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at
co
m
b
in
es
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
wav
ef
o
r
m
to
b
e
an
av
ailab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
lta
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
th
e
ASML
I
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
-
lev
el
N
PC
ML
I
with
a
th
r
ee
-
lev
el
FC
ML
I
to
f
o
r
m
a
f
iv
e
-
lev
el
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
s
tack
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
f
ed
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
lin
k
wh
ich
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
e
d
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
less
r
atin
g
an
d
f
ewe
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lev
els
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
tate
to
ef
f
icien
tly
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
t
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
l
ta
g
es
at
th
e
d
esire
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
ac
tiv
ely
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
s
im
p
le
lo
g
ic.
Gen
er
al
s
tep
s
o
f
d
er
iv
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
al
an
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
to
b
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
ML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
is
s
etu
p
is
in
v
est
ig
ated
b
ased
o
n
two
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PS
-
PW
M)
an
d
lev
el
s
h
if
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
L
S
-
PW
M)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
was
ab
le
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es
at
th
e
d
esire
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
with
less
th
an
1
%
er
r
o
r
o
n
wo
r
s
t
ca
s
es
an
d
ab
le
to
r
ea
d
ju
s
t th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es to
a
n
ew
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
in
o
n
e
elec
tr
ical
c
y
cle.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
as
well
as
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
v
o
ltag
e
b
al
an
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
v
e
n
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
An
d
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ar
e
d
r
awn
in
s
ec
ti
o
n
4
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
Y
AND
CO
NT
RO
L
SCH
E
M
E
2
.
1
.
F
iv
e
-
lev
el
a
s
y
mm
et
ric
s
t
a
ck
ed
m
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
T
h
e
asy
m
m
etr
ic
s
tack
ed
-
f
iv
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lev
el
in
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
s
witch
es,
2
d
io
d
es,
co
m
m
o
n
DC
co
n
tact
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
two
-
le
v
el
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
leg
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
,
ea
ch
p
air
o
f
s
witch
es
wo
r
k
s
co
m
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
'
s
s
ize
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
q
u
al
to
eq
u
ally
d
i
v
id
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
m
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
s
y
n
th
esiz
e
f
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
f
r
o
m
n
in
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
all
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
as
well
as
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ea
ch
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
o
n
all
f
o
u
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
en
s
tates
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
.
Fo
r
th
e
FC
s
id
e,
s
witch
es
S1
an
d
S2
̅
̅
̅
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
clo
s
ed
at
th
e
s
am
e
t
im
e
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
to
o
th
er
s
witc
h
es
s
tate
s
also
f
o
r
th
e
N
PC
s
id
e,
s
witch
es
S3
an
d
S4
̅
̅
̅
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
clo
s
ed
a
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
as
well.
All
s
tates
with
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
1
0
XX
a
n
d
XX1
0
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
av
o
id
ed
w
h
ich
leav
e
f
o
u
r
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
b
alan
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
at
h
s
f
o
r
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
atin
g
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
im
ilar
f
iv
e
lev
els
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es a
r
e
all
r
ated
at
¼
Vd
c
ex
ce
p
t S1
a
n
d
S2
̅
̅
̅
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
with
s
tan
d
½
Vd
c.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
On
e
leg
o
f
ASML
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
ctive
vo
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e
b
a
la
n
cin
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
s
ymm
etri
c
s
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ck
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mu
ltil
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ve
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ter
(
Mo
s
ta
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a
s
im
)
667
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
s
s
ib
le
s
witch
in
g
s
tates with
its
ef
f
ec
t o
n
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es
O
u
t
p
u
t
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l
P
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a
t
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f
e
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t
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e
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t
o
n
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e
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t
o
n
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f
e
c
t
o
n
C
2
2
S1
S2
S3
S4
I
L>
0
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L<
0
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L>
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I
L<
0
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L>
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L<
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V
d
c
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c
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s
t
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o
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a
r
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a
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d
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f
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d
i
sc
h
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r
g
i
n
g
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
(
g
)
(
h
)
(
i)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t p
ath
s
f
o
r
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
tates
;
(
a)
-
½
Vd
c
(
0
0
0
0
)
,
(
b
)
-
¼
Vd
c
(
0
1
0
0
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,
(
c)
-
¼
Vd
c
(
0
0
0
1
)
,
(
d
)
0
Vd
c
(
0
1
0
1
)
,
(
e)
0
Vd
c
(
0
0
1
1
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,
(
f
)
0
V
d
c
(
1
1
0
0
)
,
(
g
)
¼
Vd
c
(
1
1
0
1
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,
(
h
)
¼
Vd
c
(
0
1
1
1
)
,
an
d
(
i
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½
Vd
c
(
1
1
1
1
)
2
.
2
.
M
o
du
la
t
io
n
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
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es
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
M
L
I
,
b
r
o
a
d
ly
class
if
ied
as
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
witch
in
g
f
r
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u
e
n
cy
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
latter
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
SP
W
M)
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
21
:
66
5
-
67
4
668
A
tr
ad
itio
n
al
SP
W
M
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
n
-
1
)
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
u
s
u
ally
tr
ian
g
u
lar
(
wh
er
e
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lev
els)
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
c
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
wa
y
s
[
3
0
]
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
b
tain
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
als
th
at
lead
s
to
th
e
least
d
is
to
r
ted
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
with
m
in
im
u
m
f
ilt
er
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
two
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
PS
-
PW
M
an
d
L
S
-
PW
M.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
a
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
o
f
2
π/N
is
ap
p
lied
to
(
n
-
1
)
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
wh
er
ea
s
in
th
e
latter
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
er
tically
to
co
v
er
all
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
es
an
d
s
u
b
-
cla
s
s
if
ied
in
to
o
p
p
o
s
ite
p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
OPD)
,
in
p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
I
PD)
,
a
n
d
a
lter
n
ate
p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
AP
D)
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
e
L
SP
W
M
-
I
PD
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
h
av
e
b
etter
T
HD
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
L
SP
W
M
-
OPD,
L
SP
W
M
-
APD
an
d
PS
-
PW
M
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
At
ea
ch
in
s
tan
t
o
f
tim
e
a
ca
r
r
ier
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
with
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
M
a
,
ea
ch
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
iv
es
(
1
)
if
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
in
u
s
o
id
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
an
d
(
0
)
o
th
er
wis
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
g
iv
e
th
e
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
ML
I
,
w
h
ich
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
.
2
.
3
.
V
o
lt
a
g
e
ba
la
ncing
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
,
it
will
r
esu
lt
in
ad
d
itio
n
al
T
HD
i
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
ey
m
a
y
b
e
d
am
ag
e
d
b
y
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
m
ay
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
cir
cu
its
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
u
s
in
g
s
ep
ar
at
e
d
c
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
witch
in
g
s
tates in
ter
ch
an
g
ea
b
ly
with
o
u
t a
n
y
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ba
la
ncing
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
ASML
I
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
d
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
b
alan
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
all
leg
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
B
y
in
s
p
ec
tin
g
ea
c
h
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ea
c
h
ca
p
ac
ito
r
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
tep
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
’
s
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t w
ith
s
im
p
le
lo
g
ic:
−
R
ef
er
en
ce
co
m
m
an
d
s
ig
n
al
i
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
f
o
u
r
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
als
(
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
lev
els
-
1
)
with
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ig
n
al,
f
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
a
r
e
o
b
tain
e
d
(
0
,
1,
2,
3
,
an
d
4
)
ea
ch
o
n
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
atio
o
f
Vd
c
(
-
½
Vd
c,
-
¼
Vd
c,
0
,
¼
Vd
c
an
d
½
Vd
c)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
−
Me
asu
r
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
b
y
s
u
b
tr
ac
tin
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
as
well
as
in
d
icate
cu
r
r
en
t d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
.
−
Fo
r
th
e
lev
els
with
n
o
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
tates,
th
e
s
tates
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
ly
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
o
th
er
s
tate.
Fo
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
(
±
1
/2
Vd
c
)
h
av
e
n
o
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
s
tates.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
lev
els,
a
weig
h
tin
g
b
etwe
en
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
k
n
o
w
w
h
ich
ca
p
ac
ito
r
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
er
r
o
r
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
.
I
t
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
co
n
t
r
ast
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
in
th
e
s
tag
e
to
m
ak
e
a
l
o
g
ical
d
ec
is
io
n
u
p
o
n
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
-
1
/4
Vd
c
s
ta
g
e,
C
1
2
an
d
C
2
2
h
av
e
c
o
n
tr
as
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
a
weig
h
tin
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
to
in
d
icate
wh
ich
c
ap
ac
it
o
r
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
to
b
e
co
r
r
ec
te
d
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
P
W
M
p
er
io
d
.
−
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
tate
is
ch
o
s
en
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
i.e
.
ch
ar
g
e
it if
th
e
er
r
o
r
>0
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
it if
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
<0
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ASML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wh
er
e
e
x
x
s
tan
d
s
fo
r
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
is
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
S
wit
ching
f
re
qu
ency
v
s
.
ca
pa
cit
o
rs si
ze
A
s
s
ta
ted
b
ef
o
r
e,
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
s
tates
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
alan
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
,
h
o
wev
er
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
as
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
tates
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
s
am
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
ala
n
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
esen
ted
,
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ca
n
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e;
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
es
d
ev
iatio
n
.
An
d
h
er
e
a
tr
a
d
eo
f
f
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
er
s
u
s
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
f
ly
in
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
1
)
[
3
2
]
:
C
fc
=
I
l
.
m
ax
∆
V
fc
∗
f
sw
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
∆
V
fc
is
th
e
allo
wed
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
’s
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
a
n
d
f
sw
is
th
e
ap
p
ar
e
n
t switch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
ctive
vo
lta
g
e
b
a
la
n
cin
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
s
ymm
etri
c
s
ta
ck
ed
mu
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter
(
Mo
s
ta
fa
Q.
K
a
s
im
)
669
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
m
e
ch
an
is
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
t
r
o
l sch
em
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
etu
p
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
a
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
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I
n
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I
SS
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:
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4
7
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2
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23
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2
,
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g
u
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t
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:
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4
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d
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e
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r
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ase
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h
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wn
in
Fig
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3
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a)
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b
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u
r
e
1
3
.
C
ap
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ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
s
tep
r
esp
o
n
s
e;
(
a)
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an
d
(
b
)
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S
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PW
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
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SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
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g
e
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la
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tr
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ter
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673
Simu
latio
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s
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w
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n
ex
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f
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r
m
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ca
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es
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a
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le
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r
ip
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f
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th
an
1%
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s
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ca
s
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s
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h
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p
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ax
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ettle
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ew
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ce
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wh
ich
r
ef
lects
a
g
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n
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ic
r
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n
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e.
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o
th
m
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u
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tech
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i
q
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o
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a
h
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h
wav
e
f
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m
q
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ality
with
a
s
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h
t
p
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e
r
en
ce
to
L
S
-
PW
M
d
u
e
to
lo
wer
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HD
in
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
asy
m
m
etr
ic
s
tack
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
e
l
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
ASML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
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atin
g
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
f
iv
e
le
v
el
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
with
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
tates
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
alan
c
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
t
o
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
was
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
A
SML
I
to
k
ee
p
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es
at
t
h
e
d
es
ir
ed
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
with
s
im
p
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
l
o
g
ic.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
two
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
ea
ch
o
th
er
with
R
L
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
b
ala
n
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
B
esid
e
th
e
les
s
f
ilter
in
g
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
atin
g
an
d
co
u
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
ASML
I
with
ac
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
es
b
alan
cin
g
is
a
clea
r
ad
v
an
tag
e
t
h
at
allo
ws
th
is
s
et
u
p
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
f
u
tu
r
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
K.
G
u
p
ta
a
n
d
P
.
Bh
a
t
n
a
g
a
r,
“
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rters
:
C
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
e
m
e
rg
in
g
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
th
e
ir
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
Aca
d
e
mic
Pre
ss
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/C
2
0
1
6
-
0
-
0
3
3
6
0
-
0.
[2
]
J.
Ro
d
ríg
u
e
z
,
J.
S
.
Lai,
a
n
d
F
.
Z.
P
e
n
g
,
“
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rters
:
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
c
o
n
tro
ls,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
4
–
7
3
8
,
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TIE
.
2
0
0
2
.
8
0
1
0
5
2
.
[3
]
A.
P
ra
y
a
g
a
n
d
S
.
B
o
d
k
h
e
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
c
las
si
c
a
l
th
re
e
p
h
a
s
e
m
u
lt
i
lev
e
l
(fi
v
e
lev
e
l)
in
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
In
telli
g
e
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
(ICPE
ICES
)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICP
EIC
ES
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
8
5
3
5
6
7
.
[4
]
H.
Ak
a
g
i,
“
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
C
o
n
v
e
rters
–
Co
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
Circu
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
In
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
in
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
S
ma
rt Gri
d
,
B.
K.
Bo
se
(Ed
.
).
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
–
2
1
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/9
7
8
1
1
1
9
5
1
5
6
6
1
.
c
h
3
.
[5
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
S
.
Xu
,
Z.
Din
,
a
n
d
X
.
Hu
,
“
Hy
b
ri
d
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
ters
:
To
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
v
e
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/en
1
2
0
4
0
6
1
5
.
[6
]
M
.
R.
J.
Os
k
u
e
e
,
M
.
Ka
rimi,
Y.
Na
d
e
ri,
S
.
N.
Ra
v
a
d
a
n
e
g
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
H.
H
o
ss
e
in
i,
“
A
n
e
w
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
v
o
lt
a
g
e
so
u
rc
e
in
v
e
rter co
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
wit
h
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
ircu
it
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts,”
J
.
Ce
n
t.
S
o
u
th
U
n
iv.
,
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o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
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1
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x.
[7
]
A.
S
a
g
h
a
fin
ia,
“
Re
c
e
n
t
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
o
n
P
o
we
r
In
v
e
rters
,”
in
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
I
n
T
e
c
h
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n
,
2
0
1
7
,
doi
:
1
0
.
5
7
7
2
/6
5
1
8
9
.
[8
]
P
.
Ba
rb
o
sa
,
P
.
S
teim
e
r,
L.
M
e
y
se
n
c
,
M
.
W
in
k
e
ln
k
e
m
p
e
r,
J.
S
te
in
k
e
,
a
n
d
N
.
Ce
lan
o
v
ic
,
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Ac
ti
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u
tral
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n
t
-
Clam
p
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d
M
u
l
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,
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in
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IE
EE
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6
t
h
P
o
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2
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C.
2
0
0
5
.
1
5
8
1
9
5
2
.
[9
]
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.
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a
te
a
u
,
T.
A.
M
e
y
n
a
rd
,
a
n
d
H
.
F
o
c
h
,
“
S
tac
k
e
d
m
u
lt
ice
ll
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter (S
M
C):
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
,
”
in
2
0
0
1
I
EE
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3
2
n
d
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u
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.
[1
0
]
S
.
A.
G
o
n
z
á
lez
,
M
.
I.
Va
ll
a
,
a
n
d
C.
F
.
Ch
r
isti
a
n
se
n
,
“
An
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
c
a
sc
a
d
e
a
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
to
p
o
lo
g
y
fo
r
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
In
t
.
S
y
mp
.
In
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
7
-
1
0
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2
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o
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1
0
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1
0
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S
IE.
2
0
0
7
.
4
3
7
4
7
3
9
.
[1
1
]
A.
S
a
lem
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Ab
i
d
o
,
“
T
-
Ty
p
e
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
C
o
n
v
e
rter
To
p
o
l
o
g
ies
:
A
C
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
v
e
Re
v
iew
,
”
Ara
b
.
J
.
S
c
i.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
3
–
1
7
3
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
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o
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0
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3
3
6
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-
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1
8
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5
0
6
-
6.
[1
2
]
A.
Ya
d
a
v
a
n
d
D.
M
.
M
.
Tri
p
a
th
i,
Ad
v
a
n
e
S
wit
c
h
i
n
g
S
c
h
e
me
s fo
r I
n
v
e
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rs
,
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d
le E
d
it
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
96
.
[1
3
]
A.
Ed
p
u
g
a
n
ti
a
n
d
A.
K.
Ra
th
o
re
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
l
o
w
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
p
u
lse
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
m
e
d
iu
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
se
v
e
n
-
lev
e
l
c
a
sc
a
d
e
-
5
/3
H
i
n
v
e
rte
r
,”
in
IECON
2
0
1
3
-
3
9
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
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o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
In
d
u
str
ia
l
El
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c
tro
n
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o
c
iety
,
2
0
1
3
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p
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.
2
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3
.
6
7
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0
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6
9
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Wu
,
Y.
W
.
Li
,
a
n
d
G
.
Ko
n
sta
n
ti
n
o
u
,
“
A
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
r
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Ba
lan
c
in
g
S
trate
g
ies
fo
r
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
Co
n
v
e
rters
u
n
d
e
r
S
e
le
c
ti
v
e
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
El
imin
a
t
io
n
P
W
M
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
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0
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0
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2
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5
.
[1
5
]
J.
Ro
d
rí
g
u
e
z
,
L.
M
o
rá
n
,
P
.
Co
r
re
a
,
a
n
d
C.
S
il
v
a
,
“
A
v
e
c
to
r
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
m
e
d
i
u
m
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
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p
.
8
8
2
-
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8
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,
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g
.
2
0
0
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1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
0
2
.
8
0
1
2
3
5
.
[1
6
]
M
.
P
é
re
z
,
J.
R
o
d
r
íg
u
e
z
,
J.
P
o
n
tt
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
o
u
r
o
,
“
P
o
we
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
in
h
y
b
rid
m
u
lt
i
-
c
e
ll
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
n
e
a
re
st
lev
e
l
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
,
”
in
2
0
0
7
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
In
d
u
stri
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l
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lec
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n
ics
,
2
0
0
7
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p
.
7
3
6
-
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o
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IE
.
2
0
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4
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7
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8
8
.
[1
7
]
W.
A.
A.
S
a
leh
,
N.
A
.
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
a
n
d
W.
A.
Ha
li
m
,
“
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
m
in
imiz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
si
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
a
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
TCHB
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rter b
a
se
d
o
n
n
e
a
re
st l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
tro
l
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
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l.
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1
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1
4
.
[1
8
]
R.
Na
d
e
ri
a
n
d
A.
Ra
h
m
a
ti
,
“
P
h
a
se
-
sh
ift
e
d
c
a
rrier
P
WM
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
g
e
n
e
ra
l
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
in
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
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l.
2
3
,
n
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p
p
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M
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y
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/T
P
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.
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0
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8
.
9
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8
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2502
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4
7
5
2
I
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J
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&
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Sci,
Vo
l.
23
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No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
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t
20
21
:
66
5
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674
[1
9
]
S
.
A.
Ale
x
a
n
d
e
r,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
v
e
rter
with
re
d
u
c
e
d
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
rti
o
n
s
su
i
t
a
b
le
fo
r
In
d
ia
n
su
b
-
c
o
n
ti
n
e
n
t,
”
Ren
e
w.
S
u
st
a
i
n
.
E
n
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rg
y
Rev
.
,
v
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l.
5
6
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p
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rse
r.
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0
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5
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1
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.
[2
0
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A.
A.
G
a
n
d
o
m
i,
S
.
S
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e
id
a
b
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d
i
,
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.
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Ho
ss
e
in
i,
E
.
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b
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e
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n
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.
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a
b
a
h
i,
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Tran
sfo
rm
e
r
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b
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se
d
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n
v
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rt
e
r
with
re
d
u
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d
n
u
m
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f
sw
it
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h
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s
fo
r
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n
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wa
b
l
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n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s,”
IET
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
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p
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.
[2
1
]
A.
Tsu
n
o
d
a
,
Y.
Hin
a
g
o
,
a
n
d
H.
Ko
izu
m
i,
“
Lev
e
l
-
a
n
d
p
h
a
se
-
sh
ift
e
d
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WM
f
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r
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lev
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h
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d
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c
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p
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it
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r
in
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2
]
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.
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ra
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tari,
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c
iu
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o
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Ne
w
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o
d
:
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Th
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[2
3
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[2
5
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n
d
J.
R.
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c
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o
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6
]
V.
Da
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,
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k
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ri,
a
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e
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ti
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d
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.
[2
7
]
C.
L.
To
h
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n
d
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E.
No
r
u
m
,
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VH
DL
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rter,”
in
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
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o
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rn
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n
d
Dr
ive
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ms
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)
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[2
8
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.
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M
.
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USA:
CRC P
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2
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.
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9
]
J.
Ko
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M
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Ja
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.
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.
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iew
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k
ss
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,
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with
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tral
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[3
0
]
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I.
Leo
n
,
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.
Va
z
q
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
L.
G
.
F
ra
n
q
u
e
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,
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u
lt
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lev
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l
Co
n
v
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s:
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n
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d
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lati
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n
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r
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h
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ir
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e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
d
u
strial
A
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c
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ti
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n
s,”
in
Pro
c
.
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EE
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,
v
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l.
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0
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,
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.
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7
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6
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.
[3
1
]
H.
P
.
Ve
m
u
g
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n
ti
,
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S
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n
i
v
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ra
o
,
a
n
d
G
.
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.
K
u
m
a
r,
“
Im
p
ro
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d
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u
lse
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th
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o
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u
lati
o
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sc
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m
e
fo
r
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-
ty
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e
m
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lt
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l
i
n
v
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rter,”
in
IE
T
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
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0
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.
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.
[3
2
]
D.
Kru
g
,
S
.
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rn
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t,
S
.
S
.
F
a
z
e
l,
K.
Ja
li
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a
n
d
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.
M
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ws
k
i
,
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o
m
p
a
riso
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o
f
2
.
3
-
k
V
M
e
d
iu
m
-
V
o
lt
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g
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u
lt
il
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v
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l
Co
n
v
e
rters
fo
r
In
d
u
strial
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e
d
iu
m
-
Vo
lt
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g
e
Driv
e
s,”
in
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
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l
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tro
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s
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.
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3
]
S
.
Ja
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lath
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.
Ha
n
if,
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G
e
n
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ra
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LCL
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il
ter
De
sig
n
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h
m
fo
r
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rid
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ted
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rc
e
In
v
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rter,”
IEE
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T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
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c
tro
n
.
,
v
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l.
6
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IE
.
2
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6
.
2
6
1
9
6
6
0
.
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