TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 20
14, pp. 7186
~ 719
0
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.542
3
7186
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 2
0
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
Jul
y
1, 2014;
Acce
pted Jul
y
28, 201
4
Effects of Non-Uniform Channel Geometry on Double-
Gate MOSFET Performance
Xu Huifang,
Dai Yuehua
*, Zheng Ch
an
g
y
ong,
Xu Jianbin, Yang Jin, Dai Gua
ngzh
e
n
Schoo
l of Elect
r
onics a
nd Info
rmation En
gin
e
e
rin
g
, Anhu
i Universit
y
, Hefe
i
,
Anhui, Chi
n
a
*
Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: dai
yu
eh
ua2
0
13@
163.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A Doub
le-
gate
(DG) MOSFET w
i
th non-uni
form ch
an
nel
(NUC) g
e
o
m
et
ry, that is, the silico
n
thickness
of e
m
b
e
d
ded
i
n
d
o
ubl
e-gate
is
va
ried
li
near
ly
fro
m
drai
n to
sour
ce, is
prop
ose
d
.
T
o
qu
antitativ
el
y
assess th
e eff
e
cts of the
NU
C ge
o
m
etry
on
electric
al
c
har
acteristics of
D
G
MOSF
ET
s, the s
hort-cha
n
n
e
l
effects (SCEs) and th
e o
n
-stat
e
curre
nt are
n
u
merica
lly
c
a
lc
ulate
d
for the
d
e
vice w
i
th
diffe
rent no
n-u
n
ifor
m
chan
nel
thick
n
ess, cha
n
n
e
l
l
ength
a
nd
gat
e ox
ide
thick
n
ess res
pective
l
y
. T
o
the
prop
osed
structure,
the
SCEs are sup
p
resse
d, the subthres
hol
d s
w
ing beco
m
es
smal
ler a
nd the on-state c
u
rrent is sign
ific
antly
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
en
th
e
th
i
ckne
s
s o
f
si
li
co
n l
i
e
d
a
t
so
u
r
ce
be
com
e
s th
i
n
n
e
r
, sh
o
w
i
n
g b
e
tte
r
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
ce
s than
the conve
n
tio
n
a
l DG MOSF
ET
s.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
do
ubl
e gate MOS
F
ET
s, non-unif
o
rm ch
an
nel g
e
o
m
et
ry, short-
chan
nel
effects, on-state curre
nt
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Comp
ared
wi
th co
nvention
a
l si
ngle
-
gate
MOSF
ET
s, Dou
b
le-gate (DG
)
MOSFE
T
s
h
a
ve
obviou
s
adva
n
tage
s, such
as
su
pp
ressi
on of
sh
o
r
t chann
el effect
s(S
C
Es), lo
wer
subth
r
e
s
h
o
ld
swi
ng (
SS
) a
nd highe
r tra
n
scon
du
ctan
ce, so they have
attracte
d a great de
al of attention in
recent years [1-8]. In the
o
ry, DG MO
SFETs ca
n be scaled to
the shorte
st
chan
nel len
g
th
possibl
e for a
given
gate
o
x
ide thickn
ess [9].
Howe
ve
r, when
the
chann
el le
ngth
is
agg
re
ssively
scaled
do
wn,
the two
dim
ensi
onal
ele
c
trostati
c effects be
com
e
re
levant, and t
he ele
c
tro
s
ta
tic
controllability of the gate o
v
er the ch
an
nel de
cr
e
a
se
s due to the i
n
crea
sed
cha
r
ge
sha
r
ing from
sou
r
ce/drain [10], so the pe
rforma
nces of
scal
ed do
wn
DG MOSFET
s are limite
d
.
Among th
e p
r
eviou
s
rep
o
rts, the effe
cts of sili
co
n thi
c
kne
s
s(
t
si
) [1
-5], cha
nnel
le
ngth(
L
)
[1-3], gate o
x
ide thickne
s
s(
T
OX
)[3,6],so
u
rce/drain do
ping con
c
ent
ration
(
N
S/D
)[6]
and chan
ne
l
dopin
g
con
c
entration
(
N
CH
) [6,7]on th
e pe
rform
a
n
c
e
s
of the
DG M
O
SFE
T
s h
a
ve be
en
investigate
d
. It is found th
at the device
with a
shorte
r chan
nel len
g
t
h does
slig
htly enhan
ce th
e
on-state current, but
SS
become
s
l
a
rge
sim
u
ltaneou
sly. The
device
with
thinner
sili
con
thickne
ss
ca
n enha
nce the cont
rollabili
ty of gat
e electrod
es, g
r
ea
tly suppresse
s the SCE
s
, but
whe
n
the sili
con thickne
s
s i
s
re
du
ced to
about
10
nm,
owin
g to the
mobility degradation a
nd t
h
e
redu
ction of the ele
c
tron
charg
e
den
sity, t
he on-s
t
ate
c
u
rrent is
sue
s
u
ffers
[2], [4-5].
To add
re
ss the issu
es
of the co
nventio
nal
DG MOS
F
ETs me
ntio
ned a
bove, o
b
tain an
optimize
d
d
e
v
ice pe
rforma
nce,
a tra
deo
ff betwee
n
ch
annel l
ength
and
silicon th
ickne
s
s sh
oul
d
be ap
propri
a
te, whi
c
h i
s
known that
/1
si
Lt
ha
s be
en
rep
o
rt
ed [2]. Whil
e
the analy
s
is in Ref.
[2] was fo
cu
sed on th
e con
v
entional
DG
MOSFETs
wi
th uniform
ch
annel thi
c
kne
ss, the
effect
of
silicon geom
etry on the perform
a
nce
of DG M
O
SF
ET has not
been studied in
detail. Based on
this point, a DG MOSFET with non
-unif
o
rm
chan
nel (NUC) g
eom
etry is pro
p
o
s
e
d
.
In this paper, a sy
stematic
study on NUC DG MOS
F
ETs with vari
able
silicon t
h
ickness
at so
urce
ed
ge i
s
p
e
rfo
r
m
ed. Th
e p
e
rf
orma
nc
es
of the
NUC DG
MOSFET
s
a
r
e evaluated
by
con
s
id
erin
g the ele
c
tri
c
al
cha
r
a
c
teri
st
ics: 1) the
sh
o
r
t-chan
nel eff
e
cts
(
V
T
,
SS
); 2) the on
-state
curre
n
t. The
prop
osed d
e
vice in thi
s
p
a
per
com
b
ine
s
the advanta
ges
of sh
orte
r chann
el len
g
th
and thin
ne
r
silicon thi
c
kn
ess to e
nha
nce
the o
n
-state
curre
n
t. In addition,
the SCE
s
are
sup
p
re
ssed a
nd the su
bthresh
o
ld swing
become
s
sm
aller.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effects of No
n-Uniform
Ch
annel G
eom
etry on
D
oubl
e
-
Gate MOSF
ET Perform
ance (X
u Huifa
n
g)
7187
2. Dev
i
ce Str
u
ctur
e and S
i
mulation Model
Figure 1 sho
w
s th
e sche
matic dia
g
ra
m of the
s
i
mulated NU
C
DG MOSFET
str
u
c
t
ur
e. Her
e
,
the NUC
geo
metry is
rep
r
ese
n
ted by li
near variatio
n of sili
con
thickne
s
s fro
m
the d
r
ain t
o
the
sou
r
ce. Whil
e
the thickne
s
s of sili
con lie
d at drai
n
ed
ge is fixed to
40nm, the thi
c
kne
ss of
sili
con
lied at
sou
r
ce edg
e (
T
si
) i
s
vari
ed. Th
e
effects
of th
e differe
nt ch
annel l
e
ngth
and g
a
te oxi
d
e
thickne
ss
on
the charact
e
risti
c
s of NUC
DG
MO
SFETs
will be sim
u
lated
as
well. The gate
material
is n
+
p
o
lysili
con
with fixed
do
ping
co
ncent
ration
of 10
20
cm
-3
, the ch
annel
re
gion
is
dope
d with b
o
ron
co
ncent
ration
(
N
CH
) o
f
10
14
cm
-3
, the so
urce a
n
d
the drai
n re
g
i
ons
are
dop
ed
with ph
ospho
rou
s
con
c
ent
ration
(
N
S/D
) of
10
20
cm
-3
.
The si
mulatio
n
is p
e
rfo
r
me
d usi
ng Silva
c
o
[11].
Figure 1. Sc
hematic
D
i
agram of the Simulated NUC D
G
MOSFET Str
u
c
t
ure
3. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
3.1. Suppres
s
ion of Shor
t-c
hann
el Effects
Figure 2 sh
o
w
s the
com
p
arison of
V
T
and
SS
of the NUC DG M
O
SFETs with
different
T
si
.
For the
lightl
y
doped
NUC DG MOS
F
ETs, a
s
T
si
in
cre
a
ses,
th
e monotoni
c
de
cre
a
si
ng of
V
T
is
ascrib
ed to t
he sp
eci
a
l volume inve
rsion effec
t. In the stro
ng-i
n
versi
on regi
on, the sp
ecial
volume inversion effect
will be
come insignificant that was
not predicted by the linearly
extrapolate
d
V
T
in [6, 8]. More
over, fo
r thinne
r
chan
nel thickn
ess, the se
rie
s
resi
stan
ce of t
h
e
sou
r
ce/drain
extensio
n reg
i
on overla
ppe
d by the gate may becom
e large
r
,
so t
he
V
T
inc
r
eases
[3].
Figure 2.
T
si
Dep
end
ence
of
V
T
and
SS
for NU
C D
G
MOSFETs
Comp
ared to
the
conve
n
tional
DG
MO
SFETs
with
uniform
chan
nel thi
c
kne
s
s (i.e.,
T
si
=
t
si
=40nm
), the
SS
of NUC DG M
O
SF
ETs be
com
e
s sm
aller
with
T
si
decrea
sing, as sho
w
n in
Figure 2(b
)
. For DG MOS
F
ETs with n
a
noscal
e
ch
an
nel thickne
ss, the dopant in cha
nnel
will
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 2014: 718
6
– 7190
7188
introdu
ce
an
addition
al ele
c
tri
c
field
call
ed chan
nel d
opant-i
ndu
ce
d field
1
()
D
Uy
[1], thi
s
elec
tric
field can b
e
e
x
presse
d as f
o
llows:
2
1
2
11
()
24
si
A
D
Vy
Uy
tr
(1)
Whe
r
e
all th
e notatio
ns can b
e
fou
n
d
in [1]. Th
e
decrea
s
e
d
t
si
wo
uld
enh
a
n
ce
the
ch
an
nel
dopa
nt-ind
uced field, whi
c
h will great
ly enha
nce the
surfa
c
e
pote
n
tial (
/2
si
yt
). Since
the
surfa
c
e
pote
n
t
ial be
come
s
much
la
rge
r
t
han th
e central pote
n
tial (
0
y
), the ove
r
all
condu
ction
path will be
highly co
nfin
ed to the ch
a
nnel surfa
c
e
s
, causi
ng a
n
enha
nced ga
te control an
d a
smaller
SS
[1].
For
NU
C D
G
MOSFET
s
,
with dec
re
a
s
ing
T
si
val
u
es, an e
nha
nce
d
dop
ant-indu
ced field
1
()
D
Uy
will al
so enhance the
surf
ace potential
nea
r source
(
/2
si
yT
). Once it
is much
larger than the central potential (
0
y
), resulting in a
n
improved
SS
. In other words, th
e
SS
of
NUC DG MO
SFETs is
sen
s
itive to the thickne
s
s
of chann
el nea
r
sou
r
ce, so th
e dimen
s
io
ns of
NUC DG MO
SFETs are scaled do
wn m
o
re ea
s
ily, results in improving integrati
on.
Figure 3.
L
Depen
den
ce of
V
T
and
SS
for NU
C D
G
M
O
SFETs
Figure 3
co
mpares the
L
de
pen
den
ce
of
V
T
and
SS
for
NU
C DG MOSFETs
and
conve
n
tional
DG MOSFET
s, measured at
V
ds
=0.05V. It is found th
at
V
T
decrea
s
es si
gnifica
ntly
with de
cre
a
si
ng
L
for all d
e
vice
s, whi
c
h
is cau
s
e
d
b
y
SCEs and
can b
e
expla
i
ned by ch
arge
sha
r
ing m
ode
l [10]. NUC
D
G
MOSFETs
with a thinne
r
T
si
sustai
n a good
V
T
roll
off behavior tha
n
that of the
conve
n
tional
DG
MOSF
ETs d
ue to
the fact
that
the
cha
r
g
e
sh
arin
g
effect is
sub
s
tantially redu
ce
d with
de
cre
a
si
ng
T
si
[5]. It is al
so
wo
rth n
o
ticing
that the
sen
s
itivity of the
SS
with the chann
el length
is lowe
r in
NUC
DG
MOS
F
ETs than in
conve
n
tional
DG MOSFET
s,
becau
se the
NUC
DG M
O
SFET with
thinner
T
si
i
s
well contro
lled by the
gate, leadi
ng
to
improve
d
ele
c
tri
c
al prope
rties [1, 5].
F
i
g
u
r
e
4 sh
ow
s th
e
T
OX
d
epen
den
ce
of
V
T
and
SS
fo
r
NU
C
DG
M
O
SFETs. A
c
c
o
rdin
g to
the
slop
e of
the
plots ill
ust
r
at
ed in
Fig
u
re
4(a
)
a
nd
(b
),
it is fo
und
tha
t
the p
a
ra
met
e
rs of
V
T
and
SS
are influe
nce
d
wea
k
ly by
T
OX
, making this an i
m
porta
nt useful feature
of the NUC DG
MOSFETs.
Hence, it indicates that the
T
OX
can be
further
scale
d
do
wn for
a
given ch
ann
el
length
and
ot
her devi
c
e
pa
ramete
rs.
Ba
sed
on
the
a
bove di
scu
ssi
ons, it
can
be
co
ncl
ude
d th
at
the novel structure can
suppress the
SCEs of DG
MOSFETs
ef
fectively, which may provide a
good alte
rnati
v
e in scali
ng
down of devices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effects of No
n-Uniform
Ch
annel G
eom
etry on
D
oubl
e
-
Gate MOSF
ET Perform
ance (X
u Huifa
ng)
7189
Figure 4.
T
OX
Dep
end
ence
of
V
T
and
SS
for NU
C D
G
MOSFETs
3.2. Impro
v
e
m
ent of On
-sta
te Cu
rren
t
Figure 5
sh
o
w
s the d
r
ain
curre
n
t of NUC DG M
O
SF
ETs a
nd
con
v
entional
DG
MOSFETs. It
can be
clea
rl
y seen that the NUC DG MOSFETs
ex
hibit significa
nt perform
an
ce en
han
cem
ent.
For
conve
n
tional
DG M
O
SFETs, a
c
cording to
chann
el dop
a
n
t-indu
ce
d field effect [1]
,
the
reduction of t
he
silicon thi
c
kness
effectively cut
s
off the bul
k
ch
arge and inversion charge,
whi
c
h
results i
n
a
con
s
id
era
b
le
ch
ange
of t
he ele
c
tr
on
con
c
e
n
tration
distri
bution t
o
get the
sa
me
effective electric field. This result
s in an increa
se of the drain
curre
n
t due to a small increa
se
of
the effective
mobility [4]. But when the t
h
ickness of
si
licon i
s
ult
r
at
hin, the effective mobility wil
l
be deg
ra
ded
due to enh
a
n
ce
d pho
non
and severe
surfa
c
e
-
roug
hne
ss
scattering, mean
whi
l
e,
the inversio
n
layer
ch
arg
e
de
nsity wi
ll be d
e
cre
a
sed
due
to
the chan
nel
overla
p eff
e
ct.
Con
s
e
quently
, the drain cu
rre
nt of the convention
a
l DG MOSFET
with ultrathin
silicon thickn
ess
d
e
c
r
e
as
es
dra
s
tica
lly.
Figure 5. Output Cha
r
a
c
terist
ic
s Cu
rv
e for N
UC
DG
MOSFETs
Ho
wever, ch
angin
g
the geometry of chann
el w
ill cause two effects: 1) An i
n
crea
se of
the effective
mobility due t
o
the in
crea
se of the
ave
r
age el
ectron
distan
ce f
r
om
the su
rfa
c
e,
2)
An increa
se
of the electro
n
den
sity due
to the
redu
ced influen
ce
of the chan
n
e
l overlap
effect.
These effect
s will result in
a si
gnifi
cant i
n
crease of the drai
n
current for NUC
DG MOSFETs,
a
s
sho
w
n
in Fi
g
u
re
5. It is shown that th
e on
-state
cu
rre
nt is con
s
i
dera
b
ly en
ha
nce
d
in
case
of
NUC DG MO
SFETs even
for the thickn
ess of silicon
lied at sou
r
ce edge
T
si
d
o
wn to 5nm. T
hat
mean
s th
e
NUC DG M
O
S
F
ETs
ca
n b
e
scale
d
to
th
e thinn
e
st
sili
con
thickn
ess at
source
e
dge
T
si
possible fo
r a given ch
a
nnel len
g
th a
nd other d
e
vice pa
ram
e
ters.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 2014: 718
6
– 7190
7190
4. Conclusio
n
In this p
ape
r,
based o
n
the
simulatio
n
, th
e
effect
s of NUC
geo
metry
on the
perfo
rmances of
DG MOSFET
s
a
r
e symme
trically studie
d
by
varyin
g
L
an
d
T
OX
on NU
C DG
MOSFETs
wi
th
different
T
si
. It
is found that
NUC
DG
MOSFETs with
t
h
inner silicon
thickness at source edge
T
si
can
not
only
sup
p
re
ss the
SCEs, b
u
t al
so g
r
eatly
en
h
ance the
on
-state cu
rrent.
Additionally, the
para
m
eters o
f
V
T
and
SS
are
influe
nced
wea
k
ly b
y
the chan
n
e
l len
g
th
a
n
d
the gate o
x
ide
thickne
ss, th
ese
go
od
cha
r
acte
ri
stics
show t
hat
NUC
DG M
O
SF
ETs a
r
e
more immu
ne to
sho
r
t
cha
nnel effe
cts, whi
c
h is
a
nother
advan
tage si
n
c
e th
e downscali
n
g
of device d
i
mensi
o
n
s
ca
n
result in improving the IC perfo
rman
ce.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This
wo
rk
wa
s supp
orted
by the Natio
nal Y
outh Science Fou
n
d
a
tion of Chi
n
a (G
rant
No.
6100
6064
), Anhui p
r
ovin
ci
al natur
al sci
ence re
se
arch proj
ect (Grant No. KJ20
11B008
) an
d
the
Natural Scie
n
c
e Fou
ndatio
n of Educatio
n
Office Anhu
i Province (No. KJ2013A
0
71).
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hen, B
havn
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