Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
1
,
J
anu
a
ry
201
8
,
pp. 1
8
3
~
1
90
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
1
.
pp
1
8
3
-
1
90
183
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Encrypti
on Tech
niq
ues
and
Wireless Po
wer Trans
f
er Sche
mes
Nu
r
Ha
z
w
a
ni
Hussin
*
,
Az
iz
an
,
M.M
.
,
Ali,
A
.
,
Albreem,
M.
A. M
.
Cent
re
of
Exc
e
llence for
R
ene
wa
ble
Ene
rg
y
(CE
RE),
Schoo
l
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
S
y
st
e
m
Engi
nee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is
,
Ma
lays
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
2
6
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
2
, 201
7
Accepte
d
Nov
20
, 201
7
W
ire
le
ss
power
tra
nsfer
(W
PT)
is
one
of
the
m
ost
useful
wa
y
s
to
tra
nsfer
power.
Based
on
power
tra
nsfer
dista
nce
s,
th
e
W
PT
sy
stem
can
be
divi
de
d
int
o
thr
ee
cate
gorie
s,
n
amel
y
,
nea
r
,
m
edi
um
,
and
f
ar
fi
el
ds
.
Induc
ti
v
e
coupl
ing
and
c
a
pac
i
ti
ve
coup
li
n
g
cont
actle
ss
te
c
hnique
s
are
used
in
the
nea
r
-
fie
ld
W
PT.
Ma
gnet
i
c
re
son
ant
coupl
ing
techni
que
is
used
in
t
he
m
edi
um
-
fie
ld
W
PT.
Ele
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
ra
dia
ti
on
is
used
in
the
fa
r
-
f
ield
W
PT.
Thi
s
pape
r
re
v
ie
ws
t
he
technique
s
u
sed
in
W
PT.
In
addi
ti
on
,
en
erg
y
en
cr
y
pt
ion
play
s
a
m
aj
or
ro
le
in
ensuring
th
at
power
is
tra
n
sferre
d
to
the
tr
ue
re
c
ei
v
er
.
The
re
for
e,
thi
s
pape
r
re
vi
ews
the
ene
rg
y
enc
r
ypt
ion
te
chn
ique
s
in
WPT.
A
compari
son
betw
ee
n
diff
ere
n
t
t
ec
hniqu
es
show
s
tha
t
th
e
dist
ance,
eff
i
ci
e
n
c
y
,
and
num
ber
of
re
ceive
rs
ar
e
the
m
ai
n
fa
ct
ors
in
s
el
e
ct
ing
the
suit
abl
e
ener
g
y
enc
r
y
pt
ion
t
ec
hn
ique
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Border
D
ist
ort
ion
Power Q
ualit
y (PQ)
S
-
T
ran
s
f
or
m
W
i
ndow
Len
gt
h
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nur Hazw
a
ni
Hu
s
sin
,
C
ent
re
of
Exc
e
llen
ce for
R
ene
wa
ble
Ene
rg
y
(CE
RE),
School
of
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
S
y
st
em E
ngi
nee
ring
,
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
i
s
, Mal
ay
sia
.
E
m
a
il
:
nu
r
haz
wan
i
hussin
@yahoo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
i
reless
po
we
r
trans
fer
(
WPT
)
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
can
be
cat
e
gorize
d
into
in
duct
ive
co
upli
ng,
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g,
m
agn
et
ic
res
on
a
nc
e,
an
d
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
ra
diati
on
[
1]. W
P
T r
eq
uires
dif
fere
nt
opti
m
iz
at
ion
crit
eri
a
for
tw
o
us
es
,
nam
el
y,
con
ti
nuou
s
po
wer
deli
ver
y
a
nd
pe
rio
dic
cha
r
ging.
Howe
ver,
f
or
c
on
ti
nu
ous
c
hargin
g
of
veh
ic
le
s,
wh
et
her
un
der
the
s
ta
ti
on
ary
or
m
ov
i
ng
sta
te
s,
w
irel
ess
com
m
u
nicat
ion
s
houl
d
be
fast,
reli
a
ble,
an
d
energy
ef
fici
en
t
[2
]
.
T
he
WPT
syst
e
m
is
increasin
gly
at
tract
ing
at
te
ntio
n
in
va
rio
us
fiel
ds
,
s
uc
h
as
c
hargi
ng
portable
el
ect
r
on
ic
de
vices,
i
m
planting
m
edical
dev
ic
e
s,
usi
ng
inte
gr
at
ed
ci
rcu
it
s,
an
d
en
erg
iz
in
g
so
la
r
powe
r
sat
el
li
te
s
[3
]
.
WPT
is
su
it
a
bl
e
for
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
(E
Vs),
su
c
h
a
s
batte
ry
cha
rg
i
ng
f
or
norm
al
vehi
cular
op
e
rati
on
a
nd
e
nergy
e
xch
a
ng
e
[
4],
[
5].
The
c
on
c
ept
of
WPT
is
a
grow
i
ng
pl
ug
-
in
featu
re
i
n
t
he
E
V
m
ark
et
[6].
Encr
y
ption
in
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
cha
nnel
s
is
m
or
e
vital
and
necess
ary
in
the
pr
es
ent
than
in
the
pa
st.
Data
ha
ve
to
be
w
el
l
encr
ypte
d
durin
g
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
of
data
secur
el
y
over
the
wi
reless
m
edium
.
Energy
is
e
xp
ect
ed
to
tran
sf
er
to
sp
e
ci
fic
r
ecepto
rs
a
nd
s
witc
h
off
oth
e
r
un
a
uthorize
d
ene
rg
y
t
ran
s
m
issi
on
channels.
T
hu
s,
the
secu
rity
of
ene
rg
y
t
ran
sm
issi
on
is
an
im
po
rtant
issue
[
7].
In
[8
]
,
the
fr
e
quenc
y
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
res
onance
w
ere
in
vestigat
e
d.
When
the
frequ
e
ncy
of
the
source
of
t
he
t
ran
sm
it
te
r
equal
s
the
resona
nt
fr
e
quency
of
the
e
nt
ire
syst
e
m
,
the
load
will
achieve
m
axi
m
um
ener
gy.
H
oweve
r,
the
tra
ns
m
itted
powe
r
of
l
oad
powe
r
c
on
st
raints
act
io
ns
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
load
powe
r
by
us
i
ng
the
cha
r
ging
con
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
fo
r
op
ti
m
iz
ing
the
rec
ei
ver
loa
ds
resist
ance.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
cha
os
theo
ry
te
chn
iq
ue
of
e
ncr
y
ptio
n
is
app
li
ed
in
WPT
for
sec
ur
it
y
pe
rfor
m
ance.
T
his
rev
ie
w
e
xam
ines
the
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
us
e
d
i
n
di
ff
ere
nt
m
et
ho
ds
of
WPT
a
nd
th
e
energy
enc
ryp
ti
on
te
ch
nique
s
us
e
d
in
WPT
syst
e
m
s
[9
]
.
Finall
y
,
this
pap
e
r
e
xp
l
or
es
the
ad
va
ntag
es
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
47
52
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry 2018
:
1
8
3
–
1
90
184
disad
va
ntages
of
the
i
nductive
a
nd
cap
aci
ti
ve
co
upli
ng,
m
agn
et
ic
res
onant
c
oupli
ng
and
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on tech
ni
qu
es
in
t
he W
PT syste
m
. Re
com
m
end
at
io
ns o
n fu
t
ur
e
r
ese
arch are als
o
li
ste
d.
2.
TE
CHN
I
QUE
S FO
R
E
NER
GY
E
NCR
YP
TION
A
ND
WPT S
YS
TE
M
This
sect
ion
presents
the
ene
r
gy
encr
y
ption
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
an
d
con
ce
pts
in
the
near
-
fiel
d,
m
edium
-
fiel
d,
and fa
r
-
fiel
d WPT
syst
em
s.
2
.
1.
Te
ch
niq
ues of
WPT
WPT
tech
niqu
es are
div
i
ded i
nto
t
hr
ee
whic
h
is
near fiel
d,
m
edium
fiel
d
and fa
r fie
ld.
E
a
ch
te
chn
iq
ue wil
l
be discus
sed
in
d
et
ai
l i
n
t
he
s
ubse
qu
e
nt secti
ons.
a)
Nea
r
-
Fie
ld W
PT
Near
-
fiel
d
WPT
consist
s
of in
du
ct
ive
cou
pling an
d
ca
pacit
ive c
ouplin
g.
1
.
I
ndu
c
tive
Couplin
g
Ind
uctive
co
upli
ng
us
es
m
a
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
in
du
ct
io
n
the
or
y
as
transm
issio
n
te
ch
nique
[
10
]
.
F
or
the
WPT
syst
em
util
iz
ing
the
i
nductive
co
upli
ng
te
ch
nique,
the
r
otati
ng
m
agn
et
is
a
pp
li
ed
to
t
ran
s
fe
r
power.
Howe
ver,
the
inducti
ve
c
oupl
ing
te
ch
nique
has
a
lim
i
t
f
or
power
tra
ns
f
e
r
of
up
t
o
275
m
W
over
th
e
1
c
m
distance
[
11]
.
The
n,
the
te
chn
i
qu
e
will
deliver
678
m
W
wi
relessl
y
ov
e
r
the
1
c
m
distance
[10].
The
el
ect
ro
dy
nam
i
cs
inducti
on
wireless
tra
nsm
issi
on
te
chni
qu
e
f
or
t
he
near
fiel
d
is
non
-
ra
diati
ve.
In
the
el
ect
ro
dy
nam
i
cs
inducti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
tw
o
coppe
r
coils
are
set
up,
i
n
wh
ic
h
the
prim
ary
coil
is
at
the
transm
itter
an
d
the
sec
onda
ry
coil
is
at
the
re
cei
ver
.
T
he
pr
i
m
ary
coil
is
at
ta
ched
to
the
powe
r
s
ource
an
d
the
receiver
c
oil
is
at
ta
ched
to
t
he
load
.
F
or
high
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy,
the
tw
o
wires
i
ncr
ease
d
by
w
ind
in
g
i
nto
coi
ls
an
d
placi
ng
cl
os
er
tog
et
he
r
on
a
com
m
on
axis,
su
ch
that
the
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
of
one
coil
pass
es
throu
gh
the
othe
r
coil
[11].
Fig
ure
1
s
hows
the
flow
of
the
i
nductive
c
oupl
ing
pr
ocess.
In
this
te
c
hn
iq
ue
,
un
i
ver
sal
wir
el
ess
chargin
g pa
ds
for port
able el
e
ct
ronic d
e
vices
, s
uc
h
as cel
lp
hone
s,
a
re suit
able [
10]
, [
11]
.
Figure
1
.
I
nduc
ti
ve
Co
up
li
ng
Pr
oc
es
s
[10],
[
11]
Figure
1
s
hows
the circ
uit m
od
el
of t
he
in
du
ct
ive coup
li
ng
te
chn
iq
ue f
or
WPT
. In
t
his ci
rcu
it
, t
he
par
am
et
ers
us
e
d for
res
on
a
nc
e fr
e
quencies
of all
co
il
s a
re t
he
sam
e as [12]
(1)
wh
e
re
is i
nduc
ta
nce and
is t
he
capacit
ance
.
2.
C
apacitive
Coupli
ng
The
capaci
ti
ve
power
tra
ns
fe
r
te
chn
i
qu
es
ha
ve
bee
n
co
nducted
beca
us
e
of
the
sm
al
l
po
we
r
de
ns
it
y
com
par
ed
with
oth
e
r
m
et
ho
ds
[13].
T
he
ad
va
ntages
of
t
he
capaci
ti
ve
co
upli
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
include
t
he
s
i
m
pl
e
stru
ct
ure
of
c
ouplin
gs,
li
gh
t
weig
ht,
lo
w
c
ost
,
posit
ion
flexibili
ty
,
and
hi
gh
fr
e
quency
.
This
te
ch
nique
cou
l
d
us
e
LC
res
ona
nce
to
en
ha
nce
power
tra
nsfer
.
Howe
ver,
the
disad
van
ta
ge
of
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g
syst
em
is
the
sm
a
ll
po
wer
densi
ty
of
the
s
m
al
l
cou
pling
ca
pacit
anc
e
[13].
Fig
ur
e
2
sho
ws
the
ci
rcu
it
for
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g of
WPT
as
well
as t
he pr
ocess
of
WPT
in
ca
paci
ti
ve
co
up
li
ng techn
i
qu
e
[1
3].
The
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g
te
ch
nique
util
iz
es
se
ver
al
m
et
hods
,
s
uc
h
as
usi
ng
a
highe
r
vo
lt
age
sourc
e
and a
higher
fr
equ
e
ncy a
nd dec
reasin
g
th
e i
m
ped
ance of c
ouplin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Encry
ption Tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
and
W
ire
le
ss Po
we
r
Transfer
Sc
he
mes
(
Nur
Haz
wa
ni
H
us
sin
)
185
Figure
2
.
Ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
Coupli
ng
of
W
irel
ess
P
ow
e
r
T
ra
ns
fe
r [13]
b)
Medium
-
Fie
ld
WPT
The
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
us
e
d
for
the
m
edium
-
fiel
d
W
PT
is
m
agn
et
ic
resonan
t
c
ouplin
g,
w
hich
is
base
d
on
wireless tra
ns
f
er o
f
ene
rg
y t
o m
ul
ti
ple s
m
all
receiver
s and
powe
r
ove
r
lo
ng tran
sm
issi
on
di
sta
nces [14
]
. T
hus
,
m
agn
et
ic
res
onant
co
upli
ng
in
W
P
T
does
not
em
it
rad
ia
ti
on
[14].
T
he
refore
,
the
m
agn
et
i
c
res
on
a
nt
c
ouplin
g
m
et
ho
d
of
WPT
has
seve
ral
adv
a
ntage
s
w
hich
is
can
trans
f
er
powe
r
in
lo
ng
tra
ns
m
issi
on
distance
a
nd
it
’s
no
rad
ia
ti
on.
How
ever,
duri
ng
th
e
process
of
WPT
,
ad
justi
ng
the
resona
nt
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
f
or
m
ulti
ple
receivers
i
n
m
agn
et
ic
res
on
ant
co
upli
ng
is
dif
ficult
,
wh
ic
h
is
on
e
of
t
he
wea
kn
e
sses
of
this
m
et
ho
d
[
14
]
.
Fig
ur
e
3
s
hows
the
ci
rc
uit
des
ign
f
or
m
agn
et
ic
resona
nt
co
up
li
ng
of
WPT
.
T
his
ci
rc
uit
sho
ws
how
the
m
agn
et
ic
r
eso
na
nt
couplin
g
of
WPT
w
orks
to
tr
ansf
e
r
po
wer
f
ro
m
the
transm
it
te
r
to
the
receiver.
T
he
ci
rc
uit
is
div
ide
d
in
thre
e
par
ts,
nam
el
y,
powe
r
s
upply,
transm
i
ssion
c
hannel,
an
d
l
oa
d.
I
n
the
po
w
er
s
upply,
DC
powe
r
go
es
th
r
ough
the
DC/AC
in
ver
te
r
[15].
T
he
DC/AC
inv
e
rter
tran
sf
or
m
s
DC
powe
r
to
AC
powe
r
sup
ply.
The
n,
the
input
vo
lt
age
will
su
pply
the
pri
m
ary
un
it
,
w
hi
ch
is
com
po
s
ed
of
the
re
sist
ance,
capaci
t
or,
an
d
in
duct
ance.
All
these
va
riables
tog
et
he
r
are
know
n
as
im
pe
dan
ce
.
Im
ped
a
nce
is
cal
culat
ed,
as
s
how
n
in
Eq
uatio
ns
(
3),
(
4),
and (
5),
for
eac
h part
of the ci
rcu
it
[1
5].
Figure
3
.
The
Ci
rcu
it
D
esi
gn
for
Ma
gn
et
ic
R
eso
nan
t C
oupling o
f Wirel
ess
Power Tra
nsfe
r
[
15]
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
Ther
e
f
or
e,
f
r
om
Equ
at
ion
s
2
-
4
,
determ
ine
the
im
ped
ance
in
the
pri
m
ary
,
res
onant
,
a
nd
seco
ndary
un
it
s,
respec
ti
ve
ly
.
In
the
E
qu
at
ion
2
-
4
,
ind
ic
at
es
the
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy.
The
c
urren
t
i
s
m
ai
ntained
a
t
a
const
ant
value
in
that
ci
rcu
it
.
The
sam
e
equat
ion
is
us
ed
f
or
the
res
onant
and
seco
ndar
y
par
ts
to
der
i
ve
the
value
of
im
ped
ance
[
15
]
.
Se
qu
e
ntial
ly
,
the
resist
ance
in
the
ci
rcu
it
act
s
t
o
re
du
ce
the
current
flo
w
and
t
o
lowe
r
the
vo
lt
a
ge
le
vel.
The
c
apacit
or
ca
n
store
el
ect
ric
en
erg
y
w
hen
it
is
connecte
d
to
it
s
ci
rcu
it
.
In
du
ct
ance
work
is
obse
r
ved
in
the
el
e
ct
ric
ci
rcu
it
in
wh
ic
h
a
ch
a
ng
e
in
c
urren
t
flow
s
th
r
ough
it
and
in
duces
an
el
ect
ro
m
otive
fo
rce
i
n
the
c
on
du
ct
or.
T
hu
s
,
im
ped
ance
is
th
e
eff
ect
ive
resi
sta
nce
of
a
n
el
ect
ric
ci
rcu
it
to
A
C
arisi
ng
from
t
he
com
bin
ed
eff
ect
s
of
resi
sta
nce
an
d
re
act
ance
[
16
]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
each
of
the
pri
m
ary,
resona
nt,
an
d
seco
nd
a
ry
unit
s
yi
el
ds
a
certai
n
volt
age.
T
he
outp
ut
volt
age
at
the
sec
onda
ry
un
it
ca
n
go
thr
ough
the
lo
ad.
At
the
loa
d,
the
AC/DC
c
onve
rter
cha
ng
es
the
AC
volt
age
in
the
ci
rc
uit
to
the
DC
vo
lt
age
for
tra
ns
fe
rr
i
ng
powe
r
f
ro
m
the
transm
it
te
r
to
the
receive
rs.
The
process
is
known
a
s
a
rec
ti
fie
r.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
resona
nt unit
is o
ne
m
edium
t
hat trans
m
it
s t
he
po
wer
t
o
th
e receiver
. A
t a
p
arti
cular
res
onant
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
o
f
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
47
52
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry 2018
:
1
8
3
–
1
90
186
el
ect
ric ci
rcu
it
, p
arts of the im
ped
a
nce
of
the
ci
rcu
it
ele
m
ent cancel eac
h other. More
over
,
the r
eso
na
nt circuit
can g
ene
rate h
igh
e
r
volt
ages
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nts,
w
hich
m
akes
the
ci
rcu
it
s
uitabl
e
f
or
u
se
in w
ir
el
ess
transm
issi
on
i
n
the tra
ns
m
itter an
d rece
ptor
[17].
c)
Far
-
Fie
ld WP
T
F
ar
-
fiel
d
WPT
is
a
syst
em
wit
h
l
ong
-
ra
ng
e
powe
r
t
ran
s
fer,
su
c
h
as
f
or
lo
w
-
pow
er
sens
ors
,
ne
tw
orks
,
an
d
sp
ace
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s
[
18]
.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
far
f
ie
ld
has
t
he
a
dvanta
ge
of
us
i
ng
a
lo
w
-
fr
e
qu
ency
ante
nn
a
,
wh
e
re
si
m
ple
patte
rn
m
easur
em
ent
is
re
qu
i
red
[
18]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
f
ar
-
fiel
d
powe
ring
ha
s
se
ver
al
pr
act
ic
al
ad
va
nt
ages
ov
e
r
in
duct
ive
powe
rin
g,
w
hich
is
t
he
a
c
cur
at
e
al
ig
nme
nt
of
pr
im
ary
and
seco
nd
ary
coils
f
or
eff
ic
ie
nt
op
e
rati
on.
T
he
far
-
fiel
d
syst
em
is
an
al
te
rn
a
ti
ve
wireless
powe
rin
g
sc
hem
e
for
t
he
recei
ve
power
capa
bili
ti
es
of
im
plantable
dev
ic
es
[19].
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
far
-
fiel
d
syst
e
m
m
us
t
be
aime
d
at
the
re
cei
ver
t
o
tran
sm
i
t
powe
r.
In
l
ong
distanc
es
or
in
the f
ar
-
fiel
d
syst
em
,
electro
m
agn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on
is
use
d
to
tra
ns
m
it
po
we
r.
T
he
e
xp
os
ure
to
ra
diati
on
of
people
a
nd
othe
r
li
ving
t
hing
s
is
a
disad
va
nt
age
of
t
he
far
-
fiel
d
syst
em
[20],
[
21]
.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
and
perform
ance
of
the
far
-
fi
el
d
syst
e
m
are
the
m
os
t
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
issues
in
obta
inin
g
a
higher
transm
itti
ng
an
te
nn
a
ar
ray
[22].
Im
pr
ovin
g
the
trans
fer
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
decr
ea
ses
the
risks
of
hu
m
an
ex
po
s
ur
e
t
o
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
,
th
us
l
eadin
g
to
bette
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
far
-
fiel
d
syst
e
m
.
By
co
ntrast,
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
near
-
fie
ld
syst
em
dep
ends
on
th
e
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent.
The
n,
th
e
la
rg
e
r
the
va
lue
of
the
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt,
t
he
stron
ger
t
he
a
bili
ty
of
the
syst
e
m
to
carry
e
nergy
[
22]
.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
t
he
na
tural
syst
em
s
of
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
an
d
qu
al
it
y
facto
r
are
im
pr
ov
e
d.
Re
du
ci
ng
t
he
s
yst
e
m
inh
eren
t
loss
rate
is
a
way
to
im
pr
ove
the
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
[22]. Furthe
rm
or
e,
the ef
fici
ency
and p
e
rfor
m
ance o
f
the
far
-
fi
el
d
syst
em
d
epen
d o
n
the an
te
nn
a ar
r
ay
[
23]
.
d)
Co
m
pa
ri
s
on
s
Table
1
s
hows
a
com
par
ison
betwee
n
the
fiel
ds
in
te
rm
s
of
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
perf
or
m
ance
and
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
distance,
f
reque
ncy
an
d
nu
m
ber
of
tu
r
ns
.
Ta
ble
1
s
hows
t
hat,
the
energy
ef
fici
ency
of
wireless
powe
r
trans
fer
in
ne
ar
fiel
d
is
high
com
par
ed
to
m
edium
and
fa
r
fiel
ds.
T
he
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
powe
r
trans
fer
is
hi
gh
for
the
nea
r
a
nd
m
edium
fie
lds
com
par
ed
t
o
the
fa
r
fiel
d.
Last
,
the
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
dis
ta
nce,
fr
e
qu
e
ncy a
nd
nu
m
ber
of tu
rn is m
or
e com
plex
to
tra
ns
fe
r p
ow
e
r
i
n
f
a
r fie
lds syste
m
.
Table
2
li
sts
t
he
a
dvanta
ges
an
d
disad
va
nt
ages
for
eac
h
te
ch
nique.
I
n
inducti
ve
an
d
capaci
ti
ve
couplin
g
te
ch
niques,
the
sy
stem
of
W
PT
is
si
m
ple
safe
with
a
shor
t
transm
issi
on
distance.
T
hus,
th
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
inducti
ve
c
ou
pling
is
im
ple
m
ent
for
ba
tt
ery
c
ha
rg
i
ng
a
nd
el
ect
ric
toot
h
bru
sh,
w
hile
for
capaci
ti
ve
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
is
c
ha
rg
i
ng
po
rtabl
e
de
vices.
I
n
m
agn
et
ic
res
onant
co
upli
ng
te
chn
iq
ue,
the
W
P
T
syst
e
m
is
lon
g
tra
ns
m
issi
on
distance
an
d
no
ra
diati
on.
Howe
ver,
in
t
his
te
ch
nique
the
disa
dvanta
ges
i
s
diff
ic
ulti
es
to
adjust
t
he
re
sonant
fr
e
quency
.
Th
e
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
m
agn
et
ic
res
on
a
nt
c
oupling
is
car
ch
arg
i
ng
.
In
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on
t
echn
i
qu
e
,
the
WPT
syst
em
is
ver
y
hi
gh
t
ransm
issi
on
pe
rce
nt
over
lo
ng
di
sta
nce
bu
t t
he radiat
io
n need
li
ne of
s
igh
t.
The
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
of this t
echn
i
qu
e
is im
plem
ents in
bi
om
edical
[
23
]
.
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n nea
r,
m
edium
and fa
r fie
lds
of
WPT
Asp
ect
The Nea
r
Field
The Mediu
m
Field
The Far
Field
The Energ
y
E
f
f
icie
n
cy
Hig
h
[
1
0
]
Hig
h
[
1
5
]
Low [
2
1
]
The Perfo
r
m
an
ce o
f
po
wer
trans
f
er
Hig
h
[
1
1
]
Hig
h
[
1
6
]
Low [
2
2
]
The
Ch
arac
te
ristic
o
f
dis
tan
ce,
f
requ
en
cy
and
num
b
er
o
f
turn
Easier
to
trans
f
er
p
o
wer
[
1
3
]
Easy
to trans
f
er
p
o
wer
[
1
7
]
More co
m
p
l
ex
to t
rans
f
er
p
o
wer
[
2
2
]
Table
2.
A
dv
a
ntages
and
disa
dv
a
ntage
s
of
w
irel
ess po
wer
t
ran
s
fer t
ech
niques
The W
i
reless
Po
w
er
T
rans
f
er
Techn
o
lo
g
y
Ad
v
an
tag
es
Disad
v
an
tag
es
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
The Ind
u
ctiv
e Co
u
p
lin
g
Si
m
p
le
saf
e,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
in sh
o
rt
rang
e
[
1
0
]
Sh
o
rt
trans
m
iss
io
n
dis
tan
ce [1
1
],
n
eed accu
rate alig
n
m
en
t [
1
1
]
Electr
i
c too
th
bru
sh
and
razor
b
atte
ry ch
arg
in
g
,
in
d
u
ctio
n
sto
v
eto
p
s an
d
in
d
u
strial heaters
[
1
1
]
The Cap
acitiv
e Co
u
p
lin
g
Si
m
p
le structu
r
e of
co
u
p
lin
g
s, ligh
tweig
h
t,
lo
w
co
st, po
sitio
n
f
lex
i
b
ility
an
d
hig
h
f
requ
e
n
cy
[
1
2
]
S
m
all po
we
r
d
en
sity
o
f
the s
m
al
l
co
u
p
lin
g
capacitan
ce [1
2
]
Ch
argin
g
po
rtable d
ev
ices,
p
o
wer
rou
tin
g
in large scale
in
teg
rated cir
cu
its,
S
m
art
cards
[
1
2
]
The Magn
etic R
eso
n
an
t
Co
u
p
lin
g
Lon
g
tr
an
s
m
iss
io
n
d
istan
ce,
n
o
r
ad
iati
o
n
[
1
5
]
Dif
f
icu
lt to ad
ju
st
reso
n
an
ce
f
requ
en
cy
f
o
r
m
u
lt
ip
le dev
ices [
1
5
]
Cars ch
argin
g
[
1
7
]
The Elec
t
ro
m
ag
n
et
ic
Rad
iatio
n
Ver
y
hig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
sio
n
p
erce
n
t ov
er
lo
n
g
dis
tan
ce
[
2
1
]
Rad
iatio
n
need
line o
f
sig
h
t [
2
1
]
I
m
p
le
m
en
t in b
io
m
ed
ical
[
2
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Encry
ption Tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
and
W
ire
le
ss Po
we
r
Transfer
Sc
he
mes
(
Nur
Haz
wa
ni
H
us
sin
)
187
2.2.
E
ncry
pti
on
Tech
nique
for WPT
This
sect
io
n
discuss
es
t
he
e
nc
ryptio
n
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
of
the
WPT
syst
em
.
Pr
evio
us
researc
h
pr
ese
nte
d
sever
al
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s,
su
c
h
as
chaos
theo
ry,
pass
word
sec
uri
ty
syst
e
m
,
a
nd
RF
sig
nal,
app
li
ed
in
th
e
WPT
syst
e
m
. Each
t
echn
i
qu
e
w
il
l
be discus
sed
in
d
et
ai
l i
n
t
he
s
ubse
qu
e
nt secti
ons.
a
)
C
haos
The
ory
Chaos
t
heory
is
us
ed
t
o
enc
rypt
the
tra
ns
f
er
ene
rg
y
of
m
agn
et
ic
,
in
duct
ive,
an
d
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
i
c
resona
nt cou
pling base
d o
n W
PT [9].
Durin
g t
he pr
ocess o
f c
haos for
the
s
ecur
it
y key,
m
at
hem
atics is us
ed
to
gen
e
rate
discr
et
e
-
tim
e
chao
ti
c
values.
T
he
power
facto
r
of
tra
ns
fe
r
e
nergy
shou
l
d
be
m
ai
ntained
at
the
m
axi
m
u
m
val
ue
to
achieve
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
at
the
load
[9
]
.
T
hu
s
,
re
act
ive
power
will
be
red
uce
d
in
the
transm
issi
on
powe
r.
T
hus,
th
e
resonan
t
f
re
qu
e
ncy
will
rem
ov
e
the
irrelevant
reacti
ve
powe
r
at
the
pr
im
ary
ci
rcu
it
[
9]. Mo
reover
, cap
aci
t
or
ar
rays are
use
d
to im
pr
ov
e
secur
it
y per
for
m
ance.
The
refor
e
, m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r
trans
fer
ene
r
gy
can
be
util
i
zed,
w
here
the
r
eso
nan
t,
pr
im
a
ry,
an
d
seco
ndary
un
it
s
ha
ve
resonan
t
f
requen
cy
.
On the
oth
e
r h
and, the
en
c
ryp
te
d
s
witc
hing freq
ue
ncy can
be o
btained
as
(
5
)
wh
e
re
is t
he
c
hao
ti
c sec
ur
it
y
and can
b
e
exp
resse
d
as
(
6
)
Sw
it
chin
g
fr
e
quency
ca
n
be
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
to
ch
ang
e
t
he
ra
nge
arr
ay
chao
ti
ca
ll
y
[9
]
.
Accor
di
ng
to
t
he
powe
r
le
vel
a
nd
tra
ns
m
issi
on
distance
,
the
r
egu
la
ti
ng
rang
e
can
be
ge
neral
ly
sel
ect
ed.
So
t
hat,
to
m
a
xim
iz
e
the
trans
fer
po
wer,
the
c
hao
t
ic
secur
it
y
key
,
pri
m
ary,
resonan
t
a
nd
seco
nd
a
ry
capaci
to
rs
can
be
regu
la
te
d
wh
ic
h
is e
xpre
ssed
as
(
7
)
(
8
)
(
9
)
The
c
hao
ti
c
se
qu
e
nce
is
util
iz
ed
as
th
e
sec
ur
it
y
key
to
e
nc
rypt
tra
ns
fe
r
energy.
T
he
lo
gisti
c
m
ap
is
util
iz
ed
to
ge
ne
rate t
he 1
-
D d
isc
rete
-
tim
e chao
ti
c series as
giv
e
n by [
9]
(1
0
)
wh
e
re
de
note
s
the
se
quence
and
A
de
no
te
s
the
bif
ur
cat
io
n
par
am
et
er.
Th
e
ph
ase
portrai
ts
of
and
exh
i
bit
va
rio
us
topolo
gical
str
uctu
res
al
on
g
with
the
incre
a
se
in
A.
Mo
reover
,
act
s
as
a
const
ant
value
for
,
a
pe
rio
d
1
os
ci
ll
at
ion
for
,
a
per
io
d
n
os
ci
ll
at
ion
f
or
,
a
nd
a
c
ha
otic
os
ci
ll
at
ion
f
or
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
la
r
gest
Ly
apunov
e
xponent
diag
r
a
m
as
a
m
a
t
hem
atical
expressi
on
of
t
he
cha
otic
be
ha
vior.
T
hus,
th
e
la
rg
est
Ly
ap
unov
ex
pone
nt
beco
m
es
po
sit
ive
w
hen
it
is
beca
us
e
of
in
c
hao
ti
c
os
ci
ll
at
ion
pe
rio
d
and
at
sam
e
tim
e
the
cha
otic
be
ha
vio
r
occ
ur
s
if
[
24]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
is
sel
ect
ed
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
ra
ndom
bounde
d
sec
ur
it
y
k
ey
f
or
the
e
nergy
encr
y
ption sch
e
m
e [24].
b
)
P
as
sw
or
d
Sy
s
tem
The
pass
w
ord
secur
it
y
W
PT
syst
e
m
is
the
i
nteg
rati
on
int
o
wireless
el
ect
rical
po
wer
desi
gn
in
w
hich
a
sepa
rate
power
desi
gn
from
so
urce
to
load
is
c
on
tr
ol
le
d
by
a
pass
word
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r.
In
[
25]
,
t
he
desi
gn
dev
el
op
e
d
a
pa
sswor
d
sec
ur
it
y
syst
e
m
by
usi
ng
t
he
Ard
uino
Deu
m
il
ano
ve
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r
that
was
ba
sed
on
an
aut
hen
ti
cat
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
t
o
co
ntr
ol
the
wireless
power
syst
e
m
.
Ho
we
ver,
the
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ge
ner
at
or
us
e
d
t
o
const
ru
ct
t
he
pa
sswo
r
d
protec
ti
on
syst
em
and
to
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
high
-
fr
e
que
ncy
sig
nal
res
onat
or
w
as
s
pec
ific
at
the
130
kHz
f
r
equ
e
ncy.
T
his
process
ac
hiev
ed
su
c
cessf
ul
powe
r
trans
fe
r
from
the
transm
itter
to
the
re
cei
ver
for
the
act
ivati
on
loa
d.
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
only
al
lows
t
he
a
ut
horized
use
r
w
it
h
pass
w
ord
t
o
act
ivate
t
he
wireless
powe
r
syst
e
m
for
the
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
pass
word
pr
otect
io
n
syst
e
m
.
The
trans
fer
proc
ess
in
high
fr
e
quency
is
at
m
egah
ertz,
a
nd
the
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
tra
nsfer
bet
ween
s
ource
an
d
loa
d
of
wireless
powe
r
syst
e
m
can
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
47
52
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry 2018
:
1
8
3
–
1
90
188
dev
el
op
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
re
sona
nce
in
duct
ive
couplin
g
WPT
te
chn
i
qu
e
[
25]
.
Fo
r
the
res
on
a
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
the
i
m
ped
ance
is
osc
il
la
te
d
betwe
en
in
put an
d o
utput. E
quat
io
n (
5
)
s
hows
the
r
es
on
a
nt
fr
e
quency.
(1
1
)
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
password
blo
ck
diagr
a
m
of
the
securi
ty
wireless
po
wer
syst
em
.
T
he
fr
e
quenc
y
gen
e
rato
r
ci
rc
uit
us
es
IC
an
d
LM5
55
to
ge
ner
at
e
hi
gh
-
f
r
equ
e
ncy
os
ci
ll
at
ion
at
130
kHz.
Th
e
DC
to
AC
inv
e
rter
ci
rc
uit
is
us
ed
t
o
co
nvert
the
ti
m
er
DC
outp
ut
to
AC
outp
ut
os
ci
ll
at
ing
at
130
kH
z
.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
the
desig
n
of
the
pass
word
sec
uri
ty
wireless
po
we
r
syst
em
,
f
our
pi
ns
act
as
extern
al
trig
ge
rs
with
in
pu
t
sign
al
s
from
the p
ass
w
ord
c
ontrolle
r
.
Figure
4
.
Pass
word
Sec
ur
it
y
W
i
reless
Powe
r
Syst
em
Bl
ock
Diag
ram
[
25]
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
eff
ic
ie
ncy
at
the
outp
ut
f
or
no
l
oad
of
the
WPT
syst
em
i
s
60%
an
d
for
load
is
36%
[25].
T
he
m
axim
u
m
ou
tpu
t
at
the
c
oil
inters
ect
ion
for
the
r
ang
e
bet
ween
5
cm
and
6
c
m
dia
m
et
er.
T
he
c
oil
esca
la
te
s to
a c
orner, a
nd the i
ntersecti
on a
re
a d
ec
reases.
c)
Ra
di
o
Fre
quenc
y
Si
gnal
In
[
26
]
,
t
he
c
oncepts
of
sec
uri
ty
centers
on
t
he
tra
ns
m
itted
powe
r
sig
nal
t
o
be
r
ecei
ve
d
by
a
r
ecei
ve
r
in
wireless
po
wer
t
ran
sm
issio
n
syst
em
.
By
us
in
g
t
he
RF
sign
al
,
t
he
c
oncept
of
the
e
ncr
y
ption
–
decry
ption
al
gorithm
is
introdu
ce
d
to
ac
hieve
the
sec
uri
ty
of
power
tr
ansf
e
r.
F
or
im
pro
ving
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
a
low
s
witc
hin
g
fr
e
qu
e
ncy is
use
d
to
drive
the
gate of t
he
MO
SFET.
Figure
5
.
Bl
oc
k Diag
ram
o
f W
i
reless
powe
r
T
ran
scei
ver
[
26
]
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
blo
c
k
di
agr
am
of
the
wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
cei
ve
r.
The
proces
s
of
the
bl
ock
diag
ram
is
wh
ere
the
sign
al
f
lows
with
out
any
interr
up
ti
on
to
the
transm
itter
inp
ut.
T
he
RESET
switc
h
resets
the
pro
gr
am
m
i
ng
c
odes
in
t
he
PI
C
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
e
r.
The
si
gnal
giv
e
n
to
t
he
PI
C
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
PI
C
16F877A
with
40
pi
ns
and
5
in
pu
t
–
outp
ut
pi
ns
a
nd
15
inte
rrup
ti
ons
a
nd
sta
bili
ty
will
be
m
ain
ta
ined
wit
h
c
rysta
l
os
ci
ll
at
or
ci
rc
ui
t.
The
si
gn
al
is
co
ntro
ll
ed
by
the
PI
C
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
.
T
his
sig
nal
is
tr
ansf
e
rr
e
d
t
o
th
e
R
F
m
od
ule
throu
gh
MA
X
232.
MOSFET
s
witc
hes
are
c
onne
ct
ed
to
each
oth
er
a
nd
th
e
cu
r
ren
t
will
pass
t
hro
ugh
by
switc
hing
be
tween
O
N
a
nd
OF
F
sta
te
s.
The
passc
ode
can
be
ge
ner
at
ed
in
MA
X
23
2
a
nd
se
nt
th
rough
t
he
RF
tran
sm
i
tt
er.
The
recei
ver
process
is
the
r
ever
se
of
t
he
tr
ansm
itter
proc
ess.
F
r
om
this
te
chn
iq
ue,
the
resu
lt
of
powe
r
tra
nsfer
red
from
the
transm
it
te
r
to
the
recei
ver
is
m
axi
m
u
m
at
the
cl
os
est
posit
ion
with
distan
ces
of
3,
2,
1, an
d 0.5
f
eet
, whic
h
ar
e increase
d, an
d
the
powe
r re
cei
ved
i
n
the
re
cei
ver
is
reduc
ed.
T
hus,
t
he r
ecei
ver
has
m
at
ched
th
e p
assc
ode to
re
cei
ve
the
po
w
er s
ig
nal s
ucce
ssfu
ll
y [
26]
-
[
29]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Encry
ption Tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
and
W
ire
le
ss Po
we
r
Transfer
Sc
he
mes
(
Nur
Haz
wa
ni
H
us
sin
)
189
3.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
WPT
is
am
on
g
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
te
chnolo
gies
of
this
centu
ry.
Thu
s
,
WPT
m
us
t
e
m
p
loy
secur
it
y
m
easur
es
to
protect
the
syst
em
fr
om
un
kn
own
re
cepto
rs
or
rec
ei
ver
s.
This
re
view
e
xam
ined
the
var
i
ou
s
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
f
or
e
nerg
y
encr
y
ption
of
the
WPT
syst
e
m
by
fo
c
us
i
ng
on
m
ediu
m
-
fiel
d
WPT.
C
le
arly
,
m
any
m
et
ho
ds
of
m
agn
et
ic
resonan
t
te
ch
niq
ue
s
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
posed
t
o
red
uce
com
plexity
,
bu
t
at
sam
e
tim
e
perform
IM
m
et
ho
ds
well
.
Re
so
na
nt
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
an
d
free
po
sit
ion
i
ng
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
low
com
plexity
and
perform
ance
disad
van
ta
ges.
T
he
m
os
t
us
efu
l
m
et
ho
d
is
the
strongly
co
up
l
ed
res
on
a
nce
m
et
ho
d
beca
use
of
it
s
adv
a
ntage
i
n
com
plex
it
y
and
pe
rfor
m
ance
on
th
e
m
agn
et
ic
reso
na
nt
couplin
g
te
ch
nique.
T
his
r
eview
pr
ese
nted
e
nc
r
ypti
on
te
ch
niques
f
or
WPT
,
bu
t
the
discuss
ion
was
lim
it
e
d
to
cha
os
t
he
or
y.
As
an
e
nc
ryptio
n
te
chn
iq
ue f
or
WPT
, c
hao
s
th
eor
y i
s c
om
plex,
but ex
hib
it
s
good
perform
a
nce
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
st
ud
y
wa
s
sup
ported
by
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a
Perlis
(
Un
iM
A
P)
a
nd
the
Mi
nistr
y
of
Hi
gh
e
r
Ed
ucati
on (
M
oH) u
nder a
Gra
nt Num
ber
Un
i
MAP/ RM
IC/
FRGS/
9003
-
00
-
0056
2.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
X.
Mou
and
H.
Sun,
“
Wirel
ess
power
transfer:
Surve
y
and
roadm
ap
,”
IEE
E
Ve
hic
ul
ar
Te
chno
l
olog
y
Confer
ence
,
vol.
2015
,
pp
.
1
–
13,
2015
.
[2]
N.H
Hus
sin,
M.
M.
Aziz
an
,
A
Ali,
M.
A.
M
Albre
em
,
“
Compar
ison
of
Pe
rform
ance
based
on
Powe
r
of
Ene
r
gy
Enc
rypt
ion
in
Me
dium
Field
f
or
Wirel
ess
Po
wer
Tr
ansfer
Syste
m
,”
I
n
te
rn
at
i
onal
Journal
on
Advanc
ed
Science
,
Engi
ne
eri
ng
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