TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novembe
r
2014, pp. 76
9
0
~ 769
6
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i11.61
42
7690
Re
cei
v
ed Ap
ril 26, 2013; Revi
sed
Jun
e
23, 2014; Accepted July 2
0
,
2014
The Research Status and Development Trend of
Electric Vehicle Power Supply Technology
Hui Gao*
1
, Yingjun Wu
2
Nanj
in
g Univ
er
sit
y
of Posts an
d T
e
lecommun
i
catio
n
s
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
aut
h
or, e-mai
l
: gaoh
ui
200
5
@
16
3.com
1
, yw
u
@
n
j
u
p
t.edu.
cn
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Electric ve
hicl
e
(EV) pow
er su
pply
infrastruct
u
re co
nstructio
n
an
d the
rel
a
ted tech
no
log
i
e
s
are th
e
prere
quis
i
te a
n
d
core
of the
EV ind
u
stry de
velo
p
m
ent
r
e
s
pective
ly. T
h
is
pap
er i
n
troduc
es the tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
researc
h
a
n
d
a
pplic
atio
n sit
u
a
t
ion
of ch
argi
n
g
, battery sw
a
ppi
ng
an
d s
m
a
r
t charg
i
ng/
battery sw
ap s
e
rvi
c
e
netw
o
rk
op
erat
ion man
age
me
nt
in Chi
na, an
d mea
n
w
h
il
e i
n
troduc
es th
e
EV en
ergy s
u
p
p
ly i
n
frastructu
re
constructio
n
a
n
d
so
me typ
i
cal
pilot
proj
ects in
Ch
i
na. An
d th
e EV en
ergy s
upp
ly tech
nol
o
g
ies
deve
l
o
p
m
ent
trend is disc
us
sed at last.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
el
e
c
tric vehicl
e, energy su
pply te
chno
logy, ch
ar
gin
g
/cha
ngi
ng
equ
ip
me
nt
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
EV has be
en
a
kind
of ne
w te
chn
o
logy
that
will
re
ali
z
e th
e
su
stai
nable
develo
p
ment of
the wh
ole
world. In
Chin
a, EV indust
r
y has b
een
l
i
sted a
s
o
n
e
of the 7
strategic
eme
r
g
i
ng
indu
strie
s
. Base
d on <th
e
“12th five-ye
a
r plan
” of EV technolo
g
y developme
n
t
> laun
che
d
by
ministry of
sci
ence and technolog
y, the
production and sales of
pure EVs
(PEV)
and pl
ug
hybri
d
EVs (PHEV)
will be 5
00,0
00 till 2015,
and
will get to
2 million till
2020, the tot
a
l amou
nt wil
l
be
up to 5 million [1-2].
EV energy supply tech
nol
ogie
s
and i
n
frast
r
u
c
ture
constructio
n
e
n
su
re the EV
indust
r
y
develop
s fast and health
ily. Nowad
a
ys, State Gr
i
d
Co
rpo
r
atio
n of Chin
a (SGCC),
Chi
n
a
Southern Gri
d
(CSG
) and
some rel
a
te
d institut
es h
a
ve launched
a lot of work on EV ene
rgy
sup
p
ly key tech
nolo
g
ies
like cha
r
ging
, battery swappin
g
and
sma
r
t cha
r
gi
ng/battery swa
p
servi
c
e net
work, fa
cilities
and sy
stem, stand
ard
sy
st
em, sma
r
t ch
argin
g
/battery
swa
p
se
rvice
netwo
rk
pilot
proje
c
ts
co
nstru
c
tion
an
d ope
ration
mode
s di
sco
v
ery, and h
a
ve had
so
me
achi
evement
s [3
-7]. Thi
s
pap
er
mainl
y
introdu
ce
s Chi
n
e
s
e EV
ene
rgy
sup
p
ly tech
nolo
g
ies
resea
r
ch situ
ation, typical appli
c
ation a
nd p
ilot proje
c
ts, and di
scusse
s the EV energy su
pply
techn
o
logie
s
developm
ent
trend.
2. EV Charging Techn
o
log
y
Resear
ch
Based o
n
the
characte
ri
stics of
chargin
g
techn
o
logie
s
and related
cha
r
gin
g
facili
ties, the
cha
r
gin
g
tech
nologi
es
can
be cl
assified i
n
to AC
charg
i
ng, DC ch
arging,
AC/DC hybrid cha
r
gi
ng
and wi
rele
ss cha
r
gin
g
.
2.1. AC Char
ging
AC c
h
arging s
p
ot is
an important EV c
h
ar
ging fac
i
lity, mainly s
u
pply power for PEVs
and PHEV
s. It can be
cla
s
sified into vertical type and
wall mou
n
t by installation
method a
nd i
n
to
singl
e-so
cket and do
uble
-
so
ckets by n
u
mbe
r
of out
lets on o
ne
singl
e sp
ot. Fig.1 gives t
he
stru
cture of typical AC
cha
r
ging spot.
2.2. DC Char
ging
The special facility of DC
chargi
ng is
DC charger, it mainly
suppli
es DC fast (or slow)
cha
r
gin
g
styl
es fo
r comm
erci
al vehi
cle
s
, pa
sseng
er vehicle
s
, sp
ecial ve
hicl
es, etc. DC cha
r
ge
r
can b
e
cl
assi
fied into inte
grated type a
nd split
type
by different structu
r
e
s
. Cu
rre
ntly, the DC
cha
r
gin
g
ma
chin
e key te
chn
o
logy hav
e been ma
st
ered, in
clud
e
DC charge
r efficient ene
rg
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Re
se
arch Status and
De
velo
pm
ent Trend of
Ele
c
tri
c
Vehicl
e Powe
r Suppl
y… (Hui GAO
)
7691
conve
r
si
on, p
o
we
r fa
ctor correctio
n
a
n
d
ha
rmoni
c su
ppre
s
sion,
i
n
telligent ch
arg
i
ng,
etc. mo
re
high freq
uen
cy swit
chin
g DC
cha
r
ge
r
are resear
ch
ed and a
ppli
ed, who
s
e
structu
r
e i
s
given
prio
rity to with split type chargi
ng ma
ch
ine, ma
inly used in EV ch
argin
g
station
s
. Figure 2 give
s
the typical structure of
split
off-board ch
arge
r.
Figure 1. The
Typical Stru
cture of AC
C
h
ar
g
i
ng
Figure 2. The
Typical Stru
cture of Split Spot Off-
board Ch
arge
r
2.3. AC/DC Hy
br
id Charging
To com
b
ine
with the adv
antage
s of the
above two cha
r
gin
g
types, so
me
vehicle
enterp
r
i
s
e
s
d
e
sig
n
thei
r E
V
s eq
uipp
ed
AC an
d
DC cha
r
gi
ng
co
uplers to
geth
e
r. Con
s
ide
r
i
n
g
about th
e con
v
enien
ce of i
n
stallatio
n
an
d u
s
age, th
e
cou
p
lers
of AC a
nd
DC are integ
r
ated.
Th
e
EV circuit ca
n identify these two
ch
arg
i
ng types a
u
tomatically: u
s
e DC
cha
r
gi
ng to sp
eed
up
cha
r
gin
g
, sho
r
ten the
time
and im
prove t
he effici
en
cy, use
AC
ch
arg
i
ng to
sati
sfy the
cu
stome
r
s’
deman
ds of slow charging
as lon
g
time parking.
2.4. Wireless
Charging
Wirel
e
ss
ch
arging te
chn
o
lo
gy (al
s
o
calle
d non
-conta
c
t
techn
o
logy) i
s
a
new tech
nology
whi
c
h ha
s b
e
en trea
su
re
d and research
ed re
ce
nt year
s. It ca
n be
cla
ssifie
d
into three type
s of
electroma
gne
tic indu
ction,
magneti
c
re
son
a
n
c
e
an
d
radio
wave
s. Today, the electroma
gne
tic
indu
ction i
s
relatively mature
whil
e the
magn
etic
re
son
a
n
c
e i
s
o
ne of th
e im
portant
re
se
a
r
ch
fields of EV wirele
ss
cha
r
gi
ng tech
nolo
g
y
.
No
wad
a
ys, an amo
unt of universitie
s and i
n
stit
utes ha
s d
e
v
eloped the
wirel
e
ss
cha
r
gin
g
re
search. The
Chine
s
e Aca
d
e
my of Sc
ien
c
e
s
de
sign
ed
a wirele
ss chargi
ng sy
stem
whi
c
h ba
sed
on electro
m
agneti
c
ind
u
ction in 20
04. This sy
stem can cha
r
ge batte
ry with
12Ah/36V. T
he Nanjin
g University of A
e
ron
autic
s
an
d Astro
nauti
c
s, Ch
ong
qing
Unive
r
sity a
nd
other lo
cal u
n
i
versitie
s an
d institutes a
r
e
resea
r
ching t
he non
–conta
c
t power tran
sfer te
chn
o
lo
gy
whi
c
h b
a
sed
on ele
c
troma
gnetic i
ndu
cti
on. The S
out
hea
st Unive
r
sity has la
un
ched the
re
se
arch
of wi
rele
ss p
o
we
r tran
sfer te
ch
nolo
g
y
by re
so
nan
ce coupli
ng f
o
r m
any yea
r
s,
reali
z
e
d
t
he
kilo
watt wirel
e
ss po
we
r transfe
r withi
n
0.4m, and their a
c
hi
eve
m
ent ca
n be
used
on the
EV
wirel
e
ss cha
r
ging.
3. EV Batter
y
S
w
a
p
Tech
nolog
y
Rese
arch
EV battery swap te
ch
nolo
g
y mean
s
se
rving ele
c
tri
c
i
t
y for EVs b
y
swa
ppin
g
tractio
n
batterie
s
,
with the
advant
age
s of
short
time, batte
ry mainte
nan
ce
co
nvenie
n
ce
, less i
n
fluen
ce
for grid. Based on suita
b
l
e
vehicle types, the ba
t
t
e
ry
swa
p
t
e
ch
nology
ca
n b
e
cla
ssif
i
ed i
n
t
o
comm
ercial vehicl
e battery
swa
ppin
g
an
d passe
nge
r vehicle b
a
ttery swap
ping.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 76
90 – 769
6
7692
3.1. Commer
c
ial Vehicles Batter
y
S
w
a
p
Technolog
y
3.1.1. One-s
t
ep Ba
tte
r
y
Sw
a
p
Tec
hnol
og
y
This technol
o
g
y applies a
battery swap
facilit
y to pick the battery out of EV, an
d then
the facility is
rotated 180 degree to
transf
er battery to charging
rack. Figure
3 giv
e
s a
diagram
of
one-step b
a
ttery swappi
ng
system.
Figure 3. The
One-step Ba
ttery Swappin
g
System
The
advanta
ge of
one
-ste
p batte
ry swap te
chn
o
lo
gy is the relati
vely
simple
s
t
ruct
u
r
e,
and th
e
disa
dvantage
is t
hat the
temp
eratu
r
e
of
ch
argin
g
enviro
n
ment and
b
a
ttery
swa
ppi
ng
efficien
cy are
limited by system scale.
3.1.2. Circular Orbit (imp
rov
e
d one-step t
y
pe) Batter
y
S
w
a
p
Te
chnolog
y
Becau
s
e
of the existin
g
problem
s of o
n
e
-s
te
p batte
ry swa
ppin
g
, the imp
r
oved
one-step
battery swa
p
techn
o
logy
has
bee
n de
sign
ed. Th
i
s
system appli
e
s RGV (Rai
l
Guide
V
ehi
cle)
techn
o
logy, t
h
rou
g
h
ci
rcul
ar
rail
and
t
w
o
se
pa
rate battery swap
ping ro
bots
to
solve existi
ng
probl
em
s of
one-step ty
pe. Beca
use
the two b
a
ttery swa
ppi
ng ro
bots
are in charge
o
f
transfe
rring
e
m
pty batterie
s
from vehi
cl
e an
d tra
n
sf
erri
ng full
bat
teries to vehi
cle
re
spe
c
tively
and at the sa
me time, the efficien
cy is improv
e
d
. And the heating
and ventilatio
n
system can
be
installe
d at the bottom of charging
ra
ck, whi
c
h ca
n
avoid the efficien
cy lost
whe
n
ch
argi
n
g
in
c
o
ld
en
vir
o
nme
n
t.
3.1.3. Standa
rd T
w
o
-
ste
p
s Battery
S
w
ap Techn
o
lo
g
y
The
swit
chin
g area u
s
in
g
stand
ard two-ste
p
b
a
ttery s
w
ap tec
h
nology inc
l
udes
battery
manag
eme
n
t system, bat
tery tran
sfer system a
n
d
battery swa
p
system. T
he battery
swap
system
appli
e
s th
e
spe
c
i
a
l battery
swappin
g
fa
cilities, to l
oad
a
nd d
u
mp th
e
batterie
s
. T
he
battery ma
na
gement
syste
m
is
stan
dard
logisti
c
s sy
stem, to man
a
gement
batte
ry ch
argi
ng
a
n
d
disp
atch. T
h
e
battery tra
n
sf
er
system
as
an inte
ra
ction
ope
ration
pla
tform betwee
n
battery
swa
p
system a
nd b
a
ttery manag
ement sy
ste
m
is
in cha
r
g
e
of battery transfe
rri
ng.
With the
split
desi
gn of b
a
ttery manag
e
m
ent
sy
stem
and b
a
ttery
transfe
r
syste
m
, th
e
stand
ard t
w
o
-
step
s batte
ry swap te
chn
o
l
ogy effe
ctivel
y improve
s
th
e one
-ste
p b
a
ttery swappi
ng
system
an
d t
he o
p
e
r
ation
servi
c
e
level.
The
adv
a
n
ta
ges a
r
e li
ke:
system
op
eration effici
en
c
y
optimize
d
, strong a
ppli
c
a
b
ility of batte
ry swa
ppi
n
g
facilities, con
t
rolled cha
r
gi
ng enviro
n
m
ent
temperature,
battery
life-cy
cle
extende
d, etc.
The
di
sadvantag
es
a
r
e li
ke: th
e
system
stru
ctu
r
e
relatively com
p
lex, coverin
g
an are
a
of large.
3.1.4. Intensi
v
e
T
w
o
-
step
s Battery
S
w
ap Techn
o
lo
g
y
Intensive two
step type in electri
c
sy
ste
m
is develop
ed throu
gh th
e tran
sit zon
e
being
embed
ded i
n
battery man
a
gement. On t
he ba
sis
of
st
anda
rd two-steps type,
inte
nsive two
-
ste
p
s
battery swap
techn
o
logy fu
rther
redu
ce
s occ
upie
d
are
a
, and optimi
z
e
s
swap
ping
process.
3.2. Passeng
e
r Vehicle Batter
y
S
w
ap
Technolo
g
y
Passeng
er E
V
battery swa
p
techn
o
logy main
ly inclu
d
es the trun
k
battery swap
ping and
the cha
s
sis b
a
ttery swappi
ng.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Re
se
arch Status and
De
velo
pm
ent Trend of
Ele
c
tri
c
Vehicl
e Powe
r Suppl
y… (Hui GAO
)
7693
3.2.1. Trunk Battery
S
w
a
p
Technolog
y
This te
chn
o
logy is suita
b
l
e for the pa
sseng
er EV who
s
e b
a
tteries a
r
e pla
c
e
d
in the
trunk. Its m
a
in advanta
g
e
s in
clud
e lowe
r vehicl
e
modification
cost an
d
multiple kin
d
s
of
operation li
ke
full-automati
on, half-a
u
to
mation
an
d manual
ope
ration. Its mai
n
disa
dvanta
ges
inclu
de po
or
safety of vehi
cle
colli
sion a
nd turn
i
n
hig
h
sp
eed, be
cause of the h
eavy batterie
s
all
placed o
n
th
e ba
ck of ve
hicle, a
nd in
convenie
n
ce
for
cu
stome
r
becau
se the
trunk o
c
cupie
d
by
batteries
.
3.2.2. Chassi
s Battery
S
w
ap Techn
o
lo
g
y
T
h
is
tec
h
n
o
l
og
y is
ma
in
ly
fo
c
u
s
on
th
e p
a
s
s
e
n
g
e
r
EV w
h
os
e ba
tte
r
i
e
s
p
l
ac
ed
o
n
th
e
cha
s
sis. T
h
e
whol
e batte
ry swappi
ng
pro
c
e
s
s no
rmally takes 3 minute
s
.
The te
chn
o
l
ogy
advantag
e is
the EV's
safe
ty and comfo
r
t ba
sic are
consi
s
tent
with
the same ty
pe fuel
ca
r. T
h
e
defect i
s
th
at the d
e
man
d
is
high fo
r
battery safety prote
c
tion
and tem
p
e
r
at
ure
co
ntrol
a
nd
swit
ch ele
c
tri
c
al eq
uipme
n
t
.
4. Smart Charging/Batter
y
S
w
a
p
Serv
ice Netw
o
r
k O
p
era
t
ion Man
a
g
e
ment Sy
stem
Res
earc
h
Und
e
r the la
rge
-
scal
e ap
plicatio
n of EV,
the charging/battery
swap se
rvice
network
inevitably fro
m
the de
m
onstration
ru
n to co
mm
erci
al o
peration, whi
c
h
need
s to
a
dopt
informatio
n tech
nolo
g
y manag
ement to monitor
th
e servi
c
e ne
twork, sup
p
o
r
t the service
manag
eme
n
t and
op
eration, an
d
set
up
se
rvic
e
n
e
twork ope
ra
tion ma
nage
ment
system
to
sup
port EV l
a
rge
-
scal
e cha
r
ge
or
battery
swap
ping
de
mand. At p
r
e
s
ent, SG
CC
has e
s
tablish
e
d
the compa
n
y head
qua
rters, provinces,
citie
s
, stat
io
n
level
fou
r
busi
n
e
ss app
lication
s
su
ch
a
s
cha
r
ge
for
e
l
ectri
c
ity serv
ice network oper
ation m
anag
ement system. Figure 4 gives the
stru
cture of EV smart charging/
battery swap
servi
c
e n
e
twork
op
eration mana
gem
ent system.
Figure 4. Intelligent Service
Netwo
r
k
Ope
r
ati
on Ma
nag
ement Syste
m
's Ove
r
all Archite
c
tu
re
On the
ba
si
s
of the
J2EE f
r
ame
w
o
r
k pla
tform for the
sup
port
of inf
o
rmatio
n te
ch
nology,
informatio
n
secu
rity prote
c
tion te
ch
nol
ogy, ba
sed
o
n
RFID/power battery el
ectric cars
identity
recognitio
n
te
chn
o
logy, a
n
d
info
rmation
sh
ari
ng
and
asset
man
a
gement
tech
nology
ba
sed
on
Internet of th
ings, the
service network oper
ation m
anag
ement
system ha
s b
een succe
s
sfully
develop
ed. It effectively supp
ort
s
EV intelli
gent cha
r
ge
r for se
rvice
netwo
rk
of the
comp
re
hen
si
ve operatio
n
manage
men
t, implements t
he function
of custom
er servi
c
e, billing,
cha
r
ge me
a
s
ureme
n
t accou
n
ting, distributio
n an
d settlement
, asset ma
nagem
ent, cell
distrib
u
tion a
nd mainten
a
n
ce o
peratio
n, the app
lication of cent
ralized
monit
o
ring, etc. T
h
e
servi
c
e n
e
twork
ope
ratio
n
bu
sine
ss requireme
nts
are
satisfie
d, and the i
n
telligent
servi
c
e
netwo
rk o
peration m
ana
ge
ment i
s
im
ple
m
ented,
whi
c
h p
r
ovide
s
i
n
formatio
n te
ch
nology
su
ppo
rt
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Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 76
90 – 769
6
7694
for EV intelligent charger f
o
r servi
c
e, ensures the charge for servic
e network is
efficient, reliable
and safe ope
ration.
5. Chin
ese
EV Demon
s
tratio
n Proj
ects
in
Ch
arging/Ba
tte
r
y
S
w
a
p
S
e
rv
ice Ne
t
w
ork
Cons
tru
c
tio
n
5.1. The Basi
c Situation
The mainly
constructio
n
u
n
its of EV ch
argi
n
g
/battery
swa
p
service netwo
rk include the
State Grid
Corpo
r
atio
n of
Chin
a, South
e
rn P
o
wer
G
r
id
Com
pany, and
Chi
na P
u
tian g
r
ou
p.
By
the en
d of
2012, th
e St
ate G
r
id
Co
rpo
r
ation
ha
s b
u
ilt 14
7
03
cha
r
gin
g
sp
ots and
353
cha
r
gin
g
/battery swap stat
ions (i
ncl
udin
g
162
chargi
ng station
s
a
nd 191
cha
r
g
i
ng/battery swap
station
s
), a
n
d
built zhejia
n
g
province a
nd Su
zho
u
-S
hang
hai-Ha
n
gzh
ou inte
r-ci
ty two intellig
ent
cha
r
ge
r for
service
network pilot p
r
oje
c
ts. Sout
hern Powe
r
Gri
d
has built
29
0
1
AC
cha
r
gi
ng
spot
s a
nd
15
ch
argi
ng/bat
tery swap
st
ations,
and
the Pea
r
l
River
Delta i
n
tell
igent
cha
r
ge
r for
servi
c
e network
is
under construction.
China Pu
tian
Corporation has
carried out filling in service
netwo
rk con
s
truction
in S
hen
zhe
n
, an
d ha
s
co
m
p
leted 63
charging/battery
swap
station
s
. In
addition, Sin
ope
c, Petro
C
hin
a
, CNO
O
C, et
c. rel
y
ing on th
e
existing g
a
s station
s
to
build
cha
r
gin
g
test station, su
ch
as, Sinope
c h
a
s
built two g
a
s charging
stations in Beij
ing.
At pre
s
ent,
Chine
s
e EV e
nergy
su
pply
infra
s
tr
uc
tu
re
co
ns
tr
uc
tion
h
a
s
en
te
red
a
r
a
p
i
d
developm
ent perio
d, has b
e
com
e
the la
rge
s
t numb
e
r count
ry in chargi
ng/
batte
ry swap stati
ons
and charging
spot
s.
5.2. Pilot Projects
5.2.1. Qingdao Xuejiada
o Charging/
Battery
S
w
a
p
Station
This statio
n is the first ch
argin
g
/battery
swa
p
statio
n integratin
g bus
cha
r
gin
g
/
battery
swappi
ng, pa
sseng
er car b
a
ttery con
c
en
trated c
hargin
g
, energy sto
r
age ap
plicati
on at home.
In cha
r
gin
g
, bus
ch
argi
ng/
battery swap
station
can
cha
r
ge fo
r 1
2
0
bu
se
s at th
e sam
e
time, and fille
d charging
st
ation
can
ch
a
r
ge fo
r
360
p
a
ssen
ger cars at th
e
same
time. In batt
e
ry
swap, the
bu
s eve
r
y time
batterie
s
swa
p
nee
d 6
to
8 minutes, one day
540
cars batterie
s
can be
repla
c
e
d
, an
d 280 b
u
ses cha
r
gin
g
de
mand
can b
e
satisfie
d, whi
c
h is
ove
r
50% of the
total
Hua
ngd
ao di
stri
ct bus. In stora
ge fun
c
tion, bus
charging/battery swap statio
n p
o
we
r is 700
kW,
filled cha
r
gin
g
statio
n m
a
ximum po
we
r i
s
4
320
kW, and
Battery pilot u
s
e
of sto
r
ag
e a
nd
discha
rge
po
wer is 200
0kW. Redu
cing
pea
k a
nd f
ill
ing valley i
s
reali
z
ed, th
e
load of
pea
k to
valley adjust is 7020
kW, and can u
p
to 10520
kW. O
n
the distribu
tion function,
filled chargi
ng
station co
nfig
ured 1
440 g
r
oup
s batterie
s
, can sati
sf
y10 distrib
u
tion station
s
b
a
ttery need
s in
Hua
ngd
ao di
stri
ct. As of
Decem
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
, the
station
has be
en
accumulated
for
electri
c
bu
se
s in
7567
9, vehicl
es travelin
g 1
0
.05km, the b
a
tte
ry powe
r
con
s
um
ption
of 10.08 million kWh.
5.2.2. Beijing Gaoan
t
un Charging/Batter
y
S
w
a
p
Station
The
station
is located i
n
G
aoantu
n
circu
l
ar
eco
nomy i
ndu
strial
pa
rk in Beijin
g
Ch
aoyan
g
distri
ct, cove
rs an
area
of
about 9
800
square me
te
rs, has
set
up
4 ele
c
tri
c
line
s
, 1 di
stri
bution
line, can
se
rvice
eight EV
s swap
ping
ba
tteries
at
the
same
time. Its d
a
ily service capa
city is
400
cars, ea
ch sanitation ca
r
can
compl
e
te
d swappin
g
batterie
s
in 6
-
8 minute
s
, and the batt
e
ry
swappi
ng time of each pa
ssen
ger
ca
r is less than 5
m
i
nutes. Thi
s
station is a circulation indu
st
ry
demon
stratio
n
effect
of th
e EV in
pla
n
t, highli
ghted
the
co
re val
u
e
s
of
en
ergy
conservation
a
nd
environ
menta
l
protectio
n
.
5.2.3. Zhejiang Province Intelligent Charging/Ba
tter
y
S
w
ap Ser
v
ice Net
w
or
k Pilot Project
The proje
c
t total con
s
tru
c
ted 50
0 comm
uni
cation
cha
r
ging spots and 13
cha
r
gin
g
/battery swa
p
st
ations,
coul
d
sup
p
o
r
t
EV acros
s
the
inter-c
i
ty
traffic in
Ha
ng
zh
ou,
Jiaxing, Huzhou, Jin
hua
and Shaoxi
ng. Zhe
jia
ng
demon
strati
on proje
c
t has reali
z
ed
the
con
s
tru
c
tion
and ope
rat
i
on innovatio
n techn
o
log
y
and appli
c
ation, is th
e first intercity
interconnected intelligent
charger
for service network, can provid
e experi
e
nce f
o
r the el
ectri
c
netwo
rk con
s
truction
op
erations
buildi
n
g in n
a
tionwi
de. As of Se
p
t
ember
201
2, Han
g
zhou
u
s
ed
in electri
c
mo
de of electri
c
car mil
eag
e is more than 1
0
million km.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
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046
The Re
se
arch Status and
De
velo
pm
ent Trend of
Ele
c
tri
c
Vehicl
e Powe
r Suppl
y… (Hui GAO
)
7695
5.2.4. Suzho
u
-Shang
hai-Hang
zho
u
Interco
nne
ction Ser
v
ice Net
w
ork Initial Pilot Project
The p
r
oje
c
t i
n
volved 9 int
e
lligent
cha
r
g
i
ng/ba
ttery swap
station
s
in 5 service
area
on
Suzho
u
, Shanghai, Ha
ng
zhou thre
e expre
s
sway
s,
inclu
d
ing Ji
an
gsu Baiyan
g
lake 2 se
rvice
area
s an
d Yang
che
ng lake 1 servi
c
e
area, Sh
a
n
g
hai fengjing
2 servi
c
e a
r
e
a
s, and Zh
eji
ang
Jiaxing
2
se
rvice a
r
ea
s a
nd Xinten
g
2
se
rvice
a
r
ea
s. It implem
e
n
ts EV
cha
r
g
i
ng/battery
swap
servi
c
e am
on
g Suzho
u
, Shangh
ai and
Hang
zho
u
.
6. Chinese E
V
Energ
y
Su
pply
Techno
log
y
De
v
e
lopment Tre
n
d
Combi
n
ing wi
th the development of Chi
na sma
r
t grid
and new en
e
r
gy vehicle
s
plan, we
think the EV
energy su
ppl
y technol
ogy
and fa
cilitie
s
will de
epe
n the research
and a
ppli
c
ati
on in
the followin
g
area
s:
Intelligenc
e
:
In addition t
o
ope
rating
servi
c
e
s
intel
ligent level continue
s to i
m
prove,
vehicle
-
to-gri
d (V2G) level
will be the focu
s of
the intelligent. On
the one han
d, with EV rapid
developm
ent, energy supp
ly facilit
ies can achieve o
r
de
rly cha
r
gi
ng und
er the
manage
men
t
of
operating
system, load bal
ance ch
ar
ge,
redu
ce the
chargi
ng infra
s
tru
c
ture inve
stment an
d the
co
st of EV use. On the o
t
her ha
nd, T
he EV can
b
e
use
d
a
s
a
mobile en
ergy stora
ge u
n
it,
combi
n
ing
wi
th the advan
ced
sma
r
t gri
d
techn
o
logi
e
s
, effectively partici
pate lo
ad man
agem
ent
and
system
pea
k
shaving
,
and
reali
z
e
goo
d inte
ra
ction
with th
e po
we
r di
st
ribution
sy
ste
m
,
thereby
imp
r
ove the
effici
ency
of the
p
o
we
r
syst
em
as a wh
ole,
a
nd
m
a
ke the power supply
is
stable a
nd rel
i
able.
Netw
or
k:
EV
large
-
scale d
e
velopme
n
t need
s can
not be sati
sfied by simple setting up
cha
r
gin
g
pile
s and
cha
r
gi
ng/battery swap station
s
,
the cross-re
gi
onal op
eratio
n electri
c
service
netwo
rk m
u
st
be built, and diversifie
d busi
n
e
ss
mo
del is imple
m
ented ba
se
d on the ele
c
tri
c
servi
c
e n
e
twork. T
he futu
re devel
opm
ent dire
cti
on
of electri
c
ity
servi
c
e n
e
twork is
nation
w
ide
interconn
ecti
on. Un
de
r th
e direction
of
sma
r
t gri
d
u
n
ified pla
nnin
g
and
unified
con
s
tructio
n
, the
EV servi
c
e
netwo
rk will
be fro
m
chargi
ng pi
l
e
,
cha
r
gi
ng stations, small
scale expa
nd
s
uncea
singly, eventually de
velop to wid
e
rang
e
of charging/battery
swap
netwo
rk, and reali
z
e the
unified man
a
gement.
Standardization:
EV en
ergy
sup
p
ly infra
s
tru
c
tu
re n
eed
s
to impleme
n
t the
stand
ardi
zati
on of con
s
truction a
nd o
peratio
n. By spee
ding u
p
developin
g
the comme
rcial
cha
r
gin
g
d
e
vice
and
EV related te
ch
ni
cal
stan
dar
ds and
interfa
c
e spe
c
ificatio
ns, the
servi
c
e
system
sh
oul
d be b
u
ilt. At the sa
me tim
e
, based o
n
electri
c
al
facil
i
ties an
d g
r
ad
ually esta
blish a
comm
uni
cati
on network h
a
rd
wa
re platf
o
rm, usi
ng variou
s info
rm
ation tech
nol
ogy mean
s a
n
d
throug
h th
e o
v
erall m
ana
g
e
ment
of the
operating
system, co
nstructs a
re
asona
ble all
o
cation
of
resou
r
ces, u
n
ified service
stand
ard
s
a
nd inform
atio
n sh
arin
g en
ergy supply
servi
c
e n
e
twork,
prom
otes the
standa
rdi
z
ati
on of the ele
c
tric car e
nerg
y
supply facili
ties se
rvice le
vel. At prese
n
t,
unde
r the pu
ss of SGCC and othe
r re
search in
stit
utions, Chi
na h
a
s prelimina
r
i
l
y set up the
EV
energy su
ppl
y facilities
sta
ndards
syste
m
, and i
s
lea
d
ing the i
n
ternational
stan
dard IE
C 62
8
40
elec
tric
cars
in elec
tric
fac
i
l
i
ties safety re
quire
ment
s, the pre
p
a
r
atio
n work is g
o
in
g well.
7. Conclusio
n
EV obtains th
e govern
m
ent
and rel
e
vant enterp
r
i
s
e
s
attention and
suppo
rt in Chi
na, has
been all
-
roun
d developi
ng
develope
d EV charg
e
r f
a
cilitie
s re
se
arch and tri
a
l operatio
n. In
cha
r
ge, b
a
ttery swap
pin
g
, and o
p
e
r
ation m
ana
gement h
a
s obtaine
d core te
chn
o
lo
gy
brea
kth
r
ou
gh
. At the sam
e
time, com
b
ining
with t
he con
s
tru
c
tion of smart
grid, China
has
establi
s
h
ed t
he ele
c
tri
c
car en
ergy su
pply te
ch
nolo
g
y system, a
s
the inte
ra
ction bet
ween
EV
and sm
art gri
d
V2G tech
no
logy is also o
pen in the re
search.
Referen
ces
[1]
W
E
N F
u
shu
a
n
g
. S
y
ner
gistic
disp
atch of PE
Vs char
gin
g
a
nd
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
in
Chi
nes
e re
gio
nal
po
w
e
r
grids.
Auto
mati
on of Electric P
o
w
e
r Systems
.
2011; 3
5
(14):
1-10.
[2] LIU
Xi
ao
xiao
,
LIAN Guoha
i. T
he research of
electric car charg
i
ng i
n
fras
tructure commercial
i
zati
o
n
oper
ation m
o
d
e
.
Huna
n el
ectric pow
er
. 201
1; 31(1): 59-6
2
.
[3]
W
ook T
S.
Guideli
ne for th
e g
r
aph
ic des
ig
n
of
w
e
b
ap
plic
ation for c
h
il
dren
'
s
interface.
TE
L
K
OM
N
I
KA
Indon
esi
an Jou
r
nal of Electric
al Eng
i
ne
eri
ng.
2013; 1
1
(7): 3
718-
372
7.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 76
90 – 769
6
7696
[4]
Grigoras G, Alexan
drescu V,
Ca
rtina G. Estimation of p
o
w
e
r/e
nerg
y
l
o
sses in el
ectri
c
distributi
o
n
s
y
stems b
a
sed
on an effici
en
t method.
T
E
LKOMNIKA Indones
ian J
ourn
a
l of
Electrica
l
Engin
eeri
n
g
.
201
3; 11(9): 48
55-4
860.
[5]
CHEN L
i
a
ngl
ia
ng, Z
H
ANG B
e
ib
ei, Z
H
OU B
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