Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
, p
p.
75
~
89
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
75
-
89
75
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Optimi
sing mont
hly tilt
an
gles
of
sola
r pa
nels usin
g parti
cle
swarm
op
timisati
on alg
or
i
thm
Na
m
rut
a S.
K
an
ia
nt
h
ar
a, S
w
ee Peng
Ang
, A
s
hraf F
athi
Kh
alil
Su
la
ym
an
,
Z
ainidi bi
n H
j.
Ab
d
.
Ha
mi
d
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
Engi
n
eering
Program
m
e Area
,
Univer
sit
i Te
knologi Brune
i,
Brun
ei Darussala
m
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
28, 202
0
Re
vised Ju
n
1
1
, 2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
7
, 202
1
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
s
ent
s
an
intell
ig
ent
computation
al
m
et
hod
using
the
PSO
(
par
ticle
sw
arm
opti
m
isat
ion
)
algorithm
to
de
te
r
m
ine
the
op
ti
m
um
ti
lt
angle
of
solar
pan
el
s
in
PV
s
y
stems
.
The
obj
ec
t
ive
o
f
the
p
ape
r
is
t
o
assess
the
per
form
anc
e
of
t
his
m
et
hod
aga
inst
conve
nti
ona
l
m
et
hods
of
det
e
rm
ini
ng
the
opti
m
um
ti
lt
ang
le
.
The
m
et
hod
pre
sente
d
h
ere
c
an
be
used
to
d
e
te
rm
ine
th
e
opti
m
um
ti
lt
an
gle
a
t
an
y
lo
ca
t
ion
aro
und
th
e
world.
In
thi
s
p
ape
r,
it
was
appl
i
ed
to
Bru
nei
Daruss
alam
,
and
succ
ee
d
e
d
in
computin
g
m
onthly
opti
m
um
ti
lt
angl
es,
ran
ging
fro
m
34
.
7ᵒ
in
Dec
e
m
ber
to
-
26.
7ᵒ
in
Septe
m
ber
.
Result
s
show
ed
tha
t
cha
ng
ing
th
e
ti
lt
ang
le
eve
r
y
m
onth,
as
determ
ine
d
b
y
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
,
inc
rea
sed
annua
l
y
i
el
d
b
y:
(i)
5.
94%,
co
m
par
ed
to
kee
ping
it
fix
ed
at
0ᵒ,
(ii
)
8.
65%,
compare
d
to
Lunde
’s
m
et
hod
and
(ii
i)
17.
31%,
compa
red
to
Duffie
and
Bec
km
an’
s
m
et
hod.
Benchm
ark
te
st
func
ti
ons
were
used
to
compare
and
eva
lu
at
e
t
he
per
form
anc
e
of
the
PS
O
al
gorit
hm
with
the
art
if
ic
i
al
bee
col
on
y
(ABC)
al
gorit
h
m
,
anot
her
m
et
ahe
urist
ic
a
lgori
thm.
Th
e
te
sts
rev
e
al
ed
tha
t
th
e
PS
O
al
gorit
hm
outpe
rform
ed
th
e
ABC
al
gorit
h
m
,
exhi
bit
ing
lo
wer
root
m
ea
n
square
err
or
and
standa
rd
d
e
via
ti
on
,
be
tt
er
c
onver
gence
to
t
he
globa
l
m
inim
um
,
m
ore
ac
cur
ate
lo
cation
of
th
e
g
loba
l
m
i
nimum
,
and
fast
er
ex
ec
u
ti
on
ti
m
es.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Be
nch
m
ark
tes
t functi
ons
Com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
m
e
tho
ds
Me
ta
heu
risti
c
al
gorithm
s
Partic
le
sw
a
rm
optim
isa
ti
on
So
la
r
p
a
nels
Til
t ang
le
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nam
ru
ta
S.
Ka
niantha
ra
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
Eng
ineerin
g Pr
ogr
a
m
m
e A
rea
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i B
runei
Jal
an
T
ungku
Link,
Gado
ng, B
E141
0,
Ba
nd
ar S
e
ri Bega
wa
n,
B
runei
Daru
ssalam
Em
a
il
: na
m
ru
ta
.k
a
niantha
ra
@hotm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Dw
i
nd
li
ng
res
erv
es
of
f
os
sil
f
uels,
e
nvir
onm
ental
con
ce
r
ns
relat
ing
to
the
im
pact
of
our
ca
r
bon
footp
rint
on
th
e
Earth,
a
nd
t
he
global
incr
ease
in
energy
dem
and
hav
e
sp
urr
ed
a
gr
owin
g
interest
in
us
i
ng
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
r
gy
res
ources
f
or
el
ect
rici
ty
ge
ner
at
io
n.
I
n
pa
rtic
ular,
i
nv
e
s
t
m
ent
in
so
la
r
pan
el
te
c
hnology
has
at
tract
ed
a
m
ajo
rity
of
the
at
te
ntion
as
a
pr
om
isi
ng
can
dida
te
in
s
upplyi
ng
a
greene
r
fu
t
ur
e
.
Natur
al
ly
,
with
this
com
es
devel
op
m
ents
in
the
in
dustry
to
eff
ic
ie
ntly
ha
r
ness
s
olar
e
ne
r
gy,
a
nd
i
ncr
eas
e
the
am
ou
nt
of
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on that a
pho
t
ovoltai
c (
PV
)
syst
em
ca
n
yi
el
d.
The
ti
lt
ang
le
of
a
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
play
s
an
im
po
rta
nt
r
ole
in
de
te
rm
ining
t
he
annual
yi
el
d,
a
nd
t
her
e
f
or
e
the
ove
rall
pe
r
form
ance,
of
a
PV
syst
em
.
The
am
ou
nt
of
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
incide
n
t
on
a
pa
nel
is
m
axim
ise
d
wh
e
n
the
pa
nel
is
t
il
te
d
in
su
ch
a
way
that
the
Su
n’s
rays
ar
rive
pe
rp
e
ndic
ularly
to
the
pan
el
.
The
refor
e
,
there
exists
a
sign
ifi
cant
be
nef
it
in
determ
ining
the
ti
lt
ang
le
at
wh
ic
h
the
so
l
ar
ra
diati
on
yi
el
d
is
highest;
this
is
kno
wn
as
the
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
le
.
T
he
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
l
e
de
pends
on
the
la
ti
tud
e
of
the
locat
io
n
a
nd
it
s
cl
i
m
at
e d
at
a;
t
hu
s
, t
he dete
rm
inati
on
of this
value re
qu
ir
es
so
la
r ra
diati
on
data f
or that sit
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
75
-
89
76
Existi
ng
li
te
ra
ture
has
hithe
rto
sug
gested
var
i
ou
s
non
-
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
al
m
et
ho
ds
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
a
ng
le
β
opt
at
an
y
la
ti
tud
e
ϕ
.
D
uffie
an
d
Be
ck
m
an
[1]
rec
omm
end
β
opt
=
(
ϕ
+
15
ᵒ
)
±
15ᵒ,
wh
il
e
Lu
nd
e
[
2]
pro
pose
d
β
opt
=
ϕ
±
15
ᵒ.
Her
e,
th
e
plu
s
sig
n
is
use
d
f
or
locat
io
ns
in
the
northe
r
n
hem
isph
ere,
wh
il
e
the m
inu
s sig
n i
s u
se
d for loca
ti
on
s i
n
the
sou
ther
n hem
isph
ere.
Nu
m
erous
aut
hors
hav
e
cal
c
ulate
d
opti
m
u
m
tilt
ang
le
s
for
locat
io
ns
ar
ound
the
w
or
l
d
by
co
nducti
ng
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
proce
dures
ba
s
ed
on
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
data.
T
ang
a
nd
Wu
[
3]
est
i
m
at
ed
m
on
thly
op
tim
um
ti
l
t
ang
le
s
in
15
2
so
uth
-
faci
ng
locat
ion
s
ar
ou
nd
Chi
na
by
us
in
g
est
i
m
at
i
on
s
of
m
on
thl
y
diff
us
e
rad
i
at
ion
to
cal
culat
e
the
annual
ra
diati
on
for
a
par
ti
cular
ti
lt
ang
l
e,
an
d
re
peati
ng
for
diff
e
re
nt
ti
lt
ang
le
s
un
ti
l
a
m
axi
m
u
m
was
reache
d.
Ya
ng
and
L
u
[4]
co
ns
ide
red
hourl
y
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on,
so
l
ve
d
us
in
g
Or
gill
an
d
H
ol
la
nd
s
hourl
y
diffuse
rati
o
[5
]
,
to
ar
r
ive
at
an
annua
l
op
tim
u
m
tilt
ang
le
in
H
ong
Kon
g
of
20
ᵒ
.
Mora
d
et
al.
[6]
us
ed
an
eq
uation
s
ol
ver
p
r
ogram
m
e
to
find
m
on
thly
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
ang
le
s
for
P
V
m
od
ules
in
three
ci
ti
es
across
Ir
a
q,
wh
ic
h
va
ried
f
ro
m
10
°
in
J
un
e
to
56°
in
Ja
nuary
an
d
Dece
m
ber
.
The
an
nual
optim
u
m
tilt
ang
le
was
31°
f
or
al
l
ci
ti
es.
Ba
kirci
[
7]
us
e
d
c
orrelat
ions
betw
een
s
olar
rad
ia
ti
on
a
nd
ti
lt
ang
le
t
o
est
im
ate
the
a
ver
a
ge
daily
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
incide
nt
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face.
The
a
utho
r
m
anu
al
ly
sear
ched
f
or
val
ue
s
of
ti
l
t
ang
le
w
hich
returne
d
the
hi
gh
e
st
so
la
r
ra
di
at
ion
for
a
part
ic
ular
m
on
th.
The
m
on
thly
tilt
ang
le
s
range
d
from
0°
to
65
°
an
d
resu
lt
ed
i
n
13
%
to
22%
inc
r
eases
in
ye
arly
so
la
r
e
nergy
yi
el
d
in
ei
gh
t
prov
i
nces
acr
os
s
Turkey.
Heyw
ood
[8]
der
i
ved
eq
uations
to
cal
culat
e
opti
m
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
s
f
or
la
ti
tud
e
s
in
S
ou
t
h
Africa
.
As
ow
a
ta
et
al.
[
9]
val
idate
d
these
eq
uations
for
their
P
V
s
et
up
in V
an
de
r
bij
lpa
r
k,
S
ou
t
h
Af
rica
,
arr
i
ving
at
ti
lt
ang
le
s
of
1
6°,
26°
,
an
d
36°,
the lat
te
r
two o
f
w
hich
yi
el
de
d
hi
gh
e
r
s
olar
r
adiat
ion
. E
kpe
nyong
et
al.
[
10]
de
velo
ped
a
p
olyn
om
ia
l
mo
del t
o
determ
ine
an
optim
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
le
f
or
winter
seaso
ns
in
A
kwa,
Nige
ria.
T
he
m
od
el
ge
ne
rated
a
value
of
24.
7°.
Hand
oyo
et
al.
[
11
]
der
i
ved
m
on
thly
op
ti
m
um
tilt
ang
le
s
in
Sura
baya,
I
ndonesi
a
f
ro
m
cal
culat
ion
s
of
th
e
ang
le
of
incide
nce
of
beam
ra
diati
on
on
a
sol
ar
colle
ct
or
.
T
he
optim
u
m
t
ilt
ang
le
var
ie
d
from
0°
to
40
°
fr
om
Ma
rch
t
o
Se
pt
e
m
ber
(
nort
h
-
f
aci
ng),
a
nd
f
r
om
0°
to
30°
(s
ou
t
h
-
facin
g)
f
r
om
Octob
e
r
to
Febr
uar
y.
H
usse
in
et
al.
[
12
]
un
der
t
ook
a
the
oret
ic
al
inv
est
ig
at
ion
i
nto
t
he
perform
ance
of
P
V
m
odules
in
Ca
ir
o,
E
gypt
by
pr
e
dicti
ng
thei
r
a
nnual
perform
ance
on
F
ort
ran
s
of
twa
re
integ
rated
wi
th
the
TRNS
YS
(tra
ns
ie
nt
syst
e
m
)
si
m
ulati
on
to
ol.
O
ptim
u
m
tilt
ang
le
s
f
or
each
m
on
th v
aried
f
r
om
20
°
t
o
30
°,
with h
ori
zo
nt
al
m
od
ules
yi
e
ldin
g
95%
of
t
he
m
a
xim
u
m
o
utp
ut
energy, c
om
par
ed
to verti
cal
m
od
ules yi
el
din
g 4
1%
.
Seve
ral
stu
dies
repo
rt
incr
eas
es
in
the
an
nua
l
yi
el
d
of
PV
s
yst
e
m
s
wh
en
m
on
thly
op
ti
m
um
tilt
ang
le
s
are
us
e
d,
c
ompare
d
to
wh
e
n
annual
opti
m
um
t
il
t
ang
le
s
are
us
e
d.
M
onthly
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
s
for
a
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
i
n
Br
un
ei
Da
ru
ss
al
am
hav
e
bee
n
cal
culat
ed
by
Yaku
p
a
nd
Ma
li
k
[
13
]
;
they
co
nducted
a
m
anu
al
search
of
valu
es
of
ti
lt
ang
le
for
wh
ic
h
the
annual
s
olar
ra
diati
on
was
th
e
highest.
The
m
on
thly
op
ti
m
um
tilt
ang
le
s
va
ried
f
ro
m
1.
6°
to
32
.3
°
.
Ch
an
ging
the
ti
lt
ang
le
e
ver
y
m
on
th
res
ulted
in
a
4.46%
increa
se
in
annua
l
so
la
r
ra
dia
ti
on,
com
par
ed
to
wh
e
n
t
he
pa
ne
l
was
fixe
d
at
0°
.
It
al
so
res
ul
te
d
in
a
highe
r
a
nnual
yi
el
d
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
to
changin
g
the
ti
lt
ang
le
four
ti
m
es
a
ye
ar
(3
.
9%
increas
e)
a
nd
keep
i
ng
the
ti
l
t
ang
le
fixed
at
an
annual
ti
lt
angl
e
of
3.3°
(4.4%
increase
).
J
a
m
il
e
t
al.
[1
4]
determ
ined
optim
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
le
s
f
or
Aliga
r
h
an
d
New
Del
hi
in
India.
In
Aliga
rh,
the
gains
in
an
nu
al
s
olar
r
adiat
ion
we
re
12.92%
,
11.
61
%,
an
d
6.5
1%,
w
hen
m
on
thly
,
seaso
nal,
an
d
a
nnua
l
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
s
wer
e
use
d
res
pecti
vely
,
com
par
ed
t
o
a
horizo
ntal
surface.
In
Delhi,
the
s
a
m
e
gains
we
r
e
13.13%,
11.
80%,
a
nd
7.5
8%
.
He
rr
e
ra
-
R
om
ero
et
al.
[15]
stud
ie
d
the
optim
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
adju
st
m
ent
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
fo
r
s
olar
c
ollec
tors
in
V
eracr
uz,
Me
xico.
I
n
te
rm
s
of
an
nu
al
e
nerg
y
gain,
changin
g
the
ti
lt
ang
le
m
on
thly
(r
an
ging
f
r
om
41
.
24°
to
–
4.9
4°)
was
th
e
be
st
scenar
i
o
ov
er
daily
,
f
or
tni
gh
tl
y,
m
on
thly
,
season
al
ly
,
bi
-
an
nual
ly
,
and
ye
arly
adjustm
e
nts.
Alt
hough
daily
adjust
m
ents
colle
ct
ed
the
m
axi
m
u
m
ener
gy,
the
eco
no
m
ic
al
s
trai
n
of
this
m
et
ho
d
de
e
m
ed
it
i
m
pr
a
ct
ic
al
.
Ulla
h
et
al.
[16]
fou
nd
that
in
Lah
or
e,
Pa
kist
an,
cha
ngin
g
the
ti
lt
ang
le
daily
,
m
on
thly
,
s
easo
nally
,
and
b
ia
nnually
incr
ease
d
ene
rg
y
yi
el
d
by
7.41%,
7.2
5%, 6.0
9%, an
d 5.90%
, res
pecti
ve
ly
, co
m
par
ed t
o
kee
ping it
at
an
a
nnual
fixe
d
a
ng
le
of
31.5°.
Re
la
ti
on
sh
i
ps
m
ade
betwee
n
la
ti
tud
e
an
d
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
a
ng
le
a
re
c
omm
on
.
Lewis
[
17
]
ob
ta
i
ne
d
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
ang
le
s
of
f
ou
r
locat
io
ns
in
Alabam
a,
U
SA
,
a
nd
a
pp
li
ed
a
li
nea
r
re
gr
essi
on
anal
y
sis
to
reco
m
m
end
th
at
the
optim
um
ti
l
t
ang
le
shou
l
d
be
ϕ
±
8°.
G
op
i
natha
n
[
18
]
m
easur
ed
t
he
an
nual
ra
diati
on
i
n
Lesoth
o,
S
outh
Af
rica, f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
m
e
tho
ds
of
obta
inin
g
ti
lt
ang
le
,
inclu
di
ng
D
uffie
an
d
Be
ckm
an’
s
[1]
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
ann
ual
rad
ia
ti
on
w
as
reache
d
w
he
n
β
opt
=
ϕ
fo
r
azim
uth
ang
le
s
<
150°
,
a
nd
β
opt
=
ϕ
–
15
°
f
or
high
azim
uth
an
gles
.
Me
an
w
hile,
m
a
ny
auth
ors
hav
e
f
ound
tha
t
the
cal
culat
e
d
an
nual
opti
m
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
is
si
m
il
ar
to
the
la
ti
tud
e
of
t
he
locat
io
n.
Jafa
rk
azem
i
and
Saa
dab
a
di
[19]
f
ound
th
at
in
A
bu
D
ha
bi,
U
AE
,
the
ye
arly
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
a
ng
le
was
22°,
cl
os
e
to
A
bu
Dh
a
bi’s
la
ti
tude
of
24.
4°.
Be
ngham
en
[20]
fou
nd
t
hat
the
ye
arly
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
a
ng
le
for
a
sit
e
in
Ma
di
nah,
Saudi
A
rab
ia
(
ϕ
=
24.5°)
,
wa
s
23.
5°
.
H
owe
ver,
usi
ng
the
ye
arly
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
a
ng
le
res
ulted
in
an
8%
lo
ss
in
ene
rg
y
com
par
ed
wit
h
us
in
g
m
on
thly
op
ti
m
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
s.
Pou
r
et
al.
[21]
com
pu
te
d
the
ye
arl
y
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
ang
le
f
or
a
lo
cat
ion
in
Is
fa
ha
n,
I
ra
n
(
ϕ
=
32°
)
to
be
28.84°,
as
well
as
m
on
thly
op
tim
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
s
va
r
yi
ng
fr
om
0.
15°
to
57.74°
.
The
an
nu
al
so
la
r
rad
i
at
ion
with
opti
m
u
m
m
on
thly
,
seaso
nal,
a
nd
ye
arly
ti
lt
ang
le
s
in
c
reased
by
14.
1%
,
12.8
%
,
a
nd
7.1%
,
re
sp
ect
i
vely
,
com
par
e
d
to
a
flat
su
r
face.
Ja
m
il
et
al.
[14]
cal
culat
ed
a
nnual
optim
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
s
of
27.
62°
f
or
Ali
ga
rh
(
ϕ
=
27.89
°)
a
nd
27.95°
for
Ne
w
Del
hi
(
ϕ
=
28.
61°
).
E
nerg
y
losses
wer
e
5.68%
in
Alig
arh
a
nd
4.9
1%
in
New
Delhi
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Op
ti
misi
ng mo
nth
ly
ti
lt
ang
le
s o
f s
olar
pane
ls usin
g p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m…
(
Na
mru
t
a S.
K
ania
nthar
a)
77
annual
op
ti
m
um
ti
l
t
ang
le
s
c
om
par
ed
t
o
m
on
t
hly
optim
um
ti
l
t
ang
le
s.
Yaku
p
a
nd
Ma
li
k
[13]
,
M
orad
[
6]
,
Herrera
-
Rom
ero
et
al.
[
15]
,
and
Ulla
h
[
16]
al
so
re
ported
a
nnual
opti
m
u
m
ti
lt
an
gles
wh
i
ch
are
sim
il
ar
t
o
the
la
ti
tud
es
of
the
ir
resp
ect
ive
l
oc
at
ion
s.
Nev
e
rt
heless,
the
m
eth
od
of
set
ti
ng
t
he
ti
lt
ang
le
eq
ual
to
the
la
ti
tud
e
is
no
t
s
uitable
for
al
l
locat
ion
s,
as
so
m
e
exp
erience
weat
her
that
is
cl
ou
di
er
in
wi
nter
th
an
in
su
m
m
er,
or
th
e
Sun’
s
po
sit
io
n
in
the
sk
y
throu
ghout
the
ye
ar
sp
an
s
a
wide
r
path
tha
n
oth
e
r
locat
ion
s
.
The
refo
re
,
ther
e
warrants
a
nee
d for m
on
thly
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t ang
le
s
to be c
om
pu
te
d.
The
em
plo
yme
nt
of
m
et
ahe
ur
ist
ic
op
ti
m
izati
on
al
gorith
m
s
to
deter
m
i
ne
the
op
ti
m
um
t
il
t
an
gle
of
so
la
r
pan
el
s
se
rv
e
t
o
sp
ee
d
up
the
sea
rch
proces
s
of
fin
di
ng
a
s
olu
ti
on
and
t
o
im
pr
ove
the
accu
racy
of
th
e
so
luti
on.
T
he
ha
rm
on
y
search
(H
S
)
m
et
aheu
r
ist
ic
al
go
rithm
has
bee
n
a
pp
li
ed
by
Mi
an
et
a
l.
[
22
]
to o
bta
in
the
op
ti
m
u
m
tilt
a
ng
le
of
so
la
r
pa
nels
in
si
x
sta
ti
on
s
ac
ro
s
s
China.
Di
xit
et
al
.
[23]
com
pared
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
par
ti
cl
e
swar
m
op
tim
izati
on
(P
S
O
)
al
gorithm
with
the
arti
fici
al
neural
netw
ork
(AN
N)
est
im
at
or
in
determ
ining
th
e
annual
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
le
s
for
ci
ti
es
ar
ound
India,
c
oncl
ud
in
g
t
hat
f
or
ap
plica
ti
on
s
wh
e
re
accurate
so
la
r
ra
d
ia
ti
on
data
m
ay
no
t
be
avail
able,
PS
O
ca
n
be
m
or
e
ef
fecti
ve
t
ha
n
ANN.
T
he
gen
et
ic
al
gorithm
(G
A
)
a
nd
the
sim
ul
at
ed
-
a
nn
eal
in
g
(SA)
m
et
ho
d
hav
e
been
use
d
by
Che
n
et
al
.
[
24
]
t
o
op
ti
m
ise
th
e
ti
lt
ang
le
of
fi
xed
so
la
r
pan
e
ls
for
dif
fe
re
nt
areas
i
n
Tai
w
an.
Wh
il
e
e
xp
erim
ental
resu
lt
s
ind
ic
at
ed
th
at
the
m
easur
ed
m
onthly
tilt
ang
le
s
wer
e
ver
y
cl
os
e
to
si
m
ulate
d
res
ults,
othe
r
app
li
cat
io
ns
hav
e
re
vealed
the
lim
it
at
ion
s
of
G
A
a
nd
S
A
in
te
rm
s
of
conve
rg
e
nce
s
peed
an
d
acc
ur
acy
of
the
so
luti
o
n.
Cha
ng
[25
]
inco
rpor
at
e
d
the
or
t
hogo
nal
arr
ay
s
(OA)
te
chn
iq
ue
into
the
ant
dire
ct
ion
hybri
d
diff
e
re
ntial
evo
luti
on
(ADHDE
)
te
chn
i
qu
e
t
o
f
or
m
a
new
he
ur
ist
ic
ADH
DEOA
m
et
ho
d
to
dete
rm
ine
the
annual
ti
lt
ang
le
f
or
P
V
m
od
ules
acros
s
seve
n
areas
in
Tai
wa
n.
T
he
m
et
ho
d
r
e
du
ced
the
sea
rch
sp
ace
of
the
pro
blem
and
r
esults
ind
ic
at
ed
t
hat
the
m
easur
ed
annual
ti
lt
angl
es
wer
e
sim
i
l
ar
to
t
he
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s.
F
or
t
he
sam
e
ar
eas
in
Tai
wan,
Cha
ng
[
26
]
,
[
27]
optim
ise
d
the
ti
lt
ang
le
s
us
in
g
the
P
SO
m
et
hod
with
no
nlinear
ti
m
e
-
var
yi
ng
evo
l
ution
(P
S
O
-
NT
VE)
to
m
axi
m
ise
the
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
fr
om
the
m
o
du
le
s
.
The
re
s
ults
confirm
ed
that
a
ti
l
t
ang
le
of
23.
5°
is
no
t
s
uitable
for
al
l
re
gions
of
Tai
wa
n,
a
nd
s
houl
d
va
ry
w
it
h
locat
ion.
Ta
bet
et
al.
[28]
found
the
op
ti
m
u
m
t
i
lt
ang
le
of
a
phot
ovoltai
c
-
the
rm
al
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
in
Al
ger
i
a
by
cal
culat
in
g
the
so
la
r
ra
di
at
ion
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
f
ace
and
a
pp
ly
ing
the
PS
O
m
et
hod.
T
he
res
ults
ind
ic
at
ed
t
hat
the
ti
lt
ang
le
sh
ould
be
c
hange
d
thr
oughout
the
ye
ar
to
yi
el
d
m
axi
m
u
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
a
nnual
s
olar
rad
i
at
ion
inc
rease
d
wh
e
n
the
opti
m
ise
d
ti
lt
an
gles w
e
re
u
se
d.
Wh
il
e
t
he
non
-
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
m
e
tho
ds
desc
ribe
d
a
bove
pr
ov
i
de
ver
y
go
od
est
im
a
ti
on
s
of
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
s
in
t
heir
res
pecti
ve
locat
io
ns
,
t
he
ir
accu
racy
c
ould
pe
rh
a
ps
be
i
m
pr
ove
d.
No
t
al
l
c
onsid
er
the
po
te
ntial
ben
e
f
it
of
var
yi
ng
t
he
ti
lt
ang
le
thr
ough
ou
t
the
ye
ar
to
at
ta
in
the
highest
possible
a
nnual
yi
el
d
.
Th
os
e
that
do
,
e
m
plo
y
m
anual
m
eans
of
se
arch
i
ng
for
ti
lt
ang
le
s
w
hich
yi
el
d
the
high
est
rad
ia
ti
on,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
ov
erlo
ok
the
true
opti
m
u
m
tilt
ang
le
.
The
determ
inati
on
of
the
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
can
al
so
be
const
ru
ct
e
d
as
an
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pro
blem
,
whic
h
can
be
s
olv
ed
by
m
et
a
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorit
hm
s.
Var
io
us
s
tud
ie
s
hav
e
il
lustrate
d
the b
e
nef
it
o
f
em
plo
yi
ng
su
c
h
al
gorithm
s
to
obt
ai
n
the opti
m
u
m
ti
l
t
ang
le
,
as
they
are ca
pab
le
of
qu
ic
kly
finding
the
best
sol
ution
am
on
g
a
ll
so
luti
on
s
.
The
stu
dies
ha
ve
repor
te
d
incr
eases
in
an
nu
a
l
yi
el
d
wh
e
n
m
et
a
-
heu
risti
c
al
gorith
m
s
are
us
ed
.
St
il
l,
a
con
sen
su
s
has
not
ye
t
ap
pear
e
d
to
have
been
reac
hed
a
m
on
g
existi
ng
li
te
ratur
e
on
how
be
st
to
acc
ur
at
el
y
determ
ine
the
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
f
or
a
pa
rtic
ular
l
ocati
on
thr
oughout t
he
ye
ar.
This
pa
per
pr
e
sents
the
us
e
of
par
ti
cl
e
swa
r
m
op
tim
iz
ation
(PSO
)
to
opt
i
m
ise
the
ti
lt
a
ng
le
of
s
olar
pan
el
s
f
or
each
m
o
nth
of
t
he
ye
ar.
The
m
eth
od
ai
m
s
to
be
po
te
ntial
ly
m
or
e
acc
ur
at
e
a
nd
yi
el
d
hi
gh
e
r
values
of
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
tha
n
e
xisti
ng
m
et
ho
ds.
T
he
m
e
tho
d
is
a
ppli
ed
to
a
la
ti
tu
de
of
4.9
7ᵒ
in
Brunei
Da
r
us
s
al
a
m
t
o
com
par
e
the
annual
yi
el
d
ob
t
ai
ned
us
in
g
thi
s
m
et
ho
d
wit
h
that
ob
ta
ine
d
t
hro
ugh
m
anu
al
m
eans
by
a
previo
us
stud
y
in
Brun
ei
Dar
us
sal
am
;
ho
we
ver,
the
m
et
ho
d
is
exp
ect
ed
to
be
s
uitable
for
an
y
la
t
it
ud
e.
Or
i
gin
al
ly
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Kenne
dy
and
Eberha
rt
[29
]
,
[
30]
,
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
h
as
seen
var
i
ous
dev
el
opm
ents
and
i
m
pr
ovem
ents
in
pe
rfo
rm
ance
since
it
s
ince
pt
ion
,
t
he
prom
i
nen
t
ones o
f
w
hich
a
re
im
plem
ented
in
t
his p
ape
r.
The
pa
per
is
orga
nised
as
fo
l
lows
:
t
he
nex
t
sect
ion
des
cri
bes
t
he
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
a
nd
im
plem
entat
ion
of
th
e
PSO
al
gorithm
to
dete
rm
ine
t
he
o
ptim
u
m
til
t
ang
le
.
The
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
between
ti
lt
ang
le
an
d
s
olar
rad
i
at
ion
i
s
est
ablished
a
nd
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
is
ex
plained.
F
ollow
i
ng
a
re
discuss
i
ons
of
pa
ram
et
e
rs
us
e
d,
c
ouple
d
with
a
br
ie
f
re
vie
w
of
the
dev
el
opm
ents
in
the
al
gorithm
.
The
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
al
gor
it
hm
is
then
i
m
ple
m
ented
for
a
la
ti
tud
e
of
4.9
7ᵒ
in
Brunei
Darussalam
.
F
inall
y,
the
perform
ance
of
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
is
evaluated
by
cond
ucting
a
c
om
par
at
ive
an
al
ysi
s
between
the
P
SO
al
gor
it
h
m
and
t
he
A
BC
al
gorithm
us
in
g
be
nch
m
ark
te
s
t
functi
ons.
T
he
resu
l
ts
are
pr
esented
t
o
il
lustrate
the
be
ne
fits
of
de
plo
yi
ng
t
he
al
gorit
hm
fo
r
this
purpose
,
com
par
ed
t
o
c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hods
of obtai
ning
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
an
gle.
At
pr
ese
nt,
the
re
is
no
sin
gle
m
et
ho
d,
val
ue
,
or
al
gorithm
to
accuratel
y
de
te
rm
ine
the
op
tim
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
t
hat
is
widely
acce
pte
d
by
researc
he
rs.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
note
that
wh
il
e
this
paper
doe
s
exp
l
or
e
, to
the
auth
or
s
’
c
urrent
b
est
knowled
ge,
a c
on
te
m
porar
y m
eans to
fi
nd
the
optim
um t
i
lt
an
gle f
or
each
m
on
th,
it
d
oes
no
t p
rovide
a de
finiti
v
e ans
we
r; r
at
her
, it
m
a
y spar
k
s
om
e
i
nterest in the
im
po
rtance o
f
s
uch
a
n
ang
le
i
n
P
V
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
an
d
the
be
ne
fit
of
us
in
g
par
ti
cl
e
swar
m
op
ti
m
izati
on
to
cha
ng
e
it
ever
y
m
onth.
A
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
75
-
89
78
the
ve
ry
le
ast
,
it
is
hope
d
that
this
pap
e
r
c
on
tribu
te
s
t
o
t
he
increasin
g
po
ol
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
an
d
unde
rstan
ding
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
optim
u
m
ti
lt
ang
le
s,
a
nd
perh
aps
i
ns
pi
re
f
el
low
resea
rc
her
s
to
furthe
r
e
xplore
a
nd
dev
el
op
the
m
et
ho
d disc
us
s
ed here
for t
hei
r own a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
.
2.
METHO
DOL
OGY
A
N
D
I
MPLEME
NT
ATIO
N
O
F
PAR
TI
CLE
SWAR
M
O
P
TIMIS
ATIO
N
(PSO)
ALGO
RITH
M
2.1.
Ca
lc
ul
at
i
on
of d
aily s
ol
ar
r
ad
ia
tio
n
on a
t
il
ted
sur
f
ace
Fo
r
the
P
SO
al
gorithm
to
det
erm
ine
the
op
ti
m
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
,
β
opt
,
of
a
so
la
r
panel
,
the
dai
ly
rad
ia
ti
on
incident
on
a
t
il
te
d
su
r
face
f
or
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
day
of
eac
h
m
on
th,
H
(
β
)
,
m
us
t
be
cal
culat
ed.
T
he
goal
of
th
e
al
gorithm
is
to
searc
h
for
t
he
values
of
ti
lt
ang
le
β
w
hich
y
ie
ld
the
highes
t
H
(
β
).
The
cal
culat
ion
of
H
(
β
)
will
form
the o
bject
ive fu
nction o
f t
he
PS
O
al
gori
thm
.
An
est
im
at
ion
for
the
da
il
y
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
t
il
te
d
su
rf
ace
f
or
the
a
ve
rag
e
day
of
eac
h
m
on
th,
H
(
β
),
hav
e b
een p
r
op
os
e
d
by
num
ero
us
a
uthor
s.
I
n
par
ti
cular
,
the
relat
ion
s
hip
s
a
nd
e
qu
at
i
on
s develo
ped
b
y
Liu
an
d
Jo
r
da
n
[31
]
,
[
32]
are
wi
dely
r
epu
te
d
a
nd
ha
ve
bee
n
rev
ie
wed
by
Klei
n
[33]
.
T
he
m
eth
od
is
descr
i
be
d
he
re
.
Liu
a
nd
Jor
dan
[
31
]
pro
po
se
d
that
the
ave
ra
ge
daily
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ho
rizo
ntal
surface
,
H
,
f
or
eac
h
m
on
th,
ca
n
be
ex
pr
ess
ed
by
def
i
ning
K
T
,
the
cl
earn
es
s
ind
ex
,
or
th
e
fr
act
ion
of
the
aver
a
ge
da
il
y
extra
-
te
rrest
rial
rad
ia
ti
on,
H
0h
, fo
r
eac
h
m
on
th
,
=
0ℎ
(1)
H
is
obta
ined
from
NA
S
A’
s
powe
r
data
a
ccess
vie
wer
too
l
f
or
the
pe
r
iod
01/0
1/20
15
to
30
/
09
/
2019,
a
nd
la
ti
tud
e 4.9
7ᵒ f
or Br
un
ei
Daru
ssalam
[34]
.
H
0h
is characte
rized
by the
f
ollow
i
ng equati
on:
0ℎ
=
24
[
1
+
0
.
034
(
2
365
.
24
)
]
×
(
+
)
(2)
Her
e
,
I
sc
is
the
so
la
r
c
onsta
nt
(e
qu
al
to
1367
W
m
-
2
),
n
is
the
day
num
ber
of
the
ye
ar
(
aver
a
ge
day
of
eac
h
m
on
th),
ϕ
is t
he
lat
it
ud
e,
δ
is t
he
s
olar decl
in
at
ion
, w
hich ca
n be e
xpresse
d as
,
=
180
23
.
45
[
360
(
28
4
+
365
)
]
,
(3)
and
ω
s
is t
he
s
un
s
et
ho
ur
a
ng
le
, which
ca
n b
e ex
pr
es
sed
as
,
=
−
(4)
All an
gles are
i
n radia
ns
. T
he
aver
a
ge dail
y r
adiat
ion
on a
ti
lt
ed
surface
,
H
(
β
), can
th
us
be
expres
sed
as:
(
)
=
(5)
R
is
the
rati
o
of
daily
aver
a
ge
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
rf
ace
to
that
on
a
ho
r
iz
on
ta
l
su
r
face
fo
r
eac
h
m
on
th.
It
is
est
i
m
at
ed
by
ind
i
viduall
y
co
ns
ide
rin
g
the
be
a
m
,
diffuse
,
a
nd
re
flect
ed
c
om
po
nen
ts
of
the
rad
ia
ti
on
in
ci
dent
on
a til
te
d
s
urf
ace. As
s
um
ing
the
dif
fuse an
d
re
flect
ed
ra
di
at
ion
to be isot
ropic, Liu
a
nd
Jo
r
da
n
[
32
]
est
i
m
at
ed
that
R
ca
n be c
al
culat
ed
as
=
(
1
−
)
+
(
1
+
2
)
+
(
1
−
)
2
(6)
wh
e
re
D
is
the
m
on
thly
ave
ra
ge
daily
dif
fus
e
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
horizo
ntal
surface,
R
B
is
the
rati
o
of
the
a
ve
rag
e
daily
bea
m
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ti
lted
surface,
B(
β
)
,
to
that
on
a
horizo
ntal
su
r
f
ace,
B
,
for
each
m
on
th.
β
is
t
he
ti
lt
ang
le
f
r
om
the
horizo
ntal,
an
d
ρ
is
th
e
al
be
do,
eq
ual
to
0.
2
on
Eart
h.
In
(6)
,
the
fi
rst
te
rm
is
the
m
on
thly
aver
a
ge
daily
beam
rad
ia
ti
on
incident
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
rf
ace
,
the
seco
nd
is
the
m
on
thly
aver
a
ge
daily
diffuse
rad
ia
ti
on
on a t
il
te
d
su
r
face,
a
nd the t
hir
d
is t
he
m
on
thly
a
ve
rag
e
d
ai
ly
r
e
fl
ect
ed
ra
diati
on on a
ti
lt
ed
s
urf
ace.
As
s
ur
m
ise
d
by
Klei
n
[33]
,
Liu
a
nd
Jor
da
n
s
uggeste
d
t
ha
t
R
B
is
eq
uiv
a
le
nt
to
t
he
r
at
io
of
ave
ra
ge
daily
ex
tra
-
te
rrest
rial
r
adiat
io
n on a ti
lt
ed
s
urface,
H
0
(
β)
, to
that on a
ho
rizon
ta
l s
urface,
H
0h
, fo
r
eac
h m
on
th,
=
(
)
=
0
(
)
0ℎ
They rec
omm
e
nd that
for
s
urf
aces facin
g
t
he
equato
r,
R
B
ca
n be esti
m
at
ed
as
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Op
ti
misi
ng mo
nth
ly
ti
lt
ang
le
s o
f s
olar
pane
ls usin
g p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m…
(
Na
mru
t
a S.
K
ania
nthar
a)
79
=
c
os
(
−
)
c
os
sin
′
+
′
sin
(
−
)
sin
(
c
o
s
c
os
sin
+
sin
sin
)
,
(7)
wh
e
re
ω
s’
is t
he
sunset
hour a
ng
le
f
or
a
ti
lt
ed
surface
, give
n by
”
′
=
min
{
,
a
rccos
[
−
tan
(
−
)
tan
]
}
(8)
Me
asur
em
ents
of
D
ar
e
sel
dom
avail
able,
so
it
m
us
t
be
est
i
m
at
ed
fr
om
values
of
H
.
Se
ver
al
a
uthors
ha
ve
fou
nd that the
ra
ti
o
D/H
(
dif
fuse ra
diati
on
fra
ct
ion
)
is a
func
ti
on
of
K
T
. Liu
and J
ordan
[31]
propose
d
t
hat
:
=
1
.
390
−
4
.
027
+
5
.
531
2
−
3
.
108
3
(9)
Page
[
35
]
al
te
r
nativel
y p
rop
ose
d
t
hat
:
=
1
.
00
−
1
.
13
(10)
Accor
ding
to
Klei
n
[33]
,
Pa
ge’
s
relat
io
ns
hi
p
res
ults
in
a
m
or
e
accu
rate
est
i
m
at
ion
of
D/
H
whe
n
com
par
ed
with
m
easur
em
ents
repor
te
d
by
Chou
dhury
[36]
,
Stanh
il
l
[
37
]
,
and
N
orris
[38]
.
Howe
ver
,
K
le
in
ob
s
er
ved
that
values
of
R
est
i
m
a
te
d
fr
om
(6)
te
nd
to
agree
m
or
e
cl
os
el
y
with
exp
eri
m
ental
m
easurem
ents
wh
e
n
t
he
Li
u
a
nd Jor
dan relat
ion
s
hip i
s used
. T
her
e
fore,
i
n t
his p
a
per,
(9)
i
s chose
n.
Th
us
,
t
he
t
otal
ave
rag
e
daily
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
in
ci
de
nt
on
a
ti
lt
ed
pa
nel,
H
(
β
),
ca
n
be
c
al
culat
ed
f
or
each
m
on
th
by
su
bst
it
uting
(7)
an
d
(
9)
i
nto
(
6)
,
an
d
the
n
substi
tuti
ng
(6)
into
(5)
.
It
m
us
t
be
note
d
t
hat
sinc
e
this
pap
e
r
aim
s
to
dev
el
op
an
al
gorithm
t
o
fin
d
a
value
f
or
β
wh
ic
h
is
the
op
ti
m
u
m
value
β
opt
,
a
kn
ow
n
value
of
β
is
no
t
act
ua
ll
y
placed
int
o
(6)
;
rat
her
,
β
form
s
the
unkn
own
decisi
on
va
riable
to
be
optim
ise
d
in
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
, as
exp
la
ine
d
la
te
r
in 2.
2.
2.2.
P
art
ic
le
sw
arm
op
timi
sa
ti
on
(PS
O)
algorithm
Now
that
H
(
β
)
can
be
cal
cula
te
d,
the
e
quat
ion
s
ab
ove
ca
n
be
put
int
o
the
PSO
al
gorith
m
(5
)
i
s
th
e
obj
ect
ive
funct
ion
t
o
be
opti
m
ise
d.
Ba
ck
groun
d
a
nd
a
n
e
xp
la
nation
of
t
he
al
gorithm
fo
ll
ow,
prov
i
din
g
a
n
unde
rstan
ding
of
how
it
a
rr
iv
es
at
an
op
t
im
um
ang
le
β
opt
f
or
eac
h
m
on
th
.
Partic
le
swa
r
m
op
tim
iz
at
ion
(P
S
O)
is
a
popu
la
ti
on
-
base
d
stoc
ha
sti
c
op
ti
m
iz
at
i
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Eberha
rt
an
d
Kenne
dy
[
29
]
,
[
30]
.
In
s
pire
d
by
s
w
arm
intel
l
igenc
e
obser
ve
d
i
n
natu
re,
s
uc
h
as
bir
ds
floc
kin
g,
fis
h
sc
hoolin
g,
a
nd
bee
s
wa
rm
ing
,
the
al
gorithm
was
int
rod
uced
as
an
ev
olu
ti
onary
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
m
et
ho
d
to
s
i
m
ulate
so
ci
al
beh
a
viou
r
in
s
war
m
s.
Mem
ber
s
of
a
swar
m
coope
ra
te
to
fi
nd
f
ood
by
le
ar
ning
f
r
om
their
previ
ous
e
xperience
and
the
e
xperie
nce
of
oth
e
r
m
e
m
ber
s.
It
is
this
be
hav
i
our
wh
ic
h
PS
O
em
ulate
s.
A
kin
t
o
ot
her
popula
ti
on
-
base
d
op
ti
m
i
zat
ion
te
chn
iq
ues
,
P
S
O
op
ti
m
ise
s
a
pro
blem
by
i
te
rati
vely
i
m
pr
ovin
g
t
he
cu
r
ren
t
best
s
olu
t
ion
acc
ordi
ng
to
a
m
easur
e
of
‘
fitness’
,
unti
l
the
op
ti
m
u
m
of
the
f
un
ct
i
on
is
reache
d.
T
he
t
ru
e
stre
ngth
of
the
al
gorithm
stem
s
from
the
intera
ct
ion
of
the
pa
rtic
le
s
as
they
colla
borati
vely
ex
plore
t
he
se
arch
spa
ce.
Th
e
ste
ps
in
t
he
P
S
O
al
gorithm
are
outl
ined
i
n
a
f
lo
wch
a
rt, as
in
F
igure
1
.
PSO
em
br
aces
a
si
m
ple
con
c
ept
w
hich
ca
n
be
exec
uted
i
n
j
ust
a
few
li
nes
of
c
od
e
.
The
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
involve
d
is
bas
ic
,
and
t
he
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
prow
es
s
it
cal
ls
fo
r
is
m
ini
m
al
,
as
m
e
m
or
y
and
spe
ed
requ
ir
e
m
ents
are
low;
thus,
it
is
inexp
en
sive
to
i
m
ple
m
ent.
Wh
il
e
the
or
i
gin
al
m
at
hem
atical
mo
del
of
the
m
otion
of
par
ti
cl
es in
PS
O dev
el
op
e
d b
y Eber
ha
rt and
Kenne
dy
[
29
], [
30]
m
ade g
rea
t st
rides
in
the
fiel
d of
e
voluti
on
a
ry
com
pu
ta
ti
on
in
swa
r
m
intelli
gen
ce,
at
te
m
pts
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
it
s
per
form
a
nce
ha
ve
sinc
e
app
ea
red.
Sh
i
and
Eberha
rt
[
39]
intr
oduce
d
ine
r
ti
a
weigh
t
,
ω
,
in
the
ra
ng
e
[
0.9,
1.2]
i
nto
t
he
m
od
el
to
at
ta
in
bala
nce
be
tween
local
exp
loit
at
ion
a
nd
global
exp
l
or
at
io
n.
P
erfor
m
ance
wa
s
fu
rt
her
e
nh
a
nced
by
Cl
erc
and
Ke
nnedy
[40]
,
who
rem
ov
ed
the
need
f
or
ω
to
be
sp
ec
ifie
d
a
nd
inste
ad
int
rod
uced
a
co
ns
tric
ti
on
facto
r,
χ
,
to
ens
ure
conve
rg
e
nce
of p
a
rtic
le
s,
le
adi
ng to
t
he
e
quat
ion
.
(
+
1
)
=
[
(
)
+
1
1
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
+
2
2
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
]
x
ij
(
t
+
1
)
=
x
ij
(
t
)
+
v
ij
(
t
+
1
)
(11)
The
c
onstric
ti
on
factor
χ
is
de
fine
d
as
,
χ
=
2κ
|
2
−
φ
−
√
φ
2
−
4φ
|
,
(12)
wh
e
re
φ
=
φ
1
+
φ
2
an
d
φ
≥
4.
φ
is
c
omm
on
ly
set
to
4.1,
a
nd
φ
1
a
nd
φ
2
a
re
ty
pical
ly
eq
ual,
s
o
t
hat
φ
1
=
φ
2
=
2.05.
κ
is
def
i
ned
as
κ
ϵ
[
0,
1],
an
d
is
com
m
on
ly
set
to
1.
Th
us
χ
=
0.7
298.
T
hus,
acc
ordin
g
to
Cl
er
c
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
75
-
89
80
Kenne
dy,
the
ideal
set
ti
ng
f
or
a
PS
O
al
go
rithm
with
ine
rtia
is
ω
=
χ
=
0.
72
98.
Usi
ng
thei
r
co
ns
tr
ic
ti
on
coeffic
ie
nts all
ow a
fixe
d value
of
ω
t
o be
use
d, inst
ead
of
choosi
ng a
value
in
the
ra
ng
e
[0.
9,
1.2].
Figure
1
.
Flo
w
char
t i
ll
us
trat
in
g ou
tl
ine
of P
S
O
al
go
rithm
To
im
ple
m
ent
the
PSO
al
gori
thm
fo
r
this
ap
plica
ti
on
,
the
obj
ect
iv
e
functi
on
of
the
pr
ob
l
e
m
m
us
t
be
sp
eci
fied
.
T
his
is
the
m
on
thly
aver
a
ge
daily
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
incident
on
a
ti
lt
ed
pa
nel,
H
(
β
)
,
as
def
i
ne
d
by
(5)
.
The
pur
pose
of
the
al
go
rithm
is
to
find
the
optim
u
m
t
il
t
ang
le
β
opt
fo
r
eac
h
m
on
th,
w
hich
occ
ur
s w
he
n
H
(
β
)
is
the
highest
i.e.,
the
m
axi
m
um
of
the
fu
nct
ion
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
this
is
a
ma
xi
mizin
g
PSO
al
gorithm
.
The
pr
oble
m
can
no
w
be
de
fine
d.
T
he
deci
sion
var
ia
ble
is
the
ti
lt
ang
le
β
;
thu
s,
the
num
ber
of
decisi
on
var
ia
bles
is
1.
The
search
s
pace
is
bound
by
a
set
of
lim
it
s
;
the
l
ow
e
r
an
d
uppe
r
bounds
of
the
decisi
on
var
ia
ble.
These
a
re
set
to
–
45°
a
nd
45°
r
especti
vely
;
thi
s
am
ply
cov
er
s
the
ra
ng
e
of
possible
an
gles
that
β
c
ou
l
d
be
.
T
he
par
am
et
ers
of
the
PS
O
al
gori
thm
can
no
w
be
de
fine
d.
T
he
con
st
rict
ion
coeffic
ie
nts
ar
e
sel
ect
ed
as
above.
T
he
m
a
xim
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
it
er
at
ion
s
is
set
to
100,
a
nd
the
popula
ti
on
(swarm
)
siz
e
is
20
;
over
tria
l
a
nd
e
rror,
these
values
hav
e
been
de
e
m
ed
su
ff
ic
ie
nt
to
ru
n
the
al
gorithm
su
ccessfu
ll
y.
The
pa
rtic
le
s’
veloci
ti
es
are
cl
a
m
p
ed
to
a
m
axi
m
u
m
velocit
y
v
max
to
cont
ro
l
their
sea
rc
h
abili
ty
so
tha
t
they
do
not
a
ccel
erate
beyo
nd
t
he
searc
h
s
pace.
If
v
max
is
to
o
s
m
al
l,
par
ti
cl
es
m
ay
no
t
ha
ve
enou
gh
acce
le
r
at
ion
to
suffici
ently
exp
l
or
e
a
nd
m
ov
e
far
e
nough
beyo
nd
l
ocal
m
ini
m
a;
they
m
ay
fail
to
reach
bette
r
s
olu
ti
on
s
.
I
f
v
max
is
t
oo
high,
par
ti
c
le
s
m
ay
accele
rate
to
o
qu
ic
kly
an
d
m
i
ss
go
od
so
l
utio
ns
.
It
is
e
qual
to
the
ra
nge
of
the
decisi
on
va
riable,
a
nd
is
t
ypic
al
ly
set
to
10
t
o
20%
of
thi
s
r
ang
e
[41]
.
Th
e
par
am
et
ers
sel
ect
ed
for
the
PS
O
al
gor
it
h
m
us
ing
Cl
erc
an
d
Ke
nnedy’
s
const
rict
ion co
eff
ic
ie
nts a
re li
ste
d
in
Table
1
.
Ap
t
sel
ect
io
n
of
φ
1
and
φ
2
,
χ
(
or
ω)
,
an
d
v
max
can
pro
vid
e
a
balance
betwe
en
local
searc
h
and
globa
l
search
,
bette
r
c
onve
rg
e
nce,
a
few
e
r
nu
m
ber
of
it
erati
ons
,
a
nd
le
ss
ti
m
e.
No
w
that
the
pro
b
le
m
is
def
ine
d,
t
he
const
rict
ion co
eff
ic
ie
nts set
, a
nd the
pa
ram
eter
s c
hosen
, th
e
algorit
hm
is read
y t
o pe
rfor
m
the
op
ti
m
iz
ati
on.
Table
1
.
Param
et
ers
sel
ect
ed f
or PS
O
al
gorithm
us
ing cl
erc
and k
e
nnedy
’s
const
rict
ion co
eff
ic
ie
nts
Para
m
eters
φ
1
= φ
2
2
.05
χ
(
=
ω)
0
.72
9
8
v
ma
x
0
.2*
(Var
Max
-
V
a
rM
in
)
Maxi
m
u
m
nu
m
b
er
of
iter
atio
n
s (M
ax
It)
100
Po
p
u
latio
n
(
swar
m
)
size
20
Lower bo
u
n
d
of
de
cisio
n
variabl
e (
Va
rM
in
)
–
45°
Up
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
de
cisio
n
variabl
e (
Va
rM
ax
)
45°
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
f
i
t
n
e
ss o
f
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
b
e
st
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
b
e
st
U
p
d
a
t
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
U
p
d
a
t
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
se
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
b
e
st
>
g
l
o
b
a
l
b
e
st
?
EN
D
No
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Op
ti
misi
ng mo
nth
ly
ti
lt
ang
le
s o
f s
olar
pane
ls usin
g p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m…
(
Na
mru
t
a S.
K
ania
nthar
a)
81
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
O
btaini
n
g opt
im
um
tilt
a
n
gles
from t
he PS
O
algorithm
The
PS
O
al
gor
it
h
m
is
ru
n
f
or
each
m
on
th
to
gen
e
rate
twel
ve
val
ues
of
optim
u
m
tilt
ang
le
β
opt
.
The
obj
ect
ive
f
unct
ion
(
5)
ha
s
thr
ee
inp
uts:
the
m
on
thly
aver
age
daily
irrad
i
at
ion
for
each
m
on
th
H
,
the
aver
a
ge
day
num
ber
of
the
m
on
th
n
,
a
nd
the
la
ti
tud
e
ϕ
.
O
nce
a
r
un
com
plete
s,
the
best
c
os
t
of
t
he
swa
rm
and
t
he
best
po
sit
io
n
at
t
he
best
c
os
t
are
re
corde
d.
T
hese
two
s
ol
ution
s
a
re
the
m
on
thly
ave
rag
e
daily
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
t
il
te
d
su
r
face
H
(
β
)
a
nd the c
orres
pondin
g o
pti
m
um
ti
l
t ang
le
β
opt
, r
es
pecti
vely
. T
he res
ults are
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble
2
.
Table
2
.
A
ver
a
ge dail
y radiat
ion o
n
a
ti
lt
ed
s
urface
H
(
β
)
a
nd
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t ang
le
β
opt
,
as
s
olv
e
d by PS
O
al
gorithm
Av
erage day
n
u
m
b
er
,
n
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
,
h
o
rizon
tal su
rf
ace,
H
(
NASA
)
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
,
tilted
su
rf
ace,
H
(
β
)
Op
ti
m
u
m
t
ilt ang
le
,
β
opt
W
h
m
-
2
d
a
y
-
1
W
h
m
-
2
d
a
y
-
1
rad
ᵒ
Jan
u
ary
17
4
8
1
6
.6
9
5
4
4
4
.2
5
0
.56
1
7
3
2
.18
3
0
Feb
ruary
47
5
1
0
9
.5
0
5
3
9
9
.5
7
0
.38
5
5
2
2
.08
7
5
Mar
ch
75
5
5
4
1
.6
3
5
5
8
0
.6
0
0
.13
7
8
7
.89
5
4
Ap
ril
105
5
6
5
5
.4
0
5
7
0
4
.9
2
-
0
.15
4
6
-
8
.85
7
9
May
135
5
3
8
2
.6
2
5
6
7
6
.4
0
-
0
.37
5
3
-
2
1
.50
3
1
Ju
n
e
162
5
0
5
4
.4
8
5
4
8
8
.6
5
-
0
.46
5
9
-
2
6
.69
4
1
Ju
ly
198
5
2
6
4
.9
7
5
6
4
6
.3
6
-
0
.42
8
8
-
2
4
.56
8
4
Au
g
u
st
228
5
3
7
6
.0
1
5
5
0
0
.9
7
-
0
.24
9
8
-
1
4
.31
2
5
Sep
te
m
b
er
258
5
2
5
3
.3
2
5
2
5
4
.0
0
0
.02
3
1
1
.32
3
5
Octo
b
er
288
5
0
1
9
.3
1
5
1
9
2
.3
5
0
.30
5
1
1
7
.48
0
9
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
318
4
9
5
8
.8
6
5
5
0
7
.3
5
0
.52
1
5
2
9
.87
9
7
Dece
m
b
e
r
344
4
6
8
8
.1
6
5
4
1
5
.0
8
0
.60
5
9
3
4
.71
5
5
Av
erag
e
4
.13
5
8
The
highest
a
ve
rag
e
daily
ra
diati
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
surface
oc
cur
s
in
A
pr
il
a
t
5705
Wh
m
-
2
day
-
1
,
w
hile
Octo
ber
receiv
es
the
lo
west
at
5192
Wh
m
-
2
day
-
1
.
This
c
orrelat
es
with
the
cl
im
a
te
in
Brunei
Da
russ
al
a
m
;
April
an
d
Ma
y
are
ty
pical
ly
the
war
m
est
m
on
t
hs
a
nd
e
xp
e
rience
t
he
m
os
t
hours
of
suns
hin
e
pe
r
day,
a
nd
th
e
m
os
t
rainf
al
l
i
s
seen
from
Octo
ber
to
De
ce
m
ber
.
Fig
ur
e
2
il
lustrate
s
m
or
e
cl
early
the
var
ia
ti
on
in
β
opt
thr
oughout
the
ye
ar.
β
opt
va
ri
es
from
34
.
7ᵒ
i
n
De
cem
ber
to
1.3°
i
n
Se
pte
m
ber
,
and
f
rom
–
26
.
7ᵒ
in
J
une
to
–
8.9ᵒ
in
A
pr
il
.
F
ro
m
Ap
ril
to
A
ugus
t,
β
opt
is
ne
gative;
this
indi
cat
es
that
the
so
la
r
pa
nel
sho
uld
be
or
ie
ntate
d
to
face
nort
h.
T
his
is
becau
se
at
this
sit
e
(an
d
tho
se
on
sim
il
ar
la
ti
tud
es)
,
the
an
nual
sun
path
area
c
ove
rs
both
the
northe
rn
a
nd
s
outher
n
he
m
isph
eres
,
crossi
ng
the
E
qua
tor
f
ro
m
Ap
ril
to
August
so
that
for
a
pa
nel
to
be
perpe
nd
ic
ular
t
o
the
S
un’s ray
s dur
i
ng these
m
on
ths,
it
sho
ul
d
face
nor
t
h
t
o ca
pture t
he
m
os
t ra
d
ia
ti
on.
Figure
2
.
V
a
riat
ion
in
opti
m
um
ti
l
t ang
le
β
opt
thr
ough
ou
t t
he
yea
r,
as
s
olv
e
d by the
PS
O
a
lgorit
hm
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
β
opt
a
r
e
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
s
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
Y
a
k
u
p
a
n
d
M
a
l
i
k
[
1
3
]
f
o
r
a
s
o
l
a
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
β
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
r
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
d
a
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
a
n
n
u
a
l
β
o
p
t
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
s
4
.
1
4
ᵒ
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
t
o
Y
a
k
u
p
a
n
d
M
a
l
i
k
’
s
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
3
.
3
9
°
.
T
h
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
s
w
i
t
h
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
m
a
d
e
b
y
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
[6
]
,
[
14
]
-
[
16
]
,
[
19
]
-
[
2
1
]
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
β
opt
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e
l
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
(
ϕ
=
4
.
9
7
°
i
n
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
75
-
89
82
3.2.
C
ompari
so
n
of
annu
al
so
lar
ra
dia
tio
n
usin
g
tilt
an
gles
s
olv
ed
b
y
PSO
w
it
h
t
h
os
e
s
olv
e
d
b
y
ot
h
er
means
To
assess
t
he
PSO
al
gorithm
’s
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
pro
vid
in
g
va
lues
of
β
opt
w
hich
yi
el
d
the
highest
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face
e
ach
m
on
th,
the
value
s
of
β
opt
are
c
om
par
ed
with
th
os
e
so
l
ved
by
oth
e
r
m
eans
.
The
a
nnual
H
(
β
)
val
ues
obta
i
ned
us
i
ng
eac
h
m
et
ho
d
a
re
co
m
par
ed.
First,
the
an
nual
H
(
β
)
is
com
par
ed
wit
h
the
an
nual
H
(
β
)
obta
ine
d
wh
e
n
us
in
g
the
an
nual
β
opt
of 4
.
14°.
T
he
cal
c
ulati
on
s
in 2
.
1
w
hich
c
om
pu
te
m
o
nt
hly
H
(
β
)
are
pe
rform
ed
with
β
=
4.1
4ᵒ
f
or all
m
o
nth
s
. A
c
om
pari
so
n of an
nual
H
(
β
)
is al
so
m
ade w
it
h
w
he
n
β
opt
is
fixe
d
at
0°
i.e.,
wh
e
n
the
pa
ne
l
is
flat
.
The
l
at
te
r
is
equ
ival
ent
to
the
ave
r
age
daily
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
horiz
on
ta
l
su
r
face i.e
.,
H
,
as in
Ta
ble
2
.
The res
ults are
pr
ese
nted
in
T
able
3
.
Table
3
.
M
on
t
hly ave
rag
e
d
ai
ly
r
adiat
ion o
n a t
il
te
d
su
r
face
H
(
β
) usin
g: m
on
thly
β
opt
so
l
ve
d by PS
O, fix
e
d
β
opt
=
4.1
4
ᵒ
,
an
d fixe
d
β
opt
=
0°
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
on
a
tilted
su
rf
ace,
H
(
β
)
(
W
h
m
-
2
d
ay
-
1
)
β
opt
PSO (
ch
an
g
ed
eve
ry
m
o
n
th
)
4
.14
ᵒ
0ᵒ
Jan
u
ary
5
4
4
4
.2
5
4
9
6
4
.4
9
4
8
1
6
.6
9
Feb
ruary
5
3
9
9
.5
7
5
2
0
7
.3
3
5
1
0
9
.5
0
Mar
ch
5
5
8
0
.6
0
5
5
7
1
.4
6
5
5
4
1
.6
3
Ap
ril
5
7
0
4
.9
2
5
5
9
8
.3
8
5
6
5
5
.4
0
May
5
6
7
6
.4
0
5
2
6
2
.0
3
5
3
8
2
.6
2
Ju
n
e
5
4
8
8
.6
5
4
9
1
4
.3
2
5
0
5
4
.4
8
Ju
ly
5
6
4
6
.3
6
5
1
2
9
.9
7
5
2
6
4
.9
7
Au
g
u
st
5
5
0
0
.9
7
5
2
9
4
.5
9
5
3
7
6
.0
1
Sep
te
m
b
er
5
2
5
4
.0
0
5
2
4
9
.7
8
5
2
5
3
.3
2
Octo
b
er
5
1
9
2
.3
5
5
0
9
1
.3
0
5
0
1
9
.3
1
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
5
5
0
7
.3
5
5
0
9
7
.7
5
4
9
5
8
.8
6
Dece
m
b
e
r
5
4
1
5
.0
8
4
8
4
7
.1
8
4
6
8
8
.1
6
Annua
l
6
5
8
1
0
.50
6
2
2
2
8
.57
6
2
1
2
0
.95
% Dif
fere
n
ce
5
.76
%
5
.94
%
Table
3
s
hows
that
changin
g
β
opt
ever
y
m
on
th
as
s
olv
e
d
by
the
PSO
al
gorithm
yields
65
,
811Whm
-
2
day
-
1
an
nu
al
H
(
β
)
w
hile
ke
epin
g
it
fixe
d
at
4.14°
yi
el
ds
62,
229Whm
-
2
day
-
1
.
T
his
is
an
inc
rease
of
5.76%.
Fixin
g
β
opt
at
0°
yi
el
ds
62,121Wh
m
-
2
day
-
1
;
the
increase
in
an
nu
al
H
(
β
)
on
this
is
5.94%.
Fr
om
these
resu
lt
s
al
on
e,
it
app
ea
rs
it
is
m
or
e
be
nef
ic
ia
l
to
cha
ng
e
β
opt
ever
y
m
on
th;
this
is
encou
rag
i
ng,
as
it
pr
ov
i
des
evide
nce
tha
t t
he
al
gorithm
h
as su
ccee
ded in
determ
i
ning m
on
thly
optim
u
m
ti
lt
an
gles.
N
e
x
t
,
t
w
o
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
.
D
u
f
f
i
e
a
n
d
B
e
c
k
m
a
n
[
1
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
a
t
β
opt
=
(
ϕ
+
1
5
ᵒ
)
±
1
5
ᵒ
,
w
h
i
l
e
L
u
n
d
e
[
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
h
a
t
β
opt
=
ϕ
±
1
5
ᵒ
.
T
h
e
p
l
u
s
a
n
d
m
i
n
u
s
s
i
g
n
s
a
r
e
f
o
r
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
a
n
d
s
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
e
r
e
s
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
a
b
l
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
H
(
β
)
w
h
e
n
β
opt
=
ϕ
+
1
5
ᵒ
=
1
9
.
9
8
ᵒ
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
β
opt
=
(
ϕ
+
1
5
ᵒ
)
+
1
5
ᵒ
=
3
4
.
9
7
ᵒ
.
B
o
t
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
y
i
e
l
d
l
o
w
e
r
a
n
n
u
a
l
H
(
β
)
t
h
a
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
β
opt
.
T
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
8
.
6
5
%
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
n
n
u
a
l
H
(
β
)
t
h
a
n
L
u
n
d
e
’
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
a
n
d
1
7
.
3
1
%
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
n
n
u
a
l
H
(
β
)
t
h
a
n
D
u
f
f
i
e
a
n
d
B
e
c
k
m
a
n
’
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
i
n
d
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
β
opt
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
a
n
d
T
a
b
l
e
4
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
’
s
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
β
o
p
t
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
m
o
n
t
h
t
h
a
t
y
i
e
l
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
H
(
β
)
.
I
t
c
a
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
b
e
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
y
i
e
l
d
o
f
a
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
t
-
u
p
i
n
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
h
o
w
H
(
β
)
i
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
o
f
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
β
o
p
t
.
I
t
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
m
o
r
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
β
opt
e
ve
r
y
m
o
n
t
h
a
s
di
c
t
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
y
i
e
l
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
l
o
w
e
r
H
(
β
)
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
.
T
h
i
s
m
a
y
b
e
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
β
e
v
e
r
y
m
on
t
h
,
n
o
t
a
l
l
o
f
t
h
e
S
u
n
’
s
r
a
y
s
a
r
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
e
v
e
r
y
m
o
nt
h
.
T
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
s
t
d
i
s
c
r
e
p
a
n
c
i
e
s
i
n
H
(
β
)
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
A
p
r
i
l
t
o
A
u
g
u
s
t
-
t
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
d
o
n
o
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
β
opt
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
y
o
v
e
r
l
o
o
k
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
s
i
n
c
e
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
i
s
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
he
e
q
u
a
t
o
r
,
i
t
s
s
u
n
p
a
t
h
l
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
e
r
e
f
r
om
A
p
r
i
l
t
o
A
u
g
u
s
t
.
T
h
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
a
t
e
s
t
he
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
β
opt
t
o
b
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
,
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
t
o
b
e
t
i
l
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
l
y
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
um
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
The
e
ff
ect
of
ti
lt
ang
le
β
on
s
olar
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
surf
ace
H
(
β
)
th
r
oughout
the
ye
ar
is
sh
ow
n
i
n
Figure
4
.
β
is
m
anu
al
ly
changed
from
–
45
ᵒ
to
45
ᵒ
i
n
incre
m
ents
of
5°,
put
into
the
eq
ua
ti
on
s
in
2.1
,
a
nd
the
resu
lt
in
g
H
(
β
)
recorde
d
f
or
e
ach
m
on
th.
S
m
al
le
r
incre
m
e
nts
of
β
from
0ᵒ
to
5ᵒ
are
in
pu
t
to
h
one
in
on
the
reg
i
on
w
he
re
t
he
op
ti
m
u
m
annual
β
of
4.1
4ᵒ
li
es.
The
H
(
β
)
f
or
e
ver
y
m
on
t
h
at
eac
h
β
is
s
umm
ed
to
get
a
corres
pondin
g annual
H
(
β
).
T
hu
s
, t
he
ef
fect
of ti
lt
an
gle
on
annual s
olar ra
diati
on
is
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fi
gure
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Op
ti
misi
ng mo
nth
ly
ti
lt
ang
le
s o
f s
olar
pane
ls usin
g p
ar
ti
cl
e swar
m…
(
Na
mru
t
a S.
K
ania
nthar
a)
83
Table
4
.
M
on
t
hly ave
rag
e
r
a
diati
on
on a
ti
lted
s
urface
H
(
β
)
us
in
g
m
on
thl
y
β
opt
so
lve
d b
y PSO
, a
nd u
si
ng
β
opt
so
lve
d by c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hods
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
on
a
tilted
su
rf
ace,
H
(
β
)
(
W
h
m
-
2
d
ay
-
1
)
β
opt
Ch
an
g
ed
every
m
o
n
th
(
PSO)
ϕ
± 15
ᵒ
= 19
.98
ᵒ
(
ϕ
+ 15
ᵒ)
±
1
5
ᵒ
= 34
.97
ᵒ
Jan
u
ary
5
4
4
4
.2
4
7
6
5
3
5
1
.5
9
8
3
5
4
3
9
.0
0
5
1
Feb
ruary
5
3
9
9
.5
6
7
7
5
3
9
7
.4
3
9
2
5
3
0
0
.3
6
4
3
Mar
ch
5
5
8
0
.5
9
5
5
5
4
9
0
.1
3
0
2
5
1
3
4
.2
0
9
2
Ap
ril
5
7
0
4
.9
2
3
5
5
1
9
2
.2
0
8
7
4
5
5
7
.5
9
5
2
May
5
6
7
6
.3
9
6
2
4
6
4
2
.7
6
2
3
3
8
6
4
.0
2
4
1
Ju
n
e
5
4
8
8
.6
5
4
1
4
2
4
3
.2
7
4
4
3
4
5
3
.2
6
6
8
Ju
ly
5
6
4
6
.3
6
3
8
4
4
6
6
.0
6
5
2
3
6
6
3
.5
5
3
9
Au
g
u
st
5
5
0
0
.9
6
7
2
4
8
1
3
.1
1
0
0
4
1
3
8
.2
0
4
0
Sep
te
m
b
er
5
2
5
4
.0
0
2
4
5
0
5
6
.4
4
3
2
4
6
2
3
.1
2
2
1
Octo
b
er
5
1
9
2
.3
5
0
9
5
1
8
9
.0
9
8
2
5
0
1
8
.9
9
1
9
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
5
5
0
7
.3
4
7
4
5
4
4
5
.7
0
9
2
5
4
9
0
.8
0
7
3
Dece
m
b
e
r
5
4
1
5
.0
8
2
5
5
2
8
0
.8
8
1
6
5
4
1
5
.2
1
7
4
Annua
l
6
5
8
1
0
.49
8
8
6
0
5
6
8
.72
0
4
5
6
0
9
8
.36
1
4
% Dif
fere
n
ce
8
.65
%
1
7
.31
%
Figure
3
.
Mo
nth
ly
av
e
rag
e
d
ai
ly
r
adiat
ion o
n a t
il
te
d
su
r
face
H
(
β
) usin
g dif
f
eren
t m
et
ho
ds
of obtai
ning
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t ang
le
β
opt
.
Figure
4
.
Effec
t of ti
lt
an
gle
β
on m
on
thly
aver
a
ge dail
y r
adiat
ion
on a
ti
lt
ed
surface
H
(
β
)
Figure
5
.
Effec
t of ti
lt
an
gle
β
on ann
ual r
a
di
at
ion
on a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face
H
(
β
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
75
-
89
84
It
sh
ows
that
if
β
wer
e
to
be
f
ixed
th
rou
ghou
t
the
ye
ar,
the
highest
an
nu
al
H
(
β
)
occ
ur
s
w
hen
it
is
4°
.
This
is
si
m
i
la
r
to
the
annual
β
opt
of
4.
14°
.
Although
fixi
ng
β
at
4°
give
s
rise
to
the
highest
an
nu
al
H
(
β
)
com
par
ed
to
a
ny
oth
e
r
fixe
d
value,
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
th
at
keep
i
ng
it
fi
xe
d
at
4ᵒ
does
not
al
ways
yi
el
d
th
e
highest
H
(
β
)
f
or
al
l
m
on
ths.
In
fact,
kee
ping
it
fixed
at
a
ny
ang
le
thr
oughout
the
ye
ar
i
s
detrim
ental
,
as
there
are
m
on
ths
(Apr
il
to
A
ugus
t)
,
w
hich
suffe
r
gr
eat
ly
w
he
n
t
he
β
is
not
cha
ng
e
d.
T
he
gra
ph
dem
on
strat
es
th
e
eff
ect
an
d
benefit
of
c
hangin
g
β
eve
ry
m
on
th.
It
is
al
so
e
nc
oura
ging
to
le
arn
t
hat
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
values
of
H
(
β
)
for
eac
h
m
on
t
h
c
orres
pond
t
o
values
of
β
wh
ic
h
a
re
very
si
m
il
ar
to
th
os
e
obta
ined
by
the
P
SO
al
gorithm
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
t
he
highest
an
nual
H
(
β
)
ac
r
oss
al
l
ti
lt
ang
le
s
from
-
45
ᵒ
to
45ᵒ
is
62,
229
Whm
-
2
day
-
1
,
wh
ic
h
corres
ponds to
a v
al
ue
of
β
=
4ᵒ; this is
ve
ry
cl
os
e to
4.14ᵒ a
s d
et
erm
ined b
y t
he
PS
O
al
gorithm
.
3.3.
Ev
alu
at
i
ng
PSO
a
l
go
ri
th
m’
s per
f
or
man
ce
ag
ainst data
f
r
om
a p
ri
or
st
ud
y
in
Br
unei D
arussalam
To
validat
e
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
P
SO
al
gorithm
against
the
sam
e
data
set
,
the
perf
orm
ance
of
the
al
gorithm
in
ob
ta
inin
g
values
of
β
opt
is
e
valu
at
ed
agai
ns
t
va
lues
of
β
opt
obt
ai
ned
by
Ya
ku
p
an
d
Ma
li
k
[13]
for
Brunei
Da
ru
s
s
al
a
m
in
2000.
Yaku
p
a
nd
Ma
li
k
cal
culat
ed
the
m
on
thl
y
aver
a
ge
da
il
y
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face,
H
(
β
),
us
in
g
sim
il
ar
c
orrelat
ion
s
des
cribe
d
in
2.1,
bu
t
us
in
g
a
ve
r
age
daily
rad
ia
ti
on
on
a
horizon
ta
l
su
r
face
(
H
)
dat
a
and
a
ver
a
ge
da
il
y
diffuse
r
adiat
ion
on
a
horiz
on
ta
l
surfa
ce
(
D
)
data
f
or
the
ye
ar
1992
from
the
Me
te
orol
ogic
al
De
par
tm
ent
in
Br
un
ei
Darussalam
.
β
opt
was
f
ound
by
insertin
g
dif
f
eren
t
value
s
of
β
int
o
an
e
qu
at
io
n
li
ke
(
5)
a
nd m
anual
ly
search
in
g for the
v
al
ues of
β
f
or whi
c
h
H
(
β
) was a m
axim
u
m
.
To
co
nduct
the
evaluati
on,
th
e
values
of
H
f
ro
m
the
19
92
data
are
entere
d
into
(
5)
(
n
a
nd
ϕ
rem
ai
n
the
sam
e),
and
the
al
gorithm
ru
n.
As
be
fore,
the
al
gorithm
gen
erates
H
(
β
)
and
t
he
co
rr
e
spondin
g
β
opt
f
or
each
m
on
th.
The
va
lues
of
H
(
β
)
ar
e
su
m
m
ed
to
ge
t
the
annual
H
(
β
).
T
he
res
ul
ts
are
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
Ta
ble
5
.
It
sh
ow
s
that
the
values
of
m
on
thly
β
opt
are
ver
y
si
m
ilar
to
tho
se
obt
ai
ned
u
si
ng
the
H
data
fr
om
NASA;
it
var
ie
s
fr
om
35.3
ᵒ
i
n
Dece
m
ber
to
1.
4°
in
Septem
ber
,
and
from
-
26
.
1ᵒ
in
June
to
–
8.8ᵒ
in
A
pr
il
.
The
ave
ra
ge
a
nnual
ti
lt
ang
le
is
4.38
ᵒ
.
Ag
ai
n,
β
opt
is
ne
gative
f
r
om
April
to
A
ugus
t,
ind
ic
at
in
g
th
at
the
so
la
r
pa
nel
sho
uld
fac
e
n
ort
h
durin
g
these
m
on
t
hs
.
T
he
an
nual
so
la
r
rad
ia
t
ion
H
(
β
)
is
65,
622Whm
-
2
day
-
1
wh
e
n
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
is
us
ed
to opti
m
ise
ti
lt
ang
le
s
, a
nd 61,986
Wh
m
-
2
day
-
1
on a
horizo
nt
al
su
r
face i.e
., no ti
lt
. Th
is i
s
a 5
.
87%
gain
. T
his is
gr
eat
er
th
an
w
hat
Yaku
p
an
d
Ma
li
k
had
ob
serv
e
d
in
their
stud
y;
they
rep
ort
ed
a
4.4
6%
gain
in
an
nual
H
(
β
)
com
par
ed
to
annual
H
.
T
he
su
pe
rio
rity
of
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
in
op
ti
m
iz
i
ng
ti
lt
ang
le
s
is
thu
s
dem
on
st
rated
her
e
.
Table
5
. A
ver
a
ge dail
y radiat
ion o
n
a
ti
lt
ed
s
urface
H
(
β
)
a
nd
op
ti
m
u
m
ti
l
t ang
le
β
opt
f
or
e
ach m
on
th,
as
so
lve
d
by the
PS
O
al
gorithm
f
or
1992 Br
unei
D
a
r
ussa
lam
d
at
a, and a
ver
a
ge dail
y ra
diati
on
on a
ti
lt
ed
su
r
face
H
(
β
)
for
eac
h
m
on
th
as
determ
ined by Ya
kup an
d M
a
lik
Av
erage day
n
u
m
b
er
,
n
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
,
h
o
rizon
tal su
rf
ace,
H
(19
9
2
Brun
ei data)
Av
erage daily
r
ad
i
atio
n
,
tilted
su
rf
ace,
H
(
β
)
Op
ti
m
u
m
t
ilt ang
le
,
β
opt
W
h
m
-
2
d
ay
-
1
W
h
m
-
2
d
ay
-
1
rad
ᵒ
Jan
u
ary
17
5
3
4
5
.2
8
6
1
1
2
.0
0
0
.57
8
2
3
3
.12
8
4
Feb
ruary
47
5
4
1
4
.7
2
5
7
4
0
.4
7
0
.39
2
7
2
2
.50
0
1
Mar
ch
75
6
1
1
7
.2
2
6
1
6
4
.0
8
0
.14
2
5
8
.16
4
6
Ap
ril
105
5
5
1
7
.7
8
5
5
6
5
.3
4
-
0
.15
3
3
-
8
.78
3
4
May
135
5
2
8
0
.5
6
5
5
6
3
.1
0
-
0
.37
3
1
-
2
1
.37
7
1
Ju
n
e
162
4
7
0
6
.6
7
5
0
8
3
.8
4
-
0
.45
5
4
-
2
6
.09
2
5
Ju
ly
198
4
4
6
4
.4
4
4
7
3
7
.9
8
-
0
.40
5
7
-
2
3
.24
4
9
Au
g
u
st
228
5
3
0
4
.7
2
5
4
2
6
.4
3
-
0
.24
8
7
-
1
4
.24
9
5
Sep
te
m
b
er
258
5
7
2
4
.7
2
5
7
2
5
.9
1
0
.02
3
8
1
.36
3
6
Octo
b
er
288
4
7
7
7
.2
2
4
9
3
3
.9
9
0
.29
9
8
1
7
.17
7
3
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
318
4
3
7
5
.5
6
4
8
0
2
.1
2
0
.50
1
2
2
8
.71
6
6
Dece
m
b
e
r
344
4
9
5
6
.9
4
5
7
6
6
.9
0
0
.61
5
3
3
5
.25
4
1
Annua
l
6
1
9
8
5
.83
6
5
6
2
2
.17
Av
erag
e
4
.37
9
8
% Dif
fere
n
ce
5
.87
%
Figure
6
s
how
s
a
com
par
iso
n
of
H
(
β
)
(using
H
data
fro
m
19
92)
betw
een
the
di
ff
e
re
nt
m
eans
of
ob
ta
ini
ng
β
opt
:
the
PS
O
al
gori
thm
,
Yak
up
a
nd
Ma
li
k’
s
res
ul
ts,
and
no
ti
lt
.
The
gr
a
ph
il
lu
strat
es
m
or
e
cl
early
the
hi
gh
e
r
gain
in
a
nnua
l
H
(
β
)
com
par
e
d
t
o
a
nnual
H
w
hen
the
P
SO
a
lgorit
hm
is
us
ed,
dem
on
strat
ing
t
he
al
gorithm
’s
ad
van
ta
ge ov
e
r
t
he
m
anu
al
m
eth
od
of
ob
ta
ini
ng
β
opt
.
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