TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.5, May 2014, pp
. 3423 ~ 34
3
0
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i5.4917
ļ®
3423
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 2
4
, 201
3; Revi
se
d Decem
b
e
r
5, 2013; Accepte
d
De
cem
ber
26, 2013
Engine Speed Control of Excavator with PID Method
Jun Zhan
g
*
, Shengjie Jiao, Guimao Si
, Xuepeng
Cao, Min Ye, Jinping Li, Xinxin Xu,
Daop
ei Zhan
g
Ke
y
Lab
orator
y for High
w
a
y
C
onstructio
n
T
e
chno
log
y
and Equi
pment
of Ministr
y
of Edu
c
ation, Ch
an
gā
an
Univers
i
t
y
, C
h
i
n
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: selfstud
y@q
q
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Distinctio
n
w
o
r
k
task pow
er-
m
atchin
g co
ntrol
strat
egy w
a
s a
dapte
d
to exc
a
vator for i
m
pr
o
v
ing fu
el
efficiency; the
accuracy of rot
a
te en
gin
e
spe
ed at eac
h work task was core to e
xcavat
o
r for saving
energy
.
21t mod
e
l exc
a
vator Z
G
321
0-9 w
a
s taken
as the study
obj
ect to ana
ly
z
e
th
e rotate s
pee
d setting
a
n
d
control
metho
d
,
lin
ear
positi
o
n fee
d
b
a
ck thr
o
ttle
motor
w
a
s e
m
pl
oye
d
to
control
the
gov
ernor
of e
n
g
i
n
e
to
adj
ust rotate spee
d. Impr
oved do
ub
le clo
s
ed lo
op PID
meth
od w
a
s
adapt
ed to c
ontrol the
eng
ine
,
feedb
ack
of ro
tate spe
e
d
a
n
d
throttle
p
o
siti
on w
a
s t
a
ken
as the
i
nput
of
the PID
co
ntrol
mode.
Co
ntrol
system
was
designed in CoDeSys
pl
atfor
m
with G16 c
ontroller, thro
tt
le motor
control exper
im
ent
and
eng
ine
auto c
ontrol ex
peri
m
ent w
e
re carri
ed on th
e ex
c
a
vator for tuni
ng PID para
m
eters. T
he result
indic
a
ted
that
the do
ub
le cl
o
s
ed-l
oop
PID
meth
od c
an t
a
ke co
ntrol
an
d set the
en
gi
ne rotate
spe
e
d
auto
m
atic
ally
w
i
th the
max
i
mu
m error
of
8 rp
m. T
h
e
li
n
ear
mo
de
l b
e
tw
een throttle
feed
back
pos
iti
on
and
rotate spee
d is
establis
he
d, which pr
ovid
es the cont
ro
l bas
i
s
for dyna
mic e
nergy sav
i
ng
of excavator.
Ke
y
w
ords
: en
gin
e
, PID, excavator, rotate speed, en
ergy sa
ving
Copy
right
Ā©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Hydraulic ex
cavator is the mainly
earthmo
ving m
a
chinery,whi
c
h is
widely used in
con
s
tru
c
tion,
road
an
d ag
ricultural e
ngi
neeri
ng.
Whil
e its fuel
efficien
cy is ab
o
u
t 30% [1], the
main rea
s
on
for ene
rgy lo
ss i
s
the l
oad
power va
ries perio
dically in larg
e scal
e, whi
c
h
cau
s
e
s
the fluctu
atio
n of
rotate
sp
eed
of en
gine
, and
then
the
engi
ne
ca
nāt
work in
high
efficien
cy stat
e ,
thus en
ergy saving be
com
e
s a re
se
arch
focus.
Aiming to improve fuel
efficiency,
mo
st re
se
arche
r
s
analy
z
ed the po
wer match
probl
em
s am
ong e
ngine,
variable
displ
a
cem
ent pu
mp, hydra
u
lic system a
nd
load, and fin
a
lly
provide
d
a di
stinctio
n work task p
o
wer-matchi
ng
co
ntrol st
rategy
, that is setti
ng the maxi
mum
hydrauli
c
sy
stem ab
so
rpti
on p
o
wer for differe
nt work ta
sk. On
th
is b
a
si
s, i
n
o
r
de
r to
ma
ke
full
use of e
ngin
e
power u
n
der different
load stat
e,
some [2
-5]
tried to adj
ust the hyd
r
aulic
absorptio
n p
o
we
r and to
rque ba
se
d o
n
the feedba
ck
of hyd
r
aul
ic pre
s
su
re a
nd rotate en
gine
spe
ed,ho
wev
e
r, this meth
od affected
by the fluc
tuation of hydraulic p
r
e
s
sure, thus the main
feedba
ck factor of the excavator con
t
rol sy
stem i
s
the engin
e
rotate spe
e
d
[6]. Adopting
electroni
c fue
l
injection
eng
ine for p
o
wer
sou
r
ce can i
m
prove th
e fu
el efficien
cy. Con
s
id
erin
g the
fuel quality and pri
c
e in China, mecha
n
ical g
o
vern
o
r
engin
e
is widely used th
ere, the engi
ne
spe
ed and p
o
we
r wa
s adj
usted by line
a
r throttle
mo
tor, the math model bet
we
en the feedb
ack
of
motor
p
o
si
tion
an
d engi
ne spe
e
d
be
comes
the key topic [7]. Jin Lishen
g [8,
9] applied fuzzy
PID method to control the spe
ed of engi
ne and too
k
experim
ent in test bench; furthe
rmo
r
e, Yue
Yaoliang [1
0] provid
ed a
d
ouble PI
D m
e
thod b
a
s
ed
on en
gine
sp
eed a
nd p
o
sit
i
on of moto
r,
but
there is n
o
ref
e
ren
c
e
s
ab
ou
t the control a
c
cura
cy of en
gine sp
eed a
nd optimal PID paramete
r
s.
Before a
pplyi
ng the di
stin
ction wo
rk task
power-mat
ch
ing control
strategy, engin
e
spe
ed
at ea
ch
wo
rk
task shoul
d b
e
set firstly. Public
refe
re
nces
are fo
cu
s
on o
n
ly on
e
speed
of e
ngin
e
,
the a
c
tual
re
quire
ment i
s
setting
all the
sp
eed
of
wo
rk ta
sk firstly and the
n
u
s
e
these spee
d
for
target d
u
rin
g
workin
g. Thu
s
the
engi
ne
spe
ed
cont
rol
is the
core
tech
nolo
g
y for ene
rgy
savin
g
,
this p
ape
r i
s
mainly
discussing
on
th
e auto
-
set
control
metho
d
of
engin
e
spe
ed
with
PID
method.
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TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3423 ā 34
30
3424
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
2.1. Engine Speed Set
H
y
dr
aulic
excavator
has
complex work
ing s
t
at
e. A
c
cordin
g to the
distin
ction
wo
rk ta
sk
power-matchi
ng control strategy,
excav
a
tor
wa
s divi
ded i
n
to 1
0
g
ear
engi
ne
speed
for
different
workin
g ta
sk,
whi
c
h a
r
e
de
pend
ed o
n
th
e po
wer re
qui
reme
nt of hy
drauli
c
syste
m
. On this ba
sis,
the PLC cont
rol
system
set the maxim
u
m ab
so
rp
tio
n
po
we
r a
n
d
torqu
e
fo
r h
y
drauli
c
syst
em
unde
r
differe
nt wo
rk ta
sk.
The
dividin
g
engi
ne
sp
ee
d
an
d thei
r
g
o
vern
characteristics of di
esel
engin
e
curve
und
er work wa
s showe
d
in
Figu
re
1,
the settin
g
spee
d wa
s
the cross
p
o
int
betwe
en
curv
e and
engi
ne
spe
ed axi
s
, if the load to
rque
be
com
e
s big
ger
and
match
sp
ee
d
point wa
s n
o
t suitable, e
n
g
i
ne wo
rking p
o
int woul
d ch
ange al
ong
with the govern
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics
line
to
e
ngin
e
external ch
a
r
acte
ri
stics curve
a
nd wa
s not working
i
n
high
efficie
n
cy
state, even
more, l
oad
would
ca
use th
e en
gine
sto
p
.
Furthe
rm
o
r
e
,
the 1
0
g
ear
engin
e
spe
e
d
is divided
in
H
mode (heavy
mode), S mode (econo
mic mod
e
) a
nd
L mod
e
(light load) fo
r different ta
sk
according the
requi
red p
o
wer of engin
e
.
Figure 1. Govern Cha
r
a
c
teristics of Setting Engine Sp
eed du
ring
W
o
rk
2.2. Engine Speed Co
ntr
o
l
The e
ngin
e
of
excavato
r h
a
s
in
stalled
variabl
e spe
ed g
o
verno
r
(VSG
),
whi
c
h
can control
the engin
e
speed from lo
w idle to ma
ximum sp
eed
. The pra
c
ticable meth
od
to control en
gin
e
wa
s a
doptin
g
linea
r m
o
tor
with a
soft sh
aft to co
ntrol
the VSG to
a
d
just th
e e
ngi
ne
spe
ed
an
d
con
s
tru
c
t the
relation
shi
p
b
e
twee
n feedb
ack of linear
positio
n and
engin
e
sp
eed
.
There are no
rmally 10 pre-setting e
ngin
e
sp
eed
s divi
ding by the
work ta
sk du
e to po
wer
requi
rem
ent
of different t
a
sk, PLC
co
ntrol
syst
em
automatically cont
rols the
linear
motor to
adju
s
t the G
SV to match
the setting
sp
eed a
nd
re
co
rd the fe
edb
a
c
k po
sition
of linea
r moto
r
in
the auto set
mode. Durin
g
the workin
g mode of exca
vator, the PLC co
ntrol
s
th
e linear m
o
to
r to
rea
c
h the re
cord po
sition
, which d
e
ci
des the
work po
wer of
excavator. T
hus the p
o
si
tion
feedba
ck of l
i
near moto
r
and its a
c
curacy is key to the mat
c
h
perfo
rma
n
ce
of engi
ne a
nd
hydrauli
c
.
Figure 2. Dou
b
le PID Cont
rol Model for
Engine Rotation Speed of
Excavator
In the a
u
to
se
t mode
of PL
C
control
syst
em, the ex
ca
vator was sta
r
ting
with n
o
l
oad
and
the varia
b
le d
i
spla
cem
ent
pump
wa
s
sh
ut to the mini
mum flow. T
h
e setting
en
gi
ne spee
d
were
the maximum spee
d sh
own in Figu
re 1, wh
ich
were the cross point be
tween gove
r
ning
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic curve a
nd
spe
ed axis.
PID, fu
zzy
PID, ANN an
d
their
cro
ss algorith
m
s were
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
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046
ļ®
Engine Spe
e
d
Control of Excavator with
PID Method (Jun Zh
ang
)
3425
mostly u
s
ed i
n
indu
stry
co
ntrol. Con
s
id
er the
capabi
lity of PLC; PID metho
d
was e
m
ploye
d
to
control the en
gine spee
d. In ord
e
r to co
nstru
c
t the rel
a
tionship bet
wee
n
linea
r
motor an
d en
gine
spe
ed, the feedba
ck of motor po
sition
and en
gine
speed
were set at the input of PID control
mode. Fi
gure
2
sho
w
s the
doubl
e PID
control
model
for e
ngin
e
spe
ed, there a
r
e
two PID l
oop
s,
one is for
con
t
rolling line
a
r
throttle motor and the othe
r is for control
ling engin
e
speed.
2.3. Experiment Me
thod
Experiment
machi
ne is t
he 21 ton e
x
cavator ZG
3210
-9, whi
c
h wa
s produ
ced by
Sinomarch, China. The en
gine type is Cummi
ns
6B
TA5.9-C (112
KW@195
0rp
m
), Linea
r moto
r
with 60m
m
displ
a
cement
and 6
N
.M
torque i
s
p
r
odu
ced
by Yongqin
g
Lt
d.co, China.
The
con
n
e
c
tion b
e
twee
n linea
r motor a
nd e
ngine
GSV was
sho
w
n in
Figure 3. Th
e linea
r thrott
le
motor
has throttle rod and
soft
s
haft,
the
throttle rod was empl
oy
ed to
connect G
SV, and the
soft
shaft was
em
ployed to
con
nect th
rottle rod an
d mo
to
r. As sh
own in
Figure 3,
wh
en PL
C control
the motor to
extend or
ret
r
act, the soft shaft ca
n ad
just the GSV
to control th
e engin
e
sp
e
e
d
from low to hi
gh sp
eed.
Figure 3. Con
nectio
n
of Speed Gove
rno
r
and
Throttle Linea
r Motor
Figure 4. Incremental PID
Method with
Dea
d
Band Z
one an
d Maximum Increme
n
t Limit
Experiment
method: (a
) Con
s
tru
c
t co
ntrol sy
stem
of
throttle mo
tor with He
rsmor G16
PLC in Co
De
Sys 2.3, take
motor co
ntro
l ex
perime
n
t and auto
-
set engin
e
sp
eed
experime
n
t; (b)
Con
s
tru
c
t the
param
eters
monitor
syste
m
bas
ed on L
abVIEW and
USB/CAN(Sys Te
c, Germ
a
n
)
conve
r
ter, o
n
line tune th
e PID
para
m
eters acco
rding to the
monitor
syst
em. The sa
mple
freque
ncy of the
feed
ba
ck positio
n
of m
o
tor
in
PL
C i
s
1kHz, the
CAN bu
s data
sen
d
ing
cy
cle
is
0.2s.
3.Engine Co
ntrol Sy
stem Design of E
xcav
ator
3.1. PID Con
t
rol Meth
od
The digital PID method i
s
develop
ed fro
m
the analog
PID from Equ
a
tion (1
).
()
1
()
(
1
)
(
1
)
()
pD
I
Us
Gs
K
T
s
Es
T
s
ļ½ļ½
ļ«
ļ«
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046
TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3423 ā 34
30
3426
In Equation
(1),
()
Gs
is the
PID
controlle
r t
r
an
sfer fun
c
tion,
()
E
s
is
er
ror
tr
ans
fer
function,
()
Us
is the output
of the PID controlle
r,
P
K
is propo
rtion
a
l co
efficient
,
I
T
is
integratio
n time,
D
T
and is th
e derivative time.
In orde
r to a
pply PID method into PL
C controller, it need
s to co
n
v
ert the PID method
from anal
og type to digital type. Increme
n
tal PI
D method wa
s sho
w
n in the following equ
ation.
(
)
[
(
)(1
)
]
[
(
)
2
(1
)
(
2
)
]
(
)
(
)
[
(
)
(1
)
]
2
PI
P
I
D
u
k
K
e
k
e
k
K
e
k
ek
ek
K
e
k
K
e
k
K
e
k
e
k
ļļ½
ļ
ļ
ļ«
ļ
ļ
ļ«
ļ
ļ½
ļ«
ļ«
ļ
ļ
ļ
ļ
ļ¼ļ¼
In Equation (2),
k
indicates the
th
k
sampl
e
cy
cle,
()
ek
is the error b
e
twe
en the set
value an
d a
c
tual value
at this
sam
p
le
cycl
e
()
uk
ļ
is th
e in
cre
m
enta
l
PID outp
u
t of
()
uk
,
,
P
I
KK
and
D
K
are
the
paramete
r
s
of PID mod
e
l. As
is
from Equation (2), the
output
of PID
()
uk
ļ
is al
so de
pen
ding on th
e sample
cycle,
smalle
r
samp
le cycl
e wo
ul
d increa
se th
e load o
f
PLC,
larg
er sample cycle woul
d
de
crea
se
the se
nsiti
v
ity of PID controlle
r, thu
s
there ne
ed
s a
suitabl
e cont
rol cycle of PID method. Accordi
ng
to the cha
r
a
c
teri
stic of engin
e
GSV and linear
throttle moto
r, the PID con
t
rol cy
cle
wa
s set at
0.05
s, improve th
e
PID metho
d
of Equation
(2)
with dead b
and, the improved in
cre
m
ental PID
flow cha
r
t was sh
own in
Figure 4, The
increme
n
tal o
u
tput
()
uk
ļ
is de
p
ende
d on
the
dead
ba
nd v
a
lue a
nd the
i
n
creme
n
tal m
a
x valu
e
max
ļ
, PID pa
ram
e
ters are tu
ne
d onli
ne i
n
bo
th motor p
o
si
tion control lo
op a
n
d
engi
n
e
spee
d
control loop.
3.2. Contr
o
l Circuit
In the engine
spee
d auto
set expe
rime
nt, the
input sign
als a
r
e th
e engin
e
sp
e
ed sel
e
ct
potentiomete
r, linear throttle motor po
sition sen
s
o
r
, en
gine sp
eed
sensor, the ou
tput signal
s a
r
e
the dire
ction
of throttle motor and the
control vo
lta
ge for motor.
All the input signal a
r
e the
resi
stan
ce
sig
nal and
coul
d
be input the
AI (A
nalog In
put, 10bit AD) port of G1
6 PLC, the out
put
of motor di
re
ction
are
con
nectin
g
to
th
e DO
(Di
g
ital
Output
) p
o
rt
of G
16, the
motor
control
voltage i
s
co
nne
cted to
the PWM
(Pu
l
se
Width
M
odulatio
n)
po
rt of G
16. T
he e
ngine
sp
eed
sen
s
o
r
is con
necte
d to the PI(Pulse Inp
u
t)
port of G1
6 and the nu
mber of gea
r teeth of engine
flywheel i
s
1
27, thus th
e
spe
ed n
eed
to use th
e p
u
lse
numb
e
r PI to divide the gea
r th
eeth
numbe
r. The
control ci
rcuit is sho
w
n in F
i
gure 5.
Figure 5. Engine Speed
Co
ntro
l Ci
rcuit of Excavator
4. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
4.1. Linear Throttle Moto
r Control Experiment
The exp
e
rim
ent re
sult in
di
cated th
at th
e ra
nge
of m
o
tor p
o
sitio
n
of AD conve
r
ter value
is amon
g 0 to 610 from the limit of extend and
ret
r
act without conne
cting to the engine G
SV;
after in
stallin
g on the
excavator an
d
conne
cting to t
he GSV, the
rang
e of throttle motor p
o
si
tion
wa
s limited by the GSV
displ
a
cement
, the moto
r positio
n feed
back of AD
conve
r
t value is
among
0 to
450. In
ord
e
r to con
s
tru
c
t
a
comm
on
control m
e
th
od for differe
nt linea
r th
ro
ttle
motor, scale
the rang
e th
e AD value
of motor po
si
tion to 0~10
0
0
, and set th
e dead b
and
o
f
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Engine Spe
e
d
Control of Excavator with
PID Method (Jun Zh
ang
)
3427
motor po
sitio
n
PID loop i
s
5, maximum increme
n
t
max
ļ
at each PID co
n
t
rol cycl
e is 1
00, take
the online
e
x
perime
n
t to tune the p
a
ram
e
ters of
,
P
I
KK
and
D
K
. The onlin
e tu
ning
experim
ent result is
sh
own in Figu
re 6.
When th
e PID pa
ramete
rs co
mbin
atio
n is not suita
b
le,
the re
sult i
ndi
cated
that th
e moto
r po
sit
i
on feed
ba
ck
woul
d ove
r
sh
oot the
set v
a
lue p
o
int, af
te
r
several trials,
suitable PID para
m
eters were got
an
d the set value
and actu
al value re
sult we
re
sho
w
n i
n
Fig
u
re
6(b
)
and
(c). The
re
sul
t
indicate
d th
at with the
PID
controller the moto
r
cou
l
d
rea
c
h the set point witho
u
t overshoot, an
d t
he optimal PID param
eters i
s
(5, 0.5, 0.6).
(a)
Not suita
b
l
e para
m
eters
(b) Suitabl
e p
a
ram
e
ter
s
(c
) Multi targe
t
control r
e
s
u
l
t
Figure 6. Re
sult of Throttle
Position PID
Control Experiment
4.2. Engine Speed Au
to
Set Con
t
rol
Experiment
In
the
en
gine
sp
eed auto set control
m
ode,
the
r
e are
10 wo
rking
engin
e
spe
e
ds and 1
for auto
-
idle e
ngine
spe
ed.
In orde
r to ge
t the corre
s
po
nding m
o
tor p
o
sition of the
setting
spee
d
,
two PID loop
s we
re em
plo
y
ed, one is th
e motor po
siti
on PID loop a
nd the othe
r is engi
ne spe
e
d
PID loop. B
e
fore a
s
ce
rtai
ning th
e relat
i
onship b
e
tween m
o
tor p
o
sition
and
e
ngine
sp
eed,
the
PLC controll
er shoul
d acquire th
e ma
ximum and
minimum limi
t
of engine
speed a
nd m
o
tor
positio
n AD
value, then t
he PLC
wo
ul
d automat
i
c
get the re
qui
red m
o
tor p
o
sition valu
e
and
record und
er
the setting en
gine spee
d wi
th PID control
method.
The linea
r throttle motor
has the worm-ge
a
r-drive
mech
ani
sm to redu
ce the
speed of
motor
and c
o
nvert to the soft s
haft dis
p
lac
e
men
t. Th
us, the
r
e
ha
s inter-lob
e
cl
e
a
ran
c
e
bet
we
en
gears,
whi
c
h
wo
uld
ca
use control e
r
ror
of en
gine
sp
eed. A
ccordin
g the
m
o
tor
and
eng
ine
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics, the
dea
d
band
of e
ngi
ne
spe
ed PI
D lo
op i
s
se
t as 10
rpm,
and
maximu
m
incremental
max
ļ
is 150
rpm a
n
d
online tunin
g
the PI
D para
m
eters of eng
ine PID loop.
(a)
Control cy
cle is too lo
ng
(b)
Not suita
b
l
e PID
para
m
eters
(c) Suitable P
I
D para
m
eters
Figure 7. Engine Speed
Co
ntrol Re
sult B
a
se
d on Spe
ed and Th
rott
le Motor Posit
i
on with
Segment-PI
D
Method
Re
sult of e
n
g
i
ne
spee
d a
u
t
o set exp
e
ri
ment
was sh
own
in Fi
gure 7, if the PI
D
control
cycle
was 0.1
s
o
r
bigg
er, th
e PID
co
ntrol
result
sho
w
s t
hat the
engi
n
e
spee
d a
d
ju
stment
cu
rve
is
too slo
w
like
Figure 7(a).
Duri
ng the
experim
ent,
the
engine PI
D control cy
cle
wa
s set at 0.05s.
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3428
If the PID co
ntrolle
r ha
s o
n
ly one targ
e
t
and one ju
dge e
rro
r, th
e re
sult wo
ul
d like
sho
w
n
in
Figure 7
(
b
)
,
engin
e
spee
d would
oversho
o
t at th
e
set
spe
ed. T
hus for high
er a
c
cu
ra
cy
and
based on the
erro
r value, the PID cont
rol loop
was
improve
d
into two segm
e
n
t. One control
segm
ent is
set the error ta
rget at 50
rpm
,
and
set the
dead b
and to
25rpm; a
not
her
control ta
rget
is
set the
error b
e
lo
w 50
rpm an
d the
d
ead b
and
is
10rp
m
, the PI
D
control result wa
s
sho
w
n in
Figure 7(c), i
t
indicated th
at the cont
rol
curv
e
of en
gine spee
d
wa
s mo
re st
able an
d wit
hout
overshoot. T
he speed
cu
rve has
two separated
sta
ge, one i
s
ch
angin
g
from
about 9
80rp
m
to
2086 rpm, in this stage, th
e PLC cont
ro
l system adju
s
ts the linea
r throttle motor displ
a
ceme
nt
from 0 to ma
ximum value, and the PL
C wo
uld g
e
t the ran
ge of
engin
e
sp
ee
d motor p
o
sit
i
on
feedba
ck AD converte
r value. The ot
her st
age is the engine
spee
d cu
rve cha
nge
s from
maximum to
minimum val
ue, this sta
g
e
is th
e
en
gine
sp
eed auto set
mode, and
the
PLC
sy
stem
automatically
co
ntrol
th
e motor and G
SV
rea
c
h
th
e
setting
sp
ee
d. With the
two
seg
m
ent
PID
control metho
d
, it indicated
that the PID
control re
sult
is more stabl
e and faste
r
.
T
abl
e 1. Engine Speed
Co
nt
rol Re
sult (unit: rpm)
Speed se
lect
Target
spee
d
R
esult
1
R
esult
2
R
esult
3
A
v
e
r
a
ge
Erro
r
1
1050
1048
1056
1048
1051
1
2
1200
1196
1201
1204
1200
0
3
1350
1360
1355
1360
1358
8
4
1500
1503
1509
1503
1505
5
5
1600
1605
1607
1608
1607
7
6
1700
1707
1703
1705
1705
5
7
1800
1799
1802
1795
1799
1
8
1950
1953
1957
1955
1955
5
9
2086
2081
2081
2089
2084
2
10
2086
2077
2092
2088
2085
1
Table
1 was the result of target
and
aut
o set
engi
ne
spe
ed u
nde
r
three
experi
m
ent, the
10 en
gine
speed val
ue i
s
set a
s
1
0
5
0
, 1200
ļ¼
135
0, 1500,
160
0, 1700,
180
0, 1950,
210
0,
2200
rpm
ļ¼
as from the re
sult of Figure
7(c), it i
ndica
ted that the maximum sp
eed is l
e
ss t
han
2100
rpm, be
cause the ra
ng
e of engine
speed i
s
am
o
n
g
980 an
d 20
86, thus the
PLC would a
u
to
cha
nge
the
set engi
ne
sp
eed
2100
an
d 22
00rpm t
o
20
86rpm.
From th
e
re
sult of Tabl
e
1, it
indicated that
the maximum erro
r is 8
r
p
m
, whic
h i
s
m
eeting the co
ntrol erro
r ba
nd of 10rp
m
.
Figure 8. Curve betwee
n
Throttle Positio
n
and Engin
e
Speed
Figure 8
sho
w
s the
relatio
n
shi
p
b
e
twe
e
n
the
engi
ne
spe
ed
and
th
e feed
ba
ck o
f
motor
positio
n, com
pare
d
to
Tab
l
e 1, Fi
gure
8 ad
ded
a
m
i
nimum
engi
n
e
spee
d at
9
80rp
m
a
nd it
s
corre
s
p
ondin
g
motor
po
si
tion. It indica
ted that
the
relation
shi
p
betwe
en mot
o
r po
sition
a
n
d
engin
e
spee
d
is lin
ear,
and
the correlati
on
coeffici
e
n
t is 0.9
991,
which i
ndi
cate
d that ea
ch
p
o
int
of engin
e
spe
ed sele
ct pot
entiomete
r is
corre
s
p
ondin
g
to the e
ngin
e
from
980 to
2086
rpm. T
h
us
y
Ā
=
Ā
1.
1135x
Ā
+
Ā
981.
65
R²
Ā
=
Ā
0.
9991
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
E
ngine Speed/rpm
Motor
Ā
Position/ā°
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ISSN:
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ļ®
Engine Spe
e
d
Control of Excavator with
PID Method (Jun Zh
ang
)
3429
the PLC
co
ntrol
system
co
uld ad
d mo
re
wo
rki
ng ta
sk if the excava
tor ne
ed
s an
d set th
e en
gi
ne
power an
d the hydrauli
c
a
b
so
rption to
rq
ue.
Figure 9. Engine Speed F
o
llowing
with
T
h
rottle Switch
Figure 9 wa
s the result b
e
twee
n the engi
ne
spee
d sele
ct potenti
o
meter a
nd engin
e
spe
ed; it indi
cated that th
e engin
e
spe
ed is fo
llo
win
g
the ch
ang
e
of potentiom
e
ter. Du
e to the
worm-g
ea
r-d
rive me
chani
sm of lin
ear throttle m
o
tor and
it
s clea
rance
of
extend a
nd
retract is
different, the
engin
e
fro
m
l
o
w to
high
an
d from
high
to lo
w is different at the
sa
me spee
d
sel
e
ct
potentiomete
r value, furthermore, if the their ne
ed hig
h
e
r a
c
cura
cy o
f
engine
spee
d, the auto se
t
mode of PL
C sho
u
ld con
s
i
der the
sp
ee
d increa
se
a
nd de
crea
se
dire
ction to reco
rd the m
o
tor
positio
n to re
duce the different cle
a
ran
c
e
of linear mo
tor betwe
en e
x
tend and ret
r
act.
5. Conclusio
n
On the b
a
si
s of analyzin
g
the engin
e
spe
ed
auto
set control f
unctio
n
of excavator,
excavator co
ntrol system
based on He
rsmo
r
G
1
6
wa
s d
e
si
gne
d, a
nd the
ap
plication of
PWM
to
drive linea
r m
o
tor wa
s mo
re stable a
nd
accuracy.
Improved in
creme
n
tal PID cont
rol meth
od was
empl
oyed to control the line
a
r t
h
rottle
motor a
nd o
n
line PID p
a
ram
e
ters tu
ning exp
e
rim
ent indi
cated
that the op
timization PI
D
para
m
eters combinatio
n is (5, 0.5, and 0.6).
Segment PID method
was employe
d
to
aut
o
set th
e
req
u
irement
engi
ne
sp
ee
d, the
result indi
cat
ed that the
i
m
prove
d
cont
rol m
e
thod
h
a
s
highe
r
accura
cy with
th
e maximum
error
of 8rpm an
d total less than
60s auto
set control time.
It is a goo
d
method to
solve the diffe
ren
c
e of li
ne
ar throttle m
o
tor a
nd e
n
g
i
ne GSV
displ
a
cement
by scaling th
e AD conve
r
t
e
r value of
the extend and
retra
c
t limit of motor positi
on
feedba
ck to t
he rang
e of 0
and
100
0. Experime
n
t re
sult indicated t
hat the
relati
onship b
e
twe
e
n
motor p
o
sitio
n
and
en
gine
spe
ed i
s
lin
e
a
r, whic
h p
r
o
v
ides the
con
t
rol ba
si
s for
dynamic en
ergy
s
a
ving of excavator
.
Referen
ces
[1]
Z
hang
J, Jia
o
S, Lia
o
XM
,
et al.
D
e
sig
n
of in
tellig
ent h
y
dr
au
lic
e
x
c
a
vator
c
ontrol
s
y
stem
base
d
o
n
PI
D
method.
Co
mp
uter and C
o
mp
uting T
e
ch
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n
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lture III
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ua
n Z
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ao S, Hong
ya
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on
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i
ng
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d testi
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h
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hen
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e
r m
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urces
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an W
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en-
w
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n T
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a
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b
a
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w
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a
tchi
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eng G, Yu
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ntrol
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y
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au
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ļ®
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3423 ā 34
30
3430
[7]
Xi
ao
jia
n W
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Pow
e
r en
erg
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y
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r
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r
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ngi
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xcavato
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