I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
N
o
v
em
b
e
r
20
21
,
p
p
.
7
2
8
~
7
3
5
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijeecs.v
2
4
.i
2
.
pp
728
-
7
3
5
728
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dev
elo
pment of
an o
ptical p
H
mea
surem
ent
sy
stem
ba
sed o
n
co
lo
rimetric
e
ff
e
c
t
P
ute
ri
Nur
Sy
a
hira
h M
o
ha
m
ed
M
us
t
a
f
a
1
,
Aim
a
n Sha
hm
i A
za
m
2
,
M
o
hd
Su
ha
im
i S
ula
im
a
n
3
,
Ahm
a
d F
a
iruz
O
m
a
r
4
,
M
o
ha
m
a
d F
a
iz
a
l A
bd
Ra
hm
a
n
5
1,
2,
3,
5
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
,
S
h
a
h
Al
a
m
,
M
a
lay
sia
4
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s M
a
lay
sia
,
S
h
a
h
Ala
m
,
M
a
lay
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
22
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
7
,
2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
16
,
2
0
2
1
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
H
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
t
o
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
p
H
le
v
e
ls
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
lo
rime
tri
c
re
a
c
ti
o
n
s
with
p
h
e
n
o
l
re
d
re
a
g
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
sin
g
wa
s
a
c
h
iev
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
p
a
ir
o
f
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
(
LED
)
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
io
d
e
.
T
h
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
wa
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
iffere
n
t
a
b
so
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
f
li
g
h
t
i
n
ten
sity
a
t
p
H
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
2
.
3
6
,
8
.
3
2
,
9
.
0
8
a
n
d
1
2
.
8
3
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
u
si
n
g
Lab
VIEW
so
f
twa
re
a
n
d
i
n
terfa
c
e
d
with
NI
USB
DA
Q
6
0
0
8
.
Th
e
m
e
a
su
re
d
v
o
l
tag
e
sh
o
we
d
a
g
o
o
d
c
o
rre
latio
n
i
n
re
lati
o
n
to
th
e
p
H
lev
e
l
with
R2
e
q
u
a
ls
t
o
0
.
9
6
2
4
.
Th
is
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
wa
s
u
se
d
a
s
a
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
c
u
rv
e
in
th
e
f
in
a
l
s
y
ste
m
tes
ti
n
g
.
Th
e
fi
n
a
l
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
H
sh
o
we
d
a
g
o
o
d
a
g
re
e
m
e
n
t
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
a
c
tu
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
w
it
h
a
n
e
r
ro
r
o
f
les
s
th
a
n
5
%
,
th
u
s in
d
ica
ti
n
g
t
h
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
C
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
L
E
D
b
ased
Op
tical
s
en
s
in
g
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
ad
Faizal
Ab
d
R
ah
m
a
n
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
Kam
p
u
s
Per
m
atan
g
Pau
h
,
Sh
a
h
Alam
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: f
aiza
l6
3
5
@
u
itm
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
cien
tific
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
,
p
H
lev
el
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
.
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
a
liq
u
id
/s
o
lu
tio
n
’
s
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
h
e
n
ce
it
is
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
u
n
d
esire
d
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
as we
ll a
s
o
p
tim
is
in
g
d
esire
d
b
en
ef
icial
r
ea
ctio
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Sev
er
al
p
h
y
s
ical,
b
io
lo
g
ical,
an
d
ch
em
ical
p
ar
am
eter
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ec
o
g
n
is
ed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
class
if
y
it
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Ma
n
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
ed
icin
e,
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
,
o
ce
an
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
f
o
r
estry
,
ci
v
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
c
h
em
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
wate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
p
u
r
if
ic
atio
n
,
f
o
o
d
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
n
u
t
r
itio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t o
f
p
H
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
en
s
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
ap
te
d
f
o
r
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
u
ch
as
p
o
ten
tio
m
etr
ic,
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
a
n
d
co
lo
r
im
et
r
ic
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
an
d
c
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
e
f
f
ec
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
in
s
o
lu
tio
n
-
b
ased
a
p
p
licatio
n
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
c
h
as
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
s
elec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
o
f
p
H
lev
el
in
c
o
l
o
r
i
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
r
e
f
l
e
ct
s
its
c
o
l
o
u
r
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
af
f
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
ca
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
es
s
u
ch
a
s
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
r
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
t
h
i
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
c
a
n
b
e
m
a
n
i
p
u
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
m
e
a
s
u
r
a
b
l
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
ch
co
l
o
r
i
m
etr
ic
ef
f
ec
t,
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
ea
g
e
n
ts
an
d
ch
em
o
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
co
l
o
u
r
an
ts
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
an
d
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
o
p
tical
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
b
es
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
p
H
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
n
o
p
tica
l
p
H
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
P
u
teri
N
u
r
S
ya
h
ir
a
h
Mo
h
a
med
Mu
s
ta
fa
)
729
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
i
n
b
o
th
s
m
all
s
ca
le
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ize
a
p
p
licatio
n
d
u
e
to
its
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ad
v
an
tag
es
[
1
8
]
-
[2
0]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
ap
ted
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
c
o
m
m
er
cial
co
lo
r
im
eter
with
g
o
o
d
r
ep
u
tatio
n
s
an
d
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
As
b
ased
o
n
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
ey
tak
e
t
h
e
wate
r
s
am
p
le
to
a
lab
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
th
en
tak
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
e
d
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
ex
h
a
u
s
tin
g
,
ted
io
u
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
s
tly
[
2
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
u
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
c
o
m
in
g
with
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
co
s
t
wh
ic
h
lim
its
its
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
t
o
h
av
e
a
lo
w
co
s
t
s
y
s
tem
is
th
u
s
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
a
ctiv
ities
to
v
er
if
y
an
d
m
o
n
it
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
ettin
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
H
r
el
ated
ap
p
licatio
n
[
2
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
is
wo
r
k
is
aim
ed
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
p
H
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
e
v
elo
p
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
n
ef
it
s
m
all
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
as
well
as
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
an
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
h
o
t
o
d
io
d
e
c
o
u
p
led
with
a
b
lu
e
l
ig
h
t
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
LED
)
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
etec
t
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
co
lo
u
r
an
d
p
H
in
aq
u
eo
u
s
m
ed
iu
m
b
ase
d
o
n
b
ee
r
s
law
an
d
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
I
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
elec
tr
ical
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
in
to
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
als
an
d
s
en
d
s
th
em
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
r
e.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ials
,
allo
win
g
th
e
d
esig
n
er
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
[
2
5
]
.
L
E
Ds
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
as
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
m
a
n
y
lo
w
c
o
s
t
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
its
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
life
cy
cle,
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
c
o
lo
u
r
r
an
g
e,
lo
w
r
ad
iated
h
ea
t
as
well
as
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t,
p
h
en
o
l
r
ed
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
H
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ea
g
en
t
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
as
p
H
in
d
icato
r
i
n
m
an
y
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
b
ased
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
in
ce
ll
cu
ltu
r
e,
m
ed
ical
an
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
test
s
[
2
7
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
I
ts
g
o
al
i
s
to
lear
n
h
o
w
well
an
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
,
as
well
as
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
ic
al
p
ar
am
eter
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
[
3
0
]
.
2.
M
E
T
HOD
O
L
O
G
Y
In
th
is
wo
r
k
,
f
o
u
r
co
lo
u
r
less
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
H
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
s
am
p
les,
n
am
el
y
v
in
eg
ar
,
tap
wate
r
,
b
ak
in
g
s
o
d
a
an
d
b
leac
h
.
1
0
m
l
o
f
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
p
lace
d
in
s
id
e
a
test
cu
v
ette
f
o
r
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
(
HACH)
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
.
T
h
is
r
ea
d
in
g
wa
s
u
s
ed
as
a
b
aselin
e
p
H
with
n
o
r
ea
g
en
t p
r
esen
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was r
ep
ea
ted
b
y
ad
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
d
r
o
p
s
(
1
to
4
d
r
o
p
s
)
o
f
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t;
p
h
en
o
l
r
ed
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
Ph
e
n
o
l
r
ed
wate
r
-
s
o
lu
b
le
d
y
e
was
u
s
ed
as
a
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
e
ag
en
t
o
r
p
H
in
d
icato
r
,
ch
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
y
ell
o
w
to
r
ed
all
o
v
er
.
T
h
e
p
H
lev
el
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
p
h
e
n
o
l
r
ed
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ea
g
en
t
p
r
es
en
ce
.
T
h
is
is
cr
u
cial
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
n
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
in
p
H
d
u
e
to
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
r
ea
g
en
t,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
g
i
v
e
in
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les we
r
e
th
en
lab
elled
an
d
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
esti
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
ts
(
a)
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t u
s
in
g
a
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
(
b
)
Ph
en
o
l r
ed
as c
o
l
o
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t
Sy
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
:
a)
Op
tical
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
etu
p
f
o
r
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
I
n
th
is
s
etu
p
,
a
b
lu
e
L
E
D
(
λ
=
5
6
0
n
m
)
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
ile
a
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
was
u
s
ed
as
a
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
er
cir
cu
it
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
th
e
r
ea
d
o
u
t
cir
cu
itr
y
,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
b
y
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
to
r
o
f
1
0
0
k
Ω
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
it
was
tar
g
eted
to
h
av
e
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
5
V
ac
r
o
s
s
X2
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
)
f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
p
H.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
was
also
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
DAQ)
wh
ich
wo
r
k
ed
at
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
5
V.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
L
E
D
an
d
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
was
1
2
m
m
to
allo
w
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
a
cu
v
ette
with
a
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
50
×
10
×
10
mm
.
T
h
e
s
etu
p
was
p
lace
d
in
s
id
e
a
b
lack
b
o
x
co
n
tain
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tr
ay
lig
h
t e
f
f
ec
t t
h
at
co
u
ld
in
ter
f
er
e
with
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
2
4
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
21
:
7
2
8
-
735
730
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Op
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
etu
p
;
(
a)
o
p
ti
ca
l sy
s
tem
an
d
(
b
)
s
ch
em
atic
cir
cu
it o
f
o
p
tical
s
en
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b)
Data
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
(
DAQ)
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
GUI
)
Data
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
(
s
ig
n
al
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
)
was
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
NI
USB
DAQ
6
0
0
8
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
an
alo
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ea
d
o
u
t
cir
c
u
itry
was
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
b
in
a
r
y
co
d
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
DAQ
)
u
s
in
g
its
in
ter
n
al
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC
)
.
On
ce
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
was
estab
lis
h
ed
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
ata
was
th
en
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
d
e
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
L
ab
VI
E
W
2
0
1
5
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Usi
n
g
L
ab
VI
E
W
,
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
as
a
m
e
d
iu
m
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
u
s
er
an
d
th
e
o
p
tical
s
en
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
d
i
r
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
PC
o
r
lap
to
p
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
an
d
th
e
f
r
o
n
t p
an
el
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
NI
L
ab
VI
E
W
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
L
a
b
VI
E
W
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
;
(
a)
g
r
ap
h
ical
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
an
d
(
b
)
f
r
o
n
t
p
an
el
(
GUI
)
c)
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
wo
r
k
,
two
ty
p
es o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t w
er
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
.
I
n
itially
,
v
o
ltag
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
o
b
tai
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
H
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
is
s
tep
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
s
tu
d
y
h
o
w
th
e
s
ig
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
is
ch
an
g
in
g
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
co
lo
r
im
e
tr
ic
s
am
p
les.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
in
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
th
e
f
in
al
test
in
g
was
aim
ed
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
H
le
v
el.
Sam
p
les
wer
e
in
itially
p
r
ep
ar
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
ea
r
lier
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
H
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
.
-
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t (
p
H
v
s
v
o
ltag
e)
I
n
itially
,
th
e
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
i
n
th
e
cu
v
ette
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
tical
s
etu
p
ex
p
lain
ed
e
ar
lier
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
a
cu
v
ette
an
d
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
Vo
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
n
o
p
tica
l
p
H
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
P
u
teri
N
u
r
S
ya
h
ir
a
h
Mo
h
a
med
Mu
s
ta
fa
)
731
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
af
ter
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
l
o
r
im
etr
ic
s
o
lu
t
io
n
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
H
v
alu
e
s
.
Sev
er
al
r
ea
d
in
g
s
wer
e
ta
k
en
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
th
at
co
u
ld
h
ap
p
en
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
wer
e
th
en
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
p
lo
tted
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
p
H
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
an
aly
s
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
lin
ea
r
ity
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
c
al
ib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
p
H
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
.
-
Fin
al
test
in
g
(
ac
tu
al
p
H
v
s
m
e
asu
r
ed
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
)
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
was
ex
ec
u
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
etu
p
as
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
s
am
p
les
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
an
d
r
ep
ea
ted
s
ev
er
al
tim
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
f
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
co
llected
an
d
p
lo
tted
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
eir
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
o
v
er
all
s
etu
p
d)
Data
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
y
s
tem
v
er
if
icatio
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
llected
d
ata,
t
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
H
s
am
p
les
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
c
u
r
v
e.
F
o
r
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
H
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e,
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
lin
ea
r
ity
as we
ll a
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wa
s
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
an
d
t
h
e
p
H
m
e
asu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
wer
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
wh
ich
wer
e
ca
lc
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
=
|
−
|
(
1
)
=
|
−
|
100%
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
=
(
)
=
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
IS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Sam
p
le
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
H
le
v
el
o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
p
H
lev
el
with
n
o
r
ea
g
e
n
t
p
r
esen
ce
as
well
as
wh
en
s
ev
er
al
d
r
o
p
s
wer
e
ad
d
ed
.
I
t c
an
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
is
o
n
ly
a
s
lig
h
t v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
H
wh
en
th
e
r
e
ag
en
t w
as a
d
d
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
er
p
H
lev
el.
B
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
H
(
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
ea
g
e
n
t)
with
t
h
e
p
H
(
n
o
r
ea
g
e
n
t
p
r
esen
ce
)
,
th
e
d
ata
g
iv
es c
o
n
v
in
cin
g
r
esu
lts
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
H
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
s
h
o
ws t
h
at
f
o
r
all
s
am
p
les,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
d
ev
iatio
n
is
all
less
th
an
5
%.
Du
e
to
s
u
ch
a
s
m
all
v
alu
e
o
f
r
elativ
e
er
r
o
r
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
u
n
d
er
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
less
th
an
f
o
u
r
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t,
th
e
s
am
p
les
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
H
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
its
co
lo
u
r
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
e
n
o
l
r
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
ef
f
ec
t w
ill n
o
t in
f
lu
en
ce
m
u
c
h
o
n
p
H
an
d
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
t
h
is
test
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
2
4
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
21
:
7
2
8
-
735
732
T
ab
le
1
.
T
a
b
le
o
f
s
am
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
N
o
.
o
f
R
e
a
g
e
n
t
D
r
o
p
S
A
M
P
LE
1
1
0
m
l
V
i
n
e
g
a
r
(
p
H
)
S
A
M
P
LE
2
1
0
m
l
Ta
p
W
a
t
e
r
(
p
H
)
S
A
M
P
LE
3
1
0
m
l
B
a
k
i
n
g
S
o
d
a
(
p
H
)
S
A
M
P
LE
4
1
0
m
l
B
l
e
a
c
h
(
p
H
)
0
1
2
3
4
2
.
3
5
2
.
3
5
2
.
3
6
2
.
3
7
2
.
3
4
2
.
3
7
8
.
2
8
8
.
3
2
8
.
3
1
8
.
3
2
8
.
3
4
8
.
3
6
8
.
8
6
9
.
1
4
9
.
1
4
9
.
1
3
9
.
1
2
9
.
0
7
1
2
.
6
9
1
2
.
8
0
1
2
.
8
3
1
2
.
8
6
1
2
.
8
8
1
2
.
9
0
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2
.
3
6
p
H
8
.
3
2
p
H
9
.
0
8
p
H
1
2
.
8
3
p
H
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
c
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
s
am
p
les
as
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
As
ex
p
ec
ted
,
th
e
co
lo
u
r
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
g
o
es
y
ello
wis
h
f
o
r
p
H
less
th
an
6
an
d
r
ed
d
is
h
f
o
r
p
H
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
an
d
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
in
d
icate
t
h
e
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
e
f
f
ec
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
lo
r
im
etr
ic
r
ea
g
en
t,
p
h
en
o
l r
ed
.
T
h
e
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
was
th
en
l
ab
elled
as
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
H
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
s
am
p
les.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
g
en
er
atin
g
t
h
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
m
ea
n
t f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
-
p
H
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
f
in
al
s
y
s
tem
s
e
tu
p
.
T
h
e
p
lo
tted
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
p
H
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
lo
t
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
p
H
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
is
g
en
er
all
y
lin
ea
r
with
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
lin
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
R
2
is
eq
u
al
to
0
.
9
6
2
4
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
H
f
o
r
th
e
g
iv
en
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
H
lev
el.
T
h
e
e
q
u
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
co
m
p
u
te
d
to
b
e
e
q
u
al
to
=
0
.
0069
+
3
.
39
.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
o
f
th
is
eq
u
atio
n
g
iv
es
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
p
H
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
in
d
icate
th
at
f
o
r
a
u
n
it c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
H,
it will p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
6
.
9
m
V,
wh
ile
th
e
in
ter
ce
p
t g
iv
es th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
an
o
f
f
s
et
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
also
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
c
o
lo
u
r
c
h
an
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
lo
r
im
etr
ic
ef
f
e
ct
(
ass
o
ciate
s
w
ith
p
H
v
ar
iatio
n
)
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ab
s
o
r
b
a
n
ce
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
th
at
is
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
to
d
etec
t
s
m
all
ch
an
g
es
in
li
g
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
b
ec
o
m
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
pH
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
(
ac
tu
al
v
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
)
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
H
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
E
D
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sam
p
le
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
with
tr
u
e
v
alu
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
ag
a
in
ts
p
H
lev
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
n
o
p
tica
l
p
H
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
P
u
teri
N
u
r
S
ya
h
ir
a
h
Mo
h
a
med
Mu
s
ta
fa
)
733
T
ab
le
2
.
Vo
ltag
e
r
ea
d
in
g
at
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
f
o
r
b
lu
e
L
E
D
S
a
mp
l
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
V
i
n
e
g
a
r
3
.
4
2
Ta
p
W
a
t
e
r
3
.
5
3
B
a
k
i
n
g
S
o
d
a
3
.
6
7
B
l
e
a
c
h
3
.
7
8
T
ab
le
3
.
p
H
r
ea
d
in
g
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
S
a
mp
l
e
pH
Er
r
o
r
A
c
t
u
a
l
p
H
M
e
a
su
r
e
d
p
H
A
b
so
l
u
t
e
Er
r
o
r
Er
r
o
r
(
%)
V
i
n
e
g
a
r
2
.
3
6
2
.
2
5
0
.
1
1
4
.
6
6
Ta
p
W
a
t
e
r
8
.
3
2
8
.
0
2
0
.
3
0
3
.
6
1
B
a
k
i
n
g
S
o
d
a
9
.
0
8
8
.
8
7
0
.
2
1
2
.
2
8
B
l
e
a
c
h
1
2
.
8
2
1
3
.
1
0
0
.
2
8
2
.
1
8
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
H
v
al
u
es
g
iv
e
a
v
er
y
s
m
all
d
ev
iatio
n
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
v
alu
es.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
its
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
,
in
g
en
er
al
,
th
e
ca
l
cu
lated
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
less
th
a
n
5
%
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
t
is
also
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
s
b
ec
o
m
es
less
as
th
e
p
H
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
ee
it
c
lear
ly
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
er
r
o
r
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
f
in
al
g
r
a
p
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
lo
t
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
H
with
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
ar
o
f
5
%.
I
n
th
is
g
r
ap
h
,
th
e
id
ea
l
an
d
tar
g
e
ted
lin
e
(
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
es
eq
u
al
to
ac
tu
al
v
al
u
es)
is
also
in
clu
d
ed
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
t
ar
g
eted
v
al
u
es,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
H
f
o
r
all
s
am
p
les
lies
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
%
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
v
alu
e
lies
with
in
5
% o
f
th
e
g
i
v
en
to
ler
an
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
lev
el
o
f
p
H,
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
a
r
(
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
)
b
ec
o
m
es
lar
g
er
,
th
u
s
allo
win
g
a
lar
g
e
r
d
e
v
iatio
n
to
b
e
with
in
5
%
to
ler
a
n
ce
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
a
lo
wer
p
H,
a
s
m
all
ch
an
g
es
o
f
er
r
o
r
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
e
r
r
o
r
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
t
h
at
co
u
l
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
.
Simp
lific
atio
n
er
r
o
r
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
ed
o
f
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
th
at
is
n
o
t
ex
ac
tly
eq
u
al
to
u
n
ity
m
ig
h
t in
tr
o
d
u
ce
er
r
o
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
v
o
lt
ag
e
in
to
p
H.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ac
tiv
ity
co
u
ld
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
d
ata.
Gr
o
s
s
an
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
co
u
ld
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
s
tr
ay
lig
h
t
d
u
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
Fin
ally
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
n
aly
s
ed
d
ata,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
g
o
o
d
lin
ea
r
ity
,
s
m
all
d
e
v
iatio
n
an
d
e
r
r
o
r
s
an
d
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
to
ler
an
ce
s
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
o
p
tical
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
is
s
u
itab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
v
er
y
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
H
in
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
to
ler
a
n
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
p
H
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
y
s
tem
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t
i
s
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
es
o
f
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
r
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
w
s
a
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
n
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
l
e
r
an
c
e
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
d
y
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
h
e
n
o
l
r
e
d
a
s
c
o
l
o
r
i
m
e
t
r
i
c
r
e
a
g
e
n
t
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
c
o
l
o
r
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
H
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
w
i
l
l
a
ls
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
t
a
k
e
n
s
u
c
h
as
b
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
o
n
a
s
we
l
l
as
to
m
i
n
i
m
i
s
e
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
th
a
t
m
i
g
h
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
n
a
ls
o
b
e
e
x
p
a
n
d
e
d
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e
b
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
n
g
i
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
er
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
ti
e
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
f
u
ll
y
a
u
to
m
a
t
e
d
a
s
we
l
l
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
o
n
m
i
c
r
o
f
l
u
id
i
c
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
2
4
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
21
:
7
2
8
-
735
734
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
th
a
n
k
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
MA
R
A
an
d
W
ater
Su
p
p
ly
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
Ked
ah
(
SADA)
f
o
r
all
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
a
cilities
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
I
.
Kh
a
n
,
K
.
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
R
.
S
h
o
u
k
a
t
,
a
n
d
H
.
D
o
n
g
,
"
A
re
v
iew
o
n
p
H
se
n
si
ti
v
e
m
a
teria
ls
fo
r
se
n
so
rs
a
n
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s,"
M
icr
o
sy
ste
m T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
1
-
4
4
0
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s0
0
5
4
2
-
0
1
7
-
3
4
9
5
-
5
.
[2
]
P
.
Kra
iKa
e
w,
S
.
Je
a
n
n
e
re
t,
Y
.
S
o
d
a
,
T
.
C
h
e
ru
b
in
i
,
a
n
d
E
.
Ba
k
k
e
r,
"
Ultras
e
n
siti
v
e
S
e
a
wa
ter
p
H
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
b
y
Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
Re
a
d
o
u
t
o
f
P
o
ten
ti
o
m
e
tri
c
S
e
n
s
o
rs,"
ACS
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
5
0
-
6
5
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
ss
e
n
so
rs.0
c
0
0
0
3
1
.
[3
]
S.
I.
S
a
m
su
d
i
n
,
S
.
I.
M
.
S
a
li
m
,
K.
Os
m
a
n
,
S
.
F
.
S
u
laim
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
I.
A.
S
a
b
ri,
"
A
S
m
a
rt
M
o
n
i
to
rin
g
o
f
a
Wate
r
Qu
a
li
ty
De
tec
to
r
S
y
ste
m
,
"
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
no.
3
,
p
p
.
9
5
1
-
9
5
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
1
0
.
i
3
.
p
p
9
5
1
-
9
5
8
.
[4
]
M
.
D.
R
.
Ra
n
jb
a
r
a
n
d
A
.
H.
A
b
d
a
ll
a
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
Re
m
o
te
Ac
c
e
ss
Wate
r
Qu
a
li
ty
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
,
"
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
7
-
4
7
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
8
.
i2
.
p
p
4
6
7
-
4
7
4
.
[5
]
S
.
Ka
ra
sto
g
ian
n
i,
S
.
G
iro
u
si
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
o
ti
r
o
p
o
u
l
u
s
"
p
H:
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
"
En
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
i
a
o
f
Fo
o
d
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
3
-
3
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/B
9
7
8
-
0
-
12
-
3
8
4
9
4
7
-
2
.
0
0
5
3
8
-
9
.
[6
]
P
.
Kr
u
se
,
"
Re
v
iew
o
n
wa
ter
q
u
a
li
ty
se
n
s
o
rs,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
s
D:
Ap
p
l
ied
P
h
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/1
3
6
1
-
6
4
6
3
/aa
b
b
9
3
.
[7
]
H
.
J
.
P
a
rk
,
J
.
H
.
Yo
o
n
,
K
.
G
.
Lee
,
a
n
d
B
.
G
.
Ch
o
i,
"
P
o
ten
ti
o
m
e
tr
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
flex
i
b
le
p
H
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
o
l
y
a
n
il
i
n
e
n
a
n
o
fi
b
e
r
a
rra
y
s,"
N
a
n
o
C
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/s
4
0
5
8
0
-
0
1
9
-
0
1
7
9
-
0
.
[8
]
M
.
T.
G
h
o
n
e
im
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Re
c
e
n
t
P
r
o
g
re
ss
in
El
e
c
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
p
H
-
S
e
n
sin
g
M
a
teri
a
ls an
d
C
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
fo
r
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
Ch
e
mic
a
l
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
2
4
8
-
5
2
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.c
h
e
m
re
v
.
8
b
0
0
6
5
5
.
[9
]
N
.
A
.
Ah
m
a
d
,
L
.
Y
.
He
n
g
,
F
.
S
a
lam
,
M
.
H
.
M
.
Zaid
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
Ha
n
ifah
,
"
A
Co
l
o
rime
tri
c
p
H
S
e
n
so
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
Cli
to
ria
sp
a
n
d
Bra
ss
ica
sp
fo
r
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
o
f
F
o
o
d
S
p
o
i
lag
e
Us
in
g
C
h
ro
m
a
m
e
try
,
"
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s1
9
2
1
4
8
1
3
.
[1
0
]
G
.
Alb
e
rti
,
C.
Zan
o
n
i,
L
.
R
.
M
a
g
n
a
g
h
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
Bies
u
z
,
"
Dis
p
o
sib
le
a
n
d
Lo
w
-
Co
st
Co
lo
rime
tri
c
S
e
n
s
o
rs
f
o
r
En
v
ir
o
m
e
n
tal
An
a
l
y
sis,"
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
n
v
i
.
Res
.
P
u
b
.
He
a
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
jerp
h
1
7
2
2
8
3
3
1
.
[1
1
]
L
.
Ch
e
n
,
"
N
o
v
e
l
Co
l
o
rime
tri
c
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
S
imu
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
o
f
M
u
lt
ime
tal
Io
n
s
in
Wate
r:
S
e
n
siti
v
i
ty
,
S
e
lec
ti
v
it
y
,
a
n
d
Re
c
o
g
n
i
ti
o
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
,
"
ACS
O
me
g
a
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
9
1
5
-
5
9
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
so
m
e
g
a
.
9
b
0
0
3
1
2
.
[1
2
]
R
.
Dia
n
a
,
U
.
Ca
ru
s
o
,
A
.
T
u
z
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
P
a
n
u
n
z
i,
"
A
Hig
h
ly
Wate
r
-
S
o
lu
b
le
F
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
lo
rime
t
ric
p
H
P
ro
b
e
,
"
Cry
sta
ls,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/cr
y
st1
0
0
2
0
0
8
3
.
[1
3
]
R
.
G
o
to
r,
P
.
As
h
o
k
k
u
m
a
r,
M
.
H
e
c
h
t,
K
.
Ke
il
,
a
n
d
K
.
Ru
ra
c
k
,
"
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
H
S
e
n
so
r
C
o
v
e
rin
g
t
h
e
Ra
n
g
e
fro
m
p
H
0
−
1
4
C
o
m
p
a
ti
b
le
with
M
o
b
il
e
-
De
v
ice
Re
a
d
o
u
t
a
n
d
Ba
se
d
o
n
a
S
e
t
o
f
Ra
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
De
sig
n
e
d
I
n
d
ica
to
r
Dy
e
s,
"
An
a
lytic
a
l
Ch
e
mistry
,
v
o
l
.
8
9
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
8
4
3
7
-
8
4
4
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.a
n
a
lch
e
m
.
7
b
0
1
9
0
3
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
Z
.
Xu
e
,
N
.
G
a
o
,
X
.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
L
.
Zan
g
,
"
P
e
r
y
len
e
Diimid
e
-
Ba
se
d
F
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
lo
m
e
t
ric
S
e
n
so
rs
fo
r
En
v
ir
o
m
e
n
tal
De
tec
ti
o
n
,
"
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s2
0
0
3
0
9
1
7
.
[1
5
]
L
.
W
u
,
X
.
Li
,
C
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
N
.
Jia
,
"
D
u
a
l
-
M
o
d
a
l
C
o
lo
r
ime
tri
c
/F
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
M
o
lec
u
lar
P
r
o
b
e
f
o
r
Ra
ti
o
m
e
tri
c
S
e
n
sin
g
o
f
p
H
a
n
d
Its
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
"
An
a
lytica
l
c
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
8
3
3
2
-
8
3
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.a
n
a
lch
e
m
.
6
b
0
2
3
9
8
.
[1
6
]
Z
.
Li
,
J
.
R
.
As
k
im
,
a
n
d
K
.
S
.
S
u
slick
,
"
Th
e
O
p
to
e
lec
tro
n
ic
No
se
:
Co
l
o
rime
tri
c
a
n
d
F
l
u
o
r
o
m
e
tri
c
S
e
n
so
r
Arra
y
s,
"
Ch
e
mic
a
l
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
-
2
9
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.c
h
e
m
re
v
.
8
b
0
0
2
2
6
.
[1
7
]
Y
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
C
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Wu
,
B
.
Z
h
a
o
,
L
.
Wa
n
g
,
a
n
d
B
.
S
o
n
g
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
wa
ter
-
so
l
u
b
le
n
a
k
e
d
-
e
y
e
p
r
o
b
e
with
a
larg
e
S
to
k
e
s
sh
ift
f
o
r
se
lec
ti
v
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
sin
g
o
f
Hg
2
+
a
n
d
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
wa
ter
sa
m
p
les
a
n
d
li
v
in
g
c
e
ll
s,"
T
h
e
Ro
y
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
o
f
C
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
0
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
8
2
-
2
3
3
8
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C9
RA
0
3
9
2
4
D
.
[1
8
]
M
.
F
.
Kh
a
n
fa
r,
W
.
Al
-
F
a
q
h
e
ri
,
a
n
d
A
.
Al
-
Ha
l
h
o
u
li
,
"
L
o
w
Co
st
Lab
o
n
Ch
i
p
f
o
r
th
e
C
o
lo
m
e
tri
c
De
te
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Ni
trate
in
M
i
n
e
ra
l
Wate
r
P
r
o
d
u
c
ts,"
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s
1
7
1
0
2
3
4
5
.
[1
9
]
G
.
S
.
L
u
k
a
,
E.
No
wa
k
,
J.
Ka
wc
h
u
k
,
M
.
H
o
o
rfa
r
,
a
n
d
H.
Na
jj
a
ra
n
,
"
P
o
rta
b
le
d
e
v
ice
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
l
o
rime
tri
c
a
ss
a
y
s,"
Ro
y
a
l
S
o
c
iety
Op
e
n
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
9
8
/rso
s.
1
7
1
0
2
5
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Do
e
-
P
u
p
lam
p
u
,
A
.
C
h
o
o
d
u
m
,
a
n
d
W
.
Wo
n
g
n
iram
a
ik
u
l
,
"
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
Cy
a
n
i
d
e
i
n
Wate
r
b
y
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
F
rien
d
l
y
C
o
lo
rime
try
with
Dig
it
a
l
Im
a
g
e
An
a
ly
sis,"
Pu
re
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ch
e
mistry
In
t
.
Co
n
f
.
2
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
0
.
[2
1
]
A
.
S
t
e
i
n
e
g
g
e
r
,
O
.
S
.
W
o
l
f
b
e
r
i
s
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
B
o
r
i
s
o
v
,
"
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
o
f
p
H
v
a
l
u
e
s
:
S
p
e
c
t
r
o
s
c
o
p
i
e
s
,
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
"
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
5
7
-
1
2
4
8
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/
a
c
s
.
c
h
e
m
r
e
v
.
0
c
0
0
4
5
1
.
[2
2
]
G
.
G
.
M
o
rb
io
li
,
T
.
M
a
z
z
u
-
Na
sc
ime
n
to
,
A
.
M
.
S
t
o
c
k
t
o
n
,
a
n
d
E
.
Ca
rril
h
o
,
"
Tec
h
n
ica
l
a
sp
e
c
ts
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
c
o
lo
rime
tri
c
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
with
m
icro
flu
i
d
ic
p
a
p
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
a
ly
t
ica
l
d
e
v
ice
s
(m
P
AD
s)
-
A
re
v
iew
,
"
An
a
l.
Ch
im.
Acta
.
,
v
o
l.
9
7
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
c
a
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
0
3
7
.
[2
3
]
Z
.
M
.
Y
u
so
f,
M
.
M
.
Bi
ll
a
h
,
a
n
d
K
.
Ka
d
ir
,
"
Re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
wa
ter
q
u
a
li
ty
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
s
y
ste
m
:
a
n
Io
t
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
-
1
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
1
5
.
i1
.
p
p
1
7
8
-
1
8
2
.
[2
4
]
C
.
-
F
.
Li
n
,
H
.
-
W
.
Zan
,
C
.
-
J
.
L
u
,
H
.
-
F
.
M
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
O
.
S
o
p
p
e
ra
,
"
A
lo
w
-
c
o
st
m
in
iatu
rize
d
c
o
lo
rime
t
ric
se
n
so
r
wit
h
v
e
rti
c
a
ll
y
-
sta
c
k
e
d
se
m
i
-
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
fi
n
g
e
r
-
t
y
p
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
tec
to
r
f
o
r
f
o
rm
a
ld
e
h
y
d
e
se
n
sin
g
,
"
Or
g
a
n
ic
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
7
3
,
p
p
.
1
15
-
1
2
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
o
rg
e
l
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
5
.
0
3
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f a
n
o
p
tica
l
p
H
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
P
u
teri
N
u
r
S
ya
h
ir
a
h
Mo
h
a
med
Mu
s
ta
fa
)
735
[2
5
]
M
.
M
.
A.
Ei
d
,
S.
Uro
o
j,
N
.
M
.
A
lwa
d
a
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
Z
.
Ra
sh
e
d
,
"
AI
G
a
In
P
o
p
ti
c
a
l
so
u
rc
e
in
te
g
ra
ted
with
fi
b
e
r
li
n
k
s
a
n
d
sili
c
o
n
a
v
a
lan
c
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
te
c
to
rs
in
fib
e
r
o
p
ti
c
sy
ste
m
s,"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
4
7
-
8
5
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
2
3
.
i2
.
p
p
8
4
7
-
854
.
[2
6
]
T
.
M
a
n
ti
m
,
K
.
Ch
a
isiwa
m
o
n
g
k
h
o
i,
K
.
Ura
isin
,
P
.
C.
Ha
u
se
r,
P
.
Wi
laira
t,
a
n
d
D
.
Na
c
a
p
rich
a
,
"
Du
a
l
-
P
u
r
p
o
se
P
h
o
t
o
m
e
tri
c
-
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
De
tec
t
o
r
f
o
r
S
imu
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
a
n
d
S
e
q
u
e
n
t
i
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
in
F
lo
w
An
a
ly
s
is,"
M
o
lec
u
les
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/mo
lec
u
les
2
5
1
0
2
2
8
4
.
[2
7
]
A
.
S
u
n
d
a
ra
k
rish
n
a
n
,
E
.
H
.
Ac
e
ro
,
J
.
Co
b
u
r
n
,
C.
Ka
r
o
li
n
a
,
B
.
P
a
rtl
o
w,
a
n
d
D
.
L.
Ka
p
lan
,
"
P
h
e
n
o
l
r
e
d
-
silk
ty
r
o
sin
e
c
ro
ss
-
li
n
k
e
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
ls,"
Acta
Bi
o
ma
ter
ia
li
a
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
1
3
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
c
tb
i
o
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
6
.
0
2
0
.
[2
8
]
M
.
S
h
k
ir
,
V.
G
a
n
e
sh
,
S
.
AlF
a
if
y
,
K.
K.
M
a
u
r
y
a
,
a
n
d
N.
Vijay
a
n
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
p
h
e
n
o
l
re
d
d
y
e
o
n
m
o
n
o
c
ry
sta
l
g
ro
wt
h
,
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
p
e
rfe
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
z
in
c
(tri
s)
th
i
o
u
re
a
s
u
lfate
,
"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Cry
sta
ll
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
6
-
1
7
2
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
7
/
S
1
6
0
0
5
7
6
7
1
7
0
1
4
3
3
9
.
[2
9
]
H
.
Ka
c
u
s,
Y
.
S
a
h
in
,
S
.
A
y
d
o
g
a
n
,
U
.
In
c
e
k
a
ra
,
M
.
Yilma
z
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Bib
e
r,
"
P
h
e
n
o
l
re
d
b
a
se
d
h
y
b
rid
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
fo
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
tec
to
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
S
o
l
id
-
S
t
a
te E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
7
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ss
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
7
8
6
4
.
[3
0
]
R
a
h
m
a
d
w
a
t
i
,
L
.
R
a
c
h
m
a
w
a
t
i
,
P
.
M
u
d
j
i
r
a
h
a
r
d
j
o
,
a
n
d
E
.
M
a
u
l
a
n
a
,
"
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
y
e
c
a
r
o
t
e
n
e
a
n
d
p
h
y
c
o
c
y
a
n
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
d
a
u
c
u
s
c
a
r
o
t
a
a
n
d
s
p
i
r
u
l
i
n
a
s
p
.
o
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
"
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
E
E
C
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
N
O
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
0
7
-
9
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
e
c
s
.
v
1
7
.
i
2
.
p
p
9
0
7
-
913
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Pu
te
r
i
Nur
S
y
a
h
ira
h
Mo
h
a
m
e
d
Mu
sta
fa
wa
s
b
o
r
n
in
S
u
n
g
a
i
P
e
tan
i,
o
n
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
3
,
1
9
9
7
.
S
h
e
is
a
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ss
istan
t
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsi
ti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
P
u
lau
P
in
a
n
g
.
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
Dip
l
o
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
(P
o
we
r)
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
)
P
u
lau
P
i
n
a
n
g
.
He
r
in
t
e
re
sts
a
re
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
sin
g
,
in
fra
re
d
t
h
e
rm
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
Aim
a
n
S
h
a
h
m
i
Az
a
m
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
p
ro
d
u
c
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
S
o
n
y
EM
CS
(P
ra
i)
S
d
n
.
Bh
d
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
d
e
g
re
e
in
2
0
1
8
a
n
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
(UiT
M
)
P
u
lau
P
in
a
n
g
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
f
in
a
l
y
e
a
r
p
ro
jec
t
wa
s
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
lo
rime
tri
c
se
n
sin
g
with
in
d
u
st
rial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
t
wa
ter
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
a
s
a
train
e
e
.
Du
rin
g
h
is
in
d
u
strial
trai
n
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
,
h
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
tes
ti
n
g
t
h
e
wa
ter
q
u
a
li
ty
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
su
c
h
a
s
p
H an
d
c
h
lo
r
in
e
f
o
r
wa
ter q
u
a
l
it
y
in
sp
e
c
ti
o
n
.
Ts.
Dr
.
M
o
h
d
S
u
h
a
im
i
S
u
la
i
m
a
n
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
t
u
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
Ca
wa
n
g
a
n
P
u
lau
P
i
n
a
n
g
.
Ts.
Dr.
M
o
h
d
S
u
h
a
imi
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
i
s
P
h
D
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
UiTM
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
te
re
sts
a
re
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
Wate
r
Q
u
a
li
ty
,
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Artifi
c
ial
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
ra
n
g
in
g
fro
m
th
e
o
r
y
,
d
e
sig
n
u
p
to
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
Dr
.
Ahm
a
d
F
a
iruz O
m
a
r
is a se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
i
n
2
0
0
2
,
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Op
e
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
d
o
c
t
o
ra
te
in
o
p
t
ica
l
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsit
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
2
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
m
o
stl
y
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
p
t
ica
l
sy
ste
m
i
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
f
o
o
d
a
n
a
ly
sis a
n
d
m
e
d
ica
l
re
se
a
rc
h
.
Dr
.
Mo
h
a
m
a
d
F
a
iza
l
Ab
d
Ra
h
m
a
n
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
i
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
Ca
wa
n
g
a
n
P
u
lau
P
in
a
n
g
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
i
s
P
h
D
in
S
e
n
so
r
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
si
a
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
so
r
a
n
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
,
m
icr
o
flu
i
d
ic
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
lo
rime
tr
ic
se
n
si
n
g
i
n
v
a
rio
u
s a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.