Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
660
~
666
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
3
.
pp
660
-
666
660
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Archite
ctin
g V
i
rality
: Inf
or
m
atio
n Sh
ar
ing f
rom
Govern
ment
FB Pag
e to Neti
ze
ns
Af
d
ally
na Fa
t
hiyah H
arun
, Si
ti N
u
ra
dz
arul A
qm
aar
A
dz
man
, F
au
z
i Mohd
Sa
m
an
,
Sa
iful
Iz
w
an
Suli
man
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
MA
RA,
Sel
angor
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
4
, 201
7
Re
vised
Dec
30
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Ja
n
1
8
, 2
01
8
In
ac
cor
d
ance
with
e
-
gover
nm
ent
initi
at
iv
es,
m
an
y
m
ini
stri
es
in
Malay
si
a
have
enga
g
ed
c
onte
nt
to
public
using
socia
l
m
edi
a
for
bet
ter
two
-
wa
y
comm
unic
at
ions
.
How
eve
r
,
c
re
a
ti
ng
an
onl
ine
pre
senc
e
is
not
necess
ar
i
l
y
ea
s
y
as
dig
it
a
l
c
onte
nt
consum
ers
are
oft
e
n
bom
bar
ded
with
info
rm
at
ion
an
d
those
th
at
f
ai
l
t
o
ca
p
ture
infor
m
at
ion
will
be
re
nder
ed
uninte
re
sting
and
irre
l
eva
nt
.
Thi
s
i
s
impera
ti
ve
as
for
m
ost
par
t,
users
are
in
cont
ro
l
of
where
they
a
ll
oc
ate
a
ttenti
on
and
what
they
shar
e.
Us
i
ng
vira
l
ity
as
a
cont
e
x
t,
it
is
opine
d
that
info
rm
at
ion
content
tha
t
ar
e
wel
l
-
d
esigne
d
will
tri
g
ger
spec
if
ic
informati
on
and
prope
l
the
sharing
of
tha
t
informati
on
over
the
Inte
rne
t
.
A
stud
y
emplo
y
ing
FB
post
ca
te
gor
iz
a
ti
on
and
shar
i
ng
m
oti
vat
ions
surve
y
w
as
ca
rri
ed
out
in
the
cont
ext
of
Mini
str
y
of
Hea
lt
h
M
al
a
y
si
a
Face
boo
k
page
.
The
findi
ngs
show
t
hat
users
are
i
ncl
in
ed
towar
ds
Infogra
phic
s
with
var
ious
sharing
m
oti
vat
i
ons.
The
re
sul
ts
ca
n
be
used
b
y
Malay
s
ia
n
m
ini
s
tri
es
on
how
best
to
design
and
dissem
ina
te
informati
on
for
the
bene
fi
t
of
the
net
izens
on
socia
l
m
edi
a
sites
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ci
ti
zen
-
centric
it
y
Digital
content
E
-
go
vernm
ent
Inform
at
ion
sharin
g
Virali
ty
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Afdall
yna Fat
hi
ya
h
Ha
run
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
,
Selan
gor, M
al
ay
sia
Em
a
il
:
afd
al
lyn
a@tm
sk
.u
it
m
.edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
2014
sta
ti
sti
c
by
e
27
web
s
it
e
ind
ic
at
ed
t
ha
t
“M
al
ay
sia
n
netiz
ens
view
so
ci
al
net
wor
k
sit
es…7
31
tim
es
per
pe
rs
on
”
w
hich
i
nf
e
rs
a
powe
rful
oppo
rtu
nity
fo
r
on
li
ne
co
ntent
dissem
inati
on
.
In
li
ne
with
ci
ti
zen’
s
on
li
ne
pr
e
fer
e
nc
e,
m
any
go
ve
rn
m
ent
m
inist
r
ie
s
are
us
in
g
so
ci
al
networ
kin
g
sit
es
to
en
ga
ge
with
netiz
ens
[
1]
enab
li
ng
a
m
uch
m
or
e
interp
ersonal
f
or
m
of
corres
ponden
ce
[2
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
di
gital
con
te
nt
is
at
the
m
ercy
of
the
internet
po
pu
la
ti
on
w
her
e
it
is
on
ly
pow
erful
wh
e
n
it
is
so
ci
al
ly
transm
itted
acro
ss
t
he
dig
it
al
com
m
un
it
y.
Con
te
nt
creato
r
can
create
an
d
release
inf
orm
at
ion
,
bu
t
it
s
su
sta
inabili
ty
and
acce
ssi
bili
ty
dep
en
d
on
dig
i
ta
l
con
te
nt
sh
ari
ng
am
on
g
recip
ie
nts
[3
]
.
Re
search
ha
s
fou
nd
that
dig
it
al
con
te
nt
sh
ari
ng
is
hig
hly
dr
i
ven
by
e
m
otion
a
nd
t
hat
the
relat
ion
sh
i
p
betwee
n
the
tw
o
is
hi
gh
ly
c
om
plex
[4
]
[
5].
I
n
the
current
i
nterne
t
li
ng
o,
con
te
nt that a
r
e h
ig
hly s
har
e
d are c
ons
ide
red viral.
Virali
ty
is
def
ine
d
by
c
omm
on
con
se
nsu
s
as
the
te
ndency
of
a
n
im
age,
vi
deo,
or
piece
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
be
ci
rcu
la
te
d
rap
idly
an
d
widely
from
on
e
I
nter
net
use
r
to
an
oth
e
r.
Accor
ding
to
[6
]
,
the
sp
rea
d
of
viral
ph
e
no
m
enon
is
reg
ar
de
d
as
par
t
o
f
the
c
ultur
al
poli
ti
cs
of
netw
ork
c
ultur
e
wh
ic
h
enab
le
s
aud
ie
nce
to
c
re
at
e
and
s
pread
viral
co
ntent.
Audience
s
pla
y
an
act
ive
r
ol
e
in
"sp
rea
ding
"
these
co
ntent
rathe
r
than
ser
ving
a
s
pas
sive
ca
rr
i
ers
of
vir
al
m
edia:
their
ch
oi
ces,
in
vestm
e
nts,
a
ge
nd
as
,
a
n
d
act
io
ns
determ
ine
wh
at
gets
valu
ed
[
7].
N
ow
a
da
ys,
al
l
info
rm
at
ion
can
be
di
giti
zed
and
ea
sil
y
distribu
te
d
us
in
g
va
rio
us
W
e
b
2.0
platf
or
m
s
par
ti
cula
rly
so
ci
al
netwo
r
ks
(i.e.
Face
book)
and
m
ic
ro
-
bl
ogs
(i.e.
twit
te
r
)
al
lowin
g
t
he
direct
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
betwee
n
a
uthority
an
d
netiz
ens
[8
]
.
H
owe
ver,
governm
e
nt
or
gan
iz
at
io
ns
are
strug
glin
g
to
get
us
ers
to
s
har
e
their
ve
rified
inf
orm
ation
pa
rtic
ularly
in
com
batti
ng
th
e
sprea
d
of
fa
lse
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
With
falsi
ti
es
and
tr
uth
hard
to
te
ll
apar
t
a
nd
om
nip
resen
t,
m
isperc
e
ption
a
nd
disre
ga
rd
of
ve
rified
i
nfo
rm
ation
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Archite
ct
ing Vi
ra
li
ty
:
I
nfo
r
m
at
ion
Shar
i
ng from G
over
nmen
t FB P
ag
e
…
(
A
fda
ll
yn
a
F
ath
iy
ah Har
un
661
from
of
fici
al
channels
m
ay
be
dism
issed.
A
s
we
th
rive
to
beco
m
e
a
dig
it
al
econom
y
nation,
netiz
ens
need
t
o
be
ab
reast
with
accu
rate
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
r
efore,
the
re
is
a
need
to
ide
nt
ify
wh
at
po
st
-
ty
pes
are
util
ise
d
by
gove
rn
m
ent
m
inist
ries
on
soc
ia
l
m
edia
sites
as
well
as
recog
nizing
f
ol
lower
s
’
m
otivati
on
in
sh
a
rin
g
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
2.
METHO
D
2.1 Rese
arch
Setu
p
The
co
ntext
of
this
stud
y
is
so
ci
al
m
edia
sit
es
with
a
fo
c
us
on
go
ve
rn
m
ent
of
fici
a
l
Facebook
(h
e
reina
ft
er r
ef
err
e
d
to
as ‘
FB
’)
p
a
ge.
Th
is
is
beca
us
e
it
w
as
f
ound
that
al
m
os
t
a
t
hir
d
of
t
he
ad
ults
get
at
le
ast
so
m
e
of
t
heir
new
s
f
r
om
FB
[
9].
As
healt
h
is
an
issue
of
high
sta
kes
w
he
n
it
c
om
es
to
m
isi
nf
orm
ation
,
we
hav
e
op
te
d
to
loo
k
at
Ma
la
ysi
a’s
govern
m
ent
b
od
y
re
sp
onsi
ble
with
ci
ti
zen’
s
healt
h
and
well
be
ing
-
Kem
enterian
Kesihata
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
(K
KM/
Mi
nistry
of
He
al
th
Ma
la
ysi
a).
More
ov
e
r,
at
the
tim
e
of
this
stud
y
,
sta
ti
sti
cs
by
[
10
]
in
dicat
ed
that
KK
M
ha
s
the
highest
nu
m
ber
of
f
ol
lowe
rs
f
or
a
Ma
la
ysi
an
m
i
nistry
e
m
plo
yi
ng
FB
as
a
platfor
m
to
eng
a
ge
with
netiz
ens
,
wit
h
857,7
95
f
ollow
e
rs.
Using
KK
M
’s
FB
pa
ge,
w
e
stud
ie
d
the
p
at
t
ern
s
of i
nfor
m
at
ion
desig
n
a
nd
‘S
ha
re
’
react
ion
s
to p
os
ts.
Our
stu
dy
is
a
s
m
al
l
-
scal
e
stud
y
w
hich
t
ook
place
f
or
four
m
on
ths
and
ob
se
r
ving
only
on
e
gove
rn
m
ent
af
fili
at
ed
FB
pa
ge
.
The
stu
dy
w
as
co
nducted
f
ro
m
Janu
a
ry
to
April
20
17
w
her
e
K
KM
FB
pa
ge
was
ob
se
r
ved
and
t
heir
fo
ll
owers
we
re
gi
ve
n
a
set
of
que
sti
onnaires.
Th
e
co
-
a
utho
r
(
N
A)
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
a
fo
ll
ower
of
K
KM
FB
pag
e
and
ther
ef
or
e
,
a
ll
entries
pe
rt
ai
nin
g
to
K
K
M
wer
e
colle
c
te
d
an
d
st
ud
ie
d
f
ro
m
NA’s dai
ly
n
e
wsf
ee
d.
2.2 Stu
dy A
: KKM
F
aceb
ook I
nform
at
i
on Desi
gn
Obse
rvatio
n
To
un
der
sta
nd
FB
po
st
-
ty
pe
pr
e
ferred
by
use
rs,
we
first
c
at
egorised
the
con
te
nt
avail
a
ble
in
K
KM
FB
pa
ge.
This
was
done
in
Jan
uar
y
2017
in
a
form
of
pi
lot
stud
y
w
he
re
e
ver
y
new
po
st
from
KKM
that
app
ea
re
d
in
N
A’
s
FB
ne
ws
f
eed
we
re
cat
eg
or
ise
d.
T
he
str
uctu
re
of
the
c
on
te
nt
is
exam
ined
by
ada
pting
t
he
FB
post
-
ty
pe
c
od
e
s
us
e
d
by
[
11
]
.
From
the
sam
ples
colle
ct
ed,
it
was
f
ou
nd
that
t
her
e
wer
e
f
our
em
e
rg
i
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
pa
tt
ern
s
in
K
KM
FB
pa
ge.
Fo
ll
owin
g
this,
we
f
ur
t
her
ref
i
ned
[
11
]
c
od
e
s
f
or
c
la
rity
as
well
as
f
or
pr
act
ic
al
reasons;
nam
el
y
to
lim
it
the
nu
m
ber
of
posts
in
cl
ud
e
d
in
the
analy
ses
to
a
m
anag
eable
a
m
ou
nt.
Descr
i
pti
on of
the codes
is av
ai
la
ble in Ta
ble 1
.
Table
1
.
Faceb
ook Post
-
Ty
pe
Cod
es
and
Des
cripti
on
Facebo
o
k
Pos
t
-
Typ
e
Descripti
o
n
News
Articles
wh
ich
con
tain
s p
ress re
leas
e
f
ro
m
KK
M
Inf
o
g
raph
ic
Health
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t tips
in th
e f
o
r
m
o
f
grap
h
ical illus
tration
or
p
o
sters
Of
f
icial Fun
ctio
n
Fo
r
m
al f
u
n
ctio
n
s h
eld
by
KK
M
p
e
rtai
n
in
g
to
m
in
istr
y
’s
o
b
jectiv
es
Ran
d
o
m
Pos
ts
Health
r
el
ated
ar
ti
c
les wh
ich
sh
o
wcase statist
ics o
r
p
h
o
to
s
At
the
ti
m
e
of
this
stu
dy,
use
r
re
spo
ns
e
to
a
FB
po
st
ca
n
be
in
the
f
or
m
of
‘
Like
’,
‘C
omme
nt’
an
d
‘Sh
ar
e’
.
‘
Like
’
al
lows
us
er
s
to
show
thei
r
em
ot
ion
towa
r
ds
a
po
st
w
hile
‘Comme
nt’
enab
le
s
us
ers
to
sh
ar
e
their
op
i
nion.
As
the
co
nte
xt
of
this
st
ud
y
consi
ders
m
oti
vations
f
or
digi
ta
l
info
rm
at
ion
s
har
i
ng,
we
feel
th
e
‘Sh
ar
e’
featu
re
best
re
pre
sent
s
this.
T
his
is
because
,
wh
e
n
the
‘
Shar
e
’
fe
at
ur
e
is
cl
ic
ke
d,
a
n
FB
post
can
be
sh
are
d wit
h fr
i
ends, a
ppear i
n use
r
ti
m
e
li
ne
or sh
a
re
d wit
h specific
recipie
nts.
We
em
plo
ye
d
the
co
ntr
olled
ob
s
er
vation
te
chn
i
qu
e
w
her
e
KK
M
FB
page
was
obser
ve
d
f
or
the
la
s
t
11
days
for
th
e
m
on
ths
of
F
ebruary,
Ma
rc
h
an
d
A
pr
il
20
17.
W
e
deci
de
d
to
focus
on
t
ho
s
e
days
as
our
pil
ot
stud
y
s
howe
d
that
so
m
e
po
sts
wer
e
reposte
d
sever
al
ti
m
es
within
th
e
sam
e
m
on
th.
H
owever,
if
wit
hin
tho
s
e
11 d
ay
s
a r
e
pe
at
ed
post
was f
ound, it
will
s
ti
ll
b
e cal
culat
ed
as a
uniq
ue
e
nt
ry.
Each
K
KM
en
try
that
app
ea
r
s
in
NA’s
ti
m
e
li
ne
is
ta
bu
la
te
d
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
the
post
-
ty
pe
cod
e
s
as
in
Table
1.
Sc
ree
ns
hots
of
t
he
posts
we
re
kep
t
for
re
ferral
s
an
d
at
the
e
nd
of
the
m
on
th,
the
po
sts
we
re
re
vi
sit
ed
to
lo
ok
at
t
he
t
otal
num
ber
of
sh
a
res.
We
use
d
t
his
m
et
ric
t
o
cal
c
ulate
the
per
ce
ntage
of
l
ikeli
hood
f
or
a
n
F
B
po
st
-
ty
pe
to
be
sh
are
d.
It
m
us
t
be
note
d
t
hat
the
posts
us
e
d
in
this
st
ud
y
wer
e
a
vai
la
ble
for
pu
blic
view
reg
a
rd
le
ss
wh
e
ther
one
is
a
fo
ll
ow
e
r
of
the
pag
e
or
oth
e
r
wise.
Als
o,
th
e
data
wer
e
co
ll
ect
ed
in
accord
a
nce
with Face
book
’s
te
rm
s an
d co
nd
it
io
ns
.
2.3
St
u
dy B:
Questi
on
n
aire
To
un
der
sta
nd
us
ers
s
ha
rin
g
m
ot
ivati
on
an
d
their
pe
rcep
ti
on
t
ow
a
rds
go
vernm
ent’s
FB
po
sts
,
one
-
hundre
d
quest
ionnaires
c
reated
us
i
ng
Goo
gle
Fo
rm
s
wer
e
distrib
uted
on
t
he
6
th
of
June
2017
to
the
f
ollow
e
r
s
of
K
KM
FB
pa
ge.
Re
spo
nd
e
nts
wer
e
sel
ect
ed
us
i
ng
sel
ect
ive
sam
pling
wh
e
re
we
rec
r
uited
us
e
rs
w
ho
ha
ve
sh
are
d
K
KM’s
po
st.
Th
ey
wer
e
identifie
d
by
ho
v
e
rin
g
the
m
ou
se
cur
s
or
on
the
‘
Share
’
sta
tus
that
app
eare
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
660
–
666
662
unde
r
KK
M
post
that
fits
int
o
th
e
cat
eg
ori
es
as
per
Ta
ble
1.
Sele
ct
ed
res
pondents
we
re
con
ta
ct
e
d
th
r
ough
FB
m
esseng
e
r
an
d
wer
e
br
ie
fe
d
on
t
he
pur
pose
of
the
quest
io
nn
ai
re
an
d
gi
ve
n
the
Goo
gle
form
l
ink
(
wh
i
ch
was
m
ade av
ai
la
ble
for
t
wo w
ee
ks).
The
quest
io
nn
ai
re
com
pr
ise
d
three
par
ts;
(i)
dem
og
ra
phic
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
(ii)
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
sh
a
rin
g
pr
e
fer
e
nce,
a
nd
(iii
)
in
form
a
ti
on
pe
rce
ptio
n.
T
he
qu
e
sti
ons
as
ked
in
th
e
qu
e
sti
onnair
e
m
ade
us
e
of
cl
os
e
-
end
e
d
f
o
rm
at
and
w
ere
desi
gn
e
d
base
d
on
rea
dings
fro
m
the
li
te
ratur
e
pe
rtai
ning
t
o
inf
orm
ation
s
har
i
ng
beh
a
viou
r
a
nd
inf
or
m
at
ion
p
e
rcep
ti
on.
2.4
Statis
tical
A
n
aly
se
s
Descr
i
ptive
sta
ti
sti
cs
wer
e
ge
ner
at
e
d
f
or
ea
ch
post
-
ty
pe
wh
e
re
we
cal
culat
ed
post
-
ty
pe
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
and
t
he
total
num
ber
of
s
har
e
s.
This
was
sim
il
arly
do
ne
on
the
quest
io
nnai
re
data
to
s
ee
the
data
dist
rib
utio
n
of
inf
orm
ation
prefe
ren
ce
a
nd
s
har
i
ng
m
oti
vation
s.
The
c
or
e
idea
he
re
i
s
to
dem
on
stra
te
that
in
form
at
ion
desig
n
as
w
el
l
as info
rm
ation
us
ef
uln
e
ss a
ff
e
ct
s sh
a
rin
g
m
otivati
on
s
.
3.
RES
ULTS A
N
D DIS
C
US
SI
ON
3.
1
I
nform
at
i
on
Desig
n
an
d
‘S
h
ar
e
’
React
ions
in
KK
M FB
Page
(Stu
dy
A)
On
e
hu
ndred
posts
wer
e
c
olle
ct
ed
f
ro
m
KKM
FB
pa
ge
du
rin
g
the
obser
vation
pe
rio
d
t
hat
fits
int
o
the
post
-
ty
pe
c
rite
ria
as
ta
bul
at
ed
in
Table
1.
Table
2
sum
m
arises
the
po
st
-
ty
pe
distri
bu
ti
on
of
the
c
ollec
te
d
po
sts
.
It
was
found
t
hat
K
KM
FB
pa
ge
is
r
at
he
r
act
ive
with
an
a
ver
a
ge
of
t
hr
ee
posts
per
day.
P
os
t
-
ty
pe
wise
,
there
was
a
n
a
ver
a
ge
of
1.1
5
New
s
,
0.73
I
nfogra
ph
ic
s,
0.5
2
Offici
al
Fu
nc
ti
on
a
nd
0.6
7
Ra
ndom
Po
sts
for
th
e
ob
s
er
ved
33 d
a
ys.
From
the
re
su
lt
s,
it
can
be
inf
er
re
d
that K
KM
use
Ne
ws
-
ty
pe
posts
as
t
he
m
ai
n
inf
orm
at
ion
delivery
t
o neti
zens.
Ther
e
was
a
to
ta
l
of
21,
238
post
sh
a
res
du
ring
t
he
obse
rv
a
ti
on
pe
rio
d.
Diff
e
ren
t
post
-
ty
pes
pr
oj
ec
t
diff
e
re
nt
‘
Share
’
reacti
on
bu
t
in
a
gla
nce,
e
ver
y
sin
gle
posti
ng
at
K
KM
FB
pa
ge
is
at
le
ast
sh
are
d
on
ce
.
Infog
raphics
r
ecei
ved
t
he
m
os
t
num
ber
of
sh
are
s
wit
h
a
n
ave
rag
e
of
466.25
sh
a
res
pe
r
post
(52.6
9%
from
total
sh
ares).
The
le
ast
favo
ur
e
d
post
-
ty
pe
to
sh
are
is
O
ff
ic
ia
l
Fu
ncti
ons
with
on
ly
75.88
sha
res
pe
r
post
(6.07%
f
ro
m
t
otal
sh
are
).
K
KM’s
m
ai
n
m
edium
fo
r
in
form
ation
delive
ry
wh
ic
h
is
N
ews
p
os
t
-
ty
pe
scor
e
d
108.8
2
sh
a
re a
ver
a
ge
(
19.
47% f
r
om
total
s
har
e
).
An
i
nter
est
ing
obse
rvat
ion
her
e is de
s
pite Infogr
ap
hi
cs b
ei
ng
the
sec
ond
ty
pe
of
post
util
iz
ed
by
K
KM
to
delive
r
in
form
at
ion
to
the
net
iz
ens,
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
s
har
e
av
erage
far
excee
d
the
oth
er
p
os
t
-
ty
pe
s
with
m
or
e
than
50
%
ho
l
din
g
value
of
to
ta
l
sh
ares.
A
f
ur
t
her
in
vestig
at
ion
furthe
r
te
sti
fies
to
t
his
wh
e
re
t
he
highest
nu
m
ber
of
total
s
har
es
f
or
New
s
is
2,7
21
w
hile
f
or
I
nfo
gr
a
ph
i
c
it
is
8,539
des
pite
New
s
po
sts
ha
ving
m
or
e
e
ntries.
From
these
da
ta
,
ho
wev
e
r,
it
is
not
possi
ble
to
ha
ve
a
si
m
plist
ic
view
on
ty
pe
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
desi
gn
pre
fer
e
nce
a
s
each
post
-
ty
pe
did
not
ha
ve
a
co
ns
ist
ent
s
ha
rin
g
patte
rn.
For
ex
a
m
ple,
in
Februar
y,
I
nfo
gr
a
phic
s
has
the
hig
he
st
nu
m
ber
of
po
st
s
har
e
but
in
Ma
rch
a
nd
A
pr
il
,
it
was
New
s
.
Nonetheless
,
I
nfo
gr
a
ph
ic
s
se
e
m
s
m
or
e
fa
voure
d
prov
e
n
with
the
highe
st
recor
ded
nu
m
ber
of
sh
are
s,
highest
valu
e
of
sh
a
rin
g
a
ver
a
ge
and
sti
ll
com
par
at
ively
pr
e
f
err
e
d
e
ve
n
at
the
l
ow
side
of
th
e
equ
at
io
n.
Table
2
.
Po
st
-
Ty
pe Dist
rib
ution
S
umm
ary
Po
st
-
Ty
p
e
Mon
th
Total Po
st
Sh
ares
f
o
r
all
Po
st
Co
m
b
in
ed
Lowes
t
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Po
st Sh
are
Hig
h
est
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Po
st Sh
are
News
Feb
ruary
15
542
11
109
Mar
ch
10
872
1
670
Ap
ril
13
2
,72
1
17
709
Inf
o
g
raph
ic
Feb
ruary
9
8
,53
9
157
2
,22
1
Mar
ch
8
1
,30
7
13
341
Ap
ril
7
1
,34
4
18
331
Of
f
icial Fun
ctio
n
Feb
ruary
4
628
45
391
Mar
ch
6
334
15
141
Ap
ril
7
328
12
121
Ran
d
o
m
Pos
ts
Feb
ruary
8
3
,54
1
233
1
,45
0
Mar
ch
5
698
46
271
Ap
ril
8
384
4
210
At
this
j
unct
ure,
it
see
m
s
t
hat
KK
M
’s
m
et
hods
of
inf
orm
ation
delive
ry
do
es
not
m
at
ch
with
fo
ll
ower
s’
pref
eren
ce
as
t
he
f
or
m
er
m
ai
nly
op
ts
with
Ne
w
s
post
-
ty
pes
,
f
ollow
e
d
with
I
nfo
gr
a
ph
ic
s
,
R
andom
Po
sts
a
nd
Offi
ci
al
Functi
on.
Howe
ver,
I
nfo
gr
a
phic
s
pr
ese
nts
g
reatest
le
vel
of
sh
a
re
e
ng
a
gem
ent
am
ongs
t
fo
ll
ower
s foll
owed
w
it
h R
an
dom
Po
sts,
News an
d Offic
ia
l Fu
nction.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Archite
ct
ing Vi
ra
li
ty
:
I
nfo
r
m
at
ion
Shar
i
ng from G
over
nmen
t FB P
ag
e
…
(
A
fda
ll
yn
a
F
ath
iy
ah Har
un
663
3.2
I
nform
at
i
on
Sh
aring M
ot
i
vations (
Study
B)
Table
3
portra
ys
the
dem
og
r
aph
ic
distrib
ution
of
our
ques
ti
on
nai
re
res
po
nd
e
nts.
T
he
re
wer
e
fifty
-
on
e
res
ponden
ts
to
our
quest
ionnaire
ra
nging
from
the
age
of
18
t
o
64
ye
ars
old.
F
or
bette
r
rea
dab
il
i
ty
,
the
resu
lt
s
will
b
e
discusse
d i
n
t
he
context
of r
es
pondents
ag
e
a
s to
s
how
the
pa
tt
ern
distrib
ution o
f
FB
u
s
e.
The
la
r
gest
gr
oup
of
res
ponde
nts
cam
e
fr
om
the
Mi
ll
enn
ia
ls
(27
r
esp
onde
nt
s)
f
ollow
e
d
cl
os
el
y
with
Gen
X
(20
res
pondents
).
Th
e
s
m
al
le
s
t
gr
oup
wer
e
the
Ba
by
Boo
m
ers
with
on
ly
4
res
pondents
.
This
us
er
distrib
ution
m
at
ches
with
[
12]
distrib
ution
of
FB
us
e
rs
world
wide
.
Larg
el
y
it
can
be
i
m
plied
that
a
la
rg
e
portio
n
of
K
K
M
fo
ll
ow
e
rs
ar
e
between
the ag
e
of
18
to
52
ye
ars
old
.
Ta
bl
e
3
al
so
portra
ys
the
respond
ents
as
hav
i
ng
var
yi
ng
exp
erie
nce
in
us
in
g
so
ci
al
m
edia.
Five
of
the
res
pondents
are
novice
us
e
rs
(less
than
2
ye
ars
of
ex
pe
rience
)
wh
il
e
ei
gh
t
of
th
e
resp
on
dent
s
are
hig
hly
exp
e
rience
d
(
11
ye
ars
of
exp
e
rience)
.
W
it
h
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
gaini
ng
po
pula
rity
in
the
e
arly
2000s,
it
i
s
rathe
r
s
urpr
is
ing
t
o
see
t
hat
the
la
rge
po
rtion
of
respo
nd
e
nts
on
ly
had
5
to
7
ye
ars
of
e
xperi
ence
in
s
ocial
m
edia
us
e
(19
respo
nd
e
nts)
i
nd
ic
at
in
g
a
del
ay
in
‘join
i
ng
the
cr
owd’
.
Mi
ll
enn
i
al
s
m
akes
up
the
la
rg
est
c
ompo
sit
io
n
of
the
us
er
gr
oup
an
d
with
the
m
os
t
of
exp
e
rience
,
s
uitably
bein
g
inferred
as
well
-
versed
with
so
ci
al
networ
king
earn
i
ng
the
l
abel
Ne
t
Gen
e
ra
ti
on
[13
]
.
FB
was
la
unc
he
d
in
ye
ar
2004
m
aking
it
13
ye
ars
of
a
ge
a
t
tim
e
of
this
pa
per.
It
can
be
per
cei
ved
from
Table
3
t
hat
m
any
of
the
responde
nts
(
31
re
spo
nd
e
nts
)
are
early
us
er
s
of
FB
with
th
e
m
cl
a
i
m
ing
to
be
a
m
e
m
ber
for
ov
er
seve
n
ye
ars
.
Thr
ee
of
t
he
r
esp
ond
e
nts
are
FB
novices.
T
his
co
uld
be
a
po
sit
ive
outl
ook
as
this
m
ay
su
gg
e
st
that
FB
is
st
il
l
gr
owin
g
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
with
new
use
rs
join
ing
i
n
the
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
arena
.
Howe
ver,
an
i
nter
ven
ti
on
m
ay
be
require
d
to
captu
re
the
interest
of
the
Ba
by
Boo
m
ers
as
th
ey
are
a
ver
y
sm
a
ll
g
roup an
d
the
re
wer
e
no new
FB m
e
m
ber
s
fro
m
this
gro
up at the ti
m
e o
f
st
ud
y.
Table
3
.
Re
s
po
nd
e
nts
Dem
og
r
aph
ic
Profile
Ag
e Generation
*
Gen
d
er
So
cial M
ed
ia
E
x
p
erience (
y
ea
rs)
Facebo
o
k
E
x
p
erience (
y
ears)
Interaction
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
*
*
M
F
<2
2
-
4
5
-
7
8
-
10
>1
1
<1
1
-
3
4
-
6
>7
VF
O
S
R
Millenn
ials
(age:1
8
-
36)
12
15
3
6
10
4
4
2
5
9
11
1
8
13
5
Gen
X
(
ag
e: 37
-
52)
4
16
1
5
8
3
3
1
6
5
8
1
7
10
2
Bab
y
Bo
o
m
ers
(age: 53
-
64)
1
3
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
0
3
0
1
*
[
14
]
define
d
Ba
by
B
oomer
s
as
t
ho
se
bor
n
be
tw
een
1946
to
1964
(
53
to
71
ye
ar
s
ol
d
at
t
he
ti
me
of
this
pap
er)
.
Ho
we
v
er,
we
di
d
not
recei
ve
an
y
re
sp
onse
fr
om
th
os
e
over
64
ye
ar
s
of
age.
Als
o,
we
set
Mi
ll
enn
i
als
as
18 to
36 ye
ars ol
d
in
ste
ad
of 17
t
o 36 pe
r
[
14
]
de
fi
niti
on
as
18 is the
ag
e Mal
aysia
ns
fi
nish
es
sc
hool.
**
VF
=
Very
Freq
uen
tl
y
(
Ev
ery
hour)
;
O
=
Oft
en
(
Every
2
to
3
hours)
;
S
=
Sel
dom
(
F
ew
ti
mes
durin
g
day
and nig
ht)
;
R
=
R
ar
el
y (
Log
in once
a d
ay o
r in
seve
ra
l w
e
eks)
Most
of
the
re
sp
on
de
nts
cl
ai
m
ed
that
they
sel
do
m
interact
with
their
so
c
ia
l
m
edia
platfor
m
s,
w
here
they
log
in
to
FB
only
seve
r
al
tim
es
throughout
the
da
y.
I
t
is
al
so
obser
ved
that
18
of
the
res
ponde
nts
oft
e
n
interact
with
their
FB
acco
unt
(ev
e
ry
2
to
3
ho
urs
).
This
ind
ic
at
es
that
m
os
t
us
ers
do
regularly
inter
act
with
FB
but
within
pe
rio
dic
inte
rv
al
s.
S
uch
in
te
racti
on
pace
m
a
y
i
m
ply
t
hat
use
rs
do
no
t
e
xpect
f
re
qu
e
nt
inf
or
m
at
ion
update.
More
ove
r,
FB
pro
vid
e
new
s
fee
d
featu
re
at
us
ers
’
wa
ll
al
lowin
g
us
e
rs
to
b
e
in
c
on
t
ro
l
of
wh
e
n
t
hey co
nsum
e d
igit
al
inf
orm
ation
.
At
this
po
i
nt,
the
res
ults
sh
ow
that
us
er
s
ar
e
keen
FB
us
e
r
s.
This
in
dicat
es
that
FB
is
r
el
evan
t
an
d
a
pro
bab
le
platf
orm
fo
r
Ma
la
ysian
m
inist
ries
t
o
en
gag
e
with
the
netiz
ens
pa
rtic
ularly
with
the
Mi
ll
enn
ia
ls
an
d
Gen
X.
H
ow
e
ver,
with
Ba
by
Boo
m
ers
making
a
ver
y
sm
al
l
fr
act
ion
of
the
so
ci
al
ne
twork
com
m
un
it
y,
a
m
echan
ism
mu
st
be
put
in
pl
ace
to
entic
e
t
hem
to
par
ti
cip
at
e
m
or
e.
Th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
pa
ragrap
hs
will
discu
s
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
prefere
nce
a
nd
i
nfor
m
at
ion
cr
e
dib
il
it
y
fr
om
t
he
vie
w
of
KKM
’s
f
ollow
e
rs.
To
assist
rea
da
bili
ty
,
the
res
ults
will
al
so
be
disc
usse
d
in
t
he
c
on
t
ext
of
re
spo
ndents
age
as
to
bette
r
il
lustrate
the
patte
r
ns
of
us
er
s
’
sh
ari
ng m
otivati
on
s.
Figure
1(
a
)
il
lustrate
s
that
Mi
ll
enn
ia
ls
an
d
Ge
n
X
p
re
f
er
I
nfo
gr
a
ph
ic
s
over
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
post.
Offici
al
Functi
on
post
-
ty
pe
is
the
le
ast
favo
ur
e
d
am
ong
al
l
gro
ups
of
us
e
r
s.
T
his
rei
nforce
s
the
fin
ding
s
f
ro
m
Stud
y A
. A
pre
fer
e
nce for
In
f
ogra
ph
ic
s m
ay
be
due to the
use
o
f
vis
ual com
po
nen
ts i
n
pr
esenti
ng info
r
m
at
ion
[15]
ai
ding
in
m
e
m
or
abili
ty
and
in
form
at
io
n
e
ng
a
gem
ent
[16].
M
or
e
ov
e
r,
Inf
ographics
is
ve
ry
s
uited
as
a
n
edu
cat
io
n
to
ol
sh
owcasi
ng
th
e
relat
ion
sh
i
p
betwee
n
dif
fere
nt
con
ce
pts,
proces
ses
an
d
su
m
m
arizi
ng
subj
ect
of
interest
[
17
]
w
hich
fits
nicel
y
int
o
the
c
ore
obj
ect
ive
of
K
KM
as
a
m
inis
try
edu
cat
in
g
ne
ti
zens
on
he
al
th
an
d
well
bein
g.
In
t
his r
es
pect, the
innov
at
io
n bro
ught b
y I
nfo
graph
ic
s m
akes it an appeali
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
m
edium
.
Offici
al
Functi
on
on
the
oth
e
r
hand
seem
s
m
or
e
div
e
rted
to
go
vernm
ental
occasio
n
an
d
do
no
t
ser
ve
a
direc
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
660
–
666
664
i
m
po
rtance
to
the
netiz
ens
in
con
te
xt
of
healt
h
inf
orm
at
ion
.
There
fore,
K
KM
m
ay
need
to
re
vise
it
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
pr
esentat
ion m
eth
od t
o
m
at
ch
with
us
er
prefe
ren
ce
.
Fig
ure
1
.
(a
)
P
r
efer
red I
nfor
m
at
ion
P
rese
ntati
on
f
or
Digital
Sh
a
rin
g,
(b) Sh
arin
g
Im
m
ediaten
ess t
o
P
os
t
Con
te
nt,
(c
) Info
rm
ation
Ele
m
ent that Tri
ggers
D
i
gital
Sharin
g,
(d) Inte
nded
D
i
gital
Reci
pients, (e)
Pe
rceive
d
Inform
at
ion
Cr
edibili
ty
at KKM
Faceb
ook P
age
Fig
ure
1(b)
shows
that
the
re
are
tw
o
m
ai
n
m
ot
ivati
on
s
for
s
har
in
g
K
K
M
po
st;
(i)
the
us
e
fu
l
ness
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
co
ntent
t
o
oth
e
rs
an
d
(ii)
it
has
a
se
rio
us
nua
nce.
This
is
in
li
ne
with
[18]
obser
vatio
n
wh
e
re
m
ot
ivati
on
s
a
nd
co
ntent
pur
po
s
e
are
str
ongly
inter
-
re
la
te
d.
F
ollo
wer
s
a
lso
te
nd
t
o
be
sel
ect
ive
with
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
shared wh
e
re onl
y a s
m
a
ll
p
or
ti
on
m
ind
le
ssly
sh
are
j
ust
ab
ou
t any po
sts f
rom
K
KM. Th
is
m
ay
b
e
du
e
to
the
filt
erin
g
crit
eria
obser
ve
d
by
the
us
ers
w
he
n
sh
ari
ng
di
gital
i
nfor
m
at
ion
(se
e
Figu
re
1
(c))
.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
acro
s
s
al
l
us
er
gro
ups,
to
pics
to
be
sh
are
d
sho
uld
be
inte
resti
ng
an
d
sou
rce
li
nk
is
pro
vid
e
d.
F
or
Mi
ll
enn
ia
ls
and
Ge
n
X,
a
n
e
m
bed
de
d
vi
de
o
to
the
m
a
i
n
co
ntent
al
so
play
s
a
ro
le
.
[1
1]
m
ade
si
m
il
ar
ob
s
er
vation w
he
re it i
s s
ugges
te
d
that
vid
e
o po
sts
are
no
vel, interesti
ng
and
worth
wh
il
e t
o
s
har
e
.
Wh
e
n
s
har
i
ng,
m
os
t
of
t
hem
ei
ther
s
har
e
t
heir
po
st
publ
ic
ly
or
sel
ect
ively
ta
rg
et
ed
t
o
their
FB
fr
ie
nds
(see
Fi
gure
1
(
d)).
It
is
rather
s
urp
rising
t
o
note
that
few
of
th
e
m
sh
are
wit
h
real
-
li
fe
f
r
ie
nds
or
fam
i
li
es.
How
ever,
it
co
uld
be
re
spo
nd
e
nts
ha
ve
ass
um
ed
fr
ie
nd
s
an
d
fa
m
ily
m
e
m
ber
s
as
pa
rt
of
FB
Fr
ie
nds
gro
up
rat
her
th
an
as
an
excl
usi
ve.
The
beh
a
viour
patte
rn
he
re
ind
ic
at
es
that
KK
M
f
ollo
wer
s
are
m
indful
of
oth
e
rs
a
nd wo
ul
d
li
ke
to
s
pr
ea
d
in
f
o
rm
at
ion
wh
e
n
it
br
i
ng
s
a great
er
good.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Archite
ct
ing Vi
ra
li
ty
:
I
nfo
r
m
at
ion
Shar
i
ng from G
over
nmen
t FB P
ag
e
…
(
A
fda
ll
yn
a
F
ath
iy
ah Har
un
665
Figure
1(e)
il
lu
strat
es
wh
y
us
er
trust
K
KM
FB
pag
e
.
The
r
epu
ta
ti
on
of
K
KM
as
a
truste
d
source
for
healt
h
an
d
w
el
l
-
bein
g
sco
r
ed
highly
.
Equ
al
ly
i
m
po
rt
ant
is
the
m
et
hods
em
plo
ye
d
wh
e
n
pr
esenti
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
at
the
FB
pa
ge.
More
ov
e
r,
al
l
inf
or
m
at
ion
pr
ovide
d
relat
es
to
the
ob
j
ect
ive
s
of
KK
M
’s
m
inist
ry
ind
ic
at
in
g
that
K
KM
is
f
ocused
on
it
s
i
nfo
rm
ation
c
on
te
nt
.
This
is
a
n
i
m
po
rtant
obse
r
vation
as
there
ha
ve
been
cases
of
FB
pa
ges
w
he
re
they
post
ba
nters
or
oth
e
r
inf
orm
ation
t
hat
dev
ia
te
s
from
the
orga
ni
zat
ion
’s
obj
ect
ives
.
The
res
ults
an
d
discuss
i
on
h
a
ve
helpe
d
sh
e
d
l
igh
t
to
the
m
eans
of
arc
hitec
ti
ng
v
iral
it
y.
Althou
gh
t
his
pap
e
r
inten
ds
t
o
look
at
‘
Share
’
as
a
form
of
virali
ty
,
the
deg
ree
of
s
har
e
ob
s
er
ved
i
n
this
pap
e
r
i
s
only
two
-
fo
l
d
(i.e
.
K
KM
to
K
KM
fo
ll
owers
,
a
nd
K
K
M
fo
ll
ower
s
to
their
FB
pa
ge
fr
ie
nds
).
A
m
or
e
accu
rate
defi
niti
on
of
virali
ty
w
ould
be
ho
w
m
uch
f
urt
he
r
the
i
nfo
rm
ation
is
s
ha
red.
N
onet
hel
ess,
this
pa
per
has
helpe
d
point
the
directi
on
to
how
gove
rn
m
ent
en
ti
ty
cou
ld
op
t
in
info
rm
at
ion
dissem
inati
on
to
the
netiz
ens
via
FB
as
evide
nce
sh
ow
t
hat
K
K
M
po
sts
are
i
nd
ee
d
s
ha
red
forw
a
r
d
by
t
he
ir
f
ollow
e
rs.
To
m
ake
an
i
nfor
m
at
ion
vi
r
al
,
a
gove
rn
m
ent
entit
y
sh
ould
ta
ke
in
f
or
m
at
ion
pr
ese
ntati
on
into
c
onside
r
at
ion
wh
ic
h
i
nclu
des
post
-
t
ype
an
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
ele
m
ents
avail
able
within
the
post.
Evi
den
ce
hav
e
al
s
o
sho
wn
that
eve
ry
po
st
pr
ov
i
ded
by
KMM
will
be
s
ha
red
by
t
he
fo
ll
ow
ers
bu
t
will
at
ta
in
eve
n
high
er
s
har
e
reacti
on
if
t
he
post
-
ty
pe
fits
with
us
e
r
pr
e
fer
e
nce.
Pe
rh
a
ps
K
KM
ne
eds
t
o
c
onsider
util
iz
ing
I
nfo
gr
a
ph
ic
s
as
the
m
ai
n
m
e
thod
in
c
onve
yi
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
to t
he
netiz
e
ns
as
oppose
d
to
the
New
s
for
m
at
cu
r
ren
tl
y p
racti
ced.
Anothe
r
lim
it
a
ti
on
of
this
pa
per
is
the
sc
al
e
of
the
stu
dy.
W
e
only
ob
s
er
ved
on
e
gove
rn
m
ent
m
inist
ry
FB
pa
ge
a
nd
f
or
a
s
hort
ti
m
e
per
iod.
Als
o,
t
he
ina
bi
li
t
y
to
retrieve
Insig
hts
data
f
ur
t
her
li
m
i
ts
pa
tt
ern
identific
at
ion.
Shou
l
d
th
e
stu
dy
be
car
ried
ou
t
l
onge
r,
wit
h
m
or
e
FB
pa
ge
a
nd
c
om
bin
ed
with
Insig
ht
s
data,
we
co
uld
gain
insig
ht
into
a
m
uch
richer
p
a
tt
ern
of
inf
orm
at
ion
de
sig
n
strat
egy.
F
uture
researc
h
c
ou
l
d
cl
arify
if
ind
ee
d
Inf
ogra
phic
s
is
the
pr
efe
rr
e
d
de
sign
c
ho
ic
e
or
if
the
us
e
is
m
erely
con
te
xt
ua
l
and
dom
ina
te
d
by
certai
n
us
e
r
group
an
d
FB
pa
ge.
Last
ly
,
as
t
he
fo
c
us
of
thi
s
pap
e
r
is
on
F
B
as
in
fo
rm
at
i
on
s
har
i
ng
plat
form
,
our
fi
nd
i
ngs
m
ay
no
t
be
s
uitably
ge
ner
a
li
sed
to
ot
her
so
ci
al
m
edia
platfo
rm
s.
This
is
beca
us
e
di
ff
ere
nt
platfo
rm
g
enera
ll
y
serv
es
dif
f
eren
t
pur
poses
cal
li
ng
for di
fferent i
nfor
m
at
i
on d
e
sig
n
strat
egy.
4.
C
ONCL
US
IO
N
Our
st
ud
y
h
as
i
den
ti
fie
d
f
our
ty
pes
of
FB
pos
t
on
a
governm
ent
m
inist
ry
FB
page
that
a
re
associat
ed
with
inc
rease
d
or
d
ecrea
sed
di
gital
inform
at
i
on
s
ha
rin
g
am
ong
us
ers
.
T
he
cro
ss an
al
ysi
s b
et
wee
n
the
F
B
pag
e
ob
s
er
vation
a
nd
us
e
r
sur
vey
con
cl
ud
e
s
that
In
f
ogra
phic
s
po
s
t
-
ty
pe
pa
rtic
ularly
has
hi
gher
probabil
it
y
to
be
sh
are
d.
Howe
ve
r,
it
is
on
ly
wo
rt
h
-
s
har
i
ng
if
it
con
ta
ins
othe
r
el
e
m
ents
that
pr
esents
it
sel
f
as
cred
ible
an
d
has
us
ef
uln
e
ss.
Further
resea
rch
is
ind
ee
d
esse
ntial
,
par
ti
c
ularly
to
see
how
m
uch
f
ur
t
he
r
the
i
nf
or
m
at
ion
is
sh
are
d
beyo
nd
KK
M
fo
ll
owe
rs.
Also,
is
the
re
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
i
nfor
m
at
ion
des
ign
strat
e
gy
w
hen
oth
e
r
platf
or
m
s
are
us
ed
(i.e
.
twit
te
r,
I
ns
ta
gr
a
m
,
et
c)
or
do
thes
e
s
ocial
m
edia
platform
s
aff
ect
each
oth
e
r
in
te
r
m
s
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
pe
netrati
on
t
o
th
e
net
iz
ens
.
In
eff
ect
,
our
stu
dy
c
ou
l
d
be
use
d
by
KK
M
or
ot
her
m
inistr
ie
s
on
how
t
hey m
ay
i
m
pr
ove in
for
m
at
ion
p
e
netra
ti
on
am
on
g t
he
n
et
iz
ens
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
e
xpress
the
grati
tud
e
to
t
he
Mi
ni
stry o
f
Hi
gher
Ed
ucati
on, Ma
la
ysi
a and
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
,
Selan
gor, M
al
ay
sia
f
or the
f
i
nan
ci
al
s
upport
g
ive
n f
or
t
his
pro
j
ect
(
BES
T
ARI
Gr
a
nt) [
Fil
e No:
600
-
IRMI/
MYRA
5/3
/B
E
STA
RI
(0
26
/
2017
)].
RE
FERE
NCES
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MPU
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1).
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The
Mal
a
y
sian
Publ
ic
Sect
or
ICT
St
ra
te
g
ic
Plan
:
Pow
eri
ng
Public
Sec
tor
Dig
ita
l
Tra
nsform
at
ion”.
Re
trieve
d
20
th
J
anua
r
y
2016
fro
m
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p:/
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m
ampu.gov.
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y
/
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ar,
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l
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ace
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era
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