he
pu
l
se
is
gen
e
rated
a
nd
ap
plied
t
o
S
1
and
in
ver
ti
ng
ou
t
pu
t
is
fed
t
o
the
switc
h
S
4.
The
sinu
s
oid
al
puls
e g
e
ner
at
io
n
ci
rcu
it
is s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5.
Figure
5. Ci
rcui
t Diagr
am
o
f
Sinu
s
oi
dal P
ulse
W
i
dth
M
odulati
on
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l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
195
–
1
202
1200
5.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
The
pro
posed
hy
br
id
ren
e
w
abl
e
e
nergy
ba
sed
on
c
urre
nt
fe
d
switc
he
d
i
nv
e
rter
co
nfi
gurati
on
is
i
m
ple
m
ented,
and
res
ults
ar
e
ver
i
fied
i
n
MATLAB/S
I
MULI
NK.
T
he
overall
Sim
ulink
pr
opos
e
d
ci
rc
uit
diag
ram
is
sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
6.
The
phot
ovol
ta
ic
and
wind
i
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
casca
de
d
an
d
ge
ner
at
e
v
olta
ge
and
fed
int
o
the
c
urre
nt
s
ource
in
ver
te
r
ci
rc
uit.
The
PV
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wa
vefor
m
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
7.
Th
e
P
V
ou
t
pu
t c
urre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
is shown i
n
Fi
gure
8.
The
PI
a
nd
i
nc
rem
ental
con
duct
ance
base
d
pu
lse
ge
ner
at
i
on
is
giv
e
n
to
the
in
ver
te
r
ci
r
cuit.
T
he
dc
li
nk
vo
lt
age
of
inv
e
rter
ci
rc
uit
is
show
n
in
Fi
gure
8.
T
he
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
w
aveform
is
sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
9.
The
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
is
sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
10.
T
he
har
m
on
ic
dist
or
ti
on
a
cro
ss
outp
ut
c
urre
nt
of
a
n
i
nverter
is
0.8
1.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
fe
d
switc
hed
in
ver
te
r
ha
s
ge
ner
at
e
d
t
he
118V
dc
outp
ut
from
the
12V
su
pply
a
nd
at
ta
ined
un
it
y
po
wer
f
act
or
at
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut.
The
resist
ive
load
is
us
e
d
in
c
urre
nt
fe
d
s
witc
he
d
in
ver
te
r
.
The harm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
wa
ve
form
is sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
11.
Figure
6. O
veral
l Si
m
ulati
on
ci
rcu
it
of C
urr
ent f
e
d Swit
ch
ed In
ver
te
r
Figure
7. P
V
V
oltage
wav
e
f
orm
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a
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IS
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25
02
-
4752
High
Ga
i
n
P
ow
er G
e
ner
atio
n
B
as
e
d On Hy
br
id
Ren
ew
able
En
er
gy
f
or
A
C
…
(
Shaik M
ohamm
ad Irsh
ad
)
1201
Figure
8. DC
L
ink
volt
age
Figure
9. O
utput V
oltage
Wa
vefor
m
o
f
the
Mod
ifie
d
C
urr
ent Fe
d
S
witc
he
d
in
ve
rter
Figure
10. O
utp
ut C
urre
nt
Wav
ef
or
m
o
f
Mo
dified
Cu
rr
e
nt
Fed Swit
che
d I
nv
e
rter
Figure
11. T
ot
al
H
arm
on
ic
D
ist
or
ti
on
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S
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on
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n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
195
–
1
202
1202
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
hybri
dizi
ng
so
la
r
a
nd
wind
e
nergy
so
urces
pro
vi
de
a
reali
sti
c
form
of
m
axi
m
u
m
po
we
r
gen
e
rati
on.
A
m
axi
m
u
m
Po
w
er
P
oin
t
Tra
cki
ng
(MPP
T)
al
gorithm
act
s
a
vital
ro
le
in
any
ren
e
wa
ble
res
ource
.
Howe
ver,
centr
al
iz
ed
MPPT
a
nd
distrib
uted
MPPT
are
tw
o
kinds
of
im
po
rtant
MPPT
strat
egies.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
current
s
ource
in
ver
te
r
offers
hi
gher
reli
ab
il
ity,
ve
rsati
le
and
higher
ef
fi
ci
ency
com
pared
t
o
volt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rter.
This
pap
e
r
pro
pose
s
the
m
od
ifie
d
Curre
nt
Fe
d
Sw
it
che
d
Inve
rter
(MCFSI
)
wh
ic
h
c
om
bin
es
the
cha
racte
risti
cs
of
Z
-
Sou
rce
Inver
te
r
(
ZSI)
an
d
reduces
the
pa
ssive
el
em
ents
in
S
witc
hed
Boo
st
I
nv
e
rter
(S
BI
)
.
The pr
opose
d
i
nv
e
rter is
base
d on cu
rr
e
nt f
e
d dc/dc t
opology an
d uses les
s L
-
C
filt
er p
ai
r
com
par
e
d
to
ZSI.
I
n
order
to
reduce
the
ha
rm
on
ic
,
i
m
pr
ove
volt
ag
e
gai
n,
an
d
im
pro
ve t
he
pow
er
facto
r a
nd
tr
ansfo
rm
er
le
ss, t
hree
-
ph
a
se
in
ve
rter
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
i
s
im
ple
m
ented.
Eve
n
t
houg
h
t
he
passive
c
ompone
nts
c
ount
i
ncr
ease
s,
t
he
volt
age
gain o
f
the
propo
s
ed
p
a
per is
9.8 a
nd it
h
as
incr
ease
d 4
6%
t
han the c
onve
nt
ion
al
m
et
ho
d.
REFERE
NCE
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