TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.11, No
.3, March 2
0
1
3
, pp. 1278 ~ 1283
ISSN: 2302-4
046
1278
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 1
0
, 201
2; Revi
se
d Ja
nuar
y 9, 201
3
;
Accepte
d
Ja
nuary 20, 20
1
3
Lower Cross-Braced Truck and Swing Motion Truck
Have Different Effect on Freight Car Dynamics
Performance
Chao
Chen
*, Yanhui Han,
and Mei Ha
n
School of T
r
a
ffic and Tra
n
sportation, Beij
ing Jia
o
tong
University, Beijing, Chin
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: chen.q@
16
3.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
There are two m
a
jor types of trucks for frei
ght ca
r in Chin
ese railroad. One is t
he lowe
r
cro
s
s-bra
c
e
d
truck; the oth
e
r i
s
the
swi
n
g m
o
ti
on truck. To e
v
al
uat
e the differen
t
perform
an
ce,
diam
ond re
si
stant rigi
dity
of t
he lowe
r cro
s
s-bra
c
e
d
truck and th
e
lateral
stiffness of the swing
m
o
tion truck are anal
yzed.
To sim
u
late the dyn
a
m
i
cs perfo
rm
ance
of the swing m
o
tion truck, an
equi
valent lat
e
ral
stiffness is cal
c
ul
ated
. T
hen it is
m
odeled a
s
a lateral
sp
ri
ng between
side
fram
es and b
o
lstered to si
m
u
late the swing. Afte
r that, two typical
freight ca
rs
’
m
odels whi
c
h
use
the two types of
trucks are
built in
SIMPAC
K. The L/V Ratio and Whe
e
l Load
Red
u
ctio
n Ra
tio
are
cho
s
en fo
r evaluating
runnin
g
safet
y
of the
freight car. The
sim
u
lation re
sult
s are com
pared
and they p
r
o
v
e that the im
p
a
ct
force betwee
n
whe
e
l and rail w
hen
the car passi
ng cu
rve can
be
redu
ce
d effectivel
y as the
swing m
o
tion truck has
a
better lateral
flexible. The
r
efore, it has a
lowe
r L/V ratio unde
r the
sam
e
runni
ng and loa
d
i
ng co
ndition.
However, the swi
ng lead
s a
large
r
late
ral
displ
a
cem
ent of the ca
r-bod
y, so
th
e
gra
v
ity
cent
er of loa
ded
car ha
s a la
rger
lateral displa
cem
ent than the car with lowe
r cross-
brace
d
truck; which re
sult
s to a larger Wh
eel
Load Red
u
cti
on
Ratio.
Key
w
ords
:
truck; dyn
a
m
i
cs sim
u
lation; freight car; L/
V Ratio; Whe
e
l Load
Red
u
c
tion Ratio
Copy
right
©
2013 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
The freight car of Chine
s
e
railroad ha
s a fa
st development from 1980
s [1].
Axle load is
raised from 1
1
t to 23t during the last sixty y
ears. Th
e 25t axle load truck has b
een used on the
new types of freight car, so, freight ca
r c
apa
city ca
n reach 70t
and som
e
heavy haul car’s
cap
a
city is 7
6
t or 80t. Th
e de
signe
d speed of
the
new freight
car is
120
km/
h
. The spee
d
increa
sed tru
c
ks a
r
e all three
-
pi
ece in
China,
an
d
they have two types, one
is lowe
r cro
s
s-
bra
c
ed truck; the other is
swing motio
n
truck.
The ru
nning
safety of railroad freight car
c
an be eval
u
a
ted by L/V Ratio and Wh
e
e
l Load
Red
u
ctio
n Ra
tio, the L/V Ratio is calcula
t
ed fr
om the forces of one
whe
e
l, and the Wheel Lo
a
d
Red
u
ctio
n Ratio is calcul
ated from th
e forces
of one wh
eel
-set. So, under t
he sa
me run
n
ing
con
d
ition a
n
d
loadin
g
cond
ition, the Ratios m
a
y
be di
fferent a
s
the
y
are
cal
c
ulat
ed by differe
nt
force
s
.
Reference [2-4] a
n
a
lysis th
e L/V Ratio a
nd
Wheel L
oad
Re
ductio
n
Ratio
whe
n
the frei
ght
car
with two
kind
s of trucks run
n
ing th
rough a
curv
e
.
But there is rarely inve
stigation ab
out the
relation
s bet
wee
n
differen
t
types of trucks a
nd safety ratios
when
car p
a
ssin
g a
curve.
This stu
d
y investigate
s
the dynamic resp
ons
e of the lower
cro
s
s-bra
c
ed tru
c
k and
swing
motion tru
c
k
whe
n
the frei
ght ca
r runni
n
g
with
the
sa
me ru
nnin
g
condition
and l
oadin
g
condit
i
on.
The cars are
simulate
d
by usin
g
multi-b
ody
dy
nami
c
softwa
r
e SIM
PACK. The d
y
namic
effect
of
different types of trucks is
studie
d
by
the model
s wh
en freight car
passin
g
a cu
rve.
2. Topolog
y
Frame
w
o
r
ks
Analy
s
is for Freight Car
s
w
i
th Differ
ent Tru
cks
The gon
dola
car
C70 a
nd C70
H
are taken as an
alysi
s
example
s
, C70 u
s
e
s
K6 whi
c
h is
lowe
r cro
s
s-bra
c
ed t
r
u
ck,
and
C70
H
use
s
K5
whi
c
h i
s
swin
g
motion tru
c
k. The topol
o
g
y
frame
w
orks o
f
the cars nee
d to be analy
z
ed b
e
fore b
u
ilding virtual
model
s in SIMPACK.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1278 – 1
283
1279
2.1.Topolog
y
Frame
w
o
r
ks Analy
s
is
of Freigh
t Car Sy
stem
The gond
ola
car system
is compo
s
e
d
of car-b
od
y and two trucks. The car-body
inclu
d
e
s
emp
t
y car-b
ody a
nd freig
h
t loa
ded on it, an
d the truck in
clud
es b
o
lste
r, side frame
s
,
axle boxes a
nd whe
e
l sets, etc. The inte
ractio
n of
the
comp
one
nts is cau
s
e
d
by spring
s, frictio
n
,
moment, joints, etc. Figure
1
& Figure2 show t
he topol
ogy frameworks of C70 & C70
H
ba
sed on
the stru
cture of tw
o types of trucks.
x
z
ca
r-bo
d
y
bols
t
er
si
d
e
fr
a
m
e
ax
le b
o
x
whe
e
l set
y
z
low
e
r
cr
oss-
bra
c
e
End view
Side view
Figure 1.
C70
gondol
a ca
r system top
o
logy grap
h
ca
r-bo
d
y
bol
st
er
s
i
d
e
fram
e
axl
e
box
wheel
set
x
z
y
z
End view
Side vi
ew
Figure 2.
C70
H
gon
dola
ca
r system top
o
l
ogy grap
h
In Figure1 &
Figure2, “
” re
pre
s
ent
s the force
s
and m
o
ments bet
ween the com
pone
nts
of vehicle system, “
” rep
r
e
s
ents the joint
s
between th
e co
mp
one
nts of vehicle system. Force
s
betwe
en side
frame and wheel set are tran
smitted
by axle boxes,
and two axle boxes are set
to
the end
s of axle with rotational joint.
2.2. Freight
Cars Virtu
a
l Models Buil
ding
The ca
rs virtual model
s a
r
e built in SIMPACK base
d
on the top
o
logy gra
p
h
s
and the
nonlin
ear forces between
car com
pon
ent
s [5-7]. The virtual model
s
are form
ed b
y
managing the
3D shap
e, joints and fo
rce
s
.
2.2.1. 3D Shape
All the com
p
onent
s are consi
dered a
s
rigid b
odi
e
s
i
n
the mo
del.
The 3
D
shap
es of
ca
r
body, side fra
m
es, bol
sters and axle boxes are
simplif
i
ed as key factors, whi
c
h co
nsi
s
t of gravity
cente
r
, mass
and mom
ent of inertia in SIMPACK.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Lower Cro
s
s-Braced Truck and Swing M
o
tion Tr
u
c
k Have
Different
Effect… (Ch
a
o
Che
n
)
1280
2.2.2. Joints
The topolo
g
y framewo
r
k has two type
s of jo
ints. One is the z axis rotational joint
betwe
en bol
ster and
ca
r-b
ody. The oth
e
r is th
e y
axis rotation
al
joint betwe
e
n
axle box a
n
d
wheel s
e
t.
2.2.3. Force
s
The input of force
s
in SIMPACK include
s cho
o
si
ng force ele
m
ent and n
online
a
r
expre
ssi
on. For this study, the force
s
in
Figure1 and Figure2 that
hav
e been used in SIMPACK
are
cente
r
pl
ate friction m
o
ment; sid
e
b
earin
g fr
ictio
n
;
vertical and
lateral force
s
betwe
en bol
ster
and
side fram
e; vertical, lat
e
ral a
nd lo
ngi
tudinal
force
s
betwe
en
sid
e
frame
and
axle box; forces
betwe
en whe
e
l and rail. T
w
o metho
d
s
are u
s
ed to e
x
press the force
s
:
(1) T
here are vertical
springs that hav
e
large
stiffness between
up and do
wn cente
r
plates and si
de
be
arin
gs. The
fri
c
tion can
be cal
c
ul
a
t
ed by frictio
n
coeffici
ent a
nd vertical sp
ring
forc
e.
(2) Othe
r n
online
a
r forces are expressed
a
s
value and rel
a
tive displace
ment in
SIMPACK. K5 truck is spe
c
ial; it needs to calcul
at
e the lateral force that is equ
al to a spring
as
the swi
ng structural [8].
3. Lateral Fo
rce Be
t
w
e
e
n
Bolste
r and
Side-Frame
of K5 Tr
uck
There is a spring pla
n
k b
e
twee
n two side frame
s
in K5 truck, and
the bol
ste
r
sprin
g
force
s
are
transmitted
to
side
fram
es by it. The j
o
ints that
be
tween
sp
ring
plan
k an
d
side
frame
s
, between si
de fra
m
e ped
estal
and be
arin
g
adapte
r
are a
ll rotational jo
ints. So, the two
side fra
m
e
s
can swing at the sam
e
time
. The maximum angle is 3
degree [8]. Figure
3
sh
ows
the
swi
ng structu
r
al of K5.
A
B
C
D
E
F
y
l
0
M
as
g/2
F
y
α
F
E
D
(
A
)
C
(
B
)
M
as
g/2
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Dia
g
ram of si
de frame
s
for
swi
ng motion tru
c
k
A~ D a
r
e th
e joints b
e
tween si
de fra
m
e ped
estal
and be
arin
g
adapte
r
; E, F are the
joints betwee
n
sprin
g
plan
k and sid
e
fra
m
es. The dot
line in Figure
3
(b) is the p
o
sition when
th
e
s
i
de frames
swing to left. As
s
u
me that it is
the
s
t
ruc
t
ural balanc
e
pos
itio
n, s
o
the equation can
be derive
d
:
y
l
g
M
l
y
g
M
g
M
g
M
F
as
as
as
as
y
0
0
4
4
sin
4
tan
4
(1)
define
'
0
4
as
y
Mg
K
l
,
then
equation (1) i
s
:
y
K
F
y
y
'
(2)
Whe
r
e,
as
M
is t
he sprun
g
mas
s
of
car / kg;
is the swing an
gle of side frame / degree;
y
is the late
ral
displ
a
cement
of E, F / m;
0
l
is the ve
rtical
distan
ce
of two
swi
ng p
o
i
n
ts / m;
'
y
K
is
the cal
c
ulate
d
stiffness.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1278 – 1
283
1281
The swin
g m
o
tion of sid
e
frame is
equ
al to a sp
ring
which ha
s la
teral stiffne
s
s. When
the swi
ng an
gle of side frame is le
ss than 3 de
gree
, the sprin
g
stiffness is
th
e
seri
al of bolster
spri
ng lateral stiffness and the calc
ulate
d
stiffness of side fram
e sw
ing motion.
It is the
first step
lateral stiffness,
'
'
y
y
y
y
S
K
K
K
K
K
(3)
Whe
r
e,
S
K
is the se
rial lateral stiffness (one si
de) /
N
m-
1
;
y
K
is the bolste
r
sp
ri
ng
lateral
stiffne
ss (one side
) /
N
m-1.
There will be only lateral stiffness of bolst
er sp
ring when the swin
g angle of side-fram
e
is 3 de
gre
e
; it is the se
co
nd step l
a
teral stiffness which i
s
y
K
. Af
ter that, if the b
o
ls
ter
k
e
eps
moving lateral, the bolster block
will contact the spri
ng plank even
tually, which i
s
rigid
contact. It
can b
e
expre
s
sed a
s
a hi
gh stiffne
ss
spring. A tabl
e
is built in
clu
des the th
re
e
step
s of late
ral
displ
a
cement
and fo
rce in
the virtual
model. Fig
u
re4 dem
on
strates late
ral f
o
rce
cha
r
a
c
teristi
c
curve fo
r sid
e
frame and b
o
lster of K5.
Figure 4. Lateral force
cha
r
acte
ri
stic curve for K5
Figure 5. Virtual gon
dola
car sy
stem mo
del interfa
c
e
The virtual g
ondol
a ca
r system model i
s
built
by the
combi
nation
of compo
nent
s, joints
and force el
e
m
ents (se
e
Fi
gure
5). The
virtual m
odel
inclu
d
e
s
twen
ty rigid bodie
s
, one
car
bo
dy,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Lower Cro
s
s-Braced Truck and Swing M
o
tion Tr
u
c
k Have
Different
Effect… (Ch
a
o
Che
n
)
1282
freight, two b
o
lsters, four
side frame
s
, ei
ght axle
boxes and fou
r
wh
eel set
s
. There are sixty-ni
ne
force el
eme
n
ts ba
sed o
n
the nonlin
ear
re
lations.
4. Running
Conditio
n
an
d Loading Condition
Four runnin
g
condition
s a
r
e set for si
mulation accordin
g to the Code for Desig
n
of
Rail
way Line
[9]. The four lines are the Fi
rst Gra
d
e
track of Chi
nese railroad
and use AAR5
track irregula
r
ity, as there is
not track
irre
gula
r
ity powe
r
spe
c
tru
m
density for the First Grade
track in
Chi
n
a, and th
e p
e
rmit runni
ng
velocity of t
he First G
r
a
d
e tra
c
k is
al
most the
sa
me as
AAR5 [10] [1
1]. Table 1 shows the run
n
ing co
nditi
o
n
s. The ca
r p
a
sse
s
the curves with bala
n
ce
spe
ed.
Table 1. Ru
n
n
ing conditio
n
s
Curve Radius/m
Super elevation/
mm
Spiral Curve/m
Balance Speed/km·h
-
1
1600
90 190
110
1200
100 190
100
800 90
180
80
600 110
120
75
All the
virtual model
s use the same loa
d
conditi
on: Fu
ll load 70t, th
e center of gravity o
f
the freight is
on the center of
car body, and the heigh
t of center of
gravity of loa
ded ca
r is 2000
mm.
5. Simulation Resul
t
s
The sampli
n
g
rate i
s
10
0
H
z
duri
ng
si
mulation to e
n
su
re the
preci
s
ion
and
efficien
cy.
Figure 6 and
Figure
7
sho
w
the simul
a
tion re
su
lts of
the L/V Ratio and Wheel
Load Re
du
ction
Ratio whe
n
t
he
mo
del
s
p
a
ss
different curve
s
. C70 gond
ola ca
r whi
c
h use
s
the lowe
r cro
s
s-
bra
c
ed
tru
ck
has
high
er
L/V Ratio, but
C70
H
g
ond
ol
a ca
r
whi
c
h u
s
e
s
the
swi
n
g
motion tru
c
k
has
the
high
er Wheel
L
oad Redu
ction Rati
o.
The
lo
we
r cross-brace
d
tr
u
ck ha
s highe
r
dia
m
o
n
d
resi
stant ri
gid
i
ty to reduce
hunting, but t
he attack
an
g
l
e and late
ral
force to
rail a
r
e greate
r
wh
en
the tru
ck
pa
ssing
a curve.
It leads to
highe
r L/
V Ratio. The
swi
ng motio
n
truck ha
s
sma
ller
lateral stiffne
ss which lead
s to a larger l
a
teral di
spla
cement of car
body, so the cente
r
of gra
v
ity
of loaded
car
has a la
rge
r
l
a
teral di
spla
cement and
re
sult in a larg
e
r
whe
e
l load
redu
ction.
Figure 6. L/V Ratio of different curve
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1278 – 1
283
1283
Figure 7. Wh
eel Loa
d Re
d
u
ction
Ratio o
f
different curves
6. Conclusio
n
In this wo
rk,
the gond
ola
cars
C70 a
n
d
C70
H
’
s
top
o
logy frame
w
orks a
r
e
stud
ied and
virtual model
s are built in
SIMPACK.
The K5 swin
g motion tru
c
k’s late
ral fo
rce is
cal
c
ulat
ed
equivalent to
a spri
ng which has th
ree st
eps of stiffne
ss.
The si
mulatio
n
is cond
ucte
d unde
r the
same lo
a
d
ing
con
d
ition but
four different runni
ng
con
d
ition
s
. The simulatio
n
result
s indicate that C70 gondola car which u
s
e
s
the lower
cro
s
s-
bra
c
ed
tru
ck
has
high
er
L/V Ratio, but
C70
H
g
ond
ol
a ca
r
whi
c
h u
s
e
s
the
swi
n
g
motion tru
c
k
has
highe
r Wh
eel
Load Redu
ct
ion Ratio u
n
d
e
r sa
me cond
ition.
Referen
ces
[1]
Yu Shim
ing, Y
ang
Dan
hu, W
ang W
u
jia
n.
Su
rvey on
deve
l
o
p
ment of ra
ilw
a
y
freight cars
in
our co
untry
.
Roll
in
g Stock. 200
6; 44: 9-13.
[2]
Ham
YS.
Measurin
g and a
n
a
l
ysis of derai
l
m
ent coefficie
n
ts
of sw
ing moti
on bo
gie for ra
ilw
ay freigh
t
car
. Proceedings of the KSPE Autumn
Conf
erence. 20
03; 130-133.
[3]
Beom-G
yu Eo
m, Hi Sun
g
L
ee. Assessme
n
t of r
unn
in
g safet
y
of
rail
wa
y
v
e
h
i
cles us
ing
m
u
ltib
od
y
dy
nam
ics.
Internatio
nal J
ourn
a
l of Precis
i
on
Engi
neer
in
g an
d Manufactur
i
n
g
. 2010; 1
1
(2): 315-
320.
[4]
Che
nLe
i, W
a
n
g
Xinr
ui. Ana
l
ys
is on the d
y
n
a
m
ics
performa
nce of the frei
ght
car ne
gotia
ting the sma
l
l
radi
us curve at
lo
w
s
p
e
ed.
Ch
ina R
a
ilw
ay Sci
ence
. 20
09; 30
(6): 84-90.
[5]
Miao B
i
ngr
on
g, F
ang
Xi
an
ghu
a, F
u
Xiuton
g.
SIMPACK dynamics analys
is
tutorial
. Press
of South
w
e
s
t
Jiaoto
ng U
n
ive
r
sit
y
, Che
n
g
du,
2008.
[6]
Miao Bin
g
ron
g
, Luo Ren, Yan
g
Guang
w
u
, et al.
SIMPACK d
y
na
mics an
aly
s
is advanc
ed tutoria
l
. Press
of South
w
est Ji
aoton
g Un
ivers
i
t
y
, Ch
eng
du, 2
010.
[7]
Che
n
Ch
ao, H
an Me
i, Z
han
g
Li
yu
an, et a
l
. Stud
y of re
as
ona
ble
he
ig
ht of turnin
g rack
for goo
d
s
transporte
d b
y
fi
ve
w
a
g
ons b
a
se
d on SIMPACK.
Journal of System
Sim
u
lation
. 2
010; 22: 3
016-
3
019.
[8]
Yan Junm
ao, F
u
Maoh
ai.
Veh
i
cle en
gin
eer
ing
. China R
a
il
w
a
y Pu
blis
hin
g
H
ouse, Bei
jin
g. 200
8.
[9]
Chin
a’s Mi
nistr
y
of Ra
il
w
a
y
.
C
ode for Des
i
g
n
of Railw
ay Li
ne
. GB50090-
99. 199
9.
[10]
Han
M
e
i.
Stud
y on th
eory a
n
d
ap
plic
atio
n o
f
railw
ay
out-
o
f-gau
ge goo
ds transport
. Bei
j
i
ng Ji
aoto
n
g
Univers
i
t
y
, Be
ij
ing. 20
06.
[11]
Luo Z
h
en, Z
h
a
i
W
anmin
g, et
al. D
y
nam
ics
Mode
l of Sla
b
T
r
ack Subjecte
d to Movin
g
V
ehicl
e a
nd Its
Verification.
Jo
urna
l of the Chi
na Ra
ilw
ay So
ciety
. 2010; 3
2
(
4): 70-73.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.