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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
f
au
lt
in
a
p
o
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s
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s
tem
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k
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m
p
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v
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f
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c
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s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
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n
an
d
u
tili
ties
.
T
h
e
o
u
tag
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lo
ca
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is
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ee
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to
k
n
o
w
ac
cu
r
ately
to
r
em
o
v
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th
e
o
u
tag
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lin
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q
u
ick
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
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em
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in
g
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
ati
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
s
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ch
as
im
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ce
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b
ased
m
eth
o
d
,
f
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e
q
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m
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h
o
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,
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d
tr
av
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g
wav
e
(
T
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)
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
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o
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e
th
is
p
r
o
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lem
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
im
p
ed
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ce
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
y
s
tem
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Nex
t,
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
3
]
-
[
7
]
.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
u
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
m
atch
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
[
8
]
,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
f
au
lty
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
with
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
alu
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
in
[
9
]
an
d
weig
h
ted
least
s
q
u
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
[
1
0
]
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
All
th
e
ab
o
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
s
ets
with
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t f
au
lt si
tu
atio
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s
.
T
r
av
elin
g
wa
v
e
-
b
ase
d
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
ca
n
g
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v
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th
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
th
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h
elp
o
f
d
is
cr
et
e
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
(
DW
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f
ilter
s
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
f
a
u
lt
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lizatio
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g
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
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th
e
m
ea
s
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r
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d
f
a
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lt
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
s
in
g
le
en
d
o
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th
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y
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tem
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y
id
e
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tify
i
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th
e
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ir
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t
s
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d
en
ch
an
g
in
g
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
was
an
aly
zin
g
i
n
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
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t
ca
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n
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et
ac
c
u
r
ate
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
im
p
ed
an
ce
f
au
lts
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A
s
im
p
le
f
au
lt
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ca
lizatio
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alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
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ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
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p
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an
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r
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clo
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g
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at
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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J
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&
C
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p
Sci
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-
4
7
5
2
A
s
i
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f
a
u
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d
p
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s
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-
b
a
s
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fa
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d
i
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t
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ti
m
a
ti
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m
f
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a
l
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o
p
d
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r
i
b
u
t
i
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s
ys
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em
(
S
h
w
e
My
i
n
t
)
15
s
ig
n
als
wa
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
f
ee
d
er
s
with
o
u
t
r
ec
lo
s
er
ca
n
n
o
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b
e
p
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o
tecte
d
b
y
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
im
p
ed
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ce
an
d
tr
a
v
elin
g
wa
v
e
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
tim
es
o
f
ze
r
o
an
d
ae
r
ial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
ex
tr
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te
d
b
y
DW
T
f
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(
d
b
4
,
le
v
el1
)
an
d
u
tili
z
ed
to
esti
m
ate
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
[
1
5
]
.
Dijk
s
tr
a
s
h
o
r
tes
t
p
ath
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
ar
r
i
v
al
tim
e
o
f
in
itia
l
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
v
elin
g
wav
e
f
r
o
n
ts
at
th
e
two
ter
m
in
als
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ab
o
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t
f
a
u
lt
s
ec
tio
n
to
tr
ip
co
r
r
ec
tly
th
e
f
au
lty
p
ar
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
ar
r
i
v
in
g
tim
e
o
f
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
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n
en
ts
wh
ich
ca
n
n
o
t g
iv
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
f
a
u
lt in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
all
f
au
lt ty
p
es.
A
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
aid
ed
tr
av
eli
n
g
wav
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
t
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
8
]
an
d
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
t
h
e
two
ad
jace
n
t
ar
r
iv
al
tim
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o
f
th
e
f
au
lted
lin
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
c
o
u
ld
n
o
t
g
et
h
ig
h
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
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s
ed
th
e
ar
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v
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er
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ial
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ts
o
f
C
lar
k
’
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
wh
ich
ca
n
n
o
t
g
iv
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
f
au
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
all
f
au
lt
ty
p
es.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
s
in
g
le
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
T
W
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
DW
T
f
ilter
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
SVR
)
m
o
d
el
[
1
9
]
,
p
o
lar
ities
o
f
in
itial
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
v
e
lo
cities
b
y
s
ep
ar
atin
g
th
e
in
itial
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
o
f
ze
r
o
an
d
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
2
1
]
an
d
th
e
las
t
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
2
2
]
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
also
u
s
ed
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t g
iv
e
co
r
r
ec
t f
au
l
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
all
f
au
lted
p
h
ases
an
d
f
a
u
lt
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
m
eth
o
d
is
asy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
-
b
ased
T
W
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
d
ata
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
lizatio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
2
4
]
u
s
ed
th
e
f
au
lt
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
in
clu
d
e
in
ze
r
o
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
o
lt
ag
es
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
a
d
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
ws,
th
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
tim
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
t
atio
n
b
u
s
[
1
9
]
.
All
th
e
tr
av
elin
g
wav
e
m
eth
o
d
s
a
p
p
lied
i
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
liter
atu
r
e
u
s
ed
th
e
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
tim
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
o
n
ly
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
an
d
r
ad
ial
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
n
o
t
g
iv
e
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
f
au
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
is
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
g
et
m
an
y
r
ef
lecte
d
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
in
t
to
f
ac
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ac
tu
al
f
au
lted
len
g
th
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
f
au
lted
p
ath
an
d
u
s
es
th
e
ar
r
i
v
in
g
tim
e
o
f
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
-
b
ased
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
[
2
6
]
th
at
c
an
g
iv
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
th
an
th
at
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
with
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
wh
ite
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
s
ec
tio
n
:
2
p
r
esen
ts
tr
av
elin
g
wav
e
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
m
o
d
al
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
test
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
T
H
E
O
RY
B
ACK
G
RO
UDS
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
tr
av
elin
g
w
av
e
r
ef
lecte
d
s
ig
n
al
is
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
a
l.
T
h
ese
r
ef
lecte
d
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
wav
elet
f
ilter
v
ia
th
e
p
h
ase
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
to
m
o
d
al
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
at
r
ix
to
a
v
o
id
m
u
tu
al
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
a
r
e
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
d
etail
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t’
s
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
2
.
1
.
T
ra
v
eling
wa
v
e
t
heo
ry
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
u
s
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
wav
e
v
el
o
city
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ar
r
i
v
a
l
tim
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
m
o
d
e
will
r
esu
lt
in
a
tim
e
d
elay
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
ed
f
a
u
lts
is
g
iv
en
as (
1
)
[
2
4
]
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
tim
e
d
elay
b
etwe
en
ze
r
o
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
o
f
Par
k
’
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
T
h
e
tim
e
d
ela
y
b
etwe
en
ze
r
o
m
o
d
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
m
o
d
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
ts
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
3
)
an
d
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
b
etwe
en
th
e
ze
r
o
m
o
d
e
an
d
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
Kar
en
b
au
er
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
(
4
)
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
2
)
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
3
)
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
14
-
24
16
T
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
t
o
is
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ze
r
o
m
o
d
e,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esid
u
al
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
(
5
)
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
ze
r
o
-
m
o
d
e
wa
v
e
v
elo
city
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e
0
is
th
e
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
0
is
ze
r
o
s
eq
u
en
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
lin
e
.
T
h
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
in
(
7
)
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
7
)
T
h
e
wav
e
v
elo
city
o
f
t
h
e
ae
r
ia
l m
o
d
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
8
)
,
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
8
)
wh
er
e
1
an
d
1
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
in
d
u
ctan
ce
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
lin
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al.
Usi
n
g
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
r
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
o
f
ae
r
ial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
r
esu
lt d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
cu
r
ac
ies;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
d
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
-
b
ased
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
a
r
e
u
s
ed
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
at
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
t
o
mo
da
l t
ra
ns
f
o
r
m
T
h
e
p
h
ase
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
u
s
in
g
Kar
e
n
b
au
e
r
’
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
to
av
o
i
d
m
u
tu
al
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
atr
ix
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
9
)
.
T
h
e
,
an
d
m
o
d
al
r
e
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
two
cu
r
r
en
t
p
h
ases
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
ze
r
o
-
m
o
d
al
(
0
)
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
ze
r
o
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
9
)
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
is
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
ae
r
ial
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
elate
d
with
Par
k
’
s
,
C
lar
k
’
s
an
d
Kar
e
n
b
au
er
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
ae
r
ial
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
2
.
3
.
Wa
v
elet
t
r
a
ns
f
o
rm
s
T
h
e
DW
T
s
p
lit
s
in
to
two
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
cA)
(
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
)
an
d
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
cD)
(
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
)
.
Giv
e
n
an
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
x
(
k
)
,
its
DW
T
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as (
1
0
)
,
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
a
0
is
th
e
s
ca
le
f
ac
to
r
,
b
0
is
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
k
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
in
p
u
t
s
am
p
le
n
u
m
b
e
r
.
Var
iab
les
m
an
d
n
r
e
p
r
esen
t m
o
th
er
wav
elet
an
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
d
lev
el,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
d
etail
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
b
6
m
o
th
er
wav
elet
f
o
r
l
ev
el1
,
2
an
d
3
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
d
to
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
ar
e
d
etec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
is
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
th
r
e
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
ig
n
als
u
s
in
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
th
r
ee
d
etail
le
v
els,
D1
,
D2
an
d
D3
to
o
b
tain
ac
cu
r
ate
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lecte
d
f
au
lt si
g
n
al.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
b
4
an
d
d
b
6
was d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
esti
m
ate
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
u
s
in
g
t
r
av
elin
g
wav
e
m
eth
o
d
,
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
-
b
ased
tim
e
d
el
ay
is
u
tili
ze
d
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
g
et
co
r
r
ec
t
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
f
au
lted
lin
e
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
th
r
ee
lev
els d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
i
m
p
le
f
a
u
l
t
e
d
p
h
a
s
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
fa
u
l
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
a
l
o
o
p
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
ys
t
em
(
S
h
w
e
My
i
n
t
)
17
0
.
6
2
5
M
H
z
-
1
.
2
5
M
H
z
H
i
g
h
P
a
s
s
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
H
L
H
L
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
2
.
5
M
H
z
-
5
M
H
z
0
-
2
.
5
M
H
z
1
0
M
H
z
H
L
1
.
2
5
M
H
z
-
2
.
5
M
H
z
0
-
1
.
2
5
M
H
z
0
-
.
6
2
5
M
H
z
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DW
T
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
will
f
ir
s
tly
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
ilter
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
an
d
t
h
en
th
e
f
ilter
ed
s
ig
n
als
will
b
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
t
o
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
av
o
id
m
u
tu
al
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
n
t
r
av
elin
g
wav
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
o
f
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
esti
m
ate
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
in
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
,
s
eq
u
en
ce
d
o
m
ain
an
d
wav
elet
d
o
m
ain
as
well.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
DW
T
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
f
au
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
c
o
n
te
n
t
in
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
ti
m
e
d
elay
s
o
f
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
m
o
d
al
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
g
en
er
ally
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
a
r
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
o
f
a
b
s
o
lu
te
m
a
x
im
a
o
f
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
ze
r
o
a
n
d
ae
r
i
al
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
av
elin
g
w
av
e
s
ig
n
als
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
b
6
m
o
th
er
wav
elet
b
ec
au
s
e
d
b
6
m
o
th
er
wav
elet
ca
n
g
iv
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
th
an
d
b
4
m
o
t
h
er
wav
elet
th
at
i
s
u
s
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
f
a
u
lt lo
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
r
th
at
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
R
e
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
f
a
u
l
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
N
o
i
s
e
F
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
M
o
d
a
l
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
W
a
v
e
l
e
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
u
l
t
y
P
h
a
s
e
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
u
l
t
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fau
lt e
s
tim
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
NS
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
s
es
a
lo
o
p
o
v
er
h
ea
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
m
o
d
i
f
ied
I
E
E
E
1
4
-
bu
s
)
test
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
o
f
3
3
k
V/1
0
k
V,
5
0
Hz
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lts
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
in
o
n
e
k
ilo
m
eter
s
tep
o
n
all
b
r
an
ch
es o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
s
es
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lin
e
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
d
e
l
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
lo
ca
tin
g
f
au
lt,
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
f
ir
s
tly
id
e
n
tifie
s
th
e
f
a
u
lted
lin
e
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
to
r
s
at
all
b
u
s
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
au
lt
d
e
tecto
r
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
at
all
b
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
f
a
u
lted
s
ec
tio
n
id
en
tific
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
5
]
is
a
p
p
lied
t
o
g
et
ac
cu
r
ate
f
au
lted
f
ee
d
er
.
Af
ter
o
b
tai
n
in
g
f
au
lty
f
ee
d
er
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tin
u
es
to
esti
m
ate
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
t
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
b
u
s
1
(
B
1
)
f
o
r
all
lin
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
14
-
24
18
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
.
Var
io
u
s
f
au
lt d
is
tan
ce
s
with
f
au
lt r
esi
s
tan
ce
0
.
0
0
1
to
5
0
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ts
with
3
0
to
7
0
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
d
B
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
as
well.
T
o
tal
1
6
5
0
ca
s
es
f
o
r
5
5
p
o
in
ts
with
1
0
0
iter
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
c
ase
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
Sy
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
1
3
.
9
6
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
0
.
3
5
H
.
4
.
1
.
Acc
ura
cy
c
a
lcula
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
f
a
u
lt
d
is
tan
ce
v
alu
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
p
ath
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ter
m
in
al.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
wh
en
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
lin
e
(
L
7
)
wh
ic
h
is
4
k
m
lo
n
g
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
way
s
to
g
et
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
iv
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lt p
o
i
n
t (
F)
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ter
m
in
al
(
B
1
)
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
-
1
B
-
2
G
G
G
L
2
L
3
L
4
L
5
L
6
L
7
L
8
L
1
4
L
1
0
L
1
1
L
1
2
L
1
3
L
9
L
1
5
L
1
6
B
-
3
B
-
4
B
-
8
B
-
7
B
-
9
B
-
5
B
-
6
B
-
1
2
B
-
1
3
B
-
1
1
B
-
1
0
B
-
1
4
2
k
m
4
k
m
4
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m
6
k
m
1
0
k
m
4
k
m
2
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m
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k
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5
k
m
4
k
m
4
k
m
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k
m
4
k
m
6
k
m
4
k
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
E
E
E
1
4
-
B
u
s
m
o
d
if
i
ed
test
s
y
s
tem
[
2
5
]
F
a
u
l
t
F
a
u
l
t
F
a
u
l
t
F
a
u
l
t
F
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5
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8
k
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B
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6
k
m
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0
k
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4
k
m
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4
B
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0
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k
m
2
k
m
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4
B
3
B
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B
1
4
k
m
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k
m
2
k
m
B
4
B
2
B
5
B
1
4
k
m
1
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k
m
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k
m
1
2
k
m
2
2
k
m
2
k
m
6
k
m
L
o
o
p
(
1
)
L
o
o
p
(
2
)
L
o
o
p
(
3
)
L
o
o
p
(
4
)
L
o
o
p
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Po
s
s
ib
le
ac
tu
al
f
au
lt
d
is
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ce
s
wh
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lt o
cc
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L
7
Acc
o
r
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to
th
ese
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o
p
s
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p
o
s
s
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le
f
au
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ce
s
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r
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t
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e
8
,
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1
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an
d
2
2
k
m
th
at
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e
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o
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s
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le
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e
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g
e
o
f
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o
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n
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o
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eo
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f
th
e
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m
ated
f
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lt
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with
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th
e
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g
e,
th
e
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T
h
en
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ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
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ce
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th
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g
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latin
g
th
e
f
au
lt
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is
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m
atio
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cu
r
ac
y
(
FDEA
C
)
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
=
0
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
−
0
)
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
i
m
p
le
f
a
u
l
t
e
d
p
h
a
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b
u
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ys
t
em
(
S
h
w
e
My
i
n
t
)
19
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
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ex
am
p
le
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
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e
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tu
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f
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h
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ith
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t
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l
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n
t
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ed
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f
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e
two
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o
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s
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le
AFD
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th
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s
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n
e
is
ch
o
s
en
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Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
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ig
n
als
m
ix
ed
with
n
o
is
e
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0
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d
B
,
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d
th
e
esti
m
ated
f
au
lt
d
is
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ce
is
7
.
9
9
0
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m
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T
h
er
e
f
o
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e,
th
e
ac
tu
al
f
au
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d
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tan
ce
wo
u
ld
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e
8
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m
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ec
a
u
s
e
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is
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e
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s
est
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e
to
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e
esti
m
ated
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e
in
th
is
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s
e.
T
h
e
FDEA
C
is
9
9
.
8
9
% b
y
(
1
1
)
.
4
.
2
.
Arr
iv
ing
t
im
e
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
a
ulte
d
p
ha
s
e
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
s
es
th
e
ar
r
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al
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
elate
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to
th
e
f
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lted
p
h
ase
to
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h
ie
v
e
b
ett
er
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
a
r
r
iv
al
tim
e
s
o
f
th
e
tr
av
ellin
g
wav
e
wh
e
n
p
h
ase
‘
c’
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
C
G)
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
L
7
.
Fo
u
r
m
o
d
es o
f
t
r
av
ellin
g
wav
e
a
r
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fro
m
th
is
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
tim
e
o
f
an
d
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
p
h
ase
‘
c’
,
th
e
f
au
l
ted
p
h
ase.
I
f
wr
o
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
u
s
ed
,
t
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
c
o
u
ld
b
e
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
e
o
f
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
r
elate
d
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
to
g
et
h
ig
h
er
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ar
r
i
v
in
g
tim
es o
f
d
et
ail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
ze
r
o
an
d
ae
r
ial
m
o
d
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wh
en
a
s
in
g
le
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
C
G)
f
a
u
lt o
cc
u
r
s
at
L
7
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
A
r
r
i
v
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
m
s)
mo
d
a
l
40
.
05
mo
d
a
l
40
.
03
mo
d
a
l
40
.
03
Ze
r
o
mo
d
a
l
40
.
15
4
.
3
.
Det
a
il
l
ev
el
a
na
ly
s
is
wit
ho
ut
n
o
is
e
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
,
th
e
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
u
s
ed
to
lo
ca
lize
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
ti
m
e
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
u
s
es
th
e
d
b
6
m
o
th
er
wav
elet
an
d
th
r
ee
lev
el
o
f
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
d
etail
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
h
e
f
au
lt
esti
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
ca
s
es
ar
e
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
tak
en
f
r
o
m
:
i)
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
lev
e
l1
(
D
1
)
,
lev
el2
(
D
2
)
an
d
lev
el3
(
D
3
)
s
h
o
wn
h
er
e
as
(D
1
+D
2
+D
3
)
;
ii)
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
D
1
an
d
D
2
,
s
h
o
wn
h
er
e
as
(
D
1
+D
2
)
;
iii)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
D
1
;
iv
)
th
e
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ted
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
D
2
;
an
d
v
)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
c
ted
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
D
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
test
ed
with
s
in
g
le
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
SL
G)
f
au
lt
f
o
r
all
lin
es
o
f
test
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
FDEA
C
f
o
r
all
lin
es
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
n
o
is
e
in
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
with
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
au
l
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
etail
lev
el
1
,
2
an
d
3
(
D
1
+D
2
+D
3
)
g
i
v
e
th
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
f
iv
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ca
s
es,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
y
co
v
er
wid
est f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
all
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
% o
f
FDEA
C
f
o
r
all
lin
es with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
etail
lev
els with
o
u
t n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ts
F
a
u
l
t
e
d
Li
n
e
s
%
F
D
EA
C
b
y
D
1
+D
2
+D
3
D
1
+D
2
D
1
D
2
D
3
L1
9
9
.
6
8
9
9
.
6
8
9
9
.
9
0
0
.
0
0
9
8
.
1
9
L2
9
9
.
7
5
9
9
.
9
7
9
9
.
6
8
9
9
.
6
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v
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r
a
g
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0
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
14
-
24
20
4
.
4
.
Det
a
il
l
ev
el
a
na
ly
s
is
wit
h
n
o
is
e
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
et
o
f
d
etail
co
ef
f
icien
ts
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
ar
r
i
v
al
tim
e,
th
e
Gau
s
s
ian
wh
ite
n
o
is
e
is
ad
d
e
d
to
s
im
u
late
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
m
ay
b
e
n
o
is
y
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was d
o
n
e
with
SNR
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
7
0
d
B
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
ies
b
y
D
1
ar
e
th
e
b
est
in
o
v
e
r
all,
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
in
g
le
ca
s
e
f
o
r
f
iv
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
etail
lev
els.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
with
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
etail
lev
el
1
,
lev
el
2
,
an
d
lev
el
3
ca
n
g
iv
e
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
h
ig
h
n
o
is
e
lev
els,
s
u
ch
as
4
0
d
B
an
d
5
0
d
B
a
n
d
th
e
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
p
a
r
am
eter
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
f
a
u
lted
lin
es
ar
e
ab
o
v
e
9
9
%.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
tim
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
a
u
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
at
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
is
a
c
o
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
s
ig
n
als
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
etail
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
lev
el
1
,
lev
el
2
an
d
lev
el
3
(
D
1
+D
2
+D
3
)
o
f
d
b
6
m
o
t
h
er
wav
elet.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
FDEA
C
f
o
r
all
lin
es with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
etail
lev
els u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t n
o
is
e
lev
els
4
.
5
.
Acc
ura
cy
p
er
f
o
rma
nce
o
f
p
ro
po
s
ed
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
with
ad
d
iti
v
e
n
o
is
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
f
au
lt d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
v
ellin
g
wav
e
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t d
ela
y
t
im
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
q
,
d
0
a
n
d
m
o
d
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
E
x
a
m
p
les
in
clu
d
e
all
s
in
g
le
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
in
T
ab
le
3
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
h
ase
‘
a
’
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
AG)
f
au
lt,
h
ig
h
er
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
tim
e
d
el
ay
o
f
th
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
u
s
e
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
f
r
o
m
or
.
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
r
esu
lt u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
n
-
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
g
iv
e
lo
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
er
c
en
tag
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
u
s
in
g
tim
e
d
elay
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
is
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
to
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
d
q
an
d
d
0
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
h
ase
‘
b
’
t
o
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
B
G)
f
au
lt,
a
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
a
v
er
ag
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
tim
e
d
elay
(
or
)
s
p
ec
if
ically
ab
o
v
e
9
9
%.
T
h
er
e
is
ex
ce
p
tio
n
at
3
0
d
B
SN
R
ca
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
g
ets
lo
wer
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
er
n
o
is
e
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
if
th
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
tim
e
d
elay
,
,
is
u
s
ed
,
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
is
le
s
s
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
th
e
B
G
f
au
lt
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
f
a
u
lt d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt lo
ca
liza
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
f
au
lt o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
L
1
F
a
u
l
t
t
y
p
e
S
N
R
(
d
B
)
dq
t
d
t
t
t
t
AG
30
9
9
.
8
8
9
9
.
9
6
9
9
.
4
9
9
9
.
9
8
7
2
.
6
3
AG
40
9
9
.
5
6
9
9
.
5
1
9
9
.
5
4
9
9
.
5
1
5
0
.
4
8
AG
50
9
9
.
2
8
9
9
.
2
8
9
9
.
2
8
9
9
.
2
8
3
2
.
3
1
AG
60
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
6
9
.
4
4
AG
70
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
5
5
.
3
3
BG
30
3
1
.
1
0
2
6
.
6
3
3
1
.
8
0
1
3
.
8
5
9
3
.
5
0
BG
40
9
8
.
0
5
4
7
.
9
3
9
4
.
0
5
1
3
.
8
5
9
9
.
1
5
BG
50
9
9
.
8
4
7
3
.
9
1
9
9
.
8
8
1
8
.
9
6
9
9
.
8
6
BG
60
9
9
.
6
3
9
1
.
2
7
9
9
.
6
6
8
9
.
6
7
9
9
.
6
6
BG
70
9
9
.
2
8
9
8
.
4
0
9
9
.
2
8
8
2
.
0
0
9
9
.
2
8
CG
30
9
7
.
8
7
9
9
.
5
6
4
0
.
0
4
9
9
.
6
4
9
8
.
4
8
CG
40
9
8
.
7
9
9
9
.
7
9
2
2
.
3
7
9
9
.
7
9
9
9
.
7
9
CG
50
9
9
.
1
0
9
9
.
2
6
6
1
.
2
5
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
CG
60
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
3
6
.
6
2
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
CG
70
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
4
9
.
1
0
9
9
.
2
6
9
9
.
2
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
i
m
p
le
f
a
u
l
t
e
d
p
h
a
s
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
fa
u
l
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
a
l
o
o
p
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
ys
t
em
(
S
h
w
e
My
i
n
t
)
21
Fin
ally
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
h
ase
‘
c’
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
C
G)
f
a
u
lt,
th
e
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
r
esu
lt
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
(
o
r
)
g
iv
es
ab
o
v
e
9
9
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
tim
e
d
elay
ca
n
g
et
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
t
h
an
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tim
e
d
elay
u
n
d
er
lo
w
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
3
0
d
B
an
d
4
0
d
B
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
(
AG)
f
au
lt c
as
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
a
t
th
e
tim
e
d
ela
y
o
f
th
at
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
u
s
in
g
Kar
en
b
au
er
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
iv
e
th
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
in
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lt,
two
tim
e
-
d
elay
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
v
er
y
clo
s
e,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
an
d
f
o
r
p
h
ase
‘
a’
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
l
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
u
s
e
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
r
esu
lt a
s
well
.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
an
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
all
lin
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
av
e
r
ag
e
f
a
u
lt
d
is
tan
ce
e
s
tim
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
all
lin
es with
ad
d
itiv
e
n
o
is
e
at
7
0
d
B
SNR
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
s
wer
e
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
au
lt c
u
r
r
en
t a
t 0
.
0
0
1
Oh
m
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6(
a
)
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
at
5
0
O
h
m
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6(
b
)
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
av
er
ag
e
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
s
in
g
th
r
e
e
-
tim
e
d
elay
s
:
d
0
t
im
e
d
elay
,
d
q
tim
e
d
elay
an
d
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
(
FP
)
tim
e
d
elay
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FP
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
tim
e
d
elay
(
,
,
an
d
)
g
iv
es
b
etter
av
er
ag
e
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tim
e
d
elay
s
(
an
d
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
in
ca
s
e
o
f
f
a
u
lts
in
m
o
s
t
lin
es.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
ed
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
f
au
lt
o
n
lin
e
1
3
is
wo
r
s
e
th
an
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
u
s
e
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
was
d
o
n
e
at
B
u
s
1
,
wh
ich
is
f
ar
awa
y
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
p
o
in
t
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
d
o
u
b
le
ch
ec
k
o
r
n
ar
r
o
w
d
o
wn
th
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
n
lin
e
4
at
5
0
Oh
m
s
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
ta
n
ce
is
also
wo
r
s
e
th
an
th
e
0
.
0
0
1
Oh
m
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
s
e.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
s
h
o
r
ter
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
lo
wer
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
al
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
wa
v
e
let
to
g
iv
e
th
e
i
n
ac
cu
r
ate
ti
m
e
d
elay
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
f
au
lt
o
n
all
lin
es
in
t
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
o
f
th
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
f
a
u
lt d
is
tan
ce
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
f
a
u
lt d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
all
lin
es with
SNR
=7
0
d
B
f
o
r
(
a
)
R
f
=0
.
0
0
1
Ω
an
d
(
b
)
R
f
=5
0
Ω
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
14
-
24
22
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
v
er
all
av
er
ag
e
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
all
s
p
ec
if
ied
SN
R
v
alu
es i
s
i
ll
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7(
a
)
f
o
r
0
.
0
0
1
Oh
m
m
in
im
u
m
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
7(
b
)
f
o
r
5
0
Oh
m
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ass
u
m
ed
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
all
lin
es
with
th
e
s
am
e
SNR
.
T
h
r
ee
lin
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
alu
e
esti
m
ated
with
d
0
tim
e
d
elay
,
d
q
tim
e
d
elay
an
d
FP
tim
e
d
elay
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ov
e
r
all
av
er
ag
e
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
all
lin
es with
SNR
=
3
0
to
7
0
d
B
f
o
r
(
a
)
R
f
=
0
.
0
0
1
a
n
d
(
b
)
R
f
=
5
0
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
tim
e
d
elay
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
it
g
iv
es
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
a
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tim
e
d
elay
f
r
o
m
ae
r
ial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
)
an
d
ae
r
ial
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
)
f
o
r
all
th
e
n
o
is
e
ca
s
e.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
e
f
au
lted
p
h
as
e
co
n
tain
s
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
f
au
lt
th
a
n
th
e
h
ea
l
th
y
lin
e,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
q
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
it
ca
n
ac
cu
r
ately
l
o
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
in
a
lo
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ev
e
n
with
ad
d
itiv
e
n
o
is
e
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
im
p
le
f
au
lt
lo
ca
lizatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
in
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
a
n
d
p
ass
f
ilter
,
Kar
e
n
b
au
er
’
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
w
av
el
et
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
cr
iter
ia
to
esti
m
ate
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
b
y
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
s
(
B
1
)
o
f
th
e
test
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
th
e
ar
r
i
v
in
g
tim
e
o
f
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
-
b
ase
d
m
o
d
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
ca
n
g
i
v
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
th
an
th
at
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
with
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
n
o
i
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
s
u
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
i
m
p
le
f
a
u
l
t
e
d
p
h
a
s
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
fa
u
l
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
a
l
o
o
p
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
ys
t
em
(
S
h
w
e
My
i
n
t
)
23
as
wh
ite
n
o
is
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
d
etail
lev
el
an
aly
s
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
tim
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
m
b
in
ed
th
e
th
r
ee
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
c
ted
s
ig
n
als
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
d
etail
lev
el
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
D1
,
D2
an
d
D3
)
ca
n
g
iv
e
b
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
f
a
u
lted
p
h
ase
tim
e
d
elay
(
)
ca
n
g
iv
e
b
e
tter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
an
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tim
e
d
elay
(
)
an
d
ae
r
ial
d
if
f
e
r
en
t tim
e
d
el
ay
(
)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
test
ed
with
d
a
ta
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
with
1
6
5
0
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es
o
f
s
am
p
led
d
a
ta
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
f
au
lte
d
f
ee
d
e
r
s
,
f
a
u
lted
r
esis
tan
ce
,
3
0
to
7
0
d
B
SNR
v
alu
es
an
d
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
latio
n
s
in
g
le
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt
in
a
1
0
k
V
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
lo
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
g
iv
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
p
to
9
9
.
7
%
with
3
0
d
B
co
n
tam
in
ated
SNR
f
o
r
th
e
n
ea
r
est
lin
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ter
m
in
al.
Usi
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
f
au
lt
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
ca
n
g
et
u
p
t
o
8
3
%
an
d
o
v
er
all
f
au
lt
d
is
tan
ce
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
p
to
9
3
%.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
r
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[
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