Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1332~
1336
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
332
-
1
336
1332
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Sim
ulation on
m
i
crogrid
c
onne
cte
d PV
s
ystem un
der
b
alance
and
u
nb
alance
f
au
lt
Ameerul
A. J
.
J
em
an
1
,
N
aee
m M
.
S
.
H
ann
oon
2
,
Nabil
Hi
dayat
3
, M
oha
med
M.
H.
Adam
4
,
Ismail
Mus
ir
in
5
,
Vi
jay
ak
u
mar
V
6
1,2,3,4,5
Facul
t
y
of Electrical E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA (UITM),
Ma
lay
s
ia
6
School
of
Com
puti
ng
Sci
ence a
nd
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
VIT
Univer
sit
y
Chenna
i
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
7
, 2
018
Re
vised Dec
6
,
2018
Accepte
d Dec
19
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
an
ana
l
ysis
in
Matl
ab/
Sim
uli
nk
of
a
thre
e
-
phas
e
photovol
taic
s
y
s
te
m
under
balan
ce
and
unb
al
an
c
e
fau
lt
s
in
Ma
tl
a
b/Sim
uli
nk.
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
inve
stiga
t
e
the
per
for
m
anc
e
of
the
s
y
stem
under
var
ious
t
y
pes
o
f
fau
lt.
Th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
invol
v
ed
var
ious
t
y
p
e
s
of
fau
lt
s
occ
urring at
diff
ere
nt
d
ista
nc
es
from
the
point
of com
m
on
coupl
ing
of
the
PV
s
y
stem.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
a
lso
ai
m
e
d
to
ide
nt
if
y
what
t
y
pe
of
f
au
lt
that
m
a
y
seve
rely
d
amage
the
s
y
st
em.
Th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
r
e
sults
pre
sent
ed
in
thi
s
pape
r
show
tha
t
the
thre
e
-
phase
fau
lt
i
n
the
m
ic
rogrid
was
seve
rely
aff
ec
t
ing
the
s
y
stem
since
it
i
nvolve
d
al
l
th
e
t
hre
e
phase
s
of
the
s
y
stem
while
the
dista
nc
e
of
the
f
aul
t
occ
u
rre
nce
is
le
ss
inf
lue
nc
ed
in
the
s
y
stem.
The
purp
ose
o
f
this
rese
arc
h
is
to
o
bserve
the
eff
e
c
t
on
the
s
y
s
te
m
base
d
on
the
t
ypes
of
fau
lt
s
occ
ur and
the di
s
ta
nc
e
f
aul
ts o
cc
u
r.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Ba
la
nced
f
a
ult
Mi
cro
gri
d
PV
s
yst
em
Si
m
ulink
Un
-
ba
la
nce
d
f
a
ult
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Naeem
M
.
S
.
Hann
oon
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
MA
RA (Ui
TM),
40450 S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: han
noon.
naeem
@g
m
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ba
la
nced
fau
lt
s
aff
ect
s
t
he
th
ree
phases
eq
ua
ll
y.
It
is
analy
sed
to
dete
rm
i
ne
the
volt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt
after
the
fa
ult
and
use
d
f
or
t
he
protect
io
n
sc
hem
e
design.
Ba
la
nced
fau
lt
s
can
be
di
vid
e
d
as
t
hr
ee
phas
e
open
ci
rcu
it
fa
ult,
th
ree
phase
s
hor
t
ci
rcu
it
fau
lt
and
t
hr
ee
phas
e
short
ci
rc
uit
to
gro
und
fau
l
t.
Usual
ly
fau
lt
s
are
associat
ed
with
fa
ult
im
ped
ances.
These
im
ped
a
nces
a
re
a
ssu
m
ed
to
be
s
m
al
l
and
ne
gligible.
When
th
ere
is
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
,
c
urren
t
is
ve
ry
high
due
to
sm
al
l
i
m
ped
ances
,
hence
as
su
m
i
ng
t
he
fa
ult
i
m
ped
a
nces
a
re
zero
i
n
the
analy
sis
of
fa
ults.
It
is
al
so
us
e
d
to
de
s
ign
a
nd
s
pecif
ic
at
ion
of
t
ransduce
r,
CT
(c
urren
t
t
ran
s
f
orm
er)
,
VT (volt
age t
r
ansfo
rm
er)
, CB (circ
uit brea
ker) a
nd r
el
ay
s
in powe
r
syst
e
m
p
ro
te
ct
ion
.
Unbalance
d
fa
ults
af
fect
t
he
three
ph
a
se
di
f
fer
e
ntly
.
The
obj
ect
ive
of
a
naly
zi
ng
unbal
anced
fa
ults
are
the
sam
e
a
s
balance
d
fa
ul
ts
wh
ic
h
for
pr
otect
ion
sc
hem
e
desig
n.
T
he
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
ty
pes
of
unbal
anced
fau
lt
s a
re s
in
gl
e
-
li
ne
-
to
-
groun
d fault,
double
-
li
ne
fa
ult an
d d
ouble
-
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und fa
ult
.
Faults
are
th
e
unwa
nted
c
on
ti
nge
ncies
that
m
a
y
occu
r
in
t
he
thr
ee
ph
ase
po
wer
syst
em
.
These
c
onti
ngencies
m
ay
af
fect
the
perform
ance
of
the
syst
e
m
.
Wh
e
n
al
l
the
fa
ult
s
occ
ur
duri
ng
th
e
si
m
ulati
on
,
it
will
su
rely
affe
ct
ing
the
pe
r
form
ance
of
the
three
-
phase
PV
syst
e
m
s.
Th
us
le
adin
g
to
the
qu
e
sti
on
i
ng
a
bout
the
perfor
m
ance
of
the
s
yst
e
m
du
rin
g
f
aults
analy
sis.
Ther
e
a
re
m
any
ty
pes
of
fa
ult
that
can
be
occ
ur
in
the
t
hr
ee
pha
se
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
Ho
wever,
t
her
e
will
be
one
fau
lt
that
m
a
y
sever
el
y
dist
urb
th
e
whole
syst
em
on
ce
it
occ
ur.
This
sit
uatio
n
needs
to
be
an
al
yse
and
dete
rm
ine
a
fau
lt
aff
ect
in
g
t
he
pow
e
r
syst
e
m
sev
erely
. D
evelo
pm
ent o
f
desi
gn
a
nd si
m
ulati
on
in
Ma
tl
ab
has
al
w
ay
s b
e o
ne of
t
he
m
os
t t
echn
iqu
e to
do
s
om
e
research
base
d
on
power
syst
em
.
Fu
rther
m
or
e,
this
m
et
ho
d
can
ea
sil
y
be
co
m
pare
with
any
rese
arc
h
done by
oth
e
r
r
esearche
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Simulati
on
on
micro
gr
id
con
nected
PV syst
em under
bala
nce
and u
nbal
an
ce
fa
ult (
Am
eerul A.
J.
J
em
an
)
1333
The o
bj
ect
ive
s
of this
researc
h are as
foll
ows;
a)
To
in
vestigat
e
the
perform
ance
of
the
t
hr
ee
-
phase
PV
co
nnect
ed
m
ic
ro
gr
id
syst
em
s
du
r
ing
balance
an
d
unbalanc
e
f
a
ults.
b)
To
a
naly
ze
w
ha
t t
ype of f
a
ult
that m
a
y sever
el
y dist
urb
th
e
syst
e
m
.
c)
To per
f
or
m
sim
ula
ti
on
in
Mat
la
b/Si
m
ulink
for
a
PV co
nne
ct
ed
gri
d sy
ste
m
.
The
pu
rpose
of
this
pap
e
r
is
to
sim
ulate
the
PV
c
onnected
gr
i
d
syst
e
m
under
se
ver
al
of
balance
a
nd
unbala
nce
fa
ul
ts
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
Ba
la
nce
fa
ults
in
po
wer
syst
em
kn
own
as
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
fa
ult
w
her
eas
fa
ult
occur
at
the
three
phases
of
the
sys
tem
.
W
hile
un
balance
fa
ults
consi
st
of
sin
gl
e
-
li
ne
-
to
-
gr
ound
fau
lt
,
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne
fau
lt
,
a
nd
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne
-
to
-
gr
ound
fau
lt
wh
e
r
e
these
fa
ults
involve
s
one
or
tw
o
ph
a
se
s
with
a
nd
without
connecte
d t
o g
rou
nd. T
he beh
avio
r of
t
he
sys
tem
n
eed t
o be
ob
s
er
ve unde
r t
his con
diti
on
.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
ty
pes
of
fa
ul
ts
wh
ic
h
ca
n
occur
on
any
transm
issi
on
li
nes;
bala
nce
d
fau
lt
s
a
nd
unbalance
d
fa
ults
al
so
kn
own
as
sym
m
et
ri
cal
an
d
asy
m
m
et
rical
fau
lt
s
res
pecti
vely
.
Most
of
t
he
fa
ults
that
occur
on
pow
er
syst
em
s
are
no
t
t
he
bala
nc
ed
th
ree
-
phas
e
f
aults,
but
the
un
balances
fau
lt
s.
In
a
dd
it
ion
,
fau
lt
s
ca
n
be
c
at
egorized
as
the
s
hunt f
aults,
series
f
aults
a
nd
sim
ultaneou
s f
aults [1
]
. I
n
the
a
naly
sis
of
pow
e
r
syst
e
m
un
der
f
ault
conditi
on
s
,
it
is
necessar
y
to
m
ake
a
di
sti
nction
bet
w
een
the
ty
pes
of
fa
u
lt
to
ens
ur
e
th
e
best r
e
su
lt
s
pos
sible i
n
t
he
a
na
ly
sis. H
owe
ver, for t
his
pro
j
ec
t on
ly
s
hunt
fa
ults are t
o be a
naly
sed.
Series
fau
lt
s
re
pr
ese
nt
open
c
onduct
or
a
nd
ta
ke
place
wh
e
n
unbala
nced
s
eries
im
ped
anc
e
co
nd
it
io
ns
of
t
he
li
nes
ar
e
pr
ese
nt.
T
w
o
exam
ples
of
s
eries
fa
ult
are
wh
e
n
the
syst
em
ho
lds
one
or
tw
o
bro
ke
n
li
nes,
or
im
ped
an
ce
inserted
in
one
or
tw
o
li
nes.
In
t
he
real
w
orl
d
a
se
ries
f
a
ults
ta
kes
plac
e,
f
or
e
xam
ple,
w
he
n
ci
rcu
it
breake
r
s
co
ntr
ols
the
l
ines
an
d
do
not
op
e
n
al
l
th
ree
phases,
i
n
this
c
ase,
on
e
or
t
wo
phases
of
the
li
ne
m
ay
be
op
en
wh
il
e
the
oth
e
rs
is
cl
os
ed
[
1].
Series
fa
ults
are
char
act
erized
by
incr
ease
of
volt
ag
e
an
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy a
nd
fall
in
c
urren
t i
n
the
f
a
ulted
phases.
The
s
hunt
fa
ults
are
t
he
m
os
t
com
m
on
ty
pe
of
fa
ult
ta
ki
ng
place
in
the
fiel
d.
T
hey
i
nvolv
e
powe
r
cond
ucto
rs
or
conduct
or
-
to
-
gro
und
or
short
ci
rc
uits
be
tween
c
ondu
ct
or
s.
On
e
of
the
m
os
t
i
m
portant
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
shu
nt
fa
ults
is
the
increm
ent
the
cu
rr
e
nt
suffe
rs
a
nd
fa
ll
in
volt
age
a
nd
f
reque
ncy.
Shun
t
fau
lt
s ca
n
be
cl
assifi
ed
i
nto
four cat
eg
or
ie
s
[
4].
a)
Sing
le
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und
fa
ult:
this
ty
pe
of
fa
ult
exists
wh
e
n
one
phase
of
a
ny
transm
issi
on
li
nes
est
ablishe
s
a
co
nn
ect
io
n
with
the
gro
und
ei
ther
by
i
ce,
wi
n
d,
fall
ing
tree
or
a
ny
oth
er
incide
nt.
70
%
of
al
l
transm
issi
on
li
nes faults
a
re c
la
ssifie
d
under
this cat
eg
or
y
[
5].
b)
Line
-
to
-
li
ne
fa
ult:
as
a
re
su
lt
of
hi
gh
winds
,
on
e
phase
co
ul
d
to
uc
h
a
nth
e
r
ph
a
se
&
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne
fa
ult
ta
ke
s
place.
15%
of
al
l t
ran
sm
issi
on
li
nes
f
a
ults ar
e co
ns
ide
red li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne fa
ults [
5].
c)
Dou
ble
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und:
fall
in
g
tree
w
her
e
t
wo
ph
a
ses
bec
om
e
in
con
ta
ct
with
the
gro
und
c
ou
l
d
le
ad
to
this
ty
pe
of
fa
ult.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
t
wo
ph
ase
s
will
be
i
nvolve
d
i
ns
te
ad
of
on
e
at
the
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und
fa
ul
ts
scenari
os
.
10%
of all
transm
is
sion l
ines
fau
lt
s ar
e
unde
r
t
his ty
pe
of
fau
lt
s
[
5].
d)
Thr
ee
phase
fa
ult:
in
this
case,
fall
ing
to
we
r,
fail
ure
of
eq
uip
m
ent
or
eve
n
a
li
ne
br
e
aki
ng
a
nd
tou
c
hi
ng
the
rem
ai
nin
g
ph
a
ses
ca
n
ca
use
three
phase
fau
lt
s.
I
n
reali
t
y,
this
ty
pe
of
fau
lt
no
t
of
te
n
exists
w
hich
c
an
be
see
n
from
its
sh
a
re
of 5%
of all
tran
sm
issi
on
li
ne
s f
a
ults
[5
]
.
An
y
po
wer
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
can
be
dissect
ed
by
co
m
pu
ti
ng
t
he
fr
am
ewo
r
k
vo
lt
ages
an
d
flo
ws
unde
r
ordina
ry
an
d
unusual
sit
uatio
ns
[
11]
.
It
is
fund
am
enta
l
to
ensure
the
well
bein
g
of
ope
n
[12].
The
serio
us
ne
s
s
of
t
he
blam
e
reli
es
upon
t
he
sh
ort
out
are
a
[13].
Bl
am
e
exam
inati
on
m
us
t
be
directed
in
eac
h
are
a
[14].
Def
ic
ie
ncies
c
ou
l
d occu
r bec
ause
of r
e
gula
r
o
ccasi
on
s
or
m
ishaps [15].
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
A
P
V
co
nnect
e
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
syst
e
m
Si
m
Po
wer
Syst
em
s
exa
m
ples
of
Ma
tl
ab/
Si
m
ulink
R2
01
0a
is
use
d
for
the
sim
ulatio
n. Fi
gure
1
s
how
the m
ai
n
m
od
el
of the
syst
e
m
.
All t
he
m
a
in d
at
a a
re c
ollec
te
d
f
ro
m
the
PCC
and
cent
rali
zed
in Ta
ble
1.
Fig
ur
e
2 sho
w
the
m
od
el
o
f
t
he
P
V
f
arm
.
Fr
om
Figu
re
1,
it
is
sh
ow
n
that
al
l
ty
pes
of
fau
lt
we
re
pl
aced
at
the
pro
po
s
ed
distance
fr
om
PCC
.
The
sim
ulati
on
of
the
syst
em
was
r
un
acc
ordin
gly
based
on
the
ty
pe
of
f
ault
fo
ll
owed
by
the
distance
of
the
fau
lt
occurre
nc
e. A
ll
the
sim
ulati
on
d
at
a
we
r
e rec
orded
in t
he
Ta
ble
1
m
e
ntion
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
332
–
1
336
1334
Figure
1
.
Sim
ulink
m
od
el
of
a
PV co
nnect
ed m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
syst
e
m
Figure
2
.
Sim
ulink
m
od
el
of
PV
far
m
syst
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Simulati
on
on
micro
gr
id
con
nected
PV syst
em under
bala
nce
and u
nbal
an
ce
fa
ult (
Am
eerul A.
J.
J
em
an
)
1335
Fo
r
t
his
pa
per
,
there
we
re
4
ty
pes
of
fau
lt
identifie
d
to
be
us
ed
in
the
si
m
ula
ti
on
w
hich
are
sin
gl
e
li
ne
to
gr
ound,
li
ne
to
li
ne,
li
ne
to
li
ne
to
gro
und
a
nd
th
ree
ph
a
se
fa
ult.
T
he
re
we
re
al
s
o
3
dif
fer
e
nce
distances
of
fa
ult
occ
urr
ences
needed
t
o
be
stu
dy
in
this
pa
per.
N
e
xt,
sim
ulati
on
ci
rcu
it
was
de
sign
e
d
base
d
on
the
fau
lt
s
us
e
d
an
d
di
sta
nces
of
the
fau
lt
occ
urren
ce
.
Sim
ulati
on
of
the
ci
rc
ui
t
was
ru
n
acc
ordin
g
to
the
ty
pe
of
fau
lt
a
nd
the
di
sta
nce
of
the
f
ault
from
the
P
CC
.
All
the
da
ta
from
the
sim
ula
ti
on
wer
e
recorde
d
an
d
a
naly
sis
was done
acco
rd
i
ng to
t
he
cas
e stu
dy n
ee
de
d t
o be in
ve
sti
ga
te
d.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
In
this
sect
io
n,
it
is
exp
la
ined
the
res
ul
ts
of
resea
rch
and
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
is
giv
en
th
e
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
disc
us
sio
n.
From
the
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d,
at
no
rm
al
op
erati
ng
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
vo
lt
age
at
al
l
pha
ses
in
the
syst
e
m
re
m
ai
n
sta
ble
wh
ic
h
at
0.
85
pe
r
unit
.
W
hile
cu
rrent
at
0.
016
pe
r
un
it
.
F
ro
m
all
the
fau
lt
s
occ
urred
in
the
syst
em
,
it
can
be
obs
erv
e
d
that
the
near
e
r
the
fau
l
t
to
the
PCC
,
the
m
or
e
unsta
ble
the
vo
lt
a
ge
will
beco
m
e.
Wh
il
e
the
c
urre
nt
in
creases
as
the
fau
lt
occurre
d
near
e
r
t
o
the
P
CC
.
For
si
ng
le
li
ne
-
to
-
groun
d
fa
ult,
on
ly
one
phas
e
aff
ect
ed
by
the
fau
lt
w
hile
li
ne
-
to
-
li
ne
and
li
ne
-
to
-
line
-
to
-
gro
und
fa
ult,
two
ph
a
se
s
wer
e
aff
ect
ed
by
the
fau
lt
.
Th
ree
phase
fa
ult
invo
lved
al
l
three
phases
in
the
sy
stem
.
As
obser
ved,
t
he
m
os
t
sever
e
fau
lt
that cause
s the stabili
ty
o
f
the syst
em
to
dro
p
is t
hr
ee p
hase f
a
ult sinc
e the v
oltag
e dro
p
bel
ow
t
han o
ther
fau
lt
s in
the
syst
e
m
b
ecause it
involve
d
al
l t
hree
ph
ase
s in
the syste
m
.
Table
1
de
picte
d
the
vo
lt
age
s
and
c
urre
nts,
m
easur
ed
i
n
P
CC
fo
r
var
i
ous
ty
pes
of
fau
lt
that
occ
urred
2k
m
away
fro
m
the
PCC
of
the
PV
syst
em
.
As
obser
ved
from
Figu
re
4
un
ti
l
15,
the
e
vo
l
ution
of
the
thre
e
ph
a
ses
of
gr
i
d
volt
age
durin
g
gr
id
fa
ult
is
ex
pected
for
these
ty
pes
of
short
ci
rc
uits.
From
the
wa
vefor
m
ob
ta
ine
d,
it
is
s
how
n
that
t
hr
e
e
phase fa
ult
ha
s
the
m
os
t
im
pact
in
the
syst
e
m
com
par
ed
t
o
oth
e
r
f
aults. This
is
because
three
ph
a
se
fa
ult
inv
ol
ved
al
l
thre
e
ph
ase
s
of
th
e
syst
e
m
.
The
sa
m
e
go
es
to
current
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
16
to
27.
When
the
f
ault
occ
urr
e
d,
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
increase
ra
pidl
y,
this
sit
uatio
n
will
dam
age
the
e
quipm
ent
in
the
syst
e
m
.
As
ob
serv
e
d,
the
m
os
t
seve
re
fa
ult
aff
ect
in
g
t
he
c
urren
t
was
al
so
th
ree
ph
a
se f
a
ult.
Table
1.
Sim
ul
at
ion
Res
ult o
f t
he
P
V
Syst
em
u
nd
e
r Vari
ous
Fau
lt
s
Ty
p
e of
sh
o
rt
circuit f
au
lt
Distan
ce of
PCC (
k
m
)
PCC
of
the th
ree
-
p
h
ase
m
ic
rog
rid
-
co
n
n
ected PV syste
m
Ef
f
ectiv
e vo
ltag
es (p.u
.)
Ef
f
ectiv
e curr
en
ts
(p.u
.)
V
a
Vb
Vc
Ia
Ib
Ic
No
r
m
al
op
erating
con
d
itio
n
s
0
.85
0
.85
0
.85
0
.01
6
0
.01
6
0
.01
6
Sin
g
le line
-
to
-
g
rou
n
d
4
0
.38
0
.75
0
.9
0
.73
0
.00
7
5
0
.02
1
2
0
.25
0
.72
0
.94
0
.9
0
.00
7
5
0
.02
2
0
0
0
.68
1
1
.17
0
.00
7
0
.02
2
Line
-
to
-
lin
e
4
0
.45
0
.52
0
.85
0
.85
0
.44
0
.01
9
5
2
0
.42
0
.49
0
.85
1
.0
0
.52
0
.01
9
4
0
0
.42
0
.42
0
.85
1
.2
0
.65
0
.01
9
4
Line
-
to
-
lin
e
-
to
-
g
rou
n
d
4
0
.37
5
0
.33
0
.83
0
.95
0
.45
0
.01
6
2
0
.25
0
.2
0
.84
1
.15
0
.53
0
.01
5
5
0
0
0
0
.86
1
.45
0
.62
0
.01
5
Three
p
h
ase
4
0
.37
0
.33
5
0
.39
2
0
.92
0
.51
0
.61
2
0
.28
0
.24
0
.3
1
.11
0
.61
0
.74
0
0
0
0
1
.38
0
.78
0
.99
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
pe
r
pr
esents
a
stu
dy
on
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
m
ic
ro
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
s
yst
e
m
s
un
de
r
balance
a
nd
unbalance
fa
ul
ts.
Dif
fere
nt
ty
pes
a
nd
differe
nt
dista
nces
of
the
fa
ults
occurre
d
will
res
ult
in
dif
fer
e
nt
ty
pes
of
i
m
pact
on
the
PV
syst
em
.
The
eff
ect
on
PV
syst
e
m
dep
en
ds
on
t
he
ty
pe
of
gr
i
d
fa
ults
a
nd
distance
t
h
at
the
fau
lt
occurre
d
in
the
syst
em
.
Ba
la
nce
fa
ult
con
t
rib
uted
hi
gh
e
r
im
pact
on
the
syst
em
c
om
par
ed
t
o
un
balance
fau
lt
.
Fu
tu
re
rec
omm
end
at
ion
ca
n
be
m
ade
in
this
pa
per
wh
e
re
st
ud
y
on
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
t
he
PV
side
of
the
syst
e
m
in
te
rm
of
it
s
ou
tp
ut
volt
ag
e,
c
urr
ent
as
well
as pow
e
r.
Obser
vat
ion
o
n
t
he
f
re
quency of
t
he
sy
ste
m
can
be
m
ade
duri
ng
occ
urrenc
es
of
t
he
fa
ul
ts.
Fault
prote
ct
ion
ca
n
ap
pl
y
in
this
syst
em
in
order
t
o
choose
su
it
able
protect
ion
relay
for t
he
syst
e
m
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hor
an
d
resea
rch
e
rs
sincerely
than
k
IRMI,
600
-
I
RM
I/DANA
5/
3/LEST
ARI
(
0169/2
016),
and U
iTM
f
or
pro
vid
in
g
la
b
f
aci
li
ty
an
d
the
fun
d
to
con
du
c
t t
his r
esea
rch
sm
oo
thly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
332
–
1
336
1336
REFERE
NCE
S
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n
Gonen,
“
El
e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
Tra
nsm
ission
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y
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sis
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ukhi
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