I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
5
2
7
~
5
3
3
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ee
cs
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
p
p
527
-
5
3
3
5
27
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
ijeec
s
Ins
ula
tion Proper
ties of
PMM
A:
Ti
O
2
Nano
dielec
tri
c F
il
m
for H
ig
h
Volta
g
e
Applica
tions
M
el
v
in Wela
n
M
a
t
hew
1
,
L
y
ly
Ny
l Is
m
a
i
l
2
,
No
rsa
brina
Si
ha
b
3
,
Ah
m
a
d Asr
i A
bd
Sa
ma
d
4
,
Nur
Ash
i
da
Sa
li
m
5
1
,
2,
3,
4
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UiT
M
Ca
w
a
n
g
a
n
P
u
lau
P
in
a
n
g
,
Ja
lan
P
e
rm
a
tan
g
P
a
u
h
,
1
3
5
0
0
S
e
b
e
ra
n
g
P
e
ra
i,
P
u
lau
P
in
a
n
g
5
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
A
RA
(U
iT
M
),
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
4
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
u
g
2
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
T
h
is
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
th
e
in
su
lati
o
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
e
th
y
l
m
e
th
a
c
r
y
late
w
it
h
ti
tan
iu
m
d
io
x
i
d
e
(
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
)
n
a
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
f
il
m
to
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
in
su
lati
o
n
lay
e
r
in
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(HV
)
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
A
C
a
n
d
DC
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
tes
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
to
in
v
e
stig
a
te
th
e
in
su
latio
n
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
to
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
so
l
id
i
n
su
lati
o
n
in
HV
.
I
n
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
th
e
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
f
il
m
we
re
p
re
p
a
re
d
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
(6
0
°
C
u
p
to
1
8
0
°
C)
a
n
d
sp
in
c
o
a
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
ww
e
re
u
se
d
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
il
m
.
T
h
e
in
su
lati
o
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
il
m
we
re
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
u
sin
g
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
tes
t
(DC
a
n
d
A
C
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
stre
n
g
th
)
to
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
w
h
ich
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
iste
f
il
m
h
a
s
th
e
g
o
o
d
in
s
u
latio
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
ty
p
e
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
d
e
s
a
re
a
lso
u
se
d
to
to
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
i
n
su
latio
n
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
iste
f
il
m
.
T
h
e
stru
c
tu
ra
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
fil
m
s
we
re
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
u
sin
g
a
to
m
ic
f
o
rc
e
m
icro
sc
o
p
y
(
A
F
M
).
Re
su
lt
s
f
ro
m
HV
tes
t
sh
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
a
ff
e
c
ted
th
e
in
su
latio
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
P
M
M
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
il
m
.
B
y
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
,
th
e
in
su
lati
o
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
.
F
il
m
a
n
n
e
a
l
a
t
1
2
0
o
C
h
a
s
th
e
g
o
o
d
in
su
lati
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
to
o
th
e
r
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
re
.
1
2
0
o
C
a
re
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ize
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
re
to
p
re
p
a
re
d
th
e
P
M
M
A
:
T
iO2
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
il
m
s.
Re
su
lt
f
ro
m
d
if
fe
re
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
d
e
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
sh
a
rp
ti
p
h
a
s
h
ig
h
DC
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
stre
n
g
th
c
o
m
p
a
re
to
sp
h
e
rica
l
e
le
c
tro
d
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
HV
AC
B
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
p
ar
tial d
is
ch
ar
g
e
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
y
l
y
N
y
l I
s
m
ail
,
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
UiT
M
C
a
w
a
n
g
a
n
P
u
la
u
P
in
an
g
,
J
alan
P
er
m
ata
n
g
P
au
h
,
1
3
5
0
0
Seb
er
an
g
P
er
ai,
P
u
lau
P
in
an
g
.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
l
ec
tr
o
tech
n
ical
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
I
E
C
6
0
0
3
8
(
2
0
0
2
)
,
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
(
HV)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
g
r
ea
t
er
th
an
1
0
0
0
V
alter
n
ati
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
1
2
0
0
V
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
[
1
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
ta
i
n
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
ic
c
u
r
r
en
t,
in
s
u
lato
r
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
in
s
u
l
ate
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
I
n
s
u
lato
r
s
ar
e
also
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t t
o
th
e
u
n
d
es
ir
ed
p
ath
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
HV
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
q
u
a
lit
y
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
Or
g
an
ic
m
a
ter
ial
(
OM
)
o
r
p
o
ly
m
er
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
s
o
lid
in
s
u
latio
n
i
n
HV.
P
o
l
y
m
er
is
a
m
ater
ial
th
at
h
as
a
m
o
lecu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
b
o
n
d
ed
to
g
e
th
er
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lo
n
g
c
h
ai
n
o
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
E
ac
h
p
o
l
y
m
er
h
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
a
n
d
also
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
ica
l
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
m
o
p
last
ics,
p
o
l
y
a
m
id
e,
p
o
l
y
ac
r
y
la
m
id
e,
p
o
ly
ca
r
b
o
n
ate,
a
n
d
p
o
ly
et
h
y
len
e
ar
e
ex
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
m
ater
ial
th
at
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
as
in
s
u
latio
n
in
HV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
]
.
Desp
ite
its
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
5
27
–
5
3
4
528
p
o
ly
m
er
h
as
d
i
s
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
wh
ich
is
lo
w
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
R
ec
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
s
h
o
w
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
p
u
r
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
is
b
y
ad
d
in
g
f
i
ller
in
to
p
u
r
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
m
a
ter
ial
to
f
o
r
m
a
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
m
a
ter
ial
w
h
ic
h
is
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic.
P
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial
h
as
e
x
h
ib
it
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
o
ly
m
er
its
el
f
.
Na
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
is
p
r
ed
icted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
av
ailab
le
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
elec
tr
ical
in
s
u
lat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
r
es
is
ti
v
e
to
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
h
as
h
i
g
h
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
an
d
lo
w
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
l
y
m
et
h
y
l
m
etac
r
y
late
(
P
MM
A
)
as
a
m
atr
ix
a
n
d
titan
i
u
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
T
iO2
)
as
a
f
iller
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
[
4
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
iO2
as
f
iller
w
er
e
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
it
is
p
r
o
v
en
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
P
MM
A
m
ater
ial
[
1
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
w
er
e
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
in
s
u
latio
n
in
t
h
e
HV
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
d
iele
ctr
ic
f
il
m
w
er
e
f
ab
r
icate
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
p
i
n
c
o
atin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
a
n
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
w
er
e
in
v
esti
g
ate
to
id
en
t
if
y
o
p
tim
ized
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
to
f
ab
r
icate
th
e
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
latio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
t
ic
s
o
f
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
w
er
e
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
u
s
i
n
g
HV
test
w
h
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
DC
an
d
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
test
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
i
n
d
etail
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
w
il
l
elab
o
r
atel
y
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
.
Fo
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
t
h
at,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
t
io
n
w
ill e
x
p
lai
n
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
o
f
t
h
e
f
il
m
.
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
P
M
M
A:
T
iO
2
na
nco
m
po
s
it
e
f
il
m
P
MM
A
p
o
w
d
er
s
w
it
h
m
o
lec
u
lar
w
e
ig
h
t,
(
M
w
)
o
f
1
2
0
,
0
0
0
w
er
e
p
u
r
c
h
ased
f
r
o
m
Si
g
m
a
A
ld
r
ich
,
T
iO2
n
an
o
p
o
w
d
er
b
y
Ald
r
ich
C
h
e
m
ical
s
a
n
d
to
l
u
en
e
f
r
o
m
S
ig
m
a
A
ld
r
ic
h
.
T
h
e
P
MM
A:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
as
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
m
i
x
in
g
0
.
1
5
g
P
MM
A
p
o
w
d
er
w
i
t
h
2
w
t%
T
iO2
n
a
n
o
p
o
w
d
er
in
to
th
e
g
lass
b
o
ttle.
T
h
e
m
i
x
er
w
er
e
d
is
s
o
lv
e
i
n
to
5
m
l
to
l
u
en
e
s
o
l
v
e
n
t.
T
h
r
ee
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
tr
im
et
h
o
x
y
m
et
h
y
ls
ila
n
e
(
T
MO
MS)
w
er
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
tab
ilizer
b
et
w
e
en
P
MM
A
an
d
T
iO2
n
a
n
o
p
o
w
d
er
an
d
to
l
u
en
e
s
o
lv
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
er
e
s
o
n
icate
d
i
n
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
at
5
0
º
C
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
as
le
f
t
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
s
p
i
n
co
ated
(
s
p
e
ed
o
f
1
5
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
6
0
s
ec
)
o
n
a
g
las
s
to
f
o
r
m
P
MM
A
:T
i
O2
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
a
s
an
n
ea
led
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
6
0
º
C
,
9
0
º
C
,
1
2
0
º
C
,
1
5
0
º
C
an
d
1
8
0
º
C
)
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
to
r
estru
ct
u
r
e
th
e
P
MM
A:T
iO2
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
s
[
9
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
M
M
A:
T
iO
2
na
nco
m
po
s
it
e
f
il
m
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
h
e
f
il
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
2
p
ar
ts
:
(
1
)
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
(
2
)
I
n
s
u
latio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Stru
ct
u
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
is
b
asica
ll
y
to
o
b
tain
th
e
f
il
m
th
ick
n
es
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
.
T
h
e
f
il
m
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
i
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
f
iler
.
T
h
e
f
il
m
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ato
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
A
FM)
.
I
n
s
u
latio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
i
s
b
asicall
y
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
o
lid
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
P
MM
A
:
T
iO2
f
il
m
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
D
C
a
n
d
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
test
s
to
t
h
e
f
il
m
.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
i
s
tes
t,
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
F
ig
u
r
e
2
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
p
h
er
ical
s
h
ap
ed
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
s
h
ar
p
ed
tip
s
h
ap
ed
elec
tr
o
d
e.
Vo
ltag
e
is
i
n
j
ec
ted
f
o
r
5
ti
m
es
o
n
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le
(
f
i
l
m
)
.
A
p
air
o
f
n
ee
d
le
-
to
-
p
la
n
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
f
il
m
i
s
b
ei
n
g
test
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ize
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es.
An
alter
n
ati
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
h
ile
th
e
p
lan
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t i
s
ta
k
e
n
w
h
ile
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
test
is
co
n
d
u
c
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
test
s
e
t
u
p
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
h
a
p
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
s
u
la
tio
n
P
r
o
p
erti
es o
f P
MM
A
:
TiO2
N
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
F
ilm
fo
r
Hig
h
V
o
lta
g
e…
(
Melvin
W
e
la
n
Ma
th
ew
)
529
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Hig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
test
s
e
t
u
p
f
o
r
s
h
ar
p
tip
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
h
ap
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
ill
d
is
c
u
s
s
in
d
etail
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
co
n
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
3
.
1
.
Str
uct
ura
l P
ro
pert
ies o
f
P
M
M
A:
T
iO
2
na
no
dielect
ric
f
il
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
f
il
m
th
ick
n
es
s
v
er
s
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
A
s
t
h
e
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
t
h
ic
k
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
th
ic
k
n
es
s
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
as th
e
a
n
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
f
il
m
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
.
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
F
i
l
m
T
h
i
ck
n
ess
S
u
r
f
ace
R
ou
g
h
n
ess
An
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(
o
C)
F
i
l
m
T
h
i
ckne
ss
(n
m)
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Su
rf
a
ce
R
o
u
g
h
n
e
ss
(n
m)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fil
m
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
i
l
m
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
A
FM
i
m
ag
e
s
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
As
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
6
0
℃
to
1
2
0
℃
an
d
it
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ag
ai
n
f
r
o
m
1
5
0
℃
to
1
8
0
℃.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
,
as
th
e
an
n
ea
l
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
6
0
℃
to
1
2
0
℃,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
W
h
e
n
a
n
n
ea
led
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tin
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
u
n
ti
l
1
4
0
℃
an
d
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
P
MM
A
:
T
iO2
f
il
m
b
ec
o
m
e
r
o
u
g
h
er
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
it
io
n
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
a
g
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
T
iO2
n
an
o
f
iller
.
A
s
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
f
il
m
b
ec
o
m
e
d
e
n
s
e
w
h
ich
lead
to
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles.
Ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
ar
e
th
e
w
h
i
te
p
ar
ticles f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
5
27
–
5
3
4
530
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
n
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
AFM
(
a)
6
0
℃
(
b
)
9
0
℃
(
c)
1
2
0
℃
(
d
)
1
5
0
℃
(
e)
1
8
0
℃
3
.
2
.
I
ns
ula
t
io
n P
ro
pert
ies o
f
P
M
M
A:
T
iO
2
na
nco
m
po
s
it
e
f
ilm
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
P
MM
A
:
T
iO₂
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
te
s
ti
n
g
,
s
h
ar
p
tip
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
u
s
ed
.
As
t
h
e
a
n
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
6
0
℃
to
1
2
0
℃,
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
w
h
e
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tin
u
e
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
1
4
0
℃
an
d
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
d
ec
r
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
em
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
P
MM
A
:
T
iO2
f
il
m
s
tar
t
to
p
er
f
o
r
ated
.
T
h
e
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
p
er
f
o
r
ated
is
d
u
e
to
P
M
MA
m
atr
i
x
ca
n
o
n
l
y
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
1
5
0
℃
[
9
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
f
il
m
s
t
ar
t
to
p
er
f
o
r
ated
,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
tar
ted
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
an
d
lead
to
f
il
m
d
e
f
ec
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
ath
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
r
ea
k
i
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
[
1
0
]
.
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
D
C
B
r
eak
dow
n
V
ol
t
ag
e
T
i
m
e
t
o
D
C
B
r
eak
dow
n
An
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(
o
C)
D
C
Bre
a
kd
o
w
n
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
(kV)
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
T
i
me
t
o
D
C
Bre
a
kd
o
w
n
(s)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
DC
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
ti
m
e
to
DC
b
r
ea
k
w
o
n
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
ce
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
also
s
h
o
w
s
ti
m
e
ta
k
en
f
o
r
D
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
to
o
cc
u
r
f
o
r
P
MM
A:T
iO₂
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
w
it
h
a
n
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
6
0
℃
is
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
.
I
t
to
o
k
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
1
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
b
r
e
ak
d
o
w
n
.
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
an
n
ea
l
ed
at
1
2
0
℃
h
as
th
e
lo
n
g
e
s
t
p
er
io
d
tak
e
n
to
r
ea
ch
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
w
h
ich
i
s
w
i
th
i
n
2
8
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
1
2
0
℃
is
n
o
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
1
4
0
℃
an
d
1
8
0
℃
an
n
ea
li
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
u
t
th
is
t
w
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
s
u
la
tio
n
P
r
o
p
erti
es o
f P
MM
A
:
TiO2
N
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
F
ilm
fo
r
Hig
h
V
o
lta
g
e…
(
Melvin
W
e
la
n
Ma
th
ew
)
531
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
h
a
s
a
s
h
o
r
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
ti
m
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
a
n
n
ea
led
a
t
1
2
0
℃.
On
to
p
o
f
th
at,
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
ti
m
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
les
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
eir
a
n
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
lar
g
e
a
g
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
co
n
tai
n
s
lo
ts
o
f
lar
g
e
v
o
id
s
d
e
f
ec
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
u
r
i
ties
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
m
ater
ial
[
1
1
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
n
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
r
e
m
ai
n
s
a
n
in
te
n
s
iv
e
d
eb
ate
[
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
r
elate
d
w
it
h
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
es
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
g
h
er
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
at
s
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
te
s
t
th
e
ti
m
e
tak
e
n
to
r
ea
ch
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
ti
m
e
ta
k
en
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le
t
o
r
ea
ch
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
ati
o
n
o
n
th
at
s
a
m
p
le
d
u
e
to
a
n
n
e
alin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
f
il
m
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
n
ea
c
h
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
t
tells
u
s
a
s
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
e
n
g
th
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
th
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
f
il
m
t
h
ick
n
e
s
s
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
in
d
icate
t
h
e
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
h
as h
ig
h
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
[
8
]
.
60
90
120
150
180
210
1
.0
1
.5
2
.0
2
.5
3
.0
3
.5
AC
Bre
a
kd
o
w
n
St
re
n
g
t
h
(
x
1
e
10
)
(kV/
n
m)
An
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(
o
C)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
AC
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
an
n
ea
l a
t d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
(
B
DV)
f
o
r
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
tes
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e.
Sp
h
er
ical
s
h
ap
e
an
d
s
h
ar
p
tip
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
u
s
ed
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
r
ati
n
g
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
a
s
a
m
e
m
a
ter
ial
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
o
f
el
ec
tr
o
d
e.
I
t
also
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
B
DV
w
it
h
s
h
ar
p
tip
elec
tr
o
d
e
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
er
v
al
u
es
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
s
p
h
er
ical
s
h
ap
ed
elec
tr
o
d
e.
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
an
n
ea
led
at
6
0
℃
h
as
th
e
lo
w
es
t
B
DV
an
d
P
MM
A
:T
iO₂
an
n
ea
le
d
at
1
8
0
℃
h
as
th
e
g
r
ea
test
B
DV
b
a
s
ed
o
n
b
o
th
t
y
p
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
i
o
n
,
s
h
ar
p
tip
elec
tr
o
d
e
g
iv
e
s
g
r
ea
ter
B
DV
th
a
n
s
p
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
t
w
ice
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
B
DV
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
m
ater
ial
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
ar
ea
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ele
c
tr
ic
f
ield
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
tr
ee
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
th
e
v
o
id
s
m
a
y
e
x
cited
l
y
i
n
itiat
e
as th
e
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
es.
2
.4
2
2
.8
3
2
.8
8
3
.5
4
.1
5
.4
5
.6
4
5
.8
5
.9
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D
C
Bre
a
kd
o
w
n
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
(kV)
An
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(
o
C)
Sh
e
p
ri
ca
l
Sh
a
rp
T
i
p
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
MM
A:
T
iO2
f
il
m
w
i
th
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
h
ap
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
5
27
–
5
3
4
532
P
ar
tial
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
(
P
D)
a
r
e
g
en
er
all
y
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
lo
ca
l
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
ess
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
r
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
i
n
s
u
lati
o
n
an
d
o
f
te
n
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
,
lig
h
t,
h
ea
t
o
r
ch
e
m
ica
l
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
P
D
ar
e
s
m
al
l
s
p
ar
k
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
w
i
th
in
th
e
i
n
s
u
lat
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
.
T
h
ese
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
d
e
g
r
ad
e
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
as
a
r
esu
lts
to
i
n
s
u
latio
n
f
ai
lu
r
e.
P
D
ca
n
b
e
in
itiated
b
y
v
o
id
s
o
r
o
th
er
im
p
u
r
ities
ex
cist
in
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
D
ca
u
s
es
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
to
d
eter
io
r
ate
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
el
y
a
n
d
c
an
lead
to
ele
ctr
ical
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
[
1
3
-
15]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
P
D
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
f
il
m
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
n
ea
l
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
As
an
n
ea
l
in
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
6
0
℃
to
1
2
0
℃,
th
e
PD
in
cr
ea
s
e
g
r
ad
u
all
y
.
I
t
h
ap
p
en
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
w
h
ich
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
cr
y
s
talli
n
it
y
o
f
P
MM
A
an
d
T
iO₂
p
a
r
ticles
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
[
6
]
.
C
r
y
s
talli
n
it
y
a
n
d
cr
y
s
ta
llit
e
s
o
f
a
f
il
m
w
il
l
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
it
h
a
n
n
ea
lin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
[
1
6
]
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
af
ter
th
e
an
n
ea
lin
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
2
0
℃
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
P
MM
A
its
e
l
f
i
n
w
h
ic
h
it
s
t
ar
ted
to
m
elt
b
et
w
ee
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
5
0
℃
to
1
6
0
℃
[
9
]
.
60
90
120
150
180
210
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Pa
rt
i
a
l
D
i
scha
rg
e
(p
C
)
An
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(
o
C)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
ar
tial D
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
at
a
f
o
r
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
As
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
e
in
s
u
la
tio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO
2
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
w
er
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
.
An
n
ea
lin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
th
u
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
an
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
il
m
a
s
in
s
u
latio
n
i
n
HV.
R
es
u
lt
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
P
MM
A
:T
iO2
n
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
f
i
l
m
a
n
n
ea
l
at
1
2
0
o
C
h
as
g
o
o
d
i
n
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
c
o
m
p
ar
e
to
o
th
er
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
W
h
en
th
e
n
an
o
d
i
elec
tr
ic
f
il
m
a
n
n
ea
l
at
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ab
o
v
e
1
5
0
o
C
,
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
eg
r
ad
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
.
Di
f
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
u
s
ed
also
af
f
e
cted
th
e
in
s
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
p
er
tier
o
f
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
.
Sh
ar
p
tip
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
co
m
p
ar
e
to
s
h
ep
r
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
U
n
i
v
er
s
iti
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
AR
A
C
a
w
a
n
g
an
P
u
la
u
P
in
an
g
a
n
d
NANO
-
SciT
ec
h
C
e
n
tr
e,
UiT
M
Sh
a
h
A
la
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
s
th
e
g
r
an
t t
h
e
u
s
e
th
e
ir
AFM
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
.
IEC,
“
Ef
f
i
c
ien
t
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
t
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
a
n
d
d
istr
ib
u
ti
o
n
”
,
p
.
2
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
]
.
P
leş
a
,
P
.
N
o
ţi
n
g
h
e
r,
S
.
S
c
h
l
ö
g
l,
C.
S
u
m
e
re
d
e
r,
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
h
r”
,
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
P
o
ly
m
e
r
Co
m
p
o
sites
Us
e
d
in
Hig
h
-
V
o
l
tag
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
”
,
Po
lym
e
rs
(
Ba
se
l)
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
.
M
.
A
.
Do
u
a
r,
A
.
Be
ro
u
a
l,
a
n
d
X
.
S
o
u
c
h
e
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
A
C
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
p
o
ly
m
e
rs:
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
lec
tro
d
e
s
sh
a
p
e
,
th
e
r
m
a
l
a
n
d
h
y
d
ro
th
e
rm
a
l
a
g
e
in
g
,
”
ICHVE
2
0
1
4
-
2
0
1
4
In
t.
Co
n
f.
Hig
h
Vo
l
t.
En
g
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
n
o
.
ii
,
p
p
.
0
–
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
.
L
.
N.
Is
m
a
il
,
S
.
A
.
F
a
ra
h
i
y
a
h
,
Z.
Ha
b
ib
a
h
,
S
.
H.
He
rm
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ru
so
p
,
“
Die
lec
tri
c
a
n
d
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
P
M
M
A
:
T
iO
2
th
i
n
f
il
m
s b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
T
iO
2
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
,
”
p
p
.
2
5
9
–
2
6
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
.
T
.
T
a
n
a
k
a
,
G
.
C.
M
o
n
tan
a
ri,
a
n
d
R.
M
u
lh
a
u
p
t,
“
P
o
ly
m
e
r
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
a
s
d
iel
e
c
tri
c
s
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
in
su
lati
o
n
-
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
f
o
r
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
m
a
teria
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
Die
lec
tr.
El
e
c
tr.
In
su
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
6
3
–
7
8
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
s
u
la
tio
n
P
r
o
p
erti
es o
f P
MM
A
:
TiO2
N
a
n
o
d
ielec
tr
ic
F
ilm
fo
r
Hig
h
V
o
lta
g
e…
(
Melvin
W
e
la
n
Ma
th
ew
)
533
[6
]
.
K.
Y.
L
a
u
,
A
.
S
.
V
a
u
g
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Na
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
s
:
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
IEE
E
E
lec
tr.
In
su
l
.
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
5
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
.
W
.
Ya
n
,
Z.
J.
Ha
n
,
B.
T
.
P
h
u
n
g
,
F
.
F
a
u
p
e
l,
a
n
d
K.
K.
Os
tri
k
o
v
,
“
Hig
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
su
latio
n
o
rg
a
n
ic
-
in
o
rg
a
n
ic
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
b
y
p
las
m
a
p
o
ly
m
e
riza
ti
o
n
,
”
M
a
ter
ia
ls
(
Ba
se
l
).
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
–
5
7
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
.
K.
Y.
L
a
u
,
N.
A
.
M
u
h
a
m
a
d
,
N.
Ba
sh
ir,
Y.
Z.
A
rie
f
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
.
P
iah
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
P
o
ly
m
e
r
Na
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
:
P
e
rm
it
ti
v
it
y
v
s .
El
e
c
tri
c
F
ield
I
n
t
e
n
sity
,
”
p
p
.
1
4
0
–
1
4
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
.
L
.
N.
Is
m
a
il
,
Z.
Ha
b
ib
a
h
,
S
.
H.
He
r
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ru
so
p
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
p
o
ly
(
m
e
th
y
l
m
e
th
a
c
r
y
late
):
ti
tan
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
f
il
m
s
u
sin
g
sp
in
c
o
a
ti
n
g
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
IOP
Co
n
f.
S
e
r.
M
a
ter
.
S
c
i.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
p
.
1
2
0
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
.
Y.
Uo
z
u
m
i,
Y.
Kik
u
c
h
i,
N.
F
u
k
u
m
o
to
,
M
.
Na
g
a
ta,
Y.
Wak
i
m
o
t
o
,
a
n
d
T
.
Yo
sh
im
it
su
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
a
n
d
ti
m
e
to
b
re
a
k
d
o
wn
o
f
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
e
n
a
m
e
led
wire
,
”
An
n
u
.
Rep
.
-
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
tr.
In
su
l.
Die
lec
tr.
Ph
e
n
o
me
n
a
,
C
EIDP
,
p
p
.
2
2
8
–
2
3
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
.
F
.
T
ian
,
Q.
L
e
i,
X
.
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
Y.
W
a
n
g
,
“
In
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
L
DP
E/
Zn
O
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
d
iele
c
tri
c
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Die
lec
tr.
El
e
c
tr.
In
s
u
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
6
3
–
7
6
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
.
N.
a
El
-
z
a
h
e
r,
M
.
S
.
M
e
leg
y
,
a
n
d
O.
W
.
G
u
irg
u
is,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
a
n
d
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
A
n
a
ly
s
e
s
o
f
P
M
M
A
/
T
iO
2
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
Co
m
p
o
sites
,
”
Na
t
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
J
u
ly
,
p
p
.
8
5
9
–
8
7
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
.
C.
M
a
y
o
u
x
a
n
d
M
.
G
o
ld
m
a
n
,
“
P
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
s
in
so
li
d
d
iele
c
tr
ics
a
n
d
c
o
ro
n
a
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
,
”
J
.
Ap
p
l.
Ph
y
s.
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
0
–
3
9
4
4
,
1
9
7
3
.
[1
4
]
.
D.
E.
S
e
lv
a
ra
j,
“
P
a
rt
ial
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
e
n
a
m
e
l
f
il
le
d
w
it
h
m
icro
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
o
f
S
iO2
a
n
d
T
iO2
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
E
n
g
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
5
–
1
0
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.