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[11]
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3]
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.
pr
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2.
R
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2.
1
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tai
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ds
[15]
.
T
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s
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t
y
pe
s
of
s
y
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m
p
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c
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c
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m
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s
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y
pe
of
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a
n
d
-
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l
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m
.
T
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m
o
dul
e
D
C
o
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put
i
s
c
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c
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d
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c
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a
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be
o
pe
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a
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e
d
w
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h
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n
h
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u
r
s
o
f
s
un
l
i
ght
.
B
e
c
a
us
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of
t
h
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s
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a
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n
,
di
r
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c
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l
[14]
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
e
s
t
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
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pr
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a
m
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uppl
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c
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a
b
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c
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d
a
n
d
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v
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r
f
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A
C
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d.
F
i
gu
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e
1
s
h
o
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s
t
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t
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a
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P
V
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W
h
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[25]
.
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by
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a
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e
1.
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nge
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1
L
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25c
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2
L
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N
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hi
s
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o
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t
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r.
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ut
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r.
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n.
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t
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r
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O
WL
ED
G
E
M
EN
TS
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
ul
d
l
i
ke
t
o
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
t
h
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
M
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t
Ce
nt
e
r
(R
M
C),
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
u
n
H
us
s
e
i
n
O
nn
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
(U
T
H
M
),
B
a
t
u
P
a
ha
t
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
na
n
c
i
a
l
s
up
po
r
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
pub
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
nde
r
t
h
e
H
157
(T
i
e
r
1)
G
r
a
nt
.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
M
.
C
ho
w
dhu
r
y
a
nd
K
.
D
e
y
,
“
I
nt
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
t
r
a
ns
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
-
a
f
r
o
nt
i
e
r
f
o
r
br
e
a
k
i
ng
bo
unda
r
i
e
s
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
na
l
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
e
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
ne
s
[
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n]
,
”
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
l
l
.
T
r
an
s
p
.
Sy
s
t
.
M
ag.
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
4
-
8,
20
16.
[
2]
R
.
F
.
R
a
hm
a
t
,
S
.
P
u
r
na
m
a
w
a
t
i
,
J
.
K
u
r
n
i
a
n
t
o
,
S
.
F
a
z
a
,
a
nd
M
.
F
.
P
a
s
ha
,
“
V
a
c
a
n
t
pa
r
k
i
ng
s
pa
c
e
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
us
i
ng
pr
o
ba
bi
l
i
s
t
i
c
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
ndone
s
.
J
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
ng
.
C
om
pu
t
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
14
,
no
.
2,
pp
.
88
7
-
894,
2
019
.
[
3]
A
.
Z
e
r
g
a
,
E
.
C
hr
i
s
t
o
f
f
e
l
,
a
nd
A
.
S
l
a
o
ui
,
“
T
w
o
-
D
i
m
e
ns
i
o
nal
m
ode
l
l
i
ng
of
po
l
y
c
r
y
s
t
al
l
i
ne
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
ol
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
”
P
r
o
c
.
3
r
d
W
o
r
l
d
C
o
nf
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
l
t
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
.
,
v
o
l
.
B
,
pp
.
1053
-
10
56,
2
003
.
[
4]
Y
.
K
a
ng
,
D
.
J
u
ng
,
a
nd
I
.
D
o
h,
“
A
ut
om
a
t
e
d
par
k
i
ng
l
ot
m
a
nage
m
e
nt
s
y
s
t
e
m
us
i
ng
e
m
be
dde
d
r
obot
t
y
pe
s
m
ar
t
c
ar
bas
e
d
on
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
s
,
”
201
7
27t
h
I
nt
.
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
un.
N
e
t
w
o
r
ks
A
ppl
.
C
o
nf
.
I
T
N
A
C
2017
,
v
o
l
.
2017
-
J
a
n
ua
,
pp.
1
-
6,
2
017
.
[
5]
E
.
W
.
S
m
i
l
e
y
a
nd
L
.
S
t
a
m
e
ni
c
,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
z
at
i
o
n
of
bu
i
l
di
ng
i
nt
e
g
r
at
e
d
pho
t
o
v
ol
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
C
o
nf
.
R
e
c
.
I
E
E
E
P
ho
t
o
vo
l
t
.
S
pe
c
.
C
o
nf
.
,
pp
.
1501
-
15
03
,
2
002
.
[
6]
R
.
G
o
nz
á
l
e
z
,
H
.
R
.
J
i
m
é
ne
z
,
J
.
M
.
H
u
a
c
uz
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
ung
ui
a
,
“
F
i
r
s
t
3
-
pha
s
e
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
c
t
e
d
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
M
e
x
i
c
o
,”
20
06
3r
d
I
nt
.
C
o
nf
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n.
E
ng
.
,
no
.
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,
20
06.
[
7]
M
.
N
.
Q
a
i
s
e
r
,
M
.
U
s
a
m
a
,
B
.
A
hm
a
d,
M
.
A
.
T
a
r
i
q
,
a
nd
H
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
L
ow
c
o
s
t
,
r
obu
s
t
an
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
at
i
o
n
of
M
P
P
T
bas
e
d
buc
k
-
boo
s
t
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
f
or
of
f
-
gr
i
d
P
V
appl
i
c
at
i
ons
,
”
2014
I
E
E
E
40t
h
P
ho
t
o
vo
l
t
.
S
pe
c
.
C
o
nf
.
P
V
S
C
20
14
,
p
p.
37
01
-
3706
,
201
4.
[
8]
K
.
J
.
Y
o
ng
a
nd
M
.
H
.
S
a
l
i
h
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
nd
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
m
be
dde
d
a
u
t
o
c
a
r
pa
r
k
i
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
us
i
ng
F
P
G
A
f
o
r
e
m
e
r
g
e
nc
y
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
ns
,
”
I
n
done
s
.
J
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
ng
.
C
om
put
.
Sc
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
13,
no
.
3,
p
p.
87
6
-
883,
2
019
.
[
9]
F
.
A
l
s
he
h
r
i
,
A
.
H
.
M
.
A
l
m
a
w
g
a
ni
,
A
.
A
l
qa
ht
a
n
i
,
a
nd
A
.
A
l
qa
ht
a
n
i
,
“
Sm
ar
t
P
ar
k
i
n
g
Sy
s
t
e
m
f
or
M
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
C
ar
s
and
W
r
ong
P
ar
k
i
ng
,
”
20
19
2nd
I
nt
.
C
o
nf
.
C
o
m
put
.
A
ppl
.
I
nf
.
S
e
c
u
r
.
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
20
19
.
[
10]
M
.
S
.
F
a
r
a
g
,
M
.
M
.
M
o
hi
e
E
l
D
i
n
,
a
nd
H
.
A
.
E
l
S
he
nba
r
y
,
“
P
a
r
ki
ng
e
nt
r
a
nc
e
c
o
nt
r
o
l
us
i
ng
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
pl
a
t
e
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
nd
r
e
c
o
g
ni
t
i
o
n,
”
I
nd
one
s
.
J
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
n
g.
C
om
p
ut
.
Sc
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
15
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
476
-
483
,
201
9.
[
11]
Y
.
A
t
i
f
,
J
.
D
i
ng
,
a
nd
M
.
A
.
J
e
us
f
e
l
d,
“
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
A
pp
r
oac
h
t
o
C
l
o
ud
-
bas
e
d
Sm
a
r
t
C
ar
P
ar
k
i
ng
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
di
a
C
o
m
put
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
58
,
no
.
E
us
p
n,
pp
.
193
-
19
8,
20
16.
[
12]
J
.
G
.
K
u
r
e
bw
a
a
nd
T
.
M
u
s
h
i
r
i
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
ne
t
o
f
t
h
i
ngs
ar
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
f
o
r
a
s
m
ar
t
p
as
s
e
nge
r
-
c
a
r
r
o
bot
i
c
f
i
r
s
t
a
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
di
a
M
a
nuf
.
,
v
o
l
.
00
,
no
.
2
016
,
pp
.
27
-
34,
2
019
.
[
13]
B
.
M
.
M
a
he
ndr
a
,
S
.
S
o
no
l
i
,
N
.
B
ha
t
,
R
a
j
u
,
a
n
d
T
.
R
a
g
hu,
“
I
oT
bas
e
d
s
e
ns
o
r
e
nabl
e
d
s
m
a
r
t
c
ar
par
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
adv
an
c
e
d
dr
i
v
e
r
as
s
i
s
t
anc
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
R
T
E
I
C
T
2017
-
2nd
I
E
E
E
I
nt
.
C
o
nf
.
R
e
c
e
nt
T
r
e
nd
s
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n.
I
nf
.
C
o
m
m
un.
T
e
c
hno
l
.
P
r
o
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
20
18
-
J
a
n
ua
,
pp.
2
188
-
219
3,
20
18.
[
14]
W
.
A
l
s
a
f
e
r
y
,
B
.
A
l
t
ur
k
i
,
S
.
R
e
i
f
f
-
M
a
r
g
a
ni
e
c
,
a
nd
K
.
J
a
m
bi
,
“
Sm
ar
t
C
ar
P
ar
k
i
ng
Sy
s
t
e
m
Sol
ut
i
on
f
or
t
he
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
o
f
T
hi
ng
s
i
n
Sm
a
r
t
C
i
t
i
e
s
,
”
1
s
t
I
nt
.
C
o
nf
.
C
o
m
put
.
A
ppl
.
I
nf
.
S
e
c
ur
.
I
C
C
A
I
S
2018
,
pp
.
1
-
5
,
201
8.
[
15]
V
.
K
a
r
t
hi
ke
y
a
n,
G
.
V
i
j
a
y
s
a
i
kum
a
r
,
B
.
S
um
a
n
t
h
r
e
ddy
,
G
.
A
bhi
l
a
s
h
,
S
.
B
.
A
.
S
.
A
l
i
a
nd
B
.
R
a
m
k
i
r
a
n
,
"
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
ana
l
y
s
i
s
of
s
t
a
nda
l
one
pho
t
o
v
ol
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
"
2017
T
hi
r
d
I
nt
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
nc
e
s
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
,
I
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n,
C
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
B
i
o
-
I
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
(
A
E
E
I
C
B
)
,
C
he
nna
i
,
20
17
,
p
p.
48
6
-
490
.
[
16]
W
.
A
l
i
,
H
.
F
a
r
o
o
q,
A
.
U
.
R
e
hm
a
n,
Q
.
A
w
a
i
s
,
M
.
J
a
m
i
l
,
a
nd
A
.
N
o
m
a
n,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
c
on
s
i
de
r
at
i
on
s
of
s
t
and
-
a
l
one
s
ol
a
r
pho
t
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
20
18
I
nt
.
C
o
nf
.
C
o
m
put
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
ng
.
I
C
E
C
ube
2018
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
201
9.
[
17]
N
.
A
m
i
n,
L
.
Z
.
Y
i
a
nd
K
.
S
o
pi
a
n,
"
M
i
c
r
oc
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
ba
s
e
d
s
m
ar
t
c
h
ar
ge
c
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
or
s
t
an
da
l
one
s
ol
ar
phot
ov
o
l
t
ai
c
pow
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
"
20
09
3
4t
h
I
E
E
E
P
ho
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
(
P
V
S
C
)
,
P
hi
l
a
d
e
l
phi
a
,
P
A
,
2009
,
pp.
1
094
-
109
7.
[
18]
N
.
I
dr
i
s
,
A
.
M
.
O
m
a
r
,
a
nd
S
.
S
ha
a
r
i
,
“
St
a
nd
-
al
one
phot
ov
o
l
t
ai
c
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
app
l
i
c
a
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