Indonesian Journal of
Electrical
Engineer
ing and
Computer Science
V
o
l. 10
, No
. 3, Jun
e
20
18
, pp
. 10
23
~
1
029
ISSN: 2502-4752,
DOI: 10.115
91/ijeecs
.v10.i
3.pp1023-1029
1
023
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: http://iaescore.c
om/jo
urnals/index.php/ijeecs
Rain Rate Distributions for Mi
crowave Link Design Based on
Long Term M
e
as
urem
ent in Mal
a
ysia
Isl
am
Md
R
a
f
i
qul
, M
d
Mo
k
t
ar
ul
Al
am,
A
li Kodhim
Lwas
and
S
a
rah
Yas
m
in
Mohamad
Department o
f
Electrical and Co
mputer
Engin
eer
ing, Faculty
of
Engineer
ing
International Islamic University
Malay
s
ia
, Jalan
Gombak, 53100
Kual
a Lumpur, Malay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 15, 2018
Rev
i
sed
Mar
12
, 20
18
Accepted
Mar 28, 2018
Attenuation due to rain
is an important
constr
aint
in microwave radio
lin
k
design
especially
at frequen
c
ies
above 10
GHz. I
t
rest
ricts
the p
a
th length
of
radio communication s
y
s
t
ems and limits
the us
e of higher freq
u
enci
es
for
line-of-s
igh
t
m
i
crowave links
and
s
a
tellite co
mmunications.
In order
to
predic
t th
e
att
e
nuation
due
to
rain
ac
curat
e
l
y
rainfa
ll
int
e
nsit
y is requ
ired
with 1-minute integration time. Rain
fall is a
meteorological
phenomenon
with com
p
lex
structure du
e t
o
its variab
ili
t
y
in spa
c
e
,
d
u
ration
and
occurren
c
e
freq
u
enc
y
,
par
ticu
l
a
r
l
y
in
tr
opical and equatorial
r
e
gions. Since,
the sta
tisti
cal d
i
stribution of r
a
i
n
at
tenuation is
obtain
e
d from the rain r
a
te
distribution for t
h
e region consid
ered, i
t
should be noted tha
t
the
accur
a
c
y
o
f
the ra
in rat
e
m
e
as
urem
ent aff
ect
s
the ac
cura
c
y
o
f
the a
ttenu
ation
es
tim
ation
.
This paper pr
esents rain in
tensi
t
y
wi
th 1-minute integr
ation time measured
for 6
years in
Mala
y
s
ia
, it’s d
i
stribution,
com
p
arison with oth
e
r predic
tion
models and imp
act on h
i
gh
fr
equ
e
ncy
microw
ave links.
K
eyw
ords
:
Microwa
v
e propagation
Rain
atten
u
a
tion
Rain
rate
d
i
stri
b
u
tion
Copyright ©
201
8 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
d
Rafi
qul
Isl
a
m
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
and
C
o
m
put
er E
ngi
neeri
n
g
,
In
ten
a
tio
n
a
l
Isl
a
m
i
c Un
iv
ersity, Malaysia,
E1
bu
ild
ing
,
Kh
u
lliyah
o
f
Eng
i
n
e
ering
,
IIUM,
Go
m
b
ak
5
3
1
0
0
,
Selango
r, Malaysia.
Em
a
il: rafiq
@
i
i
u
m
.ed
u
.
m
y
1.
INTRODUCTION
The eff
ect of
th
e ear
th’s
atm
o
s
phere on rad
i
o waves
pr
opagatin
g earth
and space is
a constan
t
concern in th
e
perform
ance of com
m
unication
s
y
stem
s. These conditions can
c
a
use uncontrol
l
e
d
variations in signal am
plitud
e
,
phase
,
polari
zat
ion
and
angl
e of
arr
i
val
which r
e
s
u
lt
in
a redu
ction
in
th
e qua
lit
y
of
anal
og trans
m
is
s
i
on
and an
in
creas
e
in th
e
error rat
e
of tran
s
m
is
s
i
ons
. Consequent
l
y
, s
t
at
is
ti
cal an
al
ys
es
and
techniqu
es
are
genera
ll
y m
o
s
t
us
eful for evalu
a
t
i
on of
transmission impairments on
co
mmunications link [1]
.
The cl
assica
l de
velopm
ent for t
h
e determ
in
atio
n of ra
in att
e
nu
ation on a tr
ansm
itted radio wa
ve is based on
three assumptions describing the nature
of radio wave propagation and precip
i
tatio
n
.
First, the
intensit
y
of th
e
wave
decay
s
exponen
t
ially
as it propagates thr
ough th
e volume of rain. Then the raind
r
ops
are assume
d to be spherical water
drops
, which both s
catt
e
r and a
b
s
o
rb energ
y
fr
om
the incident
radio wave. A
nd the contribu
t
i
ons
of each dr
op are
additiv
e
and ind
e
penden
t
of
the
other drops.
This
im
plies a
‘si
ngl
e sca
tter
i
ng’ of
e
n
erg
y
, howev
er,
the em
pir
i
ca
l r
e
sults of
the
classic
a
l
dev
e
lopm
ent do
a
llo
w for som
e
‘m
ultiple
sca
tte
ring’
effec
t
s [2]
-[3]
.
In m
i
crowave li
nk des
i
gn, th
ere
are s
e
ver
a
l
effe
c
t
s
on m
i
cr
owave link need to be
considered du
e to atmosphere
propagat
i
on bet
w
een ear
ths to free spac
e. Th
ese
conditions can
cause uncont
roll
ed varia
tions in
signal am
plitud
e
, phase,
polarization,
and
angle o
f
arr
i
val, which
result in
a reduction
in th
e quality
of
an
al
og trans
m
is
s
i
ons and an
incr
eas
e
in th
e
error ra
te of d
i
gi
tal
transm
issions. The
rel
a
tiv
e im
portanc
e
of rad
i
o wave propag
a
tion in
space co
mmunications depends
on the fr
equen
c
y of
opera
tion
,
loca
l c
lim
atolog
y
,
lo
cal geograp
h
y
, ty
p
e
of tran
s
m
is
s
i
on, and el
evat
ion ang
l
e
to
the
satell
it
e [4]
-[5]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
23
–
1
029
1
024
2.
RAIN RATE
DIST
RIBUTION
The prediction
of rain rate distribution is based
on four mode
ls which are
Global Moupfouma, modified
Moupfouma, ITU-R and Crane Global Model.
Usually
,
the r
a
in rate is the
ba
sic parameter
to determine the rain
attenuation
pred
iction
.
The rain
rate
usually
dep
e
nds
on
th
e
geo
g
raph
y reg
i
on.
The pr
evious
re
s
earchers
lik
e C
r
ane [4]
and ITU-R
[5]
-[6]
recom
m
e
ndati
on alr
ead
y
cl
as
s
i
f
y
the whole world into
several zones.
2.
1. Global M
o
upfouma M
o
de
l
The Moupfouma model is on
e
of the man
y
ap
proximation m
odels useful
in the estimation of
rain
rate
in
tropical and
tem
p
erate reg
i
ons; o
t
hers
include
the gamma model a
nd Log-normal
model. In glob
al Moupfouma [7], The
cu
m
u
lativ
e d
i
stribu
tio
n of
rain rate eq
u
a
tion
fo
r Mou
p
fou
m
a m
o
d
e
l is:
.
.
(1)
Whe
r
e
r
is (m
m/h) represe
n
t
s
the rain-
rate exceede
d
for a
fr
action of the
tim
e
. R is th
e rain rate in mm
/hr a
n
d
R
0.01%
i
s
t
h
e rai
n
rat
e
i
n
m
m
/
hr at
0.0
1
%
of t
i
m
e
of a y
ear. C
onsi
d
eri
n
g t
h
e be
ha
vi
o
r
of t
h
e sh
ape o
f
cu
m
u
lativ
e d
i
stribu
tio
n fo
r rai
n
fall rate,
b
is
ap
pro
x
i
m
a
tel
y
b
y
th
e
fo
llo
wi
ng
an
alytical ex
p
r
essi
on
Whe
r
e,
b =
.
.
xl
o
g
1
.
(2)
For
t
r
opi
cal
re
gi
o
n
,
.
.
⁄
(3)
Whe
r
e,
λ
=
1
.
0
66
an
d
= 0.214
In this
pape
r, the
values
are
used as
abov
e,
sin
ce Malaysia is in
trop
ical reg
i
on
.
2.
2. Modified
Moupfou
ma Model
To
esti
m
a
te
.
,
Ch
eb
il’s m
o
d
e
l
ap
p
e
ars su
itab
l
e and
it allows
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
lon
g
-tim
e
m
ean
an
nu
al
accum
u
lation,
M, at the l
o
catio
n [7]. T
h
e
power law
of the
m
odel is give
n
by,
R
0.01%
=
(
4
)
Whe
r
e
α
and
β
are
re
gression coefficients.
C
h
ebi
l
has m
a
de a c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
bet
w
een
so
m
e
m
odel
s
bas
e
d
on
m
easured
val
u
es
o
f
.
and M
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
, In
do
nesi
a, B
r
azi
l
,
Si
nga
p
o
re
an
d
Vi
et
nam
.
He
sho
w
e
d
t
h
at
hi
s m
odel
i
s
t
h
e
best
est
i
m
at
e
of
t
h
e
measured
data
[8]. The
re
gres
sion coe
fficient
α
and
β
a
r
e
d
e
fi
ne
d as,
α
= 12
.2
903
and
β
=
0
.
2
973
In m
odi
fi
e
d
M
o
u
p
f
o
u
m
a
, t
h
e equat
i
o
n
use
d
i
s
sim
i
l
a
r t
o
t
h
e gl
o
b
al
M
o
up
f
oum
a fo
r p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
ng
ot
her
co
n
s
t
a
nt
s
u
ch
a
s
v
a
lu
e of
and
β
[7]
.
2.
3. IT
U-
R
M
o
del
I
n
I
T
U-R
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
t
h
e
regi
on
of
co
nce
r
ne
d
i
s
det
e
rm
i
n
ed
based
o
n
t
h
e
rai
n
regi
on
whi
c
h
recom
m
ended
by
ITU
-
R
[
5
]
,
[6]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
case, t
h
e conc
erne
d re
gi
o
n
i
s
regi
o
n
P f
o
r
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
as sh
ow
n i
n
Figu
re 1 [6]
.
T
h
e rain rates
f
o
r diffe
rent pe
rc
enta
ges
of tim
e
for
re
gion P are presente
d in
Table
1.
Tabl
e
1. R
a
i
n
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
nsi
t
y
p
r
op
ose
d
by
I
T
U
-
R
[
6
]
Percentage of Ti
me, %P
Rain Rate at
P
1 12
0.
3 34
0.
1 64
0.
03
105
0.
01
145
0.
003
200
0.
001
250
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Rai
n
Rat
e
Di
st
ri
but
i
o
ns f
o
r M
i
crow
ave
Li
nk
Desi
g
n
B
a
se
d
on
L
o
n
g
…
(
I
sl
am
Md
R
a
f
i
qul
)
1
025
Fig
u
re 1
.
Rain
rate
d
i
stri
b
u
tion
s
for Asia, Ocean
ia
and
Au
st
ralia
[6
]
2.
4. Cr
ane M
o
del
C
r
ane
’
s
gl
o
b
al
m
odel
di
vi
de
s
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
fr
o
m
A t
o
H
regi
ons
ba
sed
o
n
r
a
i
n
rat
e
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
. T
h
e
conce
r
ned
regi
on i
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
and i
t
i
s
i
n
H-
regi
on
. The
rain rates f
o
r
dif
f
e
rent pe
rce
n
tages o
f
tim
e
for
regi
o
n
H pr
op
ose
d
by
C
r
ane [
4
]
,
[
1
0]
are pre
s
ent
e
d
i
n
Ta
bl
e 2.
Tabl
e
2.
Poi
n
t
R
a
i
n
R
a
t
e
(R
p)
Di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
v
a
l
u
es (m
m
/
hr)
vers
us
pe
rcent
of
y
ear R
a
i
n
R
a
t
e
i
s
Excee
de
d
[1
0]
Figu
re 2.
Rain
rate distrib
u
tio
ns fo
r Asia [4]
,
[
10]
3.
MEASUREMENT SET
UP
The real-tim
e
rain
gua
g
e was inst
alled at IIUM Ca
m
pus. T
h
e
data
was c
o
llected for
6 y
ears
peri
od
f
r
o
m
2
0
11-
2016
.
Th
e r
a
in
g
a
u
g
e
as i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
is m
a
n
u
f
actu
r
e
d
en
tir
ely f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
co
rro
siv
e
m
a
ter
i
als
.
Th
e
base an
d se
pt
u
m
ri
ng are t
h
e cast
i
n
Al
um
i
num
Al
l
o
y
LM25, heat treate
d
and prot
ectively coated. T
h
e oute
r
ring and funne
l
are fa
bricat
ed from
alu
m
inum alloy sheet and a
g
ain
prote
c
tively coated. Stainless steel
m
e
sh
is em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
p
r
o
t
ect th
e in
let and
ou
tlet po
rts fr
o
m
th
e in
gr
ess of
fo
r
e
i
g
n bod
ies
[
8
]. Casella
Tip
p
i
ng
Percent of
ye
ar
Rain Cli
m
ate
H
re
gion
0.
001
251
0.
002
220
0.
005
178
0.
01
147
0.
02
115
0.
05
77
0.
1 51
0.
2 31
0.
5 13
1 6.
4
2 2.
8
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I
S
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:
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52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
23
–
1
029
1
026
Bucket
Gauges
are reliable a
n
d e
x
trem
ely robust
de
vices
. S
o
m
e
version has a built-in logge
r to store ra
infal
l
data while othe
rs can ha
ve a heater fitted to t
h
e base
of the unit to pre
v
e
n
t freezing
. The rain gauges com
p
rise
a l
i
ght
wei
g
ht
i
n
ject
i
o
n m
o
l
d
ed pl
ast
i
c
di
vi
ded
‘t
i
p
pi
n
g
b
u
cket
’ assem
b
l
y
wi
t
h
st
ai
nl
ess st
eel
pi
ns t
o
sup
p
o
r
t
assem
b
ly. Rai
n
will b
e
co
llected
in
o
n
e
side o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
e
ts, and
th
e
vo
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
water is p
r
ed
etermin
e
d
.
Wh
en
o
n
e
of th
e bu
ck
ets is fu
ll, th
e
water
will b
e
d
i
sc
h
a
rg
ed
and
it will ch
ang
e
t
o
fill th
e water t
o
the o
t
her
si
de o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
et
de
pe
nds
o
n
t
h
e s
p
eci
fi
ca
t
i
on as
gi
ve
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 2, t
h
e
wei
g
ht
o
f
t
h
e
wat
e
r ca
uses i
t
t
o
t
i
p
and
em
pt
y
i
t
s
el
f. Eac
h
t
i
m
e a t
i
p
, a
n
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
cont
act
i
s
m
a
de, t
h
ere
b
y
e
n
abl
i
n
g
rec
o
rdi
n
g
or
rai
n
fal
l
a
m
ount
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
with
ti
m
e
. Th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m d
e
tectab
le rain
fall
rate is 2
0
0
mm/h
r
. Rain
fall data is b
e
in
g
reco
rd
ed
for e
v
ery
10 seconds of tim
e
.
Eac
h
si
de of the
buc
k
et will
accum
u
late
0.
2mm
of water. The
r
efore,
once the
b
u
c
k
e
t is ch
ang
e
d, th
e d
a
ta will b
e
reco
rd
ed
[11
]
-[14
].
Table
3. T
h
e
technical s
p
ecifi
cations
of
t
h
e
C
a
sel
l
a
Ti
ppi
n
g
B
u
cket
Ga
ug
e
Fi
gu
re
3.
C
a
sel
l
a
Ti
ppi
ng
B
u
c
k
et
R
a
i
n
Ga
ug
e
4.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
4.
1.
Mo
nt
hl
y
Di
stri
b
u
ti
on
M
ont
hl
y
vari
at
i
ons
of m
easu
r
ed
rai
n
rat
e
cum
u
l
a
t
i
v
e di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
ons
f
o
r t
h
e y
ear
20
1
4
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
4. T
h
e
rai
n
rat
e
i
s
cal
cul
a
t
e
d as %
P
usi
n
g
1-m
i
nut
e i
n
t
e
grat
i
o
n t
i
m
e
and
prese
n
t
e
d i
n
m
m
/
hr.
The
h
i
gh
est rai
n
fall
in
ten
s
ity 240
mm/h
r
is o
b
serv
ed in
Jun
e
w
h
i
l
e
l
o
west
i
n
F
e
br
uary
.
F
r
om
t
h
e g
r
a
p
h
,
0.
01
% o
f
t
i
m
e
, t
h
e rai
n
i
s
reco
rde
d
16
0
m
m
/
hr i
n
Ju
ne
and
70
mm
/h
r in
Febru
a
ry,
wh
ile 120
mm/
h
r
in
ann
u
a
l averag
e.
Pattern
o
f
all distrib
u
tion
s
are similar in
trend
s
.
Fi
gu
re
4
.
M
o
n
t
hl
y
vari
at
i
o
ns
of
m
easured
ra
i
n
rat
e
d
i
stribu
t
i
o
n
with
1-m
i
n
u
te in
tegration
t
i
m
e fo
r t
h
e year
2
014
Bucket Size
0.2
mm
Aper
tur
e
400
cm
2
Accurac
y
±2% at 1 litre
/
hour
Capacity Unli
m
ited
Transducer
Magnet/Reed
swit
ch
Operating Te
m
p
ret
u
re
Range
1ºC to 85
ºC
W
e
ight 2.
6
kg
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Rai
n
Rat
e
Di
st
ri
but
i
o
ns f
o
r M
i
crow
ave
Li
nk
Desi
g
n
B
a
se
d
on
L
o
n
g
…
(
I
sl
am
Md
R
a
f
i
qul
)
1
027
4.
2. Ye
arl
y
Di
stri
buti
o
n
For
y
earl
y
va
ri
at
i
ons,
si
x y
e
a
r
s rai
n
rat
e
cu
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e di
st
ri
but
i
o
ns
o
f
m
e
asure
d
dat
a
wi
t
h
1- m
i
nut
e
in
teg
r
ation
time and
six year
s av
er
ag
e ar
e
p
r
esen
ted in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5. Fr
o
m
d
i
str
i
bu
tio
n
s
, it is
o
b
v
i
ou
s t
h
at in 2014
measu
r
em
en
t
h
a
s th
e h
i
gh
est
rain
rate wh
il
e 2
0
1
6
is th
e lo
west
. Th
e m
e
asu
r
ed
rai
n
rate o
f
20
14
is slig
h
tly
h
i
gh
er th
an
th
e av
erage wh
ile rain
rate
m
eas
u
r
ed
in
20
16
is
m
u
ch
lo
wer th
an the avera
g
e. For 0.01 pe
rce
n
t of
ti
m
e
, six
year
s av
er
ag
e r
a
i
n
rate is f
o
und
as 1
1
0
mm/h
r
wh
ile th
e annu
al r
a
in
r
a
tes ar
e
f
oun
d
11
9, 110
,
1
00,
1
2
4
,
110
an
d 97
mm/h
r
for
2
0
1
1
,
2
012
,
20
13, 201
4,
2
015
an
d 201
6 r
e
sp
ectiv
ely.
Figure
5.
Yea
r
ly variati
ons
of
rain ra
te d
i
stribu
tion
m
easu
r
ed
with
1-m
i
n
u
t
e in
teg
r
atio
n
tim
e fo
r t
h
e
year
fr
o
m
2
011
to 201
6
4.
3.
C
o
mp
ari
s
ons B
e
tw
een
Mea
s
uremen
t
s
an
d Pre
d
i
c
ti
ons
The m
easure
d
rai
n
rat
e
f
r
om
20
1
1
t
o
2
0
13
at
II
UM Cam
p
u
s
is co
m
p
ared
with
tho
s
e
pred
icted b
y
Gl
o
b
al
M
o
up
f
oum
a, C
r
ane a
nd
IT
U-R
m
odel
s
an
d s
h
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
6(a
)
. T
h
e sam
e
com
p
ari
s
on i
s
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
dat
a
m
easured
fr
om
201
4 t
o
20
1
6
an
d s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
6(
b)
. B
o
t
h
fi
g
u
res s
h
ow t
h
at
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ons
by
ITU
-
R
and Cra
n
e m
odel are
close t
o
m
easure
m
ents for
0.1% a
n
d hi
g
h
er
an
d o
v
e
r
est
i
m
a
t
e
the measurem
ent at lowe
r
perce
n
t
a
ges
o
f
t
i
m
e
. M
o
u
p
f
o
um
a
m
odel
o
v
e
rest
im
at
es t
h
e m
easurem
ent
s
i
n
bot
h
fi
g
u
res
.
(a)
(b)
Fi
gu
re
6.
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
m
easured
rai
n
rat
e
s
fo
r t
h
e y
ears
(a
)
20
11
-
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
(
b
)
20
1
4
-
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
t
hose
p
r
edi
c
t
e
d
by
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e m
odel
s
The a
v
era
g
e
of
6 years
m
e
a
s
urem
ent is c
o
m
p
ared
with
th
ose p
r
ed
icted
b
y
Gl
o
b
a
l Mo
up
fou
m
a,
C
r
ane
an
d
IT
U-R
m
odel
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
7.
Fr
om
Fi
gu
re,
i
t
i
s
ob
vi
o
u
s t
h
at
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ons
by
I
T
U
-
R
a
n
d
C
r
ane m
odel
are cl
ose t
o
m
easurem
ent
s
f
o
r
0.
1 an
d hi
g
h
er
perce
n
t
a
ge
s of t
i
m
es. Howeve
r,
bot
h m
odel
s
ove
restim
ate
the six years
measurem
ent in Malaysia at
all
lo
wer
p
e
rcen
tag
e
s
o
f
time. At 0
.
00
1%, bo
th
m
odel
s
ove
res
t
im
at
e
m
o
re t
h
an
1
0
0
m
m
/
hr
fr
om
m
easurem
ent
s
. M
o
up
f
oum
a
m
o
d
e
l
ove
rest
i
m
ates t
h
e
measu
r
em
en
ts in
all p
e
rcen
tag
e
s. It
ov
eresti
mates 5
0
mm/
h
r
and 25
mm
/
h
r fo
r 1% and
0
.
0
1
%
r
e
sp
ecti
v
ely. I
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
502
-47
52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
23
–
1
029
1
028
i
s
obse
r
ve
d
fo
r
0.
01
perce
n
t
a
ge o
f
t
i
m
e
,
m
e
asure
d
si
x y
e
a
r
s avera
g
e rai
n
rat
e
i
s
11
0 m
m
/
hr, w
h
i
l
e
1
3
5
,
14
7
and
14
5 m
m
/
hr are pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
by
Gl
obal
M
o
u
p
f
o
u
m
a
, C
r
ane an
d ITU
-
R
m
odel
s
. At
0.0
1
% o
f
t
i
m
e
, t
h
e
m
easured
rai
n
rat
e
i
s
fo
u
nd
1
10 m
m
/
h
r, w
h
i
l
e
ITU
-
R
l
a
t
e
st
recom
m
endat
i
on
[5]
has p
r
op
ose
d
1
00 m
m
/hr
rai
n
in
ten
s
ity for M
a
laysia at 0
.
01% ti
m
e
.
Fi
gu
re
7.
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
avai
l
a
bl
e rain
rate
Mod
e
l
an
d 6-years
measurem
ent
4.
4. R
a
i
n
At
te
nua
ti
on
Predi
c
ti
on
ITU-R
pre
d
iction
m
e
thod
[9],
[15] is use
d
to estim
a
te earth-t
o-satellite link’s rai
n
attenuation
fo
r f
o
ur
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
ba
n
d
s u
s
i
n
g IT
U
-
R
[
5
]
,
[
16]
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
r
a
i
n
rat
e
of
1
0
0
m
m
/
h
r and m
easure
d
rai
n
of
11
0
mm/h
r
fo
r 0.01
%
o
f
tim
e. R
e
feren
ce satellite is assu
m
e
d
as MESAT3
with
an
elev
ati
o
n
ang
l
e
o
f
77
.4
°
fro
m
satellite Lab
at IIUM cam
p
u
s
wh
ere th
e
six years
rain
rat
e
were m
easu
r
ed
.
All sign
als fo
r
fo
ur
b
a
n
d
s are
con
s
i
d
ere
d
as vert
i
cal
pol
ari
z
at
i
on an
d pre
d
i
c
t
e
d at
t
e
nuat
i
o
ns are p
r
ese
n
t
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re 8
.
I
t
i
s
obvi
o
u
s t
h
at
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
fre
q
u
en
cy
ban
d
cause
s
t
h
e hi
g
h
at
t
e
n
u
at
i
o
n
.
At
0.
01
%, p
r
edi
c
t
e
d at
t
e
nuat
i
o
ns
usi
n
g m
easured rai
n
rat
e
are
f
o
un
d 4
6
, 33
, 18
a
n
d 2 d
B
fo
r V, Ka, Ku
an
d
C
-
ba
n
d
s respect
i
v
el
y
.
Pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
ns usi
n
g
IT
U-R
recom
m
ended
rai
n
rat
e
are
f
o
un
d
5
dB
,
3
d
B
an
d
1
dB
l
o
wer
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
by
m
easure
d
rai
n
ra
t
e
s
f
o
r
0.
01
%
f
o
r V, Ka
a
n
d
K
u
-ba
n
ds resp
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Figure 8. Predicted rain
attenuations at V
,
Ka, Ku
and C-
b
a
nds using ITU-R pr
ediction me
thod
bas
e
d on measured
rain
rate
with
1-m
i
nute
integr
ation
t
i
m
e and I
T
U-R p
r
edic
ted
rain
ra
te
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In order
to pr
edi
c
t
the
at
tenua
tio
n due
to r
a
in
ac
c
u
rate
l
y
,
rainf
a
ll
i
n
tensit
y
is requ
ir
ed with
1-m
i
nut
e in
tegra
tion
tim
e. Rain in
te
nsit
y
with 1-m
i
nute integ
r
at
ion
tim
e were
m
eas
ured for 6 yea
r
s
at IIUM
Kuala Lum
pur cam
pus
in
Malay
s
ia. Monthly
and
y
e
arly
st
atistical distributions
of measured rain rate
are pr
es
ented
.
Moupfouma, Crane and
ITU-R
m
odels
for rain rate dis
t
r
i
butions
are com
p
ared wi
th m
eas
ured
rain
rates. All m
odel
s
overestim
ate th
e m
easurem
ents m
o
st
of time in meas
ured
y
ear
. It is o
b
served for 0.01
percen
tag
e
of time,
measured six
y
ears av
erag
e
rain rate
is 110 mm/hr,
while 135, 147 and 145
mm/hr ar
e predicted b
y
G
l
obal Moupfouma,
Crane and ITU-R models for
Malay
s
ia. At 0.01% of
time,
the measured rain r
a
te is
found 110 mm/hr while ITU-R
latest
reco
mmendation
has pro
posed 100 mm/hr rain
Band
ITU-R
(
.
)m
m
/
h
r
Measure
(
.
)m
m
/
h
r
V
100
110
Ka
100
110
Ku
100
110
C 100
110
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Rai
n
Rat
e
Di
st
ri
but
i
o
ns f
o
r M
i
crow
ave
Li
nk
Desi
g
n
B
a
se
d
on
L
o
n
g
…
(
I
sl
am
Md
R
a
f
i
qul
)
1
029
intensit
y for Ma
la
y
s
ia
. ITU-R p
r
edic
tion m
e
tho
d
is used to
estim
ate e
a
rth-to-s
ate
llit
e lin
k’s ra
in att
e
nua
tion f
o
r four
frequency
bands
using ITU-R pr
edicted ra
in rate of 100
mm/hr and measured ra
in of 110
mm/hr. The higher freq
u
ency
band causes the
higher attenuatio
n. At 0.01%
, predicted attenuatio
n
s using
measured
rain rate are f
ound 46, 33, 18 and 2
dB for V, Ka, K
u
and C-b
a
nds r
e
spectively
.
Predicted attenu
atio
ns using ITU-R
recommended rain rate
are found
5 dB, 3
dB and 1
dB
lower th
an
that pred
icted
b
y
measured rain
rates for
0
.
01% for
V, Ka
and Ku-bands r
e
spectiv
ely
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Authors are grateful to Resear
ch
Management Centre, In
tern
atio
nal Islamic University
Malay
s
ia to support this
research
through
research gr
ant R
I
GS16-065-0229
.
REFERE
NC
E
[1]
Louis J. Ippolito
, J, "Satellite Co
mm
unications Sy
stems Engin
eer
ing: Atmos
pheric Eff
ects, Satellite Link Design
and S
y
stem Perf
ormance”, 2nd
Editi
on, John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.,
2017.
[2]
L.Freeman
, R
,
"
R
adio S
y
s
t
em D
e
sign for
Teleco
mmunications” J
ohn Wiley
& So
ns, 2007.
[3]
L.J.Ippol
ito
, "Radiowave Propag
a
tion
in Satellit
e
Com
m
unicay
i
on
”, 1986
.
[4]
R.K.Crane,"Electromagne
tic Wave Propagation
through Rain
”,N
e
w York: John
Wiley
& Sons, 1
996.
[5]
ITU-R."Characteristic of
pr
ecipitation
fro
Propag
a
tion
M
odel.”, P.837-7, June 201
7.
[6]
Rec. ITU-R, "Ch
a
rac
t
erist
i
cs of
Precep
ti
on
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