Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
2
5
2
~
1
2
5
8
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
2
5
2
-
1
2
5
8
1252
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Develop
ment of
s
oftwar
e for
Ku
-
b
and
s
ign
al
a
vailabil
ity
du
e to
r
ain
a
tt
enuation
No
rs
uz
il
a
Y
a’acob
1
, No
rais
yah Taju
din
2
, Muh
amm
ad
Rez
z
a
Alui
3
, Na
ni F
ad
z
li
na
Naim
4
,
Muriz
ah
K
as
s
im
5
,
Wan
No
r
sy
afi
z
an
W
an
Muham
ad
6
1
,2,3,4,5,6
Facul
t
y
o
f
Elec
tr
ical Engi
nee
ring
,
Univ
ersit
i Te
kno
logi
M
ARA
,
404500
Shah
Alam Se
la
n
gor,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
1,5,6
W
ire
le
ss
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
T
e
chnol
og
y
(W
iCo
T),
Fa
cult
y
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA,
404500
S
hah
Al
am Sel
angor
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
1
5
, 201
8
Re
vised
D
ec
2
0,
2018
Accepte
d
D
ec
3
0
, 201
8
Ku
-
Band
signal
is
ofte
n
used
for
sate
llit
e
comm
unic
a
ti
on
m
ai
n
l
y
for
direct
to
hom
e
(DTH)
bro
adc
ast
ing.
One
o
f
the
m
aj
or
issues
using
thi
s
band
is
tha
t
the
signal
will
b
e
af
fec
t
ed
b
y
r
ai
ndr
ops.
Rai
ndrops
a
bsorb
and
sca
tt
e
r
signal
that
oper
ates
at
a
fr
e
quenc
y
of
m
ore
tha
n
10
GH
z.
How
eve
r,
studi
e
s
have
be
en
done
to
pre
di
ct
and
m
ea
sure
the
rai
nfa
ll
ra
te
an
d
rai
n
attenu
at
io
n.
The
r
ain
at
t
enua
t
ion
in
K
u
-
Band
ran
ge
a
nd
the
rai
n
rat
e
were
m
ea
sured
at
sate
llite
rec
e
ivi
ng
dish,
p
oint
ed
towar
ds
t
he
orbit
a
l
slot
9
1.
5
E
over
a
one
-
y
e
ar
per
iod
in
2013.
The
c
um
ula
ti
ve
distribution
of
rai
n
rat
e
obtained
as
well
as
a
cumulat
iv
e
dist
ribut
ion
of
rain
at
t
enuation
o
bta
in
ed
ar
e
pre
sente
d
an
d
compare
d
with
t
he
rai
n
pre
d
ic
t
io
n
m
odel
s.
The
aim
is t
o
get
the
best
m
odel
to
be
used
for
the
purpose
of
soft
ware
dev
el
opm
e
nt.
It
was
found
out
th
at
the
DA
H
pre
dic
ti
on
m
odel
is
fai
rl
y
equi
t
abl
e
when
compare
d
to
dir
ec
t
sa
te
l
lit
e
dish
recei
ving
m
ea
surem
ent
s
i
n
Malay
sia
.
Th
e
m
odel
provid
ed
a
sui
ta
bl
e
base
li
n
e
in
dev
eloping
a
user interfac
e
softwa
re
fo
r
wea
th
er
pr
edict
ion.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
BER
DTT
DVB
-
T2
Fiel
d
Stre
ngth
MER
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nors
uzila
Y
a
’a
cob,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
,
404500
Sh
a
h Alam
Selang
or
, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
no
rs
uzila
@salam
.u
itm
.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Accor
ding
to
Ma
la
ysi
an
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
and
Mult
im
edia
Co
m
m
issi
on
(MCM
C)
on
the
Cl
ass
Assignm
ent
no.
2
of
t
he
2015
doc
um
ent
[1
]
,
the
K
u
-
Ba
nd
f
reque
ncies
for
DTH
ser
vi
ces
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
been
appr
ov
e
d
a
nd
al
locat
ed
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
ranges
from
10
.
7
GHz
to
11.2
G
Hz,
11.
45
G
Hz
t
o
11.
7
GH
z
an
d
12
.
2
GH
z
to
12.
75
GH
z
.
Ku
-
Ba
nd
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
widely
us
ed
f
or
D
TH
br
oadcast
ing
due
to
it
s
sh
or
t
wa
veleng
t
h,
wh
ic
h
only
re
quires
a
sm
al
l
dish
r
ecei
ving
de
vice.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
Ku
-
Ba
nd
freq
ue
ncies
ar
e
easi
ly
aff
ect
e
d
by
rain.
Wh
e
n
K
u
-
Ba
nd
wav
e
passes
th
rou
gh
the
at
m
os
phe
re
a
nd
e
ncou
nt
er
wate
r
dro
pl
et
s,
the
si
gn
al
s
are
at
te
nu
at
ed
.
Thi
s
at
te
nu
at
ion
i
s
exaggerate
d
wh
e
n
the
dr
ople
t
“hit”
the
wav
e,
that
is,
w
hen
half
of
the
sign
al
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
is i
n
the
dr
op
le
t’s
diam
e
te
r.
A
s
a
resu
lt
, l
os
ses
occ
ur in t
he Ku
-
Ba
nd li
nk [2].
Ther
e
a
re
a
lot
of
stu
dies
an
d
researc
h
re
gardin
g
this
issue
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
none
of
the
fi
nd
i
ngs
are
exten
ded
to
an
interfa
ce
that
can
inte
ract
wi
th
use
r
i
n
GUI
f
or
m
,
al
so
bette
r
kn
own
as
s
of
t
war
e.
By
ha
vi
ng
so
ft
war
e
,
it
ca
n
help
us
er
t
o
pr
e
dict
the
we
at
her
that
m
a
y
cause
an
inte
rrup
ti
on
of
the
s
ign
al
.
I
n
de
sig
ning
of
the
so
ft
war
e
f
or
rai
n
at
te
nu
a
ti
on
,
se
ver
al
f
act
or
s,
pr
i
ncip
al
ly
relat
ed
to
the
weathe
r
da
ta
m
us
t
be
pu
t
into
consi
der
at
io
n.
These
fact
or
s
i
nclu
de
wind,
c
louds,
rai
n
pre
ci
pitat
ion
an
d
hu
m
idit
y.
All
of
these
facto
r
s
m
us
t
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
in
the
softwar
e
as
they
are
the
cause
s
of
si
gn
al
loss
for
DTH
broa
dcas
ti
ng
syst
em
wi
th
rain
pr
eci
pitat
ion
be
ing
t
he
m
os
t
cru
ci
al
fact
or
,
especial
ly
at
fr
eq
ue
ncies
ab
ove
10
G
Hz
[
2
]
-
[
6].
Am
on
gst
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
ft
ware f
or
Ku
-
band si
gnal
a
vaila
bili
ty
due to
r
ain
atten
ua
ti
on (N
orsu
z
il
a
Ya’
acob)
1253
factors
m
entioned
ea
rlie
r,
rain
preci
pitat
ion
/
rainf
al
l
is
m
or
e
se
vere
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
(tro
pi
cal
reg
io
n)
w
hich
is
char
act
e
rized
by
h
eavy
rain
pr
ec
ipit
at
ion
inte
ns
it
y an
d
la
r
ge rai
ndr
ops.
Ra
infall
rate
ind
ic
at
or
s
s
pecifi
ed
on
a
per
ce
nt
of
tim
e
basis,
that
is
the
perce
nt
of
ti
m
e
in
a
ye
ar
or
a
m
on
th
that
the r
ai
n
rate
eq
uals
or
excee
ds
a
s
pecific value
is
us
e
d
in
the r
ai
n
at
te
nuat
ion
predict
io
n
m
od
e
l
[7]
,
[8
]
.
The
rai
ndr
op
siz
e
distrib
ution
is
dif
fer
e
nt
accor
ding
to
geogr
a
ph
ic
al
locat
ion
a
nd
it
can
stron
gly
i
m
pact
rain
s
pecific
a
tt
enu
at
io
n
an
d,
there
f
or
e,
tot
al
rain
at
te
nua
ti
on
[
9].
Si
nce
m
ajo
rity
of
t
he
stu
dies
on
rain
at
te
nu
at
io
n
ha
ve
bee
n
c
ondu
ct
ed
i
n
E
uro
pe
,
it
m
ay
no
t
be
su
f
fici
ently
accurate
to
c
ha
ra
ct
erize
the
ef
fe
ct
s
of
at
te
nu
at
io
n
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
there
is
no
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
fin
ding
s
to
procee
d
a
s
an
ap
plica
ti
on
f
or
a
us
er
.
U
nder
s
uc
h
ci
rc
um
sta
n
ces,
an
e
valua
ti
on
of
the
pr
e
dicti
ve
accu
ra
cy
of
these
m
od
el
s
is
r
eq
uir
ed
f
or
desig
ning a
r
el
ia
ble w
eat
her
f
or
ecast
data.
The
gist
of
s
oft
war
e
de
velo
pm
ent
is
it
s
Me
ta
data.
T
he
M
et
adata
is
wh
e
re
al
l
of
the
in
form
ation
i
s
placed.
T
he
m
et
adata
for
weat
her
are
retrie
ved
f
rom
NO
AA
(
N
at
ion
al
Ocean
ic
an
d
Atm
o
sp
he
ri
c
Ad
m
inist
rati
on)
ser
ver
an
d
from
M
MD
(Mal
ay
sia
Met
eorolo
gical
D
epar
tm
ent).
The
platf
or
m
fo
r
the
so
ft
war
e
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
bu
i
lt
un
de
r
Lin
ux
operati
ng
sy
stem
(O
S)
.
Li
nux
is
know
n
as
the
m
os
t
sta
ble
op
e
rati
ng
syst
e
m
beside
Ma
ci
nto
s
h.
The
m
ai
n
diff
ere
nc
e
between
Li
nux
OS
,
com
pa
red
to
ot
her
s
i
s
that
i
t
requires
a
n
e
xpert
in
sh
el
l
c
omm
and
to
r
un
or
us
e
this
OS
.
Since
m
os
t
of
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
Li
nux
us
es
t
he
sh
el
l com
m
and
, its Ra
ndom
Acc
ess Mem
or
y (RAM)
proc
es
sing i
s great
er t
han o
t
her
s
.
Anothe
r
gr
eat
thin
g
ab
out
Li
nux
OS
is
it
s
so
ft
war
e
.
T
he
Linux
i
ntr
oduc
ed
a
softwa
re
center
hub,
wh
e
re u
sers
ca
n
do
wn
l
oad
th
e
so
ft
war
e w
it
hout
sea
rch
i
ng
throug
h
the w
e
b
an
d
m
os
t
of
t
he
s
of
twa
re p
r
ov
i
de
d
by
Linux
a
re
free
of
c
harge.
T
he
f
oundat
io
n
of
the
s
oft
wa
re
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
us
in
g
the
S
of
tware
De
vel
opm
ent
Kit
(S
D
K).
Th
e
SD
K
t
hat
runs
un
der
Lin
ux
is
cal
le
d
Qt.
Qt
is
an
open
so
urce
s
of
tw
ar
e
that
can
pro
vi
de
a
n
obj
ect
ori
ente
d
program
m
ing
us
in
g
C+
+
la
ngua
ge.
T
he
purpose
of
this
pro
j
ect
is
to
ide
ntify
the
best
m
od
e
l
and
d
e
velo
p
software
t
hat
can
disp
la
y
the
we
at
her
data
as f
or
a
pr
e
dicti
on
and
m
easur
em
e
nt
for
K
u
-
Ba
nd
rai
n
at
te
nu
at
io
n.
2.
METHO
D
OL
OGY
2.1.
Ra
in
fa
ll
R
at
e
Model
Ther
e
are
m
any
ty
pes
of
m
odel
s
to
m
easur
e
the
rai
nf
al
l
rate.
T
he
sel
ect
ed
rain
fall
rate
m
od
el
bel
ow
is base
d on
a
w
el
l
-
known
m
od
el
in
tr
op
ic
al
re
gion.
2.1.1.
ITU
-
R
The
IT
U
-
R
m
od
el
s
the
w
or
l
d
into
15
di
ff
e
re
nt
pa
rts.
The
judgem
ent
m
ade
for
t
his
is
ba
sed
on
be
st
m
ean
cum
ulativ
e
distri
bu
ti
on
exp
e
rim
ental
[10].
Perce
nta
ge
of
rain
fall
r
at
e
exceede
d
f
or
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
sh
ow
n
in
T
ab
le
1.
Table
1
.
A
nnua
l cum
ulati
ve
rain
rate
distrib
ution f
or r
e
gion P
Percentag
e of
ti
m
e,
%
0
.3
0
.1
0
.01
0.
001
Rain
f
all r
ate excee
d
ed
,
m
m
/
h
r
1
6
.5
4
1
.6
120
200
*Regi
on P
=
T
ropical
Regi
on acco
rd
i
ng to I
TU
-
R
m
od
el
(M
al
ay
sia
, I
ndonesi
a a
nd etc)
2.1.2.
VIH
T
(Vari
abl
e Isotherm
H
ei
gh
t
Techni
q
ue)
The
VI
T
H
m
od
el
di
vid
es
t
he
world
into
8
di
ff
ere
nt
re
gion
s
of
rai
nf
al
l
rat
e
[11].
T
he
m
od
el
is
base
d
on
num
ber
of
thund
e
rstorm
days
publishe
d
by
La
nd
s
be
r
g
an
d
total
rai
n
accum
ulati
on
[
12
]
.
T
he
di
vid
e
d
bounda
ries
we
re
ad
j
us
te
d
to
accom
m
od
at
e
var
ia
ti
ons
in
te
rr
ai
n,
pred
om
i
nan
t
sto
rm
ty
pe
and
m
otion
,
ov
e
rall
atm
os
ph
e
ric ci
rcu
la
ti
on a
nd lat
it
ud
e
as s
ho
wn in
Table
2
.
Table
2
.
A
nnua
l cum
ulati
ve
rain
rate
distrib
ution f
or r
e
gion
H
Per
cent
ag
e
o
f
ti
m
e,
%
0
.3
0
.1
0
.01
0
.00
1
Rain
f
all r
ate excee
d
ed
,
m
m
/
h
r
31
51
147
251
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S
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:
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-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
5
2
–
1
2
5
8
1254
2.2.
Ra
in
Atte
nu
ati
on
Model
2.2.1.
ITU
The
m
od
el
w
as
wide
ly
acce
pt
ed
i
ntern
at
i
on
a
ll
y
fo
r
the
pred
ic
ti
on
o
f
the r
a
in
at
te
nuat
ion
[
13
]
.
D
ue
t
o
that,
m
os
t
devel
op
e
d
m
od
el
s
are
com
par
ed
against
it
for
a
ref
e
ren
ce
po
int.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
rece
nt
rese
arch
e
s
hav
e
s
how
n
th
at
the m
od
el
sui
ts certa
in
geog
raphical
locati
on only
.
2.2.2.
DAH
The
w
ord
DAH
sta
nds
f
or
the
nam
es
of
t
he
researc
hers,
Dissa
nayake,
Jerem
y
Allnu
tt
an
d
Fati
m
Haid
ra.
The
m
od
el
is
al
so
kn
own
a
s
the
U
S
A
m
od
el
beca
us
e
it
was
de
ve
lop
e
d
i
n
the
USA.
This
pre
dicti
on
m
od
el
is
m
or
e
or
le
ss
sim
il
ar
to
IT
U
-
R
m
od
el
wh
ere
t
he
ra
in
relat
ed
in
pu
t
to
the
m
od
el
i
s
the
rain
inte
nsi
ty
at
the
0.0
1%
[
14]
.
Inh
om
og
ene
it
y
in
the
rai
n
in
the
horiz
on
t
al
and
ver
ti
cal
directi
ons
is
accounte
d
f
or
in
th
e
pr
e
dict
ion.
Th
e
m
et
ho
d
is
ap
plica
ble
across
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
range
4~
35
G
Hz
an
d
pe
rcen
t
age
pro
ba
bili
ty
range
from
0
.001% t
o 10% [
3].
2.3.
Measurem
en
t
2.3.1.
Measurem
en
t set
-
up
Re
cei
ver
sit
es
are
locat
e
d
at
s
ever
al
l
ocati
ons
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Ma
j
or
ci
ti
es
w
ere
sel
ect
ed
f
or
this
s
et
-
up
.
The
l
ocati
ons a
re show
n
in
T
a
ble 3
.
Table
3
.
Re
cei
ver sit
es locat
ion
No
.
Locatio
n
Latitud
e/ lon
g
itu
d
e
1
Ku
an
tan
3
.81
6
7
0
N/1
0
3
.3
3
3
3
0
E
2
Alo
r
Seta
r
6
.11
6
7
0
N/1
0
0
.3
6
6
7
0
E
3
Ku
ala L
u
m
p
u
r
3
.13
3
3
0
N/1
0
1
.6
8
3
3
0
E
4
Ku
ch
in
g
1
.56
0
0
0
N/1
1
0
.3
4
5
0
0
E
5
Pen
an
g
5
.40
0
0
0
N/1
0
0
.2
3
3
3
0
E
6
Tawau
4
.25
8
3
0
N/1
1
7
.8
9
4
4
0
E
7
San
d
ak
an
5
.83
3
3
0
N/1
1
8
.1
1
6
7
0
E
8
Ko
ta Kinab
alu
5
.97
1
4
0
N/1
1
6
.0
9
5
3
0
E
9
Ko
ta Bah
aru
6
.13
3
3
0
N/1
0
2
.2
5
0
0
0
E
10
Ku
ala T
e
reng
g
an
u
5
.33
3
3
0
N/1
0
3
.1
5
0
0
0
E
11
Melaka
2
.20
0
0
0
N/1
0
2
.2
5
0
0
0
E
The
recei
ver
ha
s
a
diam
e
te
r
of
80
cm
.
The
receiver
a
nten
na
is
pointed
t
ow
a
r
ds
91.
5
E
orbita
l
slots.
The
beacon
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
sta
rt
f
ro
m
10
.
95
G
H
z
to
12.
75
G
H
Z
an
d
are
ve
rtic
al
ly
po
la
rized
.
The
ti
pp
i
ng
bucke
t
rain
ga
uge
wi
th
0.5m
m
capaci
ty
and
1
m
inu
te
integ
rati
on
of
ti
m
e
is
placed
nea
r
the
a
nten
na
lo
cat
ion
.
Arrang
em
ent of the
setu
p
is s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
1
.
Figure
1.
Me
as
ur
em
ent set
-
up
2.3.2.
So
f
tware
D
e
ve
lopmen
t
Figure
2
s
how
s
the
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
of
the
software
a
rch
it
ec
ture,
inte
rf
ace
with
the
data
s
ource.
T
he
m
et
adata
is
gather
e
d
f
ro
m
NO
A
A
a
nd
MM
D.
T
he
N
O
AA
prov
i
ded
t
he
m
et
adata
in
the
form
of
GRI
B
file
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
ft
ware f
or
Ku
-
band si
gnal
a
vaila
bili
ty
due to
r
ain
atten
ua
ti
on (N
orsu
z
il
a
Ya’
acob)
1255
GRIB
is
sh
ort
for
Ge
ner
al
Re
gu
la
rly
-
distri
bute
d
I
nfo
rm
ati
on
in
Bi
na
ry
fo
rm
.
It
is
a
con
ci
se
data
for
m
at
us
ed
in
m
et
eor
ology
to
store
histo
rical
an
d
forecas
te
d
weathe
r
dat
a. I
t i
s stand
ar
di
zed b
y t
he W
orl
d
Me
te
orolo
gi
cal
Orga
nizat
ion
'
s
Com
m
issi
on
fo
r
Ba
sic
Syst
em
s.
W
eat
her
f
or
ecast
in
form
at
ion
is
retriev
ed
from
thei
r
serve
r
and
dis
play
ed
i
n
the
G
raphica
l
User
I
nterf
ac
e
(GUI).
The
GUI
is
base
d
on
the
Ge
ogra
phic
al
In
te
rf
ace
Syst
e
m
(GIS)
for
deter
m
inati
on
of
th
e
locat
ion
in
te
rm
s
of
la
titude
and
lo
ng
it
ud
e.
The
G
IS
is
a
syst
e
m
desig
ned
t
o
store,
capt
ur
e
,
analy
ze,
m
anipu
l
at
e
an
d
pr
ese
nt
al
l
ty
pes
of
sp
at
ia
l
or
ge
og
raphical
data.
I
nfor
m
at
ion
pr
ovide
d
by
G
IS
i
nclu
de
s
la
ti
tud
e
a
nd
longit
ude,
gro
und
ab
ove
m
ean
sea
le
vel,
la
nd
heig
ht
a
nd
et
c.
F
ur
th
erm
or
e,
data
from
MM
D
su
ch
as
ra
da
r
an
d
sat
el
li
te
i
m
a
ges
are
al
s
o
disp
la
ye
d
in
t
h
is
so
ft
war
e
.
The
inf
or
m
at
ion
di
sp
la
ye
d
in the G
UI is a
s
W
i
nd, Press
ure, Tem
per
at
ur
e, Clo
ud Co
ver, Rai
nf
al
l a
nd
Popu
la
ti
on
.
Figure
2
.
S
of
t
war
e
arc
hitec
tu
re
The
softwa
re
dev
el
op
m
ent
sta
rts
after
iden
ti
fyi
ng
the
bes
t
pr
edict
io
n
m
od
el
.
T
he
be
st
pr
e
dicti
on
m
od
el
cho
se
n
i
s
us
e
d
only
as
a
guideli
ne
in
desig
ning
t
he
s
of
t
war
e
arc
hitec
ture.
All
i
nput
is
gat
her
e
d
f
or
data
processi
ng
by
the
softwa
re.
T
he
e
nd
res
ult
of
the
softwa
re
is
to
en
sure
outpu
t
data
are
di
sp
la
ye
d
c
orrect
ly
in
the inter
face
w
it
ho
ut a
ny e
rro
r.
Overall
f
l
ow ch
a
rt of the
s
oft
war
e
d
e
velo
pm
ent is shown
in
F
ig
ure
3.
Figure
3
.
Flo
w
Char
t
of S
of
t
war
e
D
e
velo
pm
ent
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
5
2
–
1
2
5
8
1256
3.
R
ESULT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Ra
in
Atte
nu
ati
on
Measurem
ent Result
Table
4
s
hows
the r
es
ult o
f
t
he
m
easur
e
m
ent setu
p
in
term
s o
f
att
enu
at
io
n
(
dB).
Table
4
.
Ra
i
n Att
enu
at
io
n M
easur
em
ent for
Mal
ay
sia
No
.
City
Rain
Attenu
atio
n
(
d
B)
0
.1%
0
.01
%
0
.00
1
%
1
Ku
an
tan
1
3
.9
2
5
.9
5
5
.7
2
Alo
r
Seta
r
1
1
.9
2
6
.6
4
2
.2
3
Ku
ala L
u
m
p
u
r
1
3
.5
2
7
.5
5
7
.3
4
Ku
ch
in
g
1
4
.8
3
4
.3
50
5
Pen
an
g
1
3
.7
2
3
.5
46
6
Tawau
1
4
.6
2
8
.6
50
7
San
d
ak
an
1
5
.8
28
51
8
Ko
ta Kinab
alu
1
3
.8
2
8
.2
5
2
.4
9
Ko
ta Bah
aru
1
3
.3
2
4
.3
58
10
Ku
ala T
e
reng
g
an
u
1
2
.9
3
2
.4
4
8
.3
11
Melaka
1
3
.8
2
7
.8
43
Figure
4
(a
)
an
d
(
b)
com
par
es
propose
d
m
ea
su
rem
ent
rain
r
at
e
and
at
te
nu
a
ti
on
featu
res
ba
sed
on
th
e
m
easur
ed
d
at
a
with the
esti
m
a
te
d
rai
n
rate
and att
en
uatio
n v
al
ues usin
g
the
predict
io
n
m
od
el
s.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4
.
(a
)
C
om
par
ison R
es
ult f
or
Rai
nf
al
l
Rat
e (b)
C
omparis
on Result
for
Ra
in
A
tt
en
uation
Fr
om
F
igure
4(a),
the
ITU
m
od
el
est
i
m
a
tio
n
data
a
re
fa
irly
si
m
i
la
r
to
the
m
easur
ed
rain
fall
rate
thr
oughout
the
entire
pe
rce
ntage
of
ti
m
e
co
m
par
ed
to
the
VIHT
m
od
el
,
wh
ic
h
ove
resti
m
at
es
the
m
ea
su
r
e
d
rainf
al
l
rate
va
lues.
T
his
is
be
cause
th
e
V
I
HT
m
od
el
la
ck
s
real
rai
n
fall
r
at
e
data
f
ro
m
Ma
la
ysi
a
or
f
r
om
any
tro
pical
re
gion
.
T
he
dev
el
opm
ent
of
the
IT
U
m
od
el
,
how
ever,
was
done
us
i
ng
la
rge
a
m
ou
nt
of
r
ai
nfal
l
data
gathe
red
f
ro
m
this
reg
io
n
[
15]
.
Figu
re
4(
b)
sh
ows
that
only
the
ITU
the
m
od
el
ov
eresti
m
at
es
the
m
ea
su
r
e
d
rain
at
te
nuat
io
n
th
rou
ghout
the
e
ntire
m
eas
ur
em
ent
tim
e,
wh
e
reas
t
he
D
AH
m
od
el
f
ol
lows
cl
os
el
y
to
th
e
m
easur
ed
rai
nfal
l
at
te
nu
at
ion
data
unti
l
0.0
1%
of
ti
m
e
bef
ore
the
m
od
el
sta
rts
to
unde
res
tim
a
te
.
The
IT
U
r
ai
n
at
te
nu
at
io
n
cal
culat
ion
is
ba
sed
on
the
co
ns
ta
nt
pa
ram
eter
of
rai
n
dro
plets.
Ra
in
drop
le
t
usual
ly
var
ie
s
accor
ding
t
o
ge
ogra
ph
ic
a
rea
of
the
places
.
ITU
m
od
el
is
a
m
on
g
the
pi
oneer
m
od
el
s
in
the
world
,
howev
e
r,
and
it
is
m
or
e
f
ocused
on
t
he
Euro
pean
re
gi
on.
Ca
lc
ulati
on
of
rain
at
te
nua
ti
on
i
n
DAH
m
od
el
is
m
or
e
pr
eci
se
com
par
ed
t
o
I
TU
m
od
el
sinc
e
D
AH
m
od
el
consi
ders
the
a
dd
it
io
nal
loss
of
pola
rizat
ions.
It
s
hows
tha
t
I
T
U
rainf
al
l
rate
a
nd
DAH
rain
at
te
nu
at
io
n
m
odel
are
t
he
m
os
t
su
it
able
m
odel
to
be
us
ed
as
a
gu
ideli
ne
in
the
so
ft
war
e
d
e
vel
op
m
ent.
3.
2.
So
ftware D
e
velo
pment R
esult
Fr
om
the
fin
di
ng
s
,
it
is
co
nclud
e
d
that
t
he
I
TU
rai
nf
al
l
rat
e
and
D
AH
rai
n
at
te
nuat
ion
m
od
el
s
are
the
best
m
od
el
s
to
ap
ply
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
As
s
uc
h,
these
m
od
el
s
will
be
the
gui
deline
for
th
e
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
this
weathe
r
s
of
t
wa
re. Fi
gure
5
shows t
he
scr
ee
n sho
t
of the
s
of
t
war
e
inter
face.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
ft
ware f
or
Ku
-
band si
gnal
a
vaila
bili
ty
due to
r
ain
atten
ua
ti
on (N
orsu
z
il
a
Ya’
acob)
1257
Figure
5
.
W
eat
her S
of
twa
re
I
nterf
ace
The
F
ig
ure
5
s
hows
the
la
yo
ut
of
t
he
weat
her
s
of
t
war
e
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
reg
io
n.
T
he
col
our
to
ne
from
wh
it
e
to
dark
blu
e
on
t
he
ri
gh
t
ha
nd
side
of
the
s
oft
ware
sho
ws
the
pa
ram
et
er
of
ra
infall
rate
rea
di
ng
.
It
ind
ic
at
es
the
ar
ea
f
or
pa
rtic
ipa
ti
on
of
rai
n.
T
he
s
of
t
war
e
al
s
o
disp
la
ys
oth
e
r
weathe
r
par
a
m
et
ers
as
well
.
This
m
et
adata
is
ob
ta
ined
from
th
e
NOAA
data
base.
T
hese
f
unct
ions
run
pe
rf
ect
ly
on
the
so
ft
war
e
.
The
sat
el
li
t
e
and ra
dar im
ages of
Ma
la
ysi
a are s
uccess
fu
ll
y display
ed
in
t
he
s
of
t
war
e
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 6(a) a
nd
(b).
(a)
(b)
Figure
6
.
(a
)
S
at
el
li
te
i
m
age fro
m
MM
D
an
d (
b)
Ra
dar im
a
ge fr
om
MM
D
Data in
pu
t
fro
m
M
MD is also im
po
rtant.
T
he fu
nctio
ns
of
the im
ages ar
e
d
esc
ribe
d
as
foll
ows:
1.
Ma
la
ysi
a
Sate
l
li
te
I
m
age
-
Sa
te
ll
it
e
captur
es
an
im
age
of
Ma
la
ysi
a
every
hour.
T
he
la
te
st
i
m
age
will
be
disp
la
ye
d
w
he
n
the
sat
el
li
te
i
m
age
ic
on
i
s
sel
ect
ed.
T
he
i
m
age
show
s
the
m
ov
em
e
nt
of
cl
ou
ds
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a.
2.
Ma
la
ysi
a
R
ada
r
Im
age
-
A
ne
w
i
m
age
is
up
da
te
d
ever
y
20 m
inu
te
s.
The
i
m
age
disp
la
ys
the
rain
fall
rate
in
m
m
/hr
acro
ss
pen
i
nsula
r
a
nd
east
o
f
Mal
ay
sia
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ra
in
eff
ect
is
sti
ll
a
m
ajo
r
issue
f
or
Ku
-
Ba
nd
fr
e
quencies
.
Eve
n
th
ough
there
is
a
m
od
el
that
can
pr
e
dict
the
loss
es,
but
sign
al
a
tt
enu
at
io
n
rem
ai
ns
high
an
d
it
will
no
t
assist
a
lot
in
sat
ellite
li
nk
plan
ning
.Th
e
m
easur
em
ent
of
rain
at
te
nua
ti
on
an
d
rain
fa
ll
rate
is
us
ed
to
com
par
e
the
accuracy
of
I
TU,
VIHT
a
nd
DAH
pr
e
dicti
on
m
odel
s.
O
ver
al
l,
t
he
IT
U
rai
nf
al
l
rate
an
d
at
te
nu
at
ion
m
od
el
ga
ve
a
good
pr
e
di
ct
ion
an
d
t
he
VIHT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
5
2
–
1
2
5
8
1258
m
od
el
was
fo
und
to
be
not
su
it
able
fo
r
pr
e
dicti
on
at
tro
pical
and
eq
uato
rial
cl
i
m
ates.
Nonetheles
s,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
this
weather
so
ft
war
e
will
help
a
lot
in
pr
ovidi
ng
real
tim
e
data
of
the
rain
and
a
dvanc
e
act
ion
can
be
t
aken
du
e
to
thi
s.
In
s
umm
ary,
this
pr
oject
de
velo
pm
ent
is
s
uccess
fu
l
with
functi
onal
so
ft
war
e
that ca
n
i
nterac
t wit
h
th
e
w
e
at
her data.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
ha
nk
Faculty
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tek
nolog
i
M
ARA
(U
iTM
)
for t
he
ir v
al
uab
le
s
up
port.
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