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elo
n
g
to
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
a
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
u
all
y
f
in
d
t
h
e
p
lace
s
o
f
th
e
ed
g
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ab
r
u
p
t
ch
an
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ix
e
l
in
te
n
s
it
y
[
10
,
11
]
,
w
h
ich
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
th
e
w
a
ter
ar
ea
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
p
ix
el
s
in
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
o
f
th
e
m
,
w
h
i
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t
an
d
g
r
o
w
r
u
le
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
-
b
a
s
ed
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
tr
en
d
in
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
ar
ea
f
o
r
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
p
a
r
titi
o
n
o
n
e
g
r
ap
h
i
n
to
m
an
y
s
u
b
-
g
r
ap
h
s
t
h
at
ea
c
h
g
r
ap
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
este
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
o
b
j
ec
t
[
7
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
t
h
e
th
r
ee
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
n
th
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
ill
b
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
et
h
o
d
is
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
etec
ti
n
g
f
lo
o
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
li
m
it
m
e
m
o
r
y
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
em
a
in
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
i
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
ase
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
r
ee
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
,
ca
n
n
y
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
g
r
ap
h
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
ar
t,
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
m
e
th
o
d
s
w
ill
b
e
m
ad
e
o
n
MA
T
L
A
B
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
w
it
h
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
h
a
s
t
h
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
th
ir
d
p
ar
t
w
ill
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
p
ar
t.
L
ast
b
u
t
n
o
t
least,
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
w
h
ic
h
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
last
p
ar
t
w
a
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
.
2.
S
T
UDY
OF
I
M
AG
E
P
RO
C
E
SS
I
N
G
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
S
Fro
m
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
th
r
ee
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
a
n
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
il
it
y
a
n
d
ti
m
el
in
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
w
i
ll
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
t
h
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
t
h
e
r
ea
l
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
v
ital
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
is
also
n
o
ticed
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
b
etter
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
.
2
.
1
.
Re
g
io
n
G
ro
w
ing
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
o
p
er
ates
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ix
e
ls
i
n
to
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
g
r
o
w
cr
iter
io
n
[
12
-
14
]
.
T
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t
is
s
et
in
it
iall
y
at
th
e
p
lace
o
f
th
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
o
b
j
ec
t
b
y
o
u
r
s
e
lv
e
s
.
Af
ter
p
laci
n
g
th
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
w
il
l
s
tar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t
to
it
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
f
o
r
g
ath
er
i
n
g
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
W
h
en
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
w
it
h
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
R
GB
i
m
a
g
e
w
il
l
b
e
c
h
a
n
g
ed
to
th
e
g
r
a
y
s
c
ale
i
m
ag
e
in
t
h
e
b
e
g
in
n
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
m
th
e
w
eig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
co
lo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
i
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t
w
ill
b
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
f
lo
o
d
ar
ea
in
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
f
o
r
g
etti
n
g
t
h
e
p
ix
el
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
r
o
w
cr
iter
io
n
,
i
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t
an
d
it
s
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
n
ten
s
it
y
d
is
ta
n
ce
(
Mid
)
,
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
p
ix
el
w
il
l
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
e
g
io
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t.
I
f
n
o
t,
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
p
ix
el
w
i
ll
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
Mid
is
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
ic
h
d
ef
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
p
ix
el
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
es
i
n
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
w
ill
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
t
h
e
f
lo
o
d
ar
ea
w
i
ll
b
e
th
e
s
eg
m
e
n
ted
r
eg
io
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ee
d
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
iter
ati
v
e
t
h
at
all
t
h
e
p
ix
el
s
in
t
h
e
i
m
ag
e
w
il
l b
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
Y
.
R
.
G
.
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
R
G
B
t
o
H
S
V
c
o
nv
er
s
i
o
n
I
np
ut
i
m
ag
e
S
el
ec
t
i
ng
t
he
s
eed
po
i
n
t
S
et
t
i
ng
t
h
e
m
a
x
di
s
t
a
nc
e
O
ut
pu
t
i
m
ag
e
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J
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N:
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4752
A
p
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w
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r
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f
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c
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s
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et
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n
t
h
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p
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i
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n
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it
y
.
Am
o
n
g
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d
if
f
er
en
t
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
[
10
-
1
6
]
,
ca
n
n
y
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
h
as
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
l
o
w
er
r
o
r
r
ate,
w
ell
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
an
d
s
i
n
g
le
ed
g
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
ed
g
e
o
f
th
e
w
ar
e
ar
ea
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ca
n
n
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e
w
ill
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
th
e
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
Ga
u
s
s
i
an
f
ilter
i
s
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.
∑
(
2
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(
3
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∑
j
(
4
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5
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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I
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17
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Feb
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20
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:
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ate
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R
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Hi
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mag
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A
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Fro
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P
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all
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m
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3
s
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d
s
,
w
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s
m
u
c
h
f
aster
th
an
t
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p
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o
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f
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w
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ca
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co
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s
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m
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ito
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is
i
n
r
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-
ti
m
e.
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r
ac
cu
r
ac
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t
h
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g
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m
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s
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k
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d
if
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ce
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w
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T
L
A
B
an
d
p
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h
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n
.
T
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b
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g
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t
d
if
f
er
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n
ce
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
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is
1
7
.
7
5
%
f
r
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im
ag
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R
4
,
w
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th
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m
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n
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if
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%
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o
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B
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d
p
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t
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ar
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t
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s
a
m
e.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
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th
e
i
m
p
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f
lo
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ca
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m
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m
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d
ed
s
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m
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s
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m
d
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es
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‟
t
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k
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e
o
t
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ap
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th
a
t
o
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l
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a
k
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la
tio
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t
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ter
,
w
h
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ill e
n
s
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th
e
f
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ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
w
o
r
k
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
th
r
ee
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
p
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ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
e
tti
n
g
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
m
e
th
o
d
o
n
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
ca
n
n
y
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
h
as
b
o
t
h
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
o
n
a
n
d
lo
w
o
p
er
a
tin
g
ti
m
e.
Fu
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
iv
er
s
e
i
m
ag
e
s
w
ith
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
la
ce
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
test
ed
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
a
t
t
h
e
ca
n
n
y
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
i
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
o
l
u
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
o
t
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
On
th
e
r
ea
l
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
th
i
s
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
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i
m
p
r
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v
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p
r
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d
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
th
e
f
lo
o
d
ar
ea
au
to
m
a
ticall
y
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
m
etr
ics
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
b
o
th
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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C
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p
Sci,
Vo
l.
17
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
20
:
7
9
3
-
8
0
3
802
i
m
p
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en
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s
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.
ACK
NO
WL
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lectr
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Dep
ar
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Fac
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Pr
in
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So
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y
.
T
h
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
F
il
o
n
e
n
k
o
,
D.
C.
He
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
D.
S
e
o
,
a
n
d
K.
-
H.
J
o
,
“
Rea
l
-
ti
me
fl
o
o
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
fo
r vid
e
o
su
rv
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e
,
”
in
IECON
20
15
-
4
1
st A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
f
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re
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
I
n
d
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strial
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lec
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o
c
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,
p
p
.
0
0
4
0
8
2
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0
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5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
S
.
Zaf
a
r,
H.
S
.
A
z
h
a
r,
a
n
d
A
.
T
a
h
ir,
“
A
GI
S
B
a
se
d
Hy
d
r
o
lo
g
ica
l
M
o
d
e
l
fo
r
Ri
v
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r
W
a
ter
L
e
v
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l
De
tec
ti
o
n
&
Fl
o
o
d
Pre
d
ictio
n
fea
tu
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g
mo
rp
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c
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2
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tern
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[3
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D.
A
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N.
P
o
p
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s
c
u
,
a
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.
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h
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m
,
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lo
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d
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tec
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n
b
a
se
d
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f
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m
UA
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Rec
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t
Ad
v
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s
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y
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ms
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ig
n
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ls,
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tr
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Co
mm
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ica
ti
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d
Co
mp
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ter
s;
W
S
EA
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Pre
ss
:
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d
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n
g
a
ry
,
p
p
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1
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5
.
[4
]
P
.
M
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tg
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,
R.
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sta
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,
G
.
S
c
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u
m
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f
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.
Ho
ffm
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,
a
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d
H.
H.
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.
S
a
v
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,
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o
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s
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u
to
m
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ted
S
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lo
o
d
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
sy
st
e
m
:
Les
so
n
s
lea
rn
e
d
f
ro
m
t
w
o
c
a
se
stu
d
ies
”
P
h
y
s c
s
a
n
d
C
h
e
m
st
ry
o
f
th
e
Ea
rt
h
,
Pa
rts A/
B/
C
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
7
-
8
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
5
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
W
.
J
y
h
-
Ho
rn
g
,
T
.
Ch
ien
-
Ha
o
,
C.
L
u
n
-
Ch
i,
L
.
S
h
i
-
W
e
i,
a
n
d
L
.
F
a
n
g
-
P
a
n
g
,
“
A
u
to
ma
ted
im
a
g
e
i
d
e
n
ti
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
fo
r
fl
o
o
d
d
isa
ste
r
mo
n
it
o
ri
n
g
i
n
riv
e
rin
e
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ts:
a
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
in
T
a
iw
a
n
,
”
i
n
AA
S
RI
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
str
ial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(IE
A
2
0
1
5
),
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
S.
-
W
.
L
o
,
J.
-
H.
W
u
,
F
.
-
P
.
L
in
,
a
n
d
C.
-
H.
Hs
u
,
“
Cy
b
e
r
su
rv
e
il
lan
c
e
f
o
r
f
lo
o
d
d
isa
ste
rs,”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
9
-
2
3
8
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
S.
-
W
.
L
o
,
J.
-
H.
W
u
,
F
.
-
P
.
L
in
,
a
n
d
C.
-
H.
Hs
u
,
“
V
is
u
a
l
se
n
sin
g
f
o
r
u
rb
a
n
f
lo
o
d
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
0
6
-
2
0
0
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
K.
Hiro
i
a
n
d
N.
Ka
w
a
g
u
c
h
i,
“
F
l
o
o
d
Ey
e
:
R
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
f
l
a
sh
f
lo
o
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
u
rb
a
n
c
o
m
p
lex
wa
ter
f
lo
w
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
IE
EE
S
ENS
OR
S
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
K.
P
.
M
e
n
o
n
a
n
d
L
.
Ka
la,
“
Vi
d
e
o
su
rv
e
il
la
n
c
e
sy
ste
m
fo
r
re
a
lt
ime
fl
o
o
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
mo
b
il
e
a
p
p
f
o
r
fl
o
o
d
a
ler
t
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(ICCM
C)
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
-
5
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
M
.
S
a
h
a
a
n
d
C.
P
a
n
d
a
,
“
A
Re
v
iew
o
n
V
a
rio
u
s
Im
a
g
e
S
e
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
ra
in
T
u
m
o
r
De
t
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
2
0
1
8
IJ
S
R
CS
EIT
,
v
o
l.
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
N.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
A
.
S
h
a
h
,
A
.
W
a
q
a
s,
A
.
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r,
S
.
Ka
m
r
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
.
Zaid
i,
“
Im
a
g
e
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
e
d
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
:
A
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
k
n
e
e
jo
in
t
a
rti
c
u
lar
c
a
rti
lag
e
e
d
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
7
-
9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
V
.
R.
o
rg
e
s,
M
.
C.
F
.
d
e
Oliv
e
ira,
T
.
G
.
S
il
v
a
,
A
.
A
.
H.
V
ieira
,
a
n
d
.
Ha
m
a
n
n
,
“
Re
g
io
n
g
ro
w
in
g
f
o
r
se
g
m
e
n
ti
n
g
g
re
e
n
m
i
c
ro
a
lg
a
e
i
m
a
g
e
s,”
IEE
E/
ACM
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
Bi
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Bi
o
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
(
T
CBB
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
-
2
7
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
K.
S
o
m
a
su
n
d
a
ra
m
,
J.
H.
M
e
rc
in
a
,
S
.
M
a
g
e
sh
,
a
n
d
T
.
Ka
lais
e
lv
i,
“
ra
in
P
o
rti
o
n
Ex
trac
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
u
sin
g
Re
g
io
n
G
ro
w
in
g
a
n
d
M
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
M
RI
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
He
a
d
S
c
a
n
s,”
.
[1
4
]
Y.
L
e
i,
L
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z
.
L
y
u
,
“
L
u
n
g
T
u
mo
r
S
e
g
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
3
D
Rec
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
o
n
Re
g
io
n
Gr
o
win
g
a
n
d
Co
rr
e
la
ti
o
n
,
”
i
n
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s: Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
ries
,
v
o
l.
1
1
6
8
,
p
.
0
6
2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
N.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
A
.
S
h
a
h
,
A
.
W
a
q
a
s,
A
.
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r,
S
.
Ka
m
r
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
.
Zaid
i,
“
Im
a
g
e
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
e
d
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
:
A
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
k
n
e
e
jo
in
t
a
rti
c
u
lar
c
a
rti
lag
e
e
d
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
7
-
9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
N.
M
a
n
a
sa
,
G
.
M
o
u
n
ica
,
a
n
d
.
D.
T
e
jas
w
i,
“
ra
in
tu
m
o
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
a
n
n
y
e
d
g
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
a
n
d
it
‟s are
a
c
a
lcu
latio
n
,
”
Bra
in
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
X
W
a
n
g
,
“
G
r
a
p
h
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
trac
k
in
g
,
”
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rta
ti
o
n
,
Ecu
ll
y
,
Eco
le ce
n
tra
le
d
e
L
y
o
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
S
.
L
e
e
,
G
.
L
e
e
,
Y.
Ho
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
Kim
,
“
A
stu
d
y
o
n
th
e
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
n
o
rm
a
li
z
e
d
c
u
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
u
sin
g
a
b
il
a
tera
l
f
il
ter
f
o
r
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
o
b
jec
t
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
i
m
a
g
e
,
”
W
ire
les
s P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
7
-
9
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
A
.
Du
tt
a
,
J.
En
g
e
ls,
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
h
n
,
“
S
e
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
L
a
s
e
r
P
o
in
t
C
lo
u
d
s
in
Urb
a
n
A
re
a
s
b
y
a
M
o
d
if
ied
No
rm
a
li
z
e
d
Cu
t
M
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
a
t
ter
n
a
n
a
lys
is
a
n
d
ma
c
h
in
e
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
X
.
De
n
g
,
Q.
L
iu
,
Y.
De
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
n
,
“
A
n
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
c
o
n
str
u
c
t
b
a
sic
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
a
ss
ig
n
m
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
f
u
sio
n
m
a
tri
x
f
o
r
c
las
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
”
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
4
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
0
-
2
6
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
J.
G
a
rc
í
a
-
Ba
lb
o
a
,
M
.
A
lb
a
-
F
e
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
F
.
A
riza
-
L
ó
p
e
z
,
a
n
d
J.
Ro
d
ríg
u
e
z
-
Av
i,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
T
h
e
m
a
ti
c
S
im
il
a
rit
y
Us
in
g
Co
n
f
u
sio
n
M
a
tri
c
e
s,”
IS
PR
S
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ge
o
-
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
Q.
Zh
a
n
g
,
N.
Jin
d
a
p
e
tch
,
R.
Du
a
n
g
so
it
h
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
D.
u
ra
n
a
p
a
n
i
c
h
k
it
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Ima
g
e
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
b
a
se
d
Rea
l
-
ti
me
Fl
o
o
d
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
5
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
m
a
rt
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
(ICS
I
M
A
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
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