Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Sci
ence
Vo
l.
9,
No.
2,
Februa
ry 20
18,
pp.
493
~
501
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v9.i
2.pp
493
-
501
493
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A Re
al Tim
e Con
diti
on Moni
toring Sy
stem fo
r Gea
rs Ope
rating
un
der Var
i
able Load
Co
nd
itions
Alw
ad
ie
. A
Facul
t
y
of Engin
ee
ring
,
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Eng
ine
er
ing
D
epa
rtment
,
Na
jran Unive
rsit
y
,
King
Abdulaziz
Road,
St
at
e
Najr
an,
Saud
i
Arab
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
9
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
2
0
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Dec
11
, 201
7
Gea
rs
are
important
component
of
the
ro
ta
t
ional
power
tra
nsm
ission
s
y
stem
and
are
la
rg
ely
u
sed
in
var
i
abl
e l
oad
and
spee
d
a
ppli
c
at
ions. The
fau
lt
s on
the
gea
r
gen
erate
ex
ce
ss
ive
vibr
at
ion
which
leads
to
bre
akdown
of
th
e
m
ac
hine.
Sensor
base
d
m
et
hods
coul
d
d
ia
g
nose
gea
r
fau
l
ts
but
prove
d
to
be
expe
nsiv
e
and
have
l
imited
appl
icat
ions
due
to
hea
v
y
cost
an
d
nee
d
of
a
c
ce
ss
of
gea
r
box
for
sensor
insta
llati
on
.
T
he
m
otor
stat
or
cur
ren
t
ana
l
y
si
s
has
bee
n
rep
orte
d
to
ove
rco
m
e
the
dra
wbac
ks
of
the
sensor
base
d
fau
lt
det
e
ct
i
o
n
m
et
hods.
How
eve
r,
m
otor
stat
or
cur
ren
t
an
aly
sis
has
a
li
m
it
ed
capabi
lit
y
for
rel
i
abl
e
d
e
t
ec
t
io
n
of
sm
al
l
gear
fau
lt
sign
at
ur
es
t
y
p
ically
for
low
loa
d
condi
ti
ons
.
Th
is
pape
r
pre
sen
ts
an
a
lt
ern
at
iv
e
n
on
-
inva
sive
app
roa
ch
b
ase
d
on
insta
nta
n
eous
power
ana
l
y
sis
of
the
m
otor
to
r
el
i
ably
di
agnose
gea
r
fau
lt
s
for
var
ia
b
le
load
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
The
th
eor
etic
al
and
expe
r
ime
nta
l
r
esult
s
indi
c
at
es
that
the
insta
nta
n
eou
s
power
ana
l
y
si
s
offe
rs
thre
e
fau
lt
relat
ed
har
m
onic
s
and
amplit
ude
v
aria
ti
ons
on
the
se
har
m
onic
s
could
give
th
e
indi
c
at
ion
of
he
al
th
st
at
us
of
t
he
ge
ar.
The
superior
ity
of
t
he
proposed
insta
n
ta
n
eous
p
ower
ana
l
y
sis
te
chn
ique
has
bee
n
conf
irmed
through
expe
riments
pe
rform
ed
on
thr
ee
oper
a
ti
ng
point
s
of
the
m
otor.
The
compari
son
of
the
ampli
tude
s
ensit
ivit
y
of
th
e
m
otor
stat
or
cur
ren
t
and
insta
nta
n
eous
power
at
three
ope
rat
ing
poin
ts
has
bee
n
per
form
ed
to
val
id
ate
the
super
iori
t
y
o
f
the proposed te
chni
que
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Gear healt
h m
on
it
ori
ng
Motor co
uple
d gea
r
fa
ults
Re
li
able fau
lt
detect
ion
Sign
al
proces
sing
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Alwa
die.
A
,
Faculty
of E
ngineerin
g, Ele
ct
rical
Enginee
ring D
e
pa
rtm
ent
, N
a
jran
Unive
rsity
King
Abd
ulazi
z Roa
d,
Stat
e N
aj
ra
n,
Saudi
Ar
a
bia
Em
a
il
:
al
wad
ie
@hotm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
gear
s
a
re
the
im
po
rtant
c
om
po
ne
nt
of
the
in
dustria
l
f
aci
li
ti
es
and
ar
e
us
e
d
in
the
m
achines
f
or
the
r
otati
on
al
powe
r
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
.
Th
e
reli
ab
il
ity
and
c
os
t
e
ff
ect
ive
operati
on
of
in
dustria
l
m
achines
c
ould
be
ens
ur
e
d
thr
ou
gh
a
doptio
n
of
the
pro
pe
r
conditi
on
m
on
i
toring
te
ch
nique
[
1
-
5].
The
un
e
xpect
ed
m
achine
sh
ut
dow
ns
an
d
cat
ast
rop
hic
fail
ur
es
co
uld
be
av
oid
e
d
thr
ough
co
ntin
uous
c
onditi
on
m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd
fau
l
t
diag
nosis
proc
ess.
Ma
ny
c
onditi
on
m
on
it
ori
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
su
c
h
as
vib
rat
ion
a
naly
sis,
tem
per
at
ure
an
al
ysi
s
,
so
un
d
a
naly
sis,
aco
us
ti
c
em
i
ssion,
n
on
-
i
nvasi
ve
m
oto
r
st
at
or
c
urre
nt
a
naly
sis
ha
ve
be
en
repor
te
d
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
[6
-
9].
Me
asur
em
ent
m
et
ho
d,
co
st
of
the
se
nsors
,
instal
la
ti
on
of
the
sensors
a
nd
r
el
ia
bili
ty
of
the
m
easur
ed
data
are
the
i
m
po
r
ta
nt
par
am
et
ers
in
the
sel
ect
i
on
of
the
pro
pe
r
co
nd
it
io
n
m
on
it
ori
ng
te
ch
nique
[10
-
12]
.
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
c
onduct
ed
in
the
past
to
m
o
nitor
the
co
nd
it
ion
of
the
ge
ar
thr
ough
vibrat
ion
a
naly
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
[
13
-
17
]
.
Althou
gh
vibrat
ion
a
naly
sis
hav
e
be
en
sho
wn
t
o
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
dia
gnos
e
the
gea
r
f
aults
but
it
involve
s
the
huge
c
ost
of
t
he
acce
le
ro
m
et
ers
us
e
d
for
data
colle
ct
ion
a
nd
it
s
use
is
lim
it
ed
wh
e
re
acce
ss
to
the
ge
arbo
x
is
no
t
po
s
sible
f
or
se
ns
or
instal
la
ti
on
[
18
-
24
]
.
T
he
non
-
i
nv
a
sive
m
oto
r
sta
tor
c
urre
nt
a
naly
sis
has
bee
n
pro
po
s
ed
by
few
resea
rc
hers
to
overc
om
e
the
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
associat
ed
wit
h
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
bruary
2
01
8
:
493
–
501
494
vibrat
ion
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e
[
25
-
27
]
.
T
he
st
at
or
c
urren
t
c
ould
be
m
easure
d
f
r
om
the
m
otor
s
upply
li
ne
an
d
thu
s
it
do
e
s
not
re
qu
i
res
ac
cess
to
t
he
ge
arbo
x.
Althou
gh,
m
oto
r
sta
t
or
c
urre
nt
ana
ly
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
is
b
est
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
vibrat
ion
anal
ysi
s
te
chn
iq
ue
for
th
e
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
an
econom
ic
al
and
ver
sat
il
e
co
nd
it
io
n
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
e
m
,
howev
e
r,
m
os
t
of
the
r
es
earche
rs
have
us
e
d
this
m
et
ho
d
only
on
f
ull
load
c
onditi
on
[28
-
30
]
.
Hence
,
th
ere
is
a
nee
d
to
ex
plore
th
e
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
of
m
oto
r
sta
to
r
c
urren
t
a
naly
sis
m
et
ho
d
to
dia
gnose
gear
fa
ults
for
var
ia
ble
loa
ding
poi
nts
of
the
m
oto
r.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e,
the
tw
o
fau
lt
relat
e
d
c
om
po
ne
nts
pr
oduce
d
by
sta
tor
c
urre
nt
sp
ect
r
um
app
ear
nea
r
to
fund
am
ental
co
m
po
nen
t
a
nd
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
o
f
the
se
fau
lt
c
om
po
nen
ts
i
s
su
pp
resse
d
by
the
la
rg
e
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
f
undam
ental
co
m
po
nen
t
[
31
-
33]
.
Th
us,
the
r
el
ia
ble
fau
lt
de
te
ct
ion
thr
ough m
oto
r st
at
or
c
urren
t
a
naly
sis i
s sti
ll
a ch
al
le
ngin
g
is
su
e i
n on
-
li
ne
c
onditi
on m
on
it
or
i
ng appli
cat
ion
s
.
Re
centl
y
,
so
m
e
of
t
he
resear
cher
s
ha
ve
repor
te
d
the
us
e
of
insta
ntane
ou
s
powe
r
sig
nal
(
wh
ic
h
ta
ke
s
the infor
m
at
ion
fro
m
b
oth
t
he
stat
or
curre
nt
an
d v
oltage)
f
or
th
e d
ia
gnos
i
s o
f beari
ng
fa
ults. Th
e e
xper
i
m
enta
l
resu
lt
s
ha
ve
s
how
n
a
bette
r
capab
il
it
y
of
detect
ing
b
ea
rin
g
fau
lt
s
thr
ough
re
ported
te
chn
iq
ue.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
theo
reti
cal
and
ex
per
im
ental
inv
est
igati
ons
of
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
powe
r
f
or
ge
ar
fa
ult
detect
ion
ha
ve
nev
e
r
bee
n
perform
ed
in
e
arli
er
rese
arc
h
work
[
34,
35]
.
The
m
ai
n
cont
ribu
ti
ons
of
th
is
pa
per
a
re
1)
De
rivati
on
of
ge
a
r
fau
lt
fr
e
quenc
y
m
od
el
in
var
ia
ble
loadi
ng
co
nd
it
io
ns
f
or
insta
ntane
ous
pow
er
s
pe
ct
ra
2)
E
xp
e
ri
m
ental
confirm
at
ion
of
the
de
rive
d
ge
ar
fa
ult
fr
e
quency
m
od
el
3)
Com
par
ison
of
the
m
oto
r
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
ana
ly
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
a
nd
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
a
nal
ysi
s
te
chn
iq
ue
f
or
reli
able
c
onditi
on
m
on
it
or
i
ng
of
gea
r
fau
lt
s
sp
eci
fical
ly
un
der va
riable l
oa
d
c
onditi
ons.
The
rest
of
th
e
pap
e
r
has
be
en
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
Se
ct
ion
II
der
i
ve
s
the
gear
fa
ul
t
fr
eq
uen
cy
m
od
el
fo
r
inst
antane
ous
pow
er
sp
ect
ra
for
var
ia
ble
load
op
e
rati
ons
of
the
m
oto
r.
Sect
ion
I
II
pro
vid
e
s
the
desig
n
of
the
exp
e
rim
ental
t
est
rig
and
da
ta
acqu
isi
ti
on
syst
e
m
.
Sect
io
n
IV
pro
vid
es
the
sp
ect
ra
of
th
e
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
an
d
m
otor
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
for
heal
thy
and
fa
ulty
gear
operat
ing
in
va
riabl
e
l
oad
conditi
ons.
Th
e
com
par
ison
of
the
gea
r
fa
ult
detect
ion
capab
il
it
ie
s
of
the
m
oto
r
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
ana
ly
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
a
nd
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e
has
al
so
bee
n
giv
e
n
in
t
his
sect
io
n.
Fi
nally
,
Sect
ion
V
pr
ese
nts t
he
c
oncl
us
i
on of thi
s p
a
per.
2.
THE
MA
T
HEM
ATICA
L MO
DEL O
F THE ST
AT
OR C
URREN
T AND
IN
STAN
T
AN
E
OUS
POWER
FO
R
GEA
R CO
N
DITIO
N MO
NITO
RING
S
t
a
t
or
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
t
he
m
ot
or
w
i
t
h
he
a
l
t
hy
ge
ar
c
on
ne
c
t
e
d
o
n
t
he
s
ha
f
t
d
oe
s
no
t
c
o
nt
a
i
n
s
i
de
ba
n
ds
of
t
he
ge
a
r
de
f
e
c
t
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
i
e
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
du
r
i
ng
t
he
f
a
ul
t
y
ge
a
r
,
l
ow
e
r
s
i
de
ba
nd
a
n
d
up
pe
r
s
i
de
ba
nd
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
a
r
e
a
pp
e
a
r
e
d
a
r
ou
nd
t
he
f
u
nd
am
e
nt
al
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
,
a
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
i
n
E
q
ua
t
i
on
(
1
)
.
T
he
ge
a
r
f
a
ul
t
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
i
e
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
us
i
ng
E
qu
a
t
i
on
(
2)
a
nd
a
r
e
s
ho
w
n
i
n
T
a
bl
e
1
.
(
)
=
0
(
)
+
0
(
)
cos
[
2
(
±
)
−
0
]
(1)
=
|
−
+
|
,
{
−
+
(2)
wh
e
re:
,
is
t
he
ge
a
r
chara
cte
ri
st
ic
defec
t
freq
ue
ncy
0
(
)
,
is t
he
c
urren
t i
n
the
m
oto
r
f
or
h
eal
thy
gear.
(
)
,
is t
he
c
urren
t i
n
the
m
oto
r
f
or
f
a
ulty
g
e
ar.
,
is t
he
f
re
qu
e
nc
y of t
he
s
upply
curre
nt.
0
,
is t
he
loa
d
a
ngle
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Calcu
lat
e
d
Gear
Fau
lt Ha
r
m
o
n
ics
in
Stato
r
Cu
r
rent Sp
ectra
Load
Co
n
d
itio
n
s
Moto
r
Sp
eed (
rp
m
)
Lower Side
Ban
d
(
Hz)
Up
p
er
Sid
e Ban
d
(
Hz)
No
L
o
ad
1485
2
5
.2
7
4
.8
Mediu
m
Load
1432
2
6
.2
7
3
.8
Fu
ll L
o
ad
1392
2
6
.8
7
3
.2
Wh
e
reas,
for h
eal
thy gear
, th
e
instanta
neous powe
r of
t
he
m
otor c
ou
l
d be
de
scribe
d usin
g Eq
uation (
3).
Po
(
t
)
=
V
0
(
t
)
I
0
(
t
)
(3)
wh
e
re:
(
)
,
is t
he
ideal
i
ns
t
antane
ous P
ow
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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E
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
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02
-
4752
A Rea
l
Time C
onditi
on M
on
it
or
in
g System
for Gea
rs
Op
e
r
ating
un
der
V
ari
ab
le
Loa
d
…
(
Alw
ad
ie
. A
)
495
V
0
(
t
)
,
is t
he
insta
ntan
eous s
upply
vo
lt
age
I
0
(
t
)
,
is t
he
insta
ntan
eous s
upply cu
rr
e
nt
Wh
e
n
we
rep
la
ce
the
he
al
thy
gear
with
t
he
de
fected
gear,
t
he
m
oto
r
s
haf
t
fluctuate
d
du
e
to
ef
fect
of
def
ect
e
d
te
et
h.
The
sym
m
et
r
y
of
the
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
flu
x
betwee
n
sta
to
r
a
nd
r
otor
is
disturbe
d
du
e
t
o
t
he
se
fluctuati
ons
of
the
sh
aft.
T
he
distu
r
bed
s
ymm
et
ry
event
ually
create
s
side
ba
nd
harm
on
ic
s
aro
un
d
the
fun
dam
ental
fr
equ
e
ncy.
T
hes
e
sideba
nd
harm
on
ic
s
are
calcu
la
te
d
us
i
ng
Eq
uation
(
4)
and
(
5)
an
d
are
sh
ow
n
in Ta
ble
2
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
0
(
)
(
)
[
{
4
(
−
)
−
0
−
6
}
+
{
4
(
+
)
−
0
−
6
}
+
2
(
0
−
6
)
(
2
)
]
(4)
=
|
2
−
+
|
,
{
2
−
2
+
(5)
Table
2
.
Ca
lc
ulate
d
Gea
r Faul
t Harm
on
ic
s
In Insta
ntane
ous
Power Spe
ct
ra
Load
Co
n
d
itio
n
s
Moto
r
Sp
eed
(r
p
m
)
(Hz
)
Lower Side
Ban
d
(
Hz)
Up
p
er
Sid
e Ban
d
(
Hz)
No
L
o
ad
1485
2
4
.8
7
5
.2
1
2
4
.8
Mediu
m
Load
1432
2
3
.8
7
6
.2
1
2
3
.8
Fu
ll L
o
ad
1392
2
3
.2
7
6
.8
1
2
3
.2
It
has
bee
n
obser
ve
d
f
r
om
Table
I
an
d
II
that
the
def
e
ct
in
gea
r
ca
use
s
m
oto
r
cu
rrent
analy
si
s
pro
du
ce
t
wo
har
m
on
ic
s
at
lowe
r
side
ba
nd
a
nd
uppe
r
s
ideba
nd
f
requ
encies.
Wh
il
e
three
har
m
onic
s
are
induced
i
n
i
ns
t
antane
ous
pow
er
s
pectr
um
at
ge
ar
fa
ult
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(
),
lo
w
er
si
de
band
an
d
up
per
side
ba
nd
fr
e
qu
e
ncies.
T
hu
s
,
the
i
ns
ta
nt
aneous
power
sp
ect
r
um
pr
ovides
m
or
e
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
nen
ts
relat
ed
t
o
gea
r
def
ect
as
com
par
e
d
to
sta
to
r
cur
re
nt
analy
sis.
This
is
th
e
disti
nguish
f
eat
ur
e
of
the
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
powe
r
analy
sis
for
re
li
able
fau
lt
di
agnosis
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
These
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
der
i
vations
are
co
nf
irm
ed
th
rou
gh
exp
e
rim
ents in
the
nex
t
sect
io
n.
3.
E
X
PE
RI
M
ENTAL
DESI
GN
A
te
st
rig
was
desig
ne
d
to
c
onduct
the
e
xpe
rim
ents
of
the
healt
hy
an
d
fa
ulty
gear
s
.
T
he
schem
at
i
c
diag
ram
of
the
desig
ned
te
st
rig
has
been
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
It
c
on
sist
s
of
a
cu
rr
e
nt
sens
or
(i
5S
P
Q
3),
a
vo
lt
age
se
nsor
(EV
CC
),
a
ta
cho
m
et
er
(R7050),
La
bVIE
W
,
Data
acqu
isi
t
ion
boa
rd
(
NI
6281)
,
healt
hy
gear
assem
bly,
fau
lt
y
gear
assem
bly
and
a
th
r
ee
ph
a
se
1HP,
50
Hz,
in
duct
ion
m
oto
r.
Sam
pling
rate
was
10
kH
z
and f
reque
ncy
reso
l
ution o
f 0.
2 Hz.
Sing
le
sta
ge
be
vel
gear
as
se
m
bl
y
cou
ple
d
with
m
oto
r
sha
ft
was
us
e
d
i
n
this
stu
dy.
T
he
co
nical
ly
sh
a
ped
rac
k
a
nd
pin
io
n
gea
r
s
are
m
ou
nte
d
on
sh
a
fts
that
are
90
de
gree
s
apar
t.
Th
e
pitch
su
r
face
of
bev
el
gear
s
is a co
ne
sh
a
pe.
T
he
te
et
h
of the g
ea
rs
a
re cu
t
strai
ght
and
a
re all
p
ar
al
le
l t
o
the
li
ne
p
oi
nting
to
t
he
ap
e
x
of
the
c
one
on
w
hich
t
he
te
et
h
a
re
base
d
.
In
this
work,
t
he
num
ber
of
te
e
th
of
t
he
pin
io
n
gea
r
(
1
)
is
20
an
d
nu
m
ber
of
te
et
h
on
t
he
w
heel
gea
r
(
2
)
is
30.
The
ex
pe
rim
en
ts
we
re
co
nduc
te
d
on
t
he
he
al
thy
pi
nion
ge
ar
,
too
th
dam
aged
pin
i
on
gea
r,
unde
r
th
ree
diff
e
ren
t
l
oad
i
ng
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
T
he
fa
ult
on
ge
ar
to
oth
was
c
reate
d
arti
fici
al
ly
u
sing
elec
tric
disch
arg
e
m
achine (EDM).
T
he he
al
thy and de
fec
te
d
gea
rs
a
re show
n
in
Fig
ure
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
bruary
2
01
8
:
493
–
501
496
Figure
1. The
Schem
at
ic
Diagr
am
of
t
he
De
velo
ped
Set
-
Up
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
Gear
U
nd
e
r
Te
st
(a
)
Healt
hy
Gear
(b)
Fa
ult
Gea
r
4.
R
ES
ULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
S
4.1 Case
S
tu
d
y 1: Fa
ult
dia
gnosis
of
th
e
gear
th
r
ough
i
nstantane
ous
po
w
er
analysi
s
The
norm
al
iz
e
d
sp
ect
ra
of
t
he
instanta
neous
powe
r
f
or
t
he
healt
hy
an
d
fa
ulty
gear
op
e
rati
ng
in
var
ia
ble
load
c
onditi
on
has
be
en
s
how
n
in
i
n
Fig
ure
3
a
nd
4
res
pecti
vely
.
The
i
ns
ta
nta
ne
ous
po
wer
s
pe
ct
ra
pro
vid
es
t
hr
ee fau
lt
relat
e
d
f
r
equ
e
ncies
a
nd the
am
plit
ud
e
values
on
the
se
fau
lt
f
re
quenci
es
are
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd
recorde
d.
F
or
exam
ple,
the
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
value
s
are
-
71.98,
-
64.
6
a
nd
-
59.
04
dB
f
or
healt
hy
gear
a
nd
-
68.98,
-
61.55
a
nd
-
56.
1
dB
f
or
de
fec
te
d
gea
r
operat
ing
under
no
-
l
oad
c
onditi
on.
Th
us
,
a
3
dB
c
hange
in
am
plit
ud
e
values
at
g
ear fault
fr
e
qu
e
ncie
s
occ
ur
d
ue
t
o
fau
lt
in
the g
ea
r.
Sim
il
arl
y,
a
change o
f
6
dB
and
13
dB h
as
been
ob
s
er
ved
at
m
edium
load
a
nd
fu
ll
-
l
oad
co
ndit
ion
.
T
he
s
um
m
ar
y
of
the
a
m
plit
ud
e
var
i
at
ion
s
at
gea
r
def
ec
t
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
ha
s b
ee
n give
n
i
n Table
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A Rea
l
Time C
onditi
on M
on
it
or
in
g System
for Gea
rs
Op
e
r
ating
un
der
V
ari
ab
le
Loa
d
…
(
Alw
ad
ie
. A
)
497
Table
3
. Sum
m
ary o
f
the
Am
plit
ud
e
Va
riat
i
ons
for
Helt
hy
a
nd
Fa
ulty
Gear
in
In
sta
ntane
ous
P
ower
S
pec
tra
Op
erating
Poin
t
A
m
p
litu
d
e Values
f
o
r
Health
y
Gear
(dB
)
A
m
p
litu
d
e
Valu
es
f
o
r
Fau
lty
Gear
(dB
)
Dif
f
erence in A
m
p
litu
d
e (
d
B)
No
L
o
ad
-
7
1
.98
-
6
8
.98
3
Mediu
m
Load
-
8
7
.54
-
8
1
.01
6
Fu
ll L
o
ad
-
7
2
.48
-
5
9
.2
1
3
.28
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4.
The
I
ns
ta
nta
neou
s
P
ow
e
r
S
pectra
of the
Fa
ulty
Ge
ar
f
or
T
hr
ee
O
per
at
in
g
Po
i
nts
(a)
N
o
Loa
d
(
b)
Me
diu
m
Load
(c
)
F
ull
L
oa
d
4.2 Case
st
ud
y 2
:
F
au
lt
dia
gnosis
of the
ge
ar thr
ough
m
otor st
ator cu
rrent
analysis
As
desc
ribe
d
earli
er,
the
gea
r
fau
lt
s
has
bee
n
inv
est
i
gated
in
var
i
ou
s
stu
di
es
through
m
otor
sta
tor
current
a
naly
sis
unde
r
f
ull
load
co
ndit
ion
s.
Howe
ver,
the
us
e
of
m
oto
r
s
ta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
analy
sis
for
gea
r
fa
ults
detect
ion
in
va
riable
loa
ding
conditi
ons
has
nev
e
r
be
en
i
nvest
igate
d
in
previo
us
stu
dies.
W
hile
this
pa
per
has
consi
der
e
d
t
hr
e
e d
if
fer
e
nt loa
di
ng
c
onditi
ons
to in
vestigat
e t
he gear
f
a
ults v
ia
m
oto
r
sta
t
or
current a
naly
sis.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
bruary
2
01
8
:
493
–
501
498
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
5.
T
he
Motor
Stat
or
C
urren
t
Sp
ect
ra
of
the
Healt
hy
Gear
f
or
Th
ree
O
per
at
in
g
Po
i
nts
(a
)
N
o
L
oa
d
(b)
Me
diu
m
Load
(c)
Fu
ll
L
oa
d
The
norm
al
iz
e
d
sp
ect
ra
of
th
e
m
oto
r
sta
tor
cur
re
nt
f
or
th
e
healt
hy
and
def
ect
e
d
gea
r
op
e
rati
ng
in
var
ia
ble
loa
d
c
onditi
on
has
be
en
s
how
n
i
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5
an
d
6
res
pect
ively
.
T
he
m
oto
r
sta
tor
c
urre
nt
s
pe
ct
ra
pro
vid
es
tw
o
f
ault
relat
ed
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
an
d
the
am
plit
ud
e
values
on
these
fau
lt
fr
e
quenci
es
are
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd
recorde
d.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
the
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
value
s
are
-
69.
91
an
d
-
67.
52
dB
for
healt
hy
gear
and
-
68.
91,
-
66.
53
dB
for
de
fected
ge
ar
operati
ng
unde
r
no
-
l
oad
conditi
on.
Th
us,
a
1
dB
c
hange
in
am
plit
ud
e
values
at
gea
r
fau
lt
fr
e
qu
e
ncies o
c
cur
due
to f
a
ult
in
the g
ear
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
a
change o
f
3
dB
an
d
7
dB
has
bee
n
obser
ve
d
at
m
edium
load
a
nd
fu
ll
-
l
oad
c
onditi
on.
The
s
umm
a
ry
of
the
am
plit
ud
e
var
ia
ti
ons
at
gear
de
fect
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
ha
s
been
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
4
Table
4
. Sum
m
ary O
f
T
he Am
plit
ud
e
Va
riat
ion
s
F
or H
el
thy
And Fa
ulty
Gea
r
I
n St
at
or Current
Sp
ect
ra
Op
erating
Poin
t
A
m
p
litu
d
e Values
f
o
r
Health
y
Gear
(dB
)
A
m
p
litu
d
e Values
f
o
r
Fau
lty
Gear
(dB
)
Dif
f
erence in A
m
p
litu
d
e
(dB
)
No
L
o
ad
-
6
9
.91
-
6
8
.91
1
Mediu
m
Load
-
7
3
.58
-
7
0
.01
3
Fu
ll L
o
ad
-
7
0
.03
-
6
3
.04
7
It
has
been
co
nclu
ded
f
r
om
Table
IV
that
the
dia
gnos
is
of
the
gea
r
fa
ults
th
rou
gh
non
-
in
vasiv
e
m
oto
r
sta
tor
c
urren
t
a
naly
sis
is
sen
sit
ive
to
the
operati
ng
po
i
nt
of
t
he
m
otor
a
nd
this
t
echn
i
qu
e
giv
es
bette
r
resu
lt
s
only
at fu
ll
loa
ding c
onditi
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A Rea
l
Time C
onditi
on M
on
it
or
in
g System
for Gea
rs
Op
e
r
ating
un
der
V
ari
ab
le
Loa
d
…
(
Alw
ad
ie
. A
)
499
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
6.
T
he
Motor
Stat
or
C
urren
t
Sp
ect
ra
of the
Faulty
G
ear
f
or
T
hr
ee
Op
e
rati
ng
P
oint
s
(a)
N
o
L
oa
d
(
b)
Me
di
um
Load
(c)
Fu
ll
L
oa
d
The
Fig
ur
e
7
pr
ese
nts
the
c
om
par
ison
of
t
he
am
pli
tud
e
var
ia
ti
ons
on
gear
def
ect
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
f
or
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
s
pectra
and
m
oto
r
sta
t
or
cu
rr
e
nt
s
pe
ct
ra.
It
has
be
en
obser
ved
th
at
the
c
hange
in
th
e
a
m
plit
ud
e
in
m
oto
r
sta
tor
current
s
pectra
is
ver
y
sm
all
un
de
r
lo
w
load
op
e
rati
ng
poin
ts,
hen
ce
,
m
ot
or
sta
to
r
current
a
naly
sis
is
no
t
su
it
able
for
the
diagnosis
of
ge
ar
fa
ults
unde
r
low
l
oad
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
Howev
e
r
,
ob
s
er
vab
le
am
plit
ud
e
var
ia
ti
on
s
of
great
er
than
6
dB
a
re
f
ound
f
or
f
ull
load
op
e
ra
ti
on
s
of
the
m
oto
r.
Com
par
at
ively
,
the
la
rg
e
r
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
am
pli
tud
e
we
re
detect
ed
in
instant
aneous
po
wer
sp
ect
ra
e
ve
n
a
t
lo
w
load
operati
ng
conditi
ons
an
d
eve
n
m
or
e
pr
om
inent
a
m
plitu
de
dif
fer
e
nce
was
f
ound
at
f
ull
load
c
onditi
on
of
the
m
oto
r.
A
nothe
r
prom
inent
featur
e
of
the
instanta
neous
powe
r
anal
ysi
s
is
that
it
pro
vid
es
thre
e
fau
lt
relat
ed
c
om
po
nen
ts
which
enhance
s the
r
el
i
abili
ty
o
f
f
ault
detect
ion i
n o
nl
ine cond
it
io
n m
on
it
or
ing sy
s
tem
.
Figure
7. Com
par
is
on of t
he
Am
plit
ud
es
Va
riat
ion
s
of the
Gear
Fa
ult
Fr
e
qu
e
ncies
for
t
he
I
ns
ta
ntane
ou
s
P
ower
Sp
e
ct
rum
and
Moto
r
S
ta
tor
Cu
rr
e
nt
S
pectr
um
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
bruary
2
01
8
:
493
–
501
500
5.
CON
CLU
S
ION
A
reli
able
no
n
-
i
nv
asi
ve
fa
ul
t
diagnosis
t
echn
i
qu
e
has
been
desi
gn
e
d
in
this
resea
rch
f
or
t
he
conditi
on
m
onit
or
in
g
of
the
gear
s
c
oupled
with
i
nductio
n
m
oto
r
s
pecifi
cal
ly
fo
r
va
ria
ble
loa
d
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
The
gear
fa
ult
fr
e
quencies
ha
ve
been
f
orm
ula
te
d
theo
r
et
ic
al
ly
and
th
ei
r
sensiti
vity
to
fa
ult
le
vels
unde
r
var
ia
ble
loa
d
conditi
ons
has
bee
n
c
onfirm
ed
e
xp
e
rim
ent
al
ly
in
t
he
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
powe
r
s
pectr
um
.
The
com
par
ison
of
capab
il
it
ie
s
of
the
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
anal
ysi
s
m
e
tho
d
for
the
reli
able
f
ault
diagnosis
unde
r
var
ia
ble
loa
d
c
onditi
ons
ha
s
been
do
ne
with
the
previ
ously
us
ed
sta
tor
c
urren
t
a
naly
sis
m
e
tho
d.
It
ha
s
bee
n
pr
oved
t
hat
th
e
instanta
ne
ou
s
powe
r
s
pect
ru
m
con
ta
ins
three
fau
lt
rel
at
ed
com
pone
nts
an
d
ha
ve
high
a
m
plit
ud
e
sen
sit
ivit
y
as
com
par
ed
to
m
o
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
sig
natu
re
analy
sis
wh
ic
h
has
only
two
fa
ult
relat
e
d
com
po
ne
nts.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Nooli
P.
K.
,
"A
ver
satile
and
co
m
puta
ti
onall
y
ef
fic
i
ent
condi
t
ion
indi
c
at
or
for
A
H
-
64
rotorc
raf
t
gea
rboxe
s,"
Deg
ree
of
Master
of
Sci
enc
e
Univer
si
t
y
of
South Ca
ro
li
n
a,
2011
.
[2]
Al
-
Arbi,
Sal
em,
"Conditi
on
m
o
nit
oring
of
ge
ar
s
y
stems
using
vibra
ti
on
an
aly
s
is,"
Doctor
a
l
th
esis,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Huddersfie
ld, 20
12.
[3]
Hena
o,
H
.
,
Kia
,
S.H.,
C
apol
ino
,
G.
-
A.:
Torsiona
l
vibration
assess
m
ent
and
g
ea
r
f
aul
t
dia
gnosis
in
railwa
y
t
racti
on
s
y
stem.
I
EEE
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ansa
ctions on
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dustria
l
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t
ron
ic
s,
vo
l. 58, i
ss
ue
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1707
–
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2011
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[4]
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C.
,
Mohant
y
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A.R.:
Vibra
ti
o
n
and
cur
r
ent
t
ra
nsient
m
onit
orin
g
for
gea
rbox
f
a
ult
de
te
c
ti
on
usi
ng
m
ult
ire
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i
on
Fourier
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ansform
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nd
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Hena
o,
H.,
Capol
ino
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G
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-
A.:
Anal
y
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exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
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y
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gea
rbox
m
ec
hanica
l
eff
ec
t
on
th
e
induc
ti
on
m
ac
hi
ne
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tor
cur
ren
t
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ur
e.
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nsa
ct
ions
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S.H.,
Hen
a
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H.,
Capolino,
G.A.:
Gea
r
too
th
surfac
e
dama
ge
fau
lt
de
te
c
ti
o
n
using
induc
ti
o
n
m
ac
hine
stat
o
r
cur
ren
t
spac
e
v
e
ct
or analy
sis
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E
EE
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nsa
ct
ions
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al E
l
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Hena
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H.,
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-
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Deve
lop
m
ent
of
a
te
st
benc
h
dedica
t
ed
t
o
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ti
on
m
onit
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nes,
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ECON,
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Lout
as,
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ti
ria
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es,
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l
ai
t
zogl
ou,
I.,
Kos
topoul
os,
V.:
C
ondit
ion
m
onit
or
ing
of
a
sing
le
-
st
age
ge
arb
ox
wit
h
art
if
ic
i
al
l
y
indu
c
ed
gea
r
cr
ac
ks
u
ti
lizing
on
-
l
ine
v
ibra
ti
on
and
ac
o
ustic
emiss
ion
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ea
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ent
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d
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rc
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ex,
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An
int
egr
ate
d
el
ectro
-
m
ec
ha
nic
a
l
m
odel
of
m
otor
-
gea
r
unit
s
-
appl
ic
a
ti
ons
t
o
toot
h
fau
lt de
t
ection
b
y
elec
tr
ic m
ea
su
rement
s.
Me
chanic
a
l
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y
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te
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an
d
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ss
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shi
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Far
,
Z.,
Hena
o,
H.
,
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poli
no,
G.
-
A,
"
Plane
t
ar
y
ge
arb
ox
eff
e
ct
s
on
in
duct
ion
m
ac
hin
e
in
wind
turb
i
ne:
m
odel
ing
and
a
naly
s
is,"
In:
Pro
ce
ed
ings
of
Int
e
rna
ti
on
al
Conf
er
enc
e
on
Elec
tri
c
al
Mac
h
ine
s
(IC
EM),
Marsei
ll
e
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e)
,
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2
–
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pte
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ber
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2012.
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]
Otte
will,
J.R.,
Orkisz,
M,
"Condi
ti
on
m
onit
oring
of
gea
rboxe
s using
sy
n
chr
onousl
y
av
era
ged el
e
ctric
m
otor
signal
s,"
Mec
hanica
l
S
y
st
em a
nd
Sign
al
P
roc
essing,
v
ol. 3
8,
issue
,
2
,
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4
82
–
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2013
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Girsang,
I.
P.,
D
hupia
,
J.S.
,
Mulja
di,
E
.
,
Singh,
M.,
P
ao,
L.
Y,
"G
ea
rbox
and
dri
ve
tra
in
m
odel
s
to
stud
y
of
d
y
na
m
ic
eff
ects of
m
oder
n
wind
turb
ine
s,
" IE
EE T
r
ansa
c
tions
on
Industrial
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ons,
v
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a
z,
G
.
,
R
iv
ola
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A.,
Rub
ini,
R.
,
"Eff
ective
n
e
ss
and
sensiti
vi
t
y
of
vibratio
n
pr
oce
ss
ing
techniq
ues
for
local
fau
lt
det
e
ct
ion
in
gear
s,"
Mec
han
ic
a
l
S
y
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l
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ss
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y
d
ar,
N
.
,
Ba
l
l,
A,
"Case
stu
d
y
-
de
tecti
on
of
gea
r
fa
il
ur
es
via
vibr
at
ion
an
d
ac
ousti
c
sign
al
s
using
wave
l
et
tra
nsform
,
" Mechani
c
al
S
y
stem
a
nd
Signal Proce
s
sing,
vol
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Mohant
y
,
A.R
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Kar,
C,
"M
onit
oring
g
ea
r
v
i
bra
ti
ons
throug
h
m
otor
cur
ren
t
signat
ur
e
an
aly
sis
and
wav
elet
tra
nsform
,
" Mechani
c
al
S
y
stem
a
nd
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s
sing,
vol
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s,
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Response
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ct
ri
ca
l
d
rive
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to
gea
r
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be
ari
ng
fau
lt
s
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d
ia
gnos
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ansie
n
t
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ea
d
y
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ate
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ti
ons
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edi
ngs
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ac
hin
es
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sis
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him
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"V
ar
y
ing
lo
ad
det
e
ct
ion
in
a
g
ea
rbox
s
y
st
em
base
d
on
ada
ptive
thre
shold
esti
m
a
ti
on,
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eb
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e
nce
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d
y
on
ge
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ox
n
oise
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d
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h
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ec
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ta
Mi
ll
an
,
W
ensi
W
ang,
Anderson
Mac
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Ortiz,
Juan
Antonio
Orteg
a
Redondo,
and
L
uis
Rom
era
l
Marti
ne
z,
"S
el
f
-
pow
ere
d
wire
le
ss
sensor
a
ppli
ed
to
gea
r
di
agnosis
base
d
on
ac
oust
i
c
emiss
ion,
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E
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ct
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“
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ti
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m
ac
hin
e
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onit
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and
fa
ult
detec
t
ion
using
EMD
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base
d
ac
ousti
c
emiss
ion
fea
tur
e
qu
ant
if
icati
on
,
”
I
EEE
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a
nsac
ti
ons
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rum
ent
at
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“
Th
e
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ion
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the
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t
iona
l
m
om
ent
s
ana
l
y
si
s
to
gea
rbox
fau
lt
det
ection
—
A
c
om
par
at
ive
stud
y
using t
he
spec
tro
gra
m
and
sc
al
og
ram,”
ND
T E
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
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4752
A Rea
l
Time C
onditi
on M
on
it
or
in
g System
for Gea
rs
Op
e
r
ating
un
der
V
ari
ab
le
Loa
d
…
(
Alw
ad
ie
. A
)
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K.
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P.
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“
A
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i
ve
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r
imental
stud
y
on
the
d
iagnos
ti
c
and
pr
og
nostic
c
apa
bi
li
t
i
e
s
of
ac
ousti
cs
emi
ss
ion,
vibration
and
spec
trometric
oil
anal
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s
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gea
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”
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s
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dia
gnosis
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om
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at
ive
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e
rimenta
l
stud
y
o
n
the
d
ia
gnost
ic
and
prognost
ic
ca
pab
il
i
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