Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
7
~
14
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
7
-
14
7
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Real
-
virtual mont
e carl
o s
i
mu
lation
on impu
lse
-
m
omentum
and colli
sions
War
tono
1
,
D
w
i Har
toy
o
2
, Nil
as
ari
3
, J
oh
n
Rafaf
y
Ba
tlol
ona
4
1,2,3
Depa
rtment
of
Ph
y
si
cs,
Fa
cu
lty
of
Math
ematics a
nd
N
at
ura
l
S
ci
en
ce
s,
State
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Ma
l
ang,
I
ndon
esia
4
Prim
ar
y
School
Teac
h
er Educ
a
tion Stud
y
Progra
m
,
Teac
hing
and
Educat
ion
Facu
l
t
y
,
Pa
tt
imura
Univer
sit
y
,
I
ndon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
1
7
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Sep 1
8
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Oct
2
, 2
01
8
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
diffe
r
ences
in
scie
n
ti
fi
c
l
itera
c
y
of
studen
t
s
who
were
give
n
inqui
r
y
l
ea
rn
ing
through
a
rea
l
-
vir
tua
l
Monte
Carlo
expe
riment
with
student
s
who
w
ere
give
n
con
ve
nti
onal
le
arn
ing.
Thi
s
stu
d
y
used
quasi
ex
per
imental
desi
gn
with
pre
t
e
st
-
postte
st
control
group.
The
result
s
show
ed
tha
t
the
ab
i
li
t
y
of
student
s
who
were
ta
ught
b
y
inqu
i
r
y
le
arn
ing
m
odel
s
through
rea
l
-
vi
rtua
l
Monte
Car
lo
expe
riments
had
highe
r
scie
ntifi
c
liter
acy
tha
n
those
ta
u
ght
with
conve
n
t
iona
l
m
odel
s,
it
al
so
app
li
e
d
well
to
studen
ts
with
high
and
lo
w
ini
ti
a
l
abilities
.
The
r
esult
s
of
t
he
ave
r
age
gai
n
in
scie
n
ti
fi
c
li
t
erac
y
score
s
a
lso
show
ed
a
hig
her
val
u
e
b
et
wee
n
student
s
who
studie
d
wi
th
the
inqu
ir
y
m
odel
through
a
real
-
virt
u
al
Monte
Carl
o
expe
riment
wi
th
student
s who studi
ed
with
conv
e
nti
onal
m
odel
s. The
nove
l
t
y
of
thi
s
rese
arc
h
is
combining
rea
l
and
virt
u
al
a
c
ti
vities
bec
om
e
rea
l
-
v
irt
ua
l
Monte
Car
lo
b
y
using
th
e
in
quir
y
l
ea
rning
m
odel
to
improve
studen
ts
'
scie
ntific
liter
acy
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Inq
uiry
Re
al
-
virtu
al
Scie
ntific
li
te
racy skill
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jo
hn Ra
faf
y B
at
lolon
a
,
Pr
im
ary Schoo
l Tea
che
r
E
du
c
at
ion
St
ud
y
Program
,
Teachin
g
a
nd
Ed
ucati
on Fac
ulty
,
Patt
i
m
ur
a Univ
ersit
y, I
ndones
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
j
oh
a
nb
a
tl
olo
na
@g
m
ai
l
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ph
ysi
cs
is
one
of
the
fiel
ds
of
sci
e
nce
tha
t
has
ve
ry
co
m
plex
char
act
erist
ic
s
com
par
ed
t
o
ot
her
sci
ences
[
1
-
2].
Learn
i
ng
physi
cs
require
s
a
go
od
c
oncept
[
3],
ph
ysi
cal
interpret
at
ion
sk
il
ls
[4
]
,
trans
form
ations
of
qua
ntit
ie
s
and
un
it
s
as
str
eng
t
hs
in
incr
e
asi
ng
stu
de
nts'
know
le
dg
e
[5
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
physi
cs
is
sti
ll
con
side
red
as
on
e
of
the
dif
ficu
lt
fiel
ds
of
sci
e
nc
e
by
stud
e
nts
[6
-
7].
T
he
real
sci
ence
of
le
arn
i
ng
ph
ysi
cs
is
no
t
on
ly
to
fin
d
a
so
luti
on
to
the
equ
at
io
n,
but
al
so
to
le
arn
to
desc
ribe
a
phen
om
eno
n,
and
to
unde
rstan
d
the
ph
ysi
cal
syst
em
[8
-
10
]
.
Othe
r
sci
entist
s
ar
gue
that
m
at
hem
at
ic
s
i
s
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
f
or
r
el
at
ing
sci
entifi
c
co
nc
epts
[
11]
.
Ma
them
atical
and
ph
ysi
cal
are
al
so
c
onsidere
d
t
o
be
ve
ry
cl
os
e
an
d
interact
w
it
h
one
ano
t
her
[
12]
.
Ther
e
fore,
te
ach
ing
physi
cs
to
stud
e
nts
re
qu
ir
es
m
at
he
m
atic
al
kn
owle
dge,
con
ce
pts
ab
out
wha
t
is
know
n
a
nd
unkn
own,
ho
w
t
o
s
olv
e
prob
le
m
s,
m
aking
prob
le
m
so
lvin
g
plan
ning,
m
aki
ng
sta
ge
s
of
pr
ob
le
m
so
lvi
ng,
gi
ving
reas
on
s
w
hy
so
lvi
ng
pro
ble
m
s
in
the
way
they
go,
m
on
i
toring
th
e
le
ar
ning
process
a
nd
it
s
pro
gr
ess
to
wards
the
goal
when
i
m
ple
m
entin
g
the
plan,
a
n
d
evaluati
ng
w
hat
is
do
ne
is
on
e
c
om
plete
s
ci
ence
for
a
te
acher
[13
-
15]
.
In
ad
diti
on
to
these
a
bili
ti
es,
on
e
of
th
e
abili
ti
es
that
is
con
side
red
i
m
po
rtant,
espe
ci
al
ly
in
the
world
of
sci
ence
,
is
sc
ie
ntific
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls.
Scie
nc
e
li
te
racy
m
e
ans
bein
g
able
to
ap
ply
co
nc
epts
or
facts o
btaine
d
i
n
sc
hool
with
na
tural
ph
e
nom
ena th
at
occ
ur in e
ver
y
day li
fe
[16
]
.
The
sci
e
ntific
li
te
racy
is
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
to
be
owne
d
by
stu
de
nts
in
the
21st
centu
ry.
T
he
form
ation
of
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls
in
stud
ents
es
pecial
ly
in
Indonesia
is
no
t
an
ea
sy
m
at
te
r
especial
ly
wh
en
viewe
d
f
ro
m
the
res
ults
of
P
IS
A
inter
natio
nal
stu
dies
i
n
2015,
stu
den
ts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
r
acy
abili
ti
es
are
not
at
le
ve
l
5
an
d
6
at
rank
62
of
70
c
ountries
[
17
]
.
This
m
eans
t
hat
it
can
be
s
ai
d
that
I
ndone
sia
n
sci
e
ntific
li
te
racy
abili
ti
e
s
are
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
7
–
1
4
8
in
a
lo
w
le
vel.
Theref
or
e
st
udents
nee
d
to
be
well
e
qu
i
pped
with
sci
enti
fic
knowle
dge
and
a
ble
to
c
om
pete
with
dev
el
oped
coun
t
ries s
uch as Si
ng
a
pore,
Au
st
rali
a, the
Un
it
ed
Stat
es,
Russia a
nd the
Un
it
ed
K
i
ngdo
m
.
On
e
le
a
rn
i
n
g
m
od
el
that
can
facil
it
at
e
stud
ents'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls
i
s
inquiry.
Inq
ui
ry
is
on
e
of
the
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
s
offer
e
d
i
n
the
2013
cu
r
riculum
.
Inqu
i
r
y
le
arn
in
g
is
a
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
desig
ned
t
o
co
nduct
exp
e
rim
ents
[18
-
19]
.
Ba
sed
on
the
m
edia,
there
a
re
t
w
o
ty
pes
of
ex
per
i
m
ents,
nam
el
y
real
exp
e
rim
e
nts
an
d
virtu
al
e
xperi
m
ents.
Com
bin
in
g
bo
t
h
real
exp
e
rim
ents
an
d
virtu
al
m
edia
will
pro
duce
t
he
a
bili
ty
of
qual
ifie
d
stud
e
nts.
Re
al
exp
e
rim
ents
will
pr
ovide
m
eanin
gful
ne
w
exp
e
riences
to
stud
e
nts
in
t
he
process
of
fi
nd
i
ng
con
ce
pts,
an
d
confirm
ing
error
s
durin
g
pr
a
ct
ic
u
m
[2
0]
w
hile
virtu
al
co
nf
irm
s
stud
ent
s'
kn
ow
le
dg
e
t
hro
ugh
com
pu
te
r
si
m
ulati
on
s
[21].
Pre
vious
resea
rc
h
us
e
d
only
one
var
ia
ble,
na
m
el
y
a
virtu
al
si
m
ulati
on
[22
]
,
bu
t
in
this
stu
dy
c
ombinin
g
real
a
nd
virtu
al
cal
le
d
real
-
virtu
al
Mon
te
Ca
rlo.
The
i
nquiry
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
thr
ough
real
-
vi
rtual
ex
per
im
ents
is
a
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
that
is
exp
ect
e
d
to
in
flue
nce
stud
e
nts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy.
To
fin
d
ou
t
w
hether
th
ere
is
in
flue
nc
e
in
li
te
racy,
the
purpose
of
this
re
sea
rch
was
to
fin
d
ou
t
the
eff
e
ct
of
inquiry
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
s
throu
gh
real
-
virtu
al
ex
per
i
m
ents
on
the
abili
ty
of
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
on
the
top
ic
of
I
m
pu
lse
-
Mom
entu
m
an
d
C
olli
sion
with
diff
e
re
nt clas
ses.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1
Res
earc
h
design
This
stud
y
us
e
d
quasi
exp
e
ri
m
ental
m
et
ho
d
with
pr
et
est
-
postt
est
con
tr
ol
gro
up
de
sig
n.
The
resea
rc
h
desig
n
ch
os
e
n
was
a
two
-
fa
ct
or
fa
ct
or
ia
l
des
ign
[
23]
.
This
researc
h
wa
s
cond
ucted
on
t
wo
differe
nt
cl
asses,
nam
ely
exp
e
rim
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
cl
asses.
The
e
xperim
e
ntal
cl
ass
was
treat
ed
by
i
nqui
ry
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
thr
ough
a
real
-
virtu
al
M
on
te
Ca
rlo
e
xp
e
rim
ent
w
hile
the
c
on
t
ro
l
cl
ass
wa
s
treat
ed
by
c
onve
ntio
nal
le
ar
ning
,
nam
ely the learn
i
ng m
od
el
com
m
on
ly
ap
plie
d by the
physi
cs tea
cher o
f
se
nior
high sc
hool 1 in
Dam
pit ci
ty
.
a)
Pop
ulati
on a
nd Resea
rc
h
Sam
ple
The
po
pu
la
ti
on
in
this
stu
dy
was
al
l
stud
e
nt
s
of
te
nth
gra
de
of
sci
ence
c
la
ss
in
of
sta
te
senio
r
high
sch
oo
l 1
in D
a
m
pi
t
ci
ty
.
The
researc
h
sam
ple
co
ns
ist
ed
of
two
cl
asses
c
hosen
by
ra
ndom
sam
pling
or
ra
ndom
cl
us
te
r
nam
el
y
te
nth
gr
a
de
of
sci
ence
cl
ass
5
as
ex
per
im
e
ntal
cl
ass
and
te
nth
gra
de
of
s
ci
ence
cl
ass
6
as
the
con
t
ro
l
cl
ass.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
var
ia
bles
in
the
study
na
m
el
y
ind
epende
nt
and
dep
e
nd
e
nt
va
riables
.
The
in
dep
e
nd
ent
var
ia
bles
of
the
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
are
inquiry
thr
ough
r
eal
-
virtu
al
exp
e
rim
ents
i
n
the
exp
e
rim
ental
c
la
ss
and
c
onve
ntion
al
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
s
in
the
con
tr
ol
cl
ass.
Dep
e
ndent
va
riables
are
sci
e
ntific
li
te
racy of
st
udents.
b)
Re
search
Instr
um
ents
In
this
stu
dy
,
the
m
easurem
ent
instrum
ents
com
pil
ed
are
obse
r
vation
s
heets
to
see
th
e
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
i
nquiry
l
earn
i
ng
t
hro
ugh
real
-
virtua
l
ex
per
im
ents
in
the
e
xp
e
ri
m
ental
cl
ass
and
the
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
instru
m
ent
consi
sti
ng
of
7
qu
e
sti
on
s
rela
te
d
to
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
m
at
e
rial
about
im
pu
lse
-
m
o
m
entum
and
colli
sio
ns
.
A
case
or
pro
ble
m
in
daily
li
fe
was
gi
ve
n
in
ever
y
qu
est
io
n
to
m
easur
e
stud
e
nts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy.
The
iss
ue
of
sci
e
ntific
li
t
eracy
can
be
s
how
n
in
T
a
ble
1.
Item
of
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
is
us
ed
as
a
m
easur
in
g
too
l
f
or
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls
of
stu
de
nts
a
fter
bein
g
treat
ed
with
the
in
quiry
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
thr
ough r
eal
-
vi
rtual e
xp
e
rim
e
nts a
nd con
vent
ion
al
lear
ning
in the c
ontr
ol grou
p.
Table
1.
Q
uestion
s
of
Scie
ntifi
c Lit
eracy
No
Liter
atu
r
es
Qu
estio
n
s
1.
So
f
tb
all
is
a
tea
m
b
all
sp
o
rt
co
n
sis
tin
g
of
two
tea
m
s
.
So
f
tb
all
g
a
m
es
b
o
rn
in
th
e
Un
ited
States,
cr
eated
by
Geo
rge
Han
co
ck
in
th
e
Ch
icag
o
city
in
1887.
So
f
t
b
all
is
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
a
k
in
d
of
sp
o
rt
th
at
is
b
ase
b
all
(bas
eb
all)
or
h
ardb
all.
So
f
t
b
all
b
alls
are
cu
rr
en
tly
28
-
3
0
.5
cm
in
d
ia
m
e
ter;
T
h
e
b
all
is
th
rown
by
a
p
itch
er
an
d
b
eco
m
es
th
e
ta
rget
of
th
e
o
p
p
o
n
e
n
t
wh
o
h
its
th
e
b
atter
u
sin
g
a
b
at.
There
is
a
tea
m
on
g
u
ard
(d
ef
en
se)
an
d
tea
m
s
th
at
h
i
t
(of
f
en
se).
Each
tea
m
co
m
p
et
es
to
co
ll
ect
run
n
ers
by
circ
lin
g
th
ree
series
of
run
n
ers
to
to
u
ch
th
e
f
in
al
m
a
rkin
g
s,
h
o
m
e
p
late.
Yo
u
're
sittin
g
watc
h
in
g
a
sof
tb
all
g
a
m
e
wh
en
th
e
b
all
h
it
b
y
th
e
p
lay
er
i
s
h
eadi
n
g
to
wards
y
o
u
.
Yo
u
will
catch
th
e
b
all
b
y
h
an
d
.
To
catch
th
e
b
all
saf
ely
,
wh
at
will
y
o
u
d
o
:
First,
y
o
u
will
m
o
v
e
y
o
u
r
h
an
d
t
o
wards
th
e
b
all
o
r,
Seco
n
d
,
catch
th
e
b
all
wh
ile
b
ackward
s
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
d
irection
o
f
th
e
b
all
?
Exp
lain
y
o
u
r
reason?
2.
The
o
v
erload
ed
co
n
tain
er
truck
th
at
carr
ied
lo
g
p
ap
er
ex
p
erienced
b
rake
f
ailu
re
in
t
h
e
Pasu
ruan
,
East
Jav
a
area
th
at
caus
ed
th
e
co
llisio
n
in
a
row.
The
truck
d
rov
e
f
ro
m
Malang
d
ir
ectio
n
,
th
e
truck
sto
p
p
ed
af
ter
crashin
g
in
to
6
v
e
h
icles
in
f
ron
t
of
it.
W
h
e
re
2
of
th
e
6
v
eh
icles
were
d
r
ag
g
ed
alo
n
g
an
d
jo
in
ed
to
g
et
h
er
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
4
v
eh
icles
b
o
u
n
ced
f
ar
ah
ead.
So
u
rce:
lip
u
tan
6
(Jan
u
ary
29
th
2018
at
1
2
.57
W
estern
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
Ti
m
e
)
Bas
ed
on
th
e
litera
tu
re,
id
en
tif
y
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
ased
on
th
e
ty
p
es
of
co
llisio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
lain
in
d
etail.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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IS
S
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02
-
4752
Real
-
vi
rtu
al
m
on
te
c
ar
l
o
sim
ula
ti
on
on im
pulse
-
mome
ntum
and
c
olli
sio
ns
(
Wa
rto
no
)
9
c)
Data coll
ect
io
n t
echn
i
qu
e
Data
colle
ct
io
n
in
the
stu
dy
w
as
carrie
d
ou
t
i
n
sta
ge
s
to
be
able
to
obta
in
t
he
data
nee
de
d
in
a
st
ud
y.
Ther
e
a
re
th
re
e
sta
ges
of
dat
a
colle
ct
ion
in
this
stud
y.
T
he
sta
ges
of
data
colle
ct
ion
incl
ud
e
.
1)
the
re
s
earch
pr
e
par
at
io
n
phase,
2)
the
res
earch
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
ph
as
e
(
Pr
est
est
,
Lear
ni
ng
Acti
v
it
ie
s
and
Po
stt
est
).
3)
th
e
cl
os
in
g
phase
of
t
he
re
searc
h
inclu
des
the
a
ct
ivit
y
of
colle
ct
ing
the
res
ul
ts
of
t
he
re
sea
rch
im
ple
m
entat
ion
data an
d p
ro
ce
ssing t
he data
s
o
that i
t
bec
ome
s a r
e
searc
h re
port.
d)
Data analy
sis
Data
analy
sis
i
s
a
pr
ocess
of
te
sti
ng
the
rese
arch
hy
po
t
hese
s
that
hav
e
bee
n
form
ulate
d
pr
evi
ou
sly
.
The
data
te
ste
d
wer
e
gain
da
ta
on
stud
e
nts'
sci
entifi
c
and
m
et
acog
niti
ve
li
te
racy
scor
es.
Data
gain
sco
res
are
ob
ta
ine
d
from
the
resu
lt
s
of
a
re
duct
ion
in
the
postt
est
scor
e
s
of
st
udents
wit
h
th
e
r
esults
of
t
he
s
tud
e
nts'
pr
et
est
f
or
bot
h
sci
entifi
c
li
t
eracy
and
m
etaco
gnit
ive
dat
a.
Me
ta
cogniti
ve
quest
io
nn
ai
re
data
an
d
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
data
wer
e
a
naly
zed
qua
ntit
at
ively
with
data
analy
sis
ste
ps,
nam
el
y.
1)
Norm
al
i
ty
T
est
,
2)
Ho
m
og
e
neity
Test
,
3)
Sim
ilarity
Test
,
4)
Hyp
oth
esi
s
Te
st
Re
search
usi
ng
T
wo
-
way
ANO
VA
us
in
g
SP
SS
Ty
pe 16.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
The
res
ults
of
stud
e
nts'
initi
al
abili
ty
data
bo
th
c
on
t
ro
l
and
ex
pe
rim
ental
cl
asses
can
be
see
n
in
T
a
ble 2.
Table
2.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
St
ud
e
nts
'
I
niti
al
A
bili
ty Result
s
Variable
The n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts
Av
erage
The Hig
h
est
Sco
res
The Lowest
Sco
res
Exp
eri
m
en
t Class
34
7
4
,6
83
68
Co
n
trol Clas
s
34
7
2
,7
80
68
Table
2
s
hows
the
aver
a
ge
va
lue
of
the
ini
ti
al
abili
t
y
of
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
al
cl
ass
was
74.
6
an
d
the
con
t
ro
l
cl
ass
w
as
72
.
7
with
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
st
ud
e
nts
as
m
uc
h
as
34.
The
n
the
sim
il
arit
ie
s
wer
e
te
ste
d
usi
ng
t
he
two
-
ta
il
ed
T
-
te
st, w
it
h t
he res
ults can
b
e
see
n
in
the
Table
3.
Table
3.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
T
-
Test
of St
ud
e
nts'
I
nit
ia
l C
apab
il
it
y D
at
a
Clas
ses
N
X
Sd
T
co
u
n
t
t
tab
Exp
eri
m
en
t
34
7
4
,6
4
,40
1
,95
2
,03
Co
n
trol
34
7
2
,7
3
,02
Ba
sed
on
T
ab
le
3,
it
is
ob
ta
ined
the
res
ul
ts
of
the
te
st
t
cou
nt
=
1.9
5,
this
m
eans
that
the
Ho
receptio
n
area
is
between
-
2.0
3
an
d
+2.0
86
it
can
be
con
cl
uded
that
the
init
ia
l
ability
of
stud
e
nts
in
the
exp
e
rim
ental
c
la
ss is the sam
e as the
contr
ol
class.
Table
4.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
Re
s
ults
of Science
Lit
eracy
Sc
or
e
Gai
n
Variable
The n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
stu
d
en
ts
Av
erage
The Hig
h
est Sco
re
s
The Lowest
Sco
res
Exp
eri
m
en
t Class
34
4
2
,8
6
1
,9
1
4
,2
Co
n
trol Clas
s
34
1
9
,5
5
7
,1
4
,7
Ba
sed
on
Ta
bl
e
4
in
the
c
on
trol
cl
ass,
the
aver
a
ge
value
of
sci
e
ntific
li
t
eracy
is
19.5
and
i
n
the
exp
e
rim
ental
c
la
ss
42
.
8.
Re
s
earch
hypothe
sis
te
sti
ng
us
e
d
Tw
o
-
Way
A
NOV
A
te
st
both
ex
per
im
ental
and
con
t
ro
l cl
asses
and can
b
e
see
n
in
Ta
ble 5.
Table
5.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
Re
s
ults
of Two
-
way
A
NOV
A
Scie
nc
e Lit
eracy
So
u
rce
o
f
Var
iatio
n
SS
df
MS
Fco
u
n
t
P
-
v
alu
e
F table
Initial Inter
-
Ab
ilit
y
(
B
)
1
3
3
3
.5
1
1
3
3
3
.5
1
3
.62
6
8
3
0
.00
0
8
2
6
4
.14
9
0
9
7
Inter
L
earnin
g
(
A
)
4
0
3
8
.6
1
4
0
3
8
.6
4
1
.27
0
8
8
3
.2 E
-
07
4
.14
9
0
9
7
Interaction
9
0
.56
7
1
9
0
.56
7
0
.92
5
5
1
3
0
.34
3
2
4
5
4
.14
9
0
9
7
W
ith
in
3
1
3
1
.4
32
9
7
.85
5
9
7
Total
8594
35
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
7
–
1
4
10
Ba
sed
on
Ta
ble
5,
the
resu
lt
s
of
F
hit>
Ftable
are
obta
in
ed
with
a
valu
e
of
5.11
>
4.1
5
f
or
inte
r
-
le
arn
in
g
va
rian
t
data
(A
)
so
t
hat
the
Ho
hypo
t
hesis
is
rej
e
ct
ed
and
Ha
is
acce
pted.
It
c
an
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
stud
e
nts'
m
et
ac
ogniti
ve
le
ar
nin
g
with
in
qu
i
r
y
le
arn
ing
m
odel
s
throu
gh
rea
l
-
virtu
al
e
xp
e
ri
m
ents
is
hig
he
r
than
the cla
ss tau
gh
t by co
nventi
ona
l m
od
el
s.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
f
or
var
ia
nce d
at
a b
et
wee
n
init
ia
l capabili
ti
es (
B), th
e re
su
lt
s
of
F
hit>
F
ta
b are obtai
ne
d
with
a
value
of
9.4
0>
4.15
so
that
the
Ho
hy
po
t
hesis
is
rej
e
ct
ed
an
d
Ha
is
acce
pted
.
It
ca
n
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
inc
rease
i
n
m
e
ta
cogniti
ve
h
igh
-
lo
w
init
ia
l
abili
ty
stud
e
nts
who
le
a
rn
e
d
the
in
quiry
m
od
el
throu
gh
real
-
virtu
al
e
xperim
ents
was hig
he
r
tha
n
c
onve
ntion
al
classe
s.
The
disp
la
y
of
ex
per
im
ental
virtu
al
act
ivit
ie
s
us
e
d
P
het
c
om
pu
te
r
si
m
ulatio
ns
t
o
rec
onst
ru
ct
st
ud
e
nt
knowle
dge
on
top
ic
s
of m
o
m
entum
, i
m
pu
lse
s and c
olli
sio
ns
as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
1.
Figure
1. Virt
ua
l exp
e
rim
ent act
ivit
ie
s (
Ph
et
Colo
rado,
20
18)
[24
]
Ba
sed
on
the
aver
a
ge
val
ue
and
hypothesis
te
sti
ng
,
it
can
be
con
cl
ude
d
th
at
stud
ents
w
ho
are
ta
ught
by
the
in
quiry
m
od
el
th
rou
gh
real
-
virt
ual
Mon
te
Ca
rl
o
e
xp
e
rim
ent
are
able
to
im
pr
ove
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
higher
th
an
c
onve
ntio
nal,
bot
h
in
gr
oups
of
stud
e
nt
s
with
hi
gh
a
nd
l
ow
ini
ti
al
abiliti
es.
Tho
s
e
w
ho
st
udy
with
the
in
qu
i
ry
m
od
el
th
rou
gh
re
al
-
virtu
al
Mo
nt
e
Ca
rlo
e
xperi
m
ent
do
m
or
e
pr
act
ic
um
and
durin
g
t
he
le
ar
ning
act
ivit
ie
s
the
te
acher
pr
ov
i
des
m
any
exam
pl
es
of
a
ppli
cat
i
on
in
eve
ryday
li
fe.
In
the
in
quir
y
act
ivit
y,
st
ud
e
nts
le
arn
to
ex
plain
phen
om
ena
and
m
ake
con
cl
us
io
ns
base
d
on
ex
per
im
ents.
Du
ri
ng
le
ar
ni
ng
act
ivit
ie
s,
stud
e
nts
are
di
vid
e
d
int
o
se
ver
al
heter
og
e
ne
ous
gr
oups
,
nam
el
y
stud
ents
w
ho
ha
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
abil
it
ie
s.
Acti
viti
es
that
are
car
ried
out
in
groups
will
ha
ve
a
good
i
m
pact
on
stu
de
nts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy,
especi
al
ly
if
in
one
gro
up
they
ha
ve
di
ff
e
ren
t
le
vels
of
a
bili
ty
becau
se
of
t
he
tra
ns
fe
r
of
le
a
rn
i
ng
fro
m
s
tud
ents
w
ho
hav
e
high
a
bi
li
t
y
to
stud
e
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
lo
w
abili
ty
.
This
is
in
li
ne
with
the
un
de
rstan
ding
of
sc
ie
ntific
li
te
racy
pu
t
f
orwa
rd
by
the
OECD
2012
t
ha
t
so
m
eon
e
is
sai
d
to
ha
ve
go
od
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
if
the
i
ndividu
al
is
a
ble
to
ex
plain
sci
e
ntific
ph
e
nom
ena,
and
dr
a
w
co
nc
lusio
ns
base
d
on
co
ncr
et
e
evidence
of
sci
ence
rel
at
ed
to
pr
oblem
s.
Thro
ugh
i
nqury
stud
e
nts
are
giv
e
n
le
ar
ning
vid
e
os
a
bout
top
ic
s
of
m
ome
ntu
m
,
i
m
pu
lse
s
an
d
colli
sio
ns
f
or
so
m
e
cases
in
the
real
w
or
l
d.
On
e
e
xam
ple
is
in
Fig
ur
e
2,
by
the
phe
no
m
enon
of
c
olli
sion
s
on
cars
,
st
ud
e
nts
will
r
eco
ns
tr
uc
t t
heir kno
wled
ge we
ll.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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on
esi
a
n
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c Eng &
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IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Real
-
vi
rtu
al
m
on
te
c
ar
l
o
sim
ula
ti
on
on im
pulse
-
mome
ntum
and
c
olli
sio
ns
(
Wa
rto
no
)
11
Figure
2. The
ph
e
nom
eno
n o
f
c
olli
sion
s
on
cars
(H
a
n, 20
15)
[25
]
The
res
ults
of
pr
e
vious
stu
dies
pro
ve
t
hat
s
tud
e
nts
sti
ll
ha
ve
diff
ic
ulti
es
in
le
ar
ning
the
co
ncep
ts
of
energy,
m
o
m
ten
tum
and
c
on
s
erv
at
ive
sty
le
[2
6].
Ma
ny
stu
den
ts
a
re
sti
ll
no
t
a
b
le
to
c
onnect
m
o
m
entum
an
d
i
m
pu
lse
[
27
-
28
]
b
ut w
it
h real
-
base
d
virt
ual lea
rn
i
ng
with in
quiry
learni
ng
m
od
el
s,
stud
e
nt
s ar
e so
e
nthu
sia
sti
c
because
stu
de
nts
feel
com
plete
with
le
arn
in
g.
T
he
le
arn
i
ng
act
ivit
ie
s
are
usual
ly
on
ly
co
nv
e
nt
ion
al
.
Stud
e
nts
feel
m
od
ern
le
ar
ni
ng
both
anim
a
ti
on
or
c
om
pute
r
sim
ulatio
n
and
real
e
xp
e
r
i
m
entat
ion
give
them
bette
r
unde
rsta
nd
i
ng
a
bout
th
e
con
ce
pt.
It
al
so
ge
ne
rates
enth
us
ia
sm
fo
r
le
arn
i
ng
al
l
the
tim
e.
B
y
the
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
re
searc
h
or
the
T
w
o
-
w
ay
ANOVA
st
at
ist
ic
al
te
s
t,
th
ere
is
a
sig
nific
ant
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
the
in
cur
ia
te
cl
ass
an
d
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
cl
ass.
Wh
e
re
t
he
te
acher
is
no
l
onge
r
a
pri
m
ar
y
le
arn
in
g
sour
ce,
but
st
udent
s
w
ho
are
try
in
g
t
o
l
earn,
fin
d
a
nd
so
l
ve
pro
blem
s.
Scie
nce
is
highe
r
t
han
st
ud
e
nts
w
ho
st
ud
y
with
co
nv
entional
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
s.
a.
Diff
e
re
nces in
i
m
pr
oved
scien
ce li
te
racy for
stud
e
nts
who h
ave
high
-
l
ow init
ia
l abil
it
y
The
res
ults
of
the
two
-
way
A
NOV
A
te
st
that
has
bee
n
des
cribe
d
previ
ously
,
it
can
be
seen
that
th
e
sign
ific
a
nt
dif
f
eren
ce
i
n
stu
de
nts'
sci
entifi
c
literacy
betwee
n
high
init
ia
l
abili
t
y
and
lo
w
init
ia
l
abili
t
y.
This
is
wh
e
re
the
ro
le
of
in
quiry
le
arn
i
ng
t
hroug
h
real
-
vi
rtual
Mon
te
Ca
rl
o
ex
per
im
ents
of
i
niti
al
abili
ty
is
seen
,
wh
e
n
t
wo
cl
as
ses
are
gi
ve
n
di
ff
ere
nt
treat
m
ent
f
r
om
cl
asse
s
that
us
e
i
nqui
ry
thr
ou
gh
real
-
virt
ual
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
exp
e
rim
ents
hig
h
init
ia
l
abili
ty
gr
ou
ps
an
d
c
la
sses
that
do
no
t
use
inquir
y
through
real
-
virtu
al
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
exp
e
rim
ents w
it
h
lo
w
init
ia
l a
bili
ty
g
rou
p.
The
i
niti
al
abili
ty
of
stu
de
nts
can
be
f
or
m
e
d
th
r
ough
var
i
ou
s
ways
,
on
e
of
them
is
by
doin
g
good
app
e
rce
ption.
Appe
rcep
ti
on
carried
ou
t
i
n
the
early
sta
ge
s
of
le
ar
ning
can
generall
y
be
c
onside
red
sm
a
ll
,
bu
t
the
im
pact
is
la
rg
e
on
th
e
le
arn
in
g
proc
ess.
The
un
fa
m
iliarit
y
of
stud
ents
in
s
olv
in
g
a
prob
le
m
or
in
the
proc
ess
of
fin
di
ng
a
c
on
ce
pt
t
urne
d
out
to
be
strongly
in
fluen
ce
d
by
i
m
m
at
ur
it
y
du
ri
ng
ap
pe
rcep
ti
on
wh
ic
h
resu
lt
ed
in
t
he ult
i
m
at
e g
oal of lear
ning
no
t
bei
ng
ac
hie
ved
or not in
li
ne w
it
h
ex
pectat
ions.
In
i
nquiry
le
ar
ning,
st
ud
e
nts
are
gr
oupe
d
in
to
seve
ral
grou
ps
th
r
ough
the
real
-
virtu
al
M
on
te
Ca
rl
o.
This
is
wh
at
c
an
f
os
te
r
a
se
nse
of
good
co
operati
on
i
n
on
e
gro
up.
T
he
process
of
le
ar
nin
g
colla
bo
rati
ve
ly
in
on
e
gro
up
al
lows
stu
den
ts
t
o
rem
e
m
ber
longe
r
the
le
ss
on
s
they
recei
ve,
th
e
pro
ble
m
-
so
lving
disc
us
sio
n
tog
e
the
r
s
o
t
ha
t
m
utu
al
intera
ct
ion
s
occ
ur
a
m
on
g
m
e
m
ber
s.
Stud
e
nts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy
s
kill
s
betwee
n
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
al
cl
ass
and
th
e
con
t
ro
l
cl
ass
at
hig
h
-
l
ow
init
ia
l
abili
t
y
hav
e
sig
nifica
nt
diff
e
re
nces.
If
it
is
relat
ed
to
inquiry
le
ar
nin
g
t
hro
ugh
rea
l
-
virt
ual
M
on
te
Ca
rl
o
exp
e
rim
ent,
st
ud
e
nts
w
ho
ha
ve
hi
gh
i
niti
al
abili
ty
are
su
pp
or
te
d
by
le
arn
in
g
that
pr
i
or
it
iz
es
the
sci
ence
process
,
it
will
produce
go
od
sci
entifi
c
li
te
r
acy
as
well
as
the
e
m
erg
ence
of
stu
den
ts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
rac
y
with
sci
ence
proces
ses
and
c
once
ptu
al
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
of
sci
e
nc
e
it
sel
f.
Likewise,
the
gr
oup
w
ork
act
ivit
y
m
akes
the
trans
fer
of
know
le
dg
e
from
s
m
art
stud
ents
to
stu
den
t
s
with
low
a
bili
ti
es
in
each
gro
up,
so
as
to
giv
e
a
good
im
pact
on
each
gro
up.
The
init
ia
l
abi
li
ty
of
ph
ysi
cs
posse
sse
d
by
stud
e
nts
will
c
on
t
rib
ute
great
ly
in
pr
e
dicti
ng
the
su
ccess
of
s
ub
seq
uen
t
stu
dent
le
arn
in
g
[
29
]
.
Ba
sed
on
t
his
desc
riptio
n,
it
sho
ws
t
he
in
fl
uen
ce
of
t
he
i
niti
al
abili
ty
in
in
qu
i
ry
le
arn
i
ng
thr
ough
real
-
virt
ual
Mo
nt
e
Ca
rlo
e
xpe
rim
ents
on
st
ud
e
nts'
sci
entifi
c li
te
racy.
b.
Eff
ect
of
in
qu
i
ry lea
rn
i
ng m
od
el
s th
rou
gh v
i
rtual
-
rill
ex
pe
ri
m
ents on scien
ce li
te
racy
The
res
ults
of
the
data
analy
sis
of
the
infl
ue
nce
of
the
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
on
sci
entifi
c
li
t
eracy
us
in
g
ANO
VA
te
st
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
t
hat
t
her
e
is
a
n
in
flu
enc
e
betwee
n
t
he
in
quiry
m
od
el
s
th
rou
gh
th
e
real
-
virtu
al
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
e
xp
e
rim
ent
with
sci
ent
ific
li
te
racy.
Pre
vious
fin
ding
s
sugg
e
st
that
the
in
quiry
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
res
ulted
in an inc
rease i
n
st
ud
e
nts'
scienti
fic li
te
racy [
29
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
7
–
1
4
12
The
inc
rease
in
the
ave
r
age
val
u
e
of
stud
e
nts'
scien
ti
fic
li
te
racy
is
insepar
a
ble
from
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
the
i
nquiry
m
od
el
synta
x
thr
ough
the
real
-
virt
ual
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
ex
per
im
ent.
I
nquiry
th
r
ough
real
-
vi
rtual
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
e
xperim
ent
is
a
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
that
e
m
ph
asi
ze
s
inquiry
act
ivit
i
es.
The
pr
i
nc
iple
of
i
m
ple
m
enting
le
arn
i
ng
with
th
e
inquiry
m
od
el
throu
gh
real
-
virtu
al
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
ex
pe
rim
ents
is
in
the
proces
s
of
in
quiry
w
he
re
stu
den
ts
a
re
re
qu
i
red
t
o
inv
est
igate
a
nd
te
st
the
hy
po
the
ses
that
hav
e
bee
n
m
ade.
Inq
uiry
act
ivit
ie
s
thr
ough
a
re
al
-
virtu
al
M
on
t
e
Ca
rlo
ex
pe
rim
ent
e
m
ph
asi
ze
the
act
ive
r
ole
of
st
ud
e
nts
duri
ng
le
arn
in
g.
Stu
de
nts
act
ively
acqu
i
re
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
the
ir
own
knowl
edg
e
so
t
hat
knowle
dge
ca
n
be
rem
e
m
ber
ed
longe
r
by
stu
de
nts
an
d
le
arni
ng
will
be
m
eanin
gful.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
int
erv
ie
ws
f
ro
m
sever
al
stud
e
nts,
st
ud
e
nts
feel
ha
pp
y
an
d
m
otivate
d
in
le
arn
i
ng
with
the
in
qu
i
ry
m
od
el
thr
ough
t
he
real
-
vi
rtual
exp
e
rim
ent
of
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
.
This
is
becau
s
e
stud
ents
fi
nd
it
eas
ie
r
to
un
de
rstan
d
m
ater
ia
l
wh
e
n
it
i
s
done
us
in
g
the
in
quiry
m
od
el
th
rough
a
real
-
virt
ual
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
e
xp
e
rim
ent
.
This
sta
tem
e
nt
is
sup
porte
d
by
Howes
et
al
.,
(
2009)
[30]
w
hich
sta
te
that
inq
ui
ry
le
arn
in
g
e
m
ph
asi
zes
the
m
axi
m
u
m
stu
den
t
act
ivit
y
to
l
oo
k
for
a
nd f
i
nd, me
anin
g
that
this
learni
ng p
la
ce
s stu
den
ts
as s
ubj
ect
s
of lear
ni
ng.
The
in
qu
i
ry
m
od
el
th
rou
gh
t
he
real
-
virtu
al
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
exp
e
rim
ent
is
able
to
de
velo
p
stu
den
ts'
think
i
ng
s
kill
s
as
par
t
of
the
m
ental
pr
ocess
.
Th
us
,
stu
de
nts
are
no
t
only
r
equ
i
red
to
m
ast
er
the
su
bject
m
at
te
r
in
inquiry,
but
how
stud
e
nts
can
relat
e
m
at
erial
with
the
su
rro
undi
ng
env
ir
onm
ent.
This
is
wh
at
m
akes
stud
e
nts
li
te
rate
or
a
war
e
of
the
sci
ence
of
the
en
vironm
ent,
both
th
os
e
who
interact
a
nd
not.
De
velop
i
ng
stud
e
nts
'
sci
entifi
c
literacy
will
increase
al
ong
with
th
e
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
us
ed
.
T
he
refor
e
le
ar
ning
m
us
t
e
m
po
we
r
stu
de
nts'
think
ing
sk
il
ls
[3
1].
I
nqui
ry
le
arn
in
g
through
the
r
eal
-
virtua
l
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
ex
pe
rim
en
t
trai
ns
stud
e
nts
to
discuss
in
form
ulati
ng
prob
le
m
s,
m
aking
hypothese
s,
colle
ct
ing
data
,
te
sti
ng
hypothese
s
and
m
aking
c
oncl
us
i
on
s
f
r
om
w
hat
has
bee
n
ob
ta
i
ned.
W
ork
act
ivit
ie
s
i
n
peer
gr
oups
will
be
a
veh
i
cl
e
for
stud
e
nts to
im
p
rove s
t
ud
e
nts'
scienti
fic li
te
racy.
Scie
nce
li
te
rac
y
is
ind
ivi
du
a
l
sci
entifi
c
kn
ow
le
dg
e
an
d
the
us
e
of
th
at
knowle
dge
to
ide
ntify
qu
e
sti
on
s
s
o
that
new
knowl
edg
e
is
obta
in
ed
to
ex
plain
s
ci
entifi
c
ph
e
nom
ena,
an
d
to
dr
a
w
evi
den
ce
-
bas
e
d
con
cl
us
io
ns
a
bout
sci
ence
re
la
te
d
to
pro
ble
m
s,
under
sta
nd
i
ng
t
he
cha
r
act
erist
ic
s
of
s
ci
ence
as
a
form
of
hu
m
an
kn
ow
le
dg
e
an
d
i
nqui
ry
(
OECD
,
2015).
All
act
ivi
ti
es
in
in
qu
iry
thr
oug
h
real
-
virtu
al
M
on
te
Ca
rlo
exp
e
rim
ents lea
d
to
stu
de
nts'
scienti
fic li
te
racy abil
it
ie
s.
It
can
be
seen
that
the
super
iority
of
the
i
nqui
ry
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
throu
gh
real
-
virtu
al
M
on
te
Ca
rl
o
exp
e
rim
ents
c
an
de
velo
p
stu
den
ts'
think
i
ng
throu
gh
the
phen
om
ena
inve
sti
gated.
I
nqui
ry
le
arn
in
g
m
od
el
s
hav
e
ad
va
ntages,
i
nclu
ding
;
1)
Em
ph
as
iz
ing
th
ree
a
sp
ect
s
of
s
ki
ll
s,
nam
ely
cogniti
ve,
a
ff
e
ct
ive,
and
ps
yc
hom
oto
r.
2)
St
ud
e
nt
s
beco
m
e
active
an
d
pro
duct
ive
in
fin
ding
an
d
proce
ss
ing
in
form
at
io
n.
3)
Stud
e
nts
ca
n
bette
r
un
de
rsta
nd
basic
c
onc
epts
an
d
i
deas
.
4)
P
rovidi
ng
opport
un
it
ie
s
for
stu
de
nts
to
le
arn
accor
ding
to
th
ei
r
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s.
5)
Stu
de
nts
who
ha
ve
hi
gh
a
bili
ti
es
wil
l
no
t
be
ham
per
ed
by
stud
e
nts
w
ho
hav
e
lo
w
a
bili
ty
in
le
ar
ning.
6)
Helpi
ng
st
ud
e
nts
i
n
us
in
g
m
e
m
or
y
in
trans
ferrin
g
th
ei
r
co
nce
pts
t
o
ne
w
le
arn
in
g
proce
sses.
7)
E
ncou
rag
i
ng
st
ud
e
nt
s
to
thin
k
co
nst
ru
ct
ively
an
d
form
ulate
their
own
hypothes
es.
8)
Fo
rm
ing
an
d
de
velo
ping
thei
r
own
c
oncept
s
in
stud
e
nts
s
o
that
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
al
ly
stud
e
nts
are
m
or
e
open
t
o
new
e
x
pe
rienc
es,
will
ing
to
al
ways
ta
ke
and
e
xp
l
oit
opport
un
it
ie
s.
9)
Allowi
ng
st
udents
to
le
arn
not
on
l
y
from
the teach
er
bu
t al
s
o by
util
iz
ing
var
io
us t
ypes
of sou
r
ces [
32
]
.
Af
te
r
receivin
g
in
qu
iry
le
ar
ning
thr
ough
r
eal
-
virtua
l
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
ex
pe
rim
ents,
stud
ent
s
ha
ve
t
he
abili
ty
to
think
hi
gh
le
vel
[
33
]
,
fin
d
co
nc
epts
an
d
ass
oc
ia
te
con
ce
pts
with
the
natu
r
al
ph
e
no
m
ena
of
t
he
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
en
vir
on
m
ent
[3
4]
.
It
can
be
seen
fr
om
the
stud
ents'
answ
ers
be
fore
inquiry
le
arn
i
ng
th
rou
gh
real
-
virtu
al
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
ex
pe
rim
ents
,
stu
de
nts
hav
e
not
bee
n
able
to
e
xpress
ans
wer
s
i
n
det
ai
l
and
c
orrespond
to
con
ce
pts. St
ud
ents only
guess
an
d
t
hink usi
ng lo
gic. In
c
on
t
rast to af
te
r
ha
ving b
ee
n give
n
an
i
nquiry le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
through
,
a
real
-
virtu
al
Mon
te
Ca
rl
o
exp
e
rim
ent
stud
ents
a
re
b
et
te
r
able
to
e
xpre
ss
ans
wer
s
c
or
rectl
y
and
i
n
acc
orda
nce
with
the
c
oncepts
t
hey
al
r
eady
ha
ve.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
t
his
stud
y
in
dicat
e
that
inquiry
le
ar
ning
thr
ough
real
-
vi
rtual
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
ex
per
im
ent
influ
e
nces
stud
e
nts'
sci
e
ntific
li
te
racy.
The
char
act
e
risti
c
s
po
s
sesse
d
th
rough
real
-
virtu
a
l
exp
e
rim
ents
c
an
create
m
eaningfu
l
le
ar
ning
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
t
he
prob
le
m
s
use
d
ar
e
con
te
xtu
al
a
nd
fam
iliar
to
st
ud
e
nts,
so
stu
den
ts
can
ex
pl
or
e
their
a
bili
ti
es
with
i
nform
at
ion
relat
ed
to
the
pro
blem
that
com
es
fr
om
their
own
e
xperie
nce
an
d
ca
n
m
ake
go
od
decis
ion
s
beca
us
e
st
ud
e
nts
e
xp
e
rie
nce
it
i
m
m
ediat
el
y.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
the
stud
y
an
d
disc
ussi
on
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
abili
ty
of
stud
e
nts
w
ho
le
arn
with
the
i
nquiry
m
od
el
t
hro
ugh
real
-
vir
tual
Mon
te
Ca
r
lo
exp
e
rim
ents
in
sci
entifi
c
li
t
eracy
is
hig
he
r
than
stud
e
nts w
ho
s
tud
y wit
h
c
onve
ntion
al
le
a
rn
i
ng
m
od
el
s.
T
he
se
res
ults
are
su
pp
or
te
d
by
the
T
w
o
-
way
A
NOV
A
hypothesis
te
st
w
hich
sta
te
s
that
cl
ass
sci
e
nc
e
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls
with
t
he
in
quiry
m
od
el
th
r
ough
a
real
-
vi
rtual
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
e
xp
e
rim
ent
are
higher
tha
n
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
cl
asses
for
both
gr
oups
of
stu
de
n
ts
with
high
or
low
init
ia
l
abiliti
e
s.
Th
us
the
inquiry
m
od
el
throu
gh
the
real
-
virt
ual
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
exp
e
rim
ent
can
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Real
-
vi
rtu
al
m
on
te
c
ar
l
o
sim
ula
ti
on
on im
pulse
-
mome
ntum
and
c
olli
sio
ns
(
Wa
rto
no
)
13
reco
m
m
end
ed
in
i
m
pr
ov
i
ng
stud
e
nts'
sci
entif
ic
li
te
racy.
The
novelty
of
this
research
is
com
bin
ing
real
and
virtu
al
act
ivit
ie
s
with
the
re
al
-
virtu
al
Mo
nt
e
Ca
rlo
by
usi
ng
in
qu
i
ry
le
arn
i
ng
m
od
el
s
to
i
m
pr
ove
stu
den
ts'
sci
entifi
c
li
te
racy.
The
lim
itati
on
of
this
r
esearch
is
on
l
y
m
easur
ing
i
nquiry
m
od
el
on
sci
e
ntific
li
te
racy.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
nex
t
stu
dies
are
sug
gested
to
m
easur
e
stud
e
nts’
li
te
ra
cy
act
ivit
ie
s
a
t
each
m
ee
ti
ng
an
d
sci
entifi
c li
te
racy
m
isc
on
cepti
on
s
in
each
li
te
ratur
e
g
i
ven b
y
the teac
her
.
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arl
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r
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ht
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et.
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ora
do
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m
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li
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la
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li
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la
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“
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puls
e
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ent
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sis
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llis
iona
c
ci
den
ts
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ing
Monte
C
arl
o
Sim
ula
t
ion
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I
nte
r
nati
onal Journal
of Aut
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