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.
56
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I
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2502
-
4752
I
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d
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J
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Sci,
Vo
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9
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
:
56
–
59
57
n
u
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b
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s
(
A
M
R
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[
3
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o
u
tin
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
I
t
e
n
co
d
es
t
h
e
ad
d
r
ess
es
o
f
th
e
m
u
l
tip
le
r
ec
eiv
er
s
,
attac
h
e
s
t
h
e
ad
d
r
ess
es
w
it
h
th
e
p
ac
k
et
h
ea
d
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
its
it
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
u
n
icast
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
6
]
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
o
u
t
in
g
M
A
NE
T
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
7
]
.
Secu
r
e
an
d
E
f
f
icien
t
Dis
ta
n
ce
E
f
f
ec
t
R
o
u
ti
n
g
A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
Mo
b
ilit
y
(
SE_
DR
E
A
M)
in
MA
NE
T
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
in
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
a
f
f
ic
l
o
ad
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
o
p
en
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
is
s
elec
ted
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
e
w
m
u
lticas
t
r
o
u
tin
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
ca
ll
ed
as
L
in
k
a
w
ar
e
o
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
Mu
lticas
t
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
T
h
is
s
c
h
e
m
e
ai
m
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
m
u
lt
icas
t
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
t
h
e
m
u
lticas
t
tr
e
e
w
i
th
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
li
n
k
r
e
s
id
u
al
lif
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
e
s
s
io
n
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
b
r
ief
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
WO
RK
Mu
ltica
s
ti
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
i
n
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
to
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
p
le
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
u
lt
icasti
n
g
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
is
ta
n
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
v
id
eo
co
n
f
er
en
c
in
g
etc.
T
h
e
m
u
ltic
asti
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
i
t
is
a
c
h
alle
n
g
e
to
r
o
u
te
t
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
m
u
lticas
t
g
r
o
u
p
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
.
Al
r
ea
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lticas
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
is
f
a
ilu
r
e
to
ad
o
p
t
w
it
h
th
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
M
A
NE
T
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
i
g
h
m
u
lt
ic
ast
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
at,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
m
u
ltica
s
t
r
o
u
tin
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
n
a
m
ed
as
L
i
n
k
Failu
r
e
a
w
ar
e
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
Mu
l
ticast R
o
u
ti
n
g
Sc
h
e
m
e.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ich
in
te
n
d
s
to
r
o
u
te
t
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets ac
t
as t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
m
u
l
tica
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
b
y
f
lo
o
d
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
h
ello
m
ess
a
g
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
w
a
n
t
to
h
ea
r
th
e
m
u
lticas
t
m
es
s
ag
e
s
e
n
d
t
h
e
j
o
in
r
eq
u
es
t
to
t
h
e
m
u
ltica
s
t
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
tr
ee
b
ased
m
u
ltica
s
ti
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
tr
e
e
b
ased
m
u
ltica
s
ti
n
g
,
th
e
m
u
l
t
icast
tr
ee
r
o
o
ted
at
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
is
cr
ea
ted
.
A
s
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es,
th
e
lin
k
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
ch
an
g
es
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
.
So
,
th
e
tr
ee
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lin
k
r
esid
u
al
li
f
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltica
s
t
r
o
u
tin
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Step
1
: T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
is
ac
t a
s
th
e
lead
er
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltica
s
t g
r
o
u
p
Step
2
: T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
m
u
lticas
t tr
ee
b
y
f
lo
o
d
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
h
ello
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
Step
3
: T
h
e
m
u
lticas
t tr
ee
is
r
o
o
ted
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
Step
4
: T
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
t
en
d
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
m
u
ltica
s
t d
ata
s
en
d
th
e
j
o
in
m
ess
a
g
e
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
Step
5
:
A
f
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
t
h
e
j
o
in
m
e
s
s
a
g
e,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
r
o
u
te
to
r
ea
c
h
t
h
at
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
co
n
tain
s
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
is
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
lin
k
r
esid
u
al
li
f
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
lin
k
r
esid
u
al
li
f
e
is
ca
lc
u
l
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
=
⁄
W
h
er
e,
Dis
ta
n
ce
n
ee
d
to
tr
av
el
to
g
et
o
u
t o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
r
an
g
e
R
elati
v
e
v
elo
cit
y
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
=
−
Step
6
: T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
tr
ee
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
u
ltica
s
t
r
ec
eiv
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
ter
m
e
d
iate
n
o
d
es.
Step
7
: T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
ass
ig
n
s
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
I
D
to
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
attac
h
e
s
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
I
D
w
i
th
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
th
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
I
D
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
m
u
lticas
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
I
D
is
u
s
ed
to
r
estri
ct
th
e
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
b
y
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
m
u
ltica
s
t
tr
ee
ca
n
d
is
j
o
in
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
at
an
y
ti
m
e
an
d
a
n
y
n
o
d
e
ca
n
j
o
in
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
j
o
in
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
e
b
r
an
c
h
w
it
h
th
a
t
n
o
d
e
b
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
l
in
k
f
ail
u
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
li
n
k
r
esid
u
al
li
f
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltica
s
t
tr
ee
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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d
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J
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C
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p
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N:
2502
-
4752
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m
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ee
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n
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u
c
tio
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y
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
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t
r
o
le
in
th
e
m
u
ltica
s
t
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
E
ac
h
an
d
ev
er
y
s
e
n
d
er
n
o
d
e
h
as
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
tr
ee
b
ef
o
r
e
m
u
lticas
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g
th
e
d
ata.
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h
e
MA
NE
T
w
ith
h
ig
h
l
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
o
d
es
ch
a
n
g
e
s
it
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
.
So
t
h
e
m
u
lt
icast
tr
ee
is
al
s
o
ch
a
n
g
e
s
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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h
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ad
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d
M
A
ODV.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ro
y
e
r
E
M
,
P
e
rk
in
s
C
E
.
M
u
lt
ica
st
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
A
d
-
h
o
c
On
-
d
e
ma
n
d
Dist
a
n
c
e
Vec
to
r
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Pro
to
c
o
l
.
A
CM
M
OBICO
M
.
1
9
9
9
;
2
0
7
-
2
1
8
.
[2
]
P
e
rk
in
s C
E,
R
o
y
e
r
E
M
.
A
d
-
h
o
c
On
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
R
o
u
t
in
g
.
IEE
E
W
M
CS
A
.
1
9
9
9
;
9
0
-
1
0
0
.
[3
]
W
u
C
W
,
T
a
y
Y C.
A
M
RIS
:
A
M
u
lt
ica
st
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
M
IL
COM
.
1
9
9
9
;
1
:
2
5
-
29.
[4
]
Oz
a
k
i
T
,
Ja
i
m
e
Ba
e
Ki
m
,
S
u
d
a
T
.
Ba
n
d
w
id
th
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
M
u
lt
ica
s
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
M
u
lt
ih
o
p
,
A
d
-
h
o
c
W
irele
ss
N
e
t
w
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
INFOCOM
.
2
0
0
1
;
2
:1
1
8
2
-
1
1
9
1
.
[5
]
Je
tch
e
v
a
J
G
,
Jo
h
n
so
n
D
B.
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
De
ma
n
d
-
d
riv
e
n
M
u
lt
ic
a
st
R
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
M
u
lt
i
h
o
p
W
ire
les
s
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
.
A
CM
M
OBIH
OC
.
2
0
0
1
;
33
-
44.
[6
]
Ji
L
S
,
Co
rso
n
M
S
.
Ex
p
li
c
it
M
u
lt
ica
s
ti
n
g
f
o
r
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s.
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
2
0
0
3
;
8
(
5
),
535
-
5
4
9
.
[7
]
S
h
a
n
t
h
i
H J,
A
n
it
a
E
M
.
Per
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
b
la
c
k
h
o
le a
tt
a
c
k
s in
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
r
o
u
ti
n
g
M
ANE
T
.
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
S
h
a
n
t
h
i
H
J,
A
n
it
a
E
M
.
S
e
c
u
re
a
n
d
Ef
f
icie
n
t
Dista
n
c
e
Ef
fec
t
R
o
u
ti
n
g
Al
g
o
rith
m
fo
r
M
o
b
il
it
y
(
S
E_
DREA
M
)
in
M
ANE
T
s
.
In
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
rd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
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siu
m
o
n
Big
Da
ta
a
n
d
Clo
u
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
2
0
1
6
;
65
-
80.
[9
]
M
o
z
a
,
M
.
,
Ku
m
a
r,
S
.
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
n
e
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s
u
sin
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
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l
g
o
rit
h
m
,
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
6
(
1
),
p
p
.
8
8
-
9
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
0%
20
%
40
%
60
%
80
%
10
0%
0
20
40
60
80
10
0
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ro
p
o
s
e
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e
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g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.