TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mbe
r
2
015, pp. 546
~ 552
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
16i3.907
5
546
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 25, 2015; Revi
se
d Octob
e
r 26,
2015; Accept
ed No
vem
b
e
r
16, 2015
Analysis of Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Networks
with Nakagami-
m fading Channels for MRC Diversity
Combining
Ali Abdul
w
a
hhab Moha
mmed*
1,2
, Li
Yu
1
, Manar Al-Kali
1
, Desh
eng
Wa
ng
1
1
Divisio
n of Co
mmunicati
on &
Intellig
ent Net
w
o
r
ks, W
uhan
Natio
nal L
a
b
o
r
a
tor
y
for Optoe
l
ectron
ics,
Huaz
hon
g Un
i
v
ersit
y
of Sci
e
n
c
e &T
echnolo
g
y
, W
uha
n 43
00
74, Chi
n
a
2
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, F
a
cult
y of En
g
i
ne
eri
n
g, Univers
i
t
y
of
Baghd
ad, Bag
hda
d, Iraq
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: alial
has
hmi1
968
@
y
ah
oo.co
m
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this paper
w
e
study
th
e
effect of div
e
rsity
co
mbi
n
i
ng for
Naka
ga
mi
-m fadi
ng
Cha
n
n
e
l
s
in th
e
amplify-a
nd-for
w
ard coo
per
ati
v
e n
e
tw
orks.We d
e
rive
th
e
c
u
mul
a
tive
de
n
s
ity functio
n
(
CDF
), prob
ab
il
ity
dens
ity
functi
o
n
(PDF
) and
moment ge
nerati
ng
fu
nctio
n
(M
GF
) for the
mu
ltiple
re
lay
a
m
plify
–an
d-forw
ard
netw
o
rk w
i
th si
ngl
e half du
ple
x
chann
el maxi
ma
l ratio
co
mb
iner (MRC). In this netw
o
rk we investi
gate t
h
e
cases of MR
C at the desti
nati
on, as
w
e
ll
der
ive the
exact
Symb
ol Err
o
r Rate (SER)
of M-ary ph
ase-s
h
if
t
keyin
g
(M-PSK
), and
q
uadr
ature
a
m
pl
itud
e
mo
du
latio
n
(M-
QAM) in
Naka
ga
mi
-m fad
i
n
g
env
iron
ment.
W
e
present a comparis
on
between M-PSK
and
M-QAM m
o
dula
tion schemes
in s
o
m
e
r
epr
es
entative scenar
ios
w
here an ar
bitrary nu
mb
er of c
oop
erative re
l
a
ys is consi
der
ed.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
coop
erative n
e
tw
orks, ampli
f
y-and-forw
ard,
ma
xi
mal ratio
comb
ini
ng, n
a
kag
a
m
i -m f
adi
n
g
chan
nels
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
It is well kn
o
w
n that the
concept of co
operative net
works rel
a
y rece
ntly developed a
kee
n
intere
st
in the rese
arch commu
nity due to
its ability to improve the
reliability of data
transfe
r an
d expand the
coverag
e
of wi
rele
ss n
e
two
r
ks [1
-2].
Na
kag
a
mi-m
fading di
stri
bution
covers a
wide
ran
ge of fadin
g
scena
rio
s
via the
m
(0
.
5
)
m
param
eter, which in
clu
des
the Rayleig
h
1
m=
as
a spec
ial cas
e
[3].
In [4-5], the
authors i
n
vestigate the im
pact of
multip
le-ante
nna
d
e
stinatio
n reception in
the pe
rform
a
nce
of AF
co
operativ
e div
e
rsity
system
s that
wa
s i
n
vestigated
in
Rayleig
h
fadi
ng
environment.
H
owever, the symbol
error probability (SEP) analysi
s
is
li
mited to the case when
the sou
r
ce-to
-
de
stination
(
SD
) a
nd
relay
-
to-de
s
tinatio
n
(
RD
) lin
ks a
r
e
balan
ce
d
with
equal ave
r
ag
e sign
al-to
-
n
o
ise ra
tio (S
NR), and the
SNR of the
SR
link is
sufficiently larger
than that of the
SD
Lin
k
.
The authors
in [6-7] shows the
symbol
error probability (SEP) of BPSK and M-ray
perfo
rman
ce
maximal ratio
combi
n
ing
(MRC) dive
rsi
t
y operating i
n
Na
ka
gami
-
m and
Raylei
gh
fading Wi
rele
ss
cha
nnel
s.
In [8-9] the error p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e of the MRC wi
th tran
smits antenn
a sele
ction an
d
receive
r
maximal-ratio
combi
n
ing (TAS/MRC) schem
e is in
v
e
stigate
d
in indep
ende
nt flat Nakaga
mi-m
fading chan
n
e
ls for a
r
bitra
r
y m.Is attained from
two d
i
fferentapp
ro
ach
e
s. Th
en the exact
symbol
error
rate
(S
ER)
expre
s
si
ons are attai
ned a
s
a m
u
ltiple infinite
sum
ba
se
d
on the
mom
ent
generating function (M
GF) met
hod
for M-ary phase-shift
keying
(M-PSK)
and M-ary quadrature
amplitude
mo
dulation
(M
-QAM) [1
0]. T
he a
s
ymptot
i
c
SER exp
r
e
ssi
on
s
reveal
a dive
rsity o
r
de
r
equal to the
prod
uct of th
e m para
m
et
er.The a
u
tho
r
s in [11] deri
v
ed a con
d
itional lo
wer b
o
und
for the error
rate and the
outage p
r
ob
a
b
ility (OP)
of the coope
ra
tive diversity netwo
rks over
indep
ende
nt
and n
o
n
-
ide
n
t
ical
Nakaga
mi-m fadi
ng
cha
nnel
s
with AF relayin
g
and
maxim
u
m
ratio co
mbini
ng (M
RC) at the de
stinatio
n node.
This p
ape
r p
r
esents th
e
analysi
s
of
AF c
oop
erative netwo
rk i
n
Na
kag
a
mi-m fading
environ
ment
with MRC an
d N sin
g
le an
tenna re
l
a
ys.
W
e al
so provide analy
z
ing
and de
riving the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of A
m
plify-and
-Fo
r
wa
rd
Coo
perativ
e Netwo
r
ks with…
(Ali Abdulwahh
ab
Moham
m
ed)
547
exact sam
p
l
e
error rate
(SER) pe
rforma
nce of maximal rati
o combi
n
ing
receive
r
s o
v
er
Na
kag
a
mi-m
fading cha
n
n
e
ls
b
a
sed on the
de
riv
ed P
D
F, CDF
and
MGF of th
e
out dual
chan
nel
MRC.
The
no
vel obtaine
d
expre
ssi
on i
s
then u
s
e
d
to
Study the effect of dive
rsity reception
error
on the
performance of the MRC
with M-ary
pha
s
e
-shift
k
e
ying (M-PSK)
and M-ary quadrature
amplitude m
odulatio
n (M
-QAM)
with
different va
lu
es of the ra
tio of the deci
s
ion afte
r a
quad
ratu
re p
hase over Na
kag
a
mi -m Fa
ding Chann
el
s.
The
remai
n
d
e
r of thi
s
pa
per i
s
org
ani
zed
a
s
follo
ws: Sectio
n 2
descri
b
e
s
the
system
model.
We
d
e
rive the
PDF, CDF a
nd
MGF of th
e
out du
al
cha
nnel m
a
ximal
ratio
co
mbin
er
(MRC) in
Se
ction
3
De
rivation SER wi
th differe
nt m
odulatio
n in
Section
4
nu
meri
cal
re
sult
s in
Section 5 con
c
lu
sion
s.
2. Sy
stem Model
we d
e
scribe i
n
this
se
ction
the coop
erat
iv
e netwo
rk d
i
stribute
d
the
co
ntra
ct Sou
r
ce
S
comm
uni
cate
s with the de
stination n
o
d
e
D
with the he
lp of ith relay node
s,
12
(
,
,
...
...
,
)
i
RR
R
,
usin
g amplify - and - forwa
r
d protocol as sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 1.
Each
nod
e i
s
eq
uipp
ed
with an
ante
nna in
the in
depe
ndent fl
at Na
kag
a
mi
-m fadin
g
cha
nnel
s a
n
d
ope
rate
s in
half – d
uplex
mode. T
he
sign
als
are transmitting
a
s
an o
r
tho
gon
al
pre
s
um
ably e
i
ther in time or freq
uen
cy.The
co
rrespo
nding fadi
ng
coeffici
ents f
o
r the
SD
,
i
SR
and
i
RD
are
SD
h
,
i
SR
h
and
i
R
D
h
, are fading
cha
nnel re
sp
ectively. Due
to Nakagami -
m fading Ch
a
nnel
s.
Figure 1. System model Coope
rative ne
twork with S, n relays a
nd
D
The si
gnal
s
received at t
he de
stinatio
n and th
e i
th
relay, the system mod
e
l
can
be
descri
bed by
the followin
g
set of equatio
n as follo
ws:
(1
)
ii
i
s
SR
SR
SR
yh
x
P
(2)
s
SD
SD
SD
yh
x
P
x
is the tra
n
smitted sign
al,
S
P
is tran
smitte
d so
urce p
o
wer,
SD
and
i
SR
as well
as
i
RD
are all
additive Whit
e Gau
ssi
an n
o
ise
s
(A
WG
N) with varia
n
ces
No
.
(3
)
ii
i
r
r
RD
RD
R
D
yh
x
P
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 546 – 552
548
Whe
r
e
i
r
SR
Gy
x
, G is the amplified
factor,
r
P
is the
received p
o
wer at the i
th
re
lay, and then
r
x
is the inform
a
t
ion on the rel
a
y. Using M
R
C we g
e
t:
2
(4)
SR
i
r
S
O
P
G
h
N
P
From (3) the i
n
stanta
neo
us end-to
-en
d
SNR
can b
e
expre
s
sed a
s
follows:
(
5
)
1
ii
ii
SR
R
D
i
SR
R
D
Let us d
e
fine
the effective instantan
eou
s SNRs
fo
r source to de
sti
nation, so
urce to the
i
th
r
e
la
y and
i
th
rel
a
y to de
stina
t
ion lin
ks
as
2
/
ii
SR
SR
S
o
hP
N
,
2
/
ii
R
DR
D
r
o
hP
N
and
2
/
SD
S
D
S
o
hP
N
respe
c
tively.
For the di
rect
link. The CDF of
d
can be e
x
presse
d as i
n
[12]:
(,
)
(
)
(6)
()
d
d
i
m
F
m
Whe
r
e
(.)
,
(.
)
are the inco
mplet
e
Gamma fu
nction
s an
d
i
m
is the Na
ka
gami-m F
adi
ng
para
m
eter.T
h
en the PDF can be expressed a
s
follo
w:
(-
/
)
(
)
(7
)
()
i
i
i
k
i
m
f
e
m
Then the PDF of
i
can be e
x
presse
d as i
n
(7).
(-
)
1
1
(
)
(
,
)
(8
)
i
i
i
N
N
ij
j
j
i
j
ji
m
f
me
PP
Whe
r
e
1
,
()
(
)
i
ij
ij
PP
mm
The CDF of the Co
ope
rati
ve path can b
e
expre
s
s
ed
by integrating
its PDF in (8) as follows:
0
(
)
(
)
(
9
)
i
i
xd
x
f
F
(-
x
)
1
1
0
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
0
)
i
i
i
N
N
ij
j
j
i
j
ji
m
dx
mx
e
FP
P
12
3
21
()
1
1
()
(1
)
(
)
(
1
,
,
,
)
(
1
1)
()
i
ij
mj
N
N
ij
ij
i
j
ji
j
mm
j
ji
mm
FF
PP
m
Whe
r
e
12
3
, 1
,
j
ij
j
j
i
mm
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of A
m
plify-and
-Fo
r
wa
rd
Coo
perativ
e Netwo
r
ks with…
(Ali Abdulwahh
ab
Moham
m
ed)
549
The co
rrespo
nding MG
F is given by:
0
(
)
=
.
(
)
.
dt
(12)
st
g
Mf
t
e
Usi
ng the ide
n
tity in [13.eq(6.455.2
)
], we
get the MGF of MRC recei
v
er:
12
3
21
()
1
1
()
(1
)
(
)
(
1
,
,
,
)
(13)
()
ij
mj
N
N
ij
ij
gi
i
j
ji
j
mm
j
ji
mm
MF
PP
s
m
Whe
r
e
12
3
, 1
,
j
ij
j
j
i
mm
m
3. Deriv
a
tions SER, Perfo
r
mance of M
R
C
In this section, we derive the SER of
M-PSK and M-QAM modulations over Nakagami
-
m fading ch
a
nnel.
3.1. M-PSK Modulation
The average
SER for M-P
SK signal
s ca
n be written a
s
[14].
(1
)
2
0
1
(
1
4)
sin
M
M
MP
S
K
SER
g
i
g
PM
d
Whe
r
e
2
si
n
(
)
MP
S
K
g
M
(1
)
12
3
21
()
1
1
0
()
(1
)
d
(
1
,
,
,
)
(
15)
()
ij
m
mj
m
N
N
ij
ij
SER
i
j
ji
j
mm
j
ji
mm
PF
PP
s
m
Usi
ng the Bin
o
mial The
o
re
m with the he
lp of [13.eq(3.
621.4)] we ge
t:
10
1
(1
)
12
3
21
2
0
1
()
(
1
)
(
)
(
1
,
,
,
)
(
)
.d
sin
wt
N
Nw
mj
ij
ij
SER
j
i
it
j
j
ji
m
m
ps
k
t
j
P
mm
PP
m
g
F
(16)
10
1
12
3
21
1
()
(
1
)
(
)
(1
)
(2
1
)
!
!
(
1
,
,
,
)
2!
!
wt
N
Nw
mj
ij
ij
SE
R
ji
it
j
j
ji
t
psk
j
P
mm
PP
m
Mg
t
F
tM
(
1
7)
Whe
r
e
ij
wm
m
3.2. M-QAM Modulation
The avera
g
e
SER for M-Q
A
M signal
s can be written usin
g the sa
me analysi
s
a
s
follow:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 546 – 552
550
10
1
12
3
21
1
()
(1
)
(
)
(1
)
(2
1
)
!
!
(
1
,
,
,
)
2!
!
wt
N
Nw
mj
ij
ij
SE
R
j
i
it
j
j
ji
t
QA
M
j
P
mm
PP
m
Mg
t
F
tM
(18
)
Whe
r
e
1.
5
1
.
QA
M
gM
These expres
s
i
ons
can
be us
ed to
ev
aluate SE
R for both
M-PSK and M-QAM
modulatio
n schem
es
4. Numerical
Results
In this se
ctio
n, we prese
n
t some n
u
m
eri
c
al
resul
t
s to reveal t
he impa
ct of different
modulatio
n schem
es
and
cha
nnel affa
ctive param
et
e
r
s o
n
the ave
r
age SER of
rectan
gula
r
of
M-
PSK and M-QAM with arbitrarily
ordered transmit
antenna selection an
d receive MRC i
n
Na
kag
a
mi-m fading
chan
n
e
ls
Figure 2 shows the
average SER with S
NR for
4-PSK modulation signal using the
Equation (1
7) for different values m wit
h
R=2.
We can see fro
m
the figure that
SER decre
a
s
e
s
with the in
cre
m
ent of m, for example
wh
en t
he SNR
=20 dB the av
erag
e SER e
qual
s 0.520
4
68,
0.445748 and 0.321638 for 4-PSK, when the m
param
eter 0.3, 0.5
and 1 respect
i
vely.
Figure 2. SER versus average S
NR for
4-PSK
modul
ation signal
s over
Nakagami-m fading
cha
nnel u
s
in
g MRC
with R=2 wh
en m
=
0.3,0.5 an
d
1
.
In Figure 3 we sho
w
the a
v
erage SER f
o
r 4-
QAM mo
dulation si
gn
al using the e
quation
(18) for different values
m with R=2. We
can
se
e from the figure that in
cre
a
si
ng the
m
decrea
s
e
s
th
e avera
ge S
E
R, for exa
m
ple
when t
he SNR =20
dB the average SER e
q
uals
0.4678
37, 0.3
5483
9, and 1
e
-6 for 4
-
QA
M, when t
he
m param
eter
0.3, 0.5 and 1
resp
ectively.
Figure 3. SER versus ave
r
age S
NR for
4-QAM
mo
du
lation sig
nals
over Na
ka
ga
mi-m fading
cha
nnel u
s
in
g MRC
with R=2 wh
en m
=
0.3,0.5 an
d
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis of A
m
plify-and
-Fo
r
wa
rd
Coo
perativ
e Netwo
r
ks with…
(Ali Abdulwahh
ab
Moham
m
ed)
551
Figure 4 sho
w
s th
e avera
ge SER versus SNR
of th
e co
ope
rative
system
with
M-PSK
modulation si
gnal, using the Equat
ion
(17) for different values R.
And we use 4-PSK and 64-
PSK modulati
on si
gnal,
we can
see
that
increasing the number
of
relays decreases the average
SER.
Figure 4. SER versus average S
NR for
4-PSK
and 64-PSK modulation si
gnal
s over
Na
kag
a
mi-m
fading chan
n
e
l usin
g MRC with
R=1,2 and 3
Figure 5. SER versus ave
r
age S
NR for
4-QAM
and 64
-QAM
modulatio
n si
gnal
s over
Na
kag
a
mi-m
fading chan
n
e
l usin
g MRC with
R=1,2 and 3
Figure 5
sho
w
s the
avera
ge SER versus S
N
R
of
th
e coop
erative syste
m
with
M-QAM
modulatio
n si
gnal, usin
g the Equation
(18
)
for
different values R.
And we use
4-QAM and
64-
QAM mo
dula
t
ion si
gnal,
we
ca
n
se
e
that in
crea
sing the
n
u
m
ber of
relay
s
de
crea
se
s t
h
e
averag
e SER.
Figure 6 shows
the c
o
mparison of the
SER
performance for the
4PSK, 64PSK, 4-QAM
and 64
-QAM
modulatio
n si
gnal
s re
spe
c
t
i
vely with R
=2 and m
=
0.5.
As we see from the figure
,
if
SNR
=20 dB
the averag
e
SER equal
s 0.75933
1,
0
.
72140
8, 0.44574
8, 0.354
839 for 6
4
P
S
K,
64QAM, 4PS
K
and 4-QA
M respectivel
y
. As it is
cl
ear from the fi
gure,
the
64PSK signal
gets
less SER as t
he avera
ge S
NR in
crea
se
s for a con
s
tan
t
number of relays.
`
Figure 6. SER versus average S
NR for
4-
PSK , 64-PSK , 4-QAM and 64-QAM
modulation
sign
als ove
r
Na
kag
a
mi-m
fading chan
n
e
l usin
g MRC when m
=
0.5
and R=2
5. Conclusio
n
In this pa
pe
r, we inve
stigat
e the vari
ation
of the nu
m
ber of
relay
s
and the
m pa
ramete
rs
on
amplify-a
nd-fo
rward wirele
ss coo
p
e
r
ative
net
wo
rk. We de
rive
the PDF and the CDF from
singl
e half
duplex channel with M
RC. We
cons
idered the
symbol er
ror
probability of AF
Coo
perative
Networks wit
h
MR
C
and
different m
o
d
u
lation M
-
QA
M and
M-PS
K in Nakaga
mi-m
fading with
a
r
bitra
r
y
0.
5
m
. We
derived
an
e
x
act expressi
on of
M
G
F
i
n
t
e
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
S
N
R
.
W
e
further a
nalyzed the error p
e
rform
a
n
c
e.
From the
sim
u
lation re
sult
s, we obtai
n some g
u
ideli
n
e
s
to sho
w
the
tradeoff bet
ween receiver
compl
e
xity and SER p
e
rf
orma
nce un
d
e
r Nakaga
mi
-m
fading conditi
ons.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 546 – 552
552
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This
wo
rk wa
s supp
orted in
p
a
rt
by the
863 p
r
oje
c
t No.0
14A
A01A701,
2015AA0
113
03
and
NSF
C
614
714
08.
Also
by th
e National
Natural S
c
ie
nce Fou
ndatio
n of
Chin
a (No.
6
0972
016
), Fu
nds of
Di
stingui
she
d
Yo
ung S
c
ienti
s
ts
(No. 20
09
CDA1
5
0
)
, Ch
ina-
Finish
coo
p
e
r
ation Proje
c
t (No. 20
10
DF
B10570
)
an
d two other p
r
oj
ects
(No. 20
1
0
ZX030
03-00
1-
02 and
No. 2
012Q
N0
76).
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