Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
6
24
~
628
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
3
.
pp
624
-
628
624
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Reconfi
gu
ra
ble
Modu
lati
on Schem
e for Comm
un
ication S
ystem
Moham
ed
Sy
e
d A
li
AM
ET
Business S
chool
,
AM
ET
Univer
sit
y
,
Che
nnai
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
30
, 201
7
Re
vised
Feb
4
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
7
, 201
8
In
an
y
comm
unic
ation
s
y
st
em
tr
ansm
it
te
r
and
re
ce
iv
er
ar
e
used
to
tra
nsm
it
the
signal
v
ia
wi
re
d
or
wire
l
ess
cha
nnel.
In
the
tr
ansm
it
te
r,
m
odul
at
ion
is
one
of
the
p
roc
esses
to
tra
nsm
it
the
signal
eff
icientl
y
.
Li
kewise
,
r
ec
e
iv
er
con
ta
ins
demodulat
ion
to
re
cov
er
th
e
ori
gina
l
sign
al
fro
m
the
tra
nsm
it
t
e
r.
In
gen
eral,
the
comm
unic
ation
s
y
stem
uses
one
m
odula
ti
on
/de
m
odula
tion
proc
ess
at
a
ti
m
e.
I
t
c
annot
u
se
diffe
r
ent
m
od
ula
ti
on
/de
m
odul
at
ion
wi
thi
n
a
si
n
gle
s
y
s
te
m
.
To
over
come
th
i
s
proble
m
re
conf
igura
ti
on
t
ec
hniq
ue
is
implement
ed.
I
t
is
the
m
et
hod
using
diffe
re
nt
m
odulati
on
sche
m
e
at
th
e
sam
e
ti
m
e.
It
will
inc
r
ea
se
the
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
o
f
the
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
st
em.
QP
SK
and
BP
SK
m
odula
ti
on
te
chn
ique
is
use
d
to t
ra
nsm
it
and
re
c
ei
v
e
th
e
sign
al
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
BPSK
Modula
ti
on
/
De
m
od
ulati
on
QP
S
K
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
ed
Sy
ed
Ali
,
AMET B
us
ine
ss Sc
hool
,
AM
ET Unive
rsity
,
Chen
n
ai
, In
dia.
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Or
t
hogonal
Fre
qu
e
ncy
Divisi
on
Mult
iple
xing
(OFDM
)
bas
ed
wireless
da
ta
transm
issi
on
syst
e
m
is
the
m
ulti
-
carrier
syst
e
m
in
wh
ic
h
sin
gle
higher
rate
data
stream
can
be
div
ide
d
into
m
ulti
ple
lower
rat
e
data
stream
s.
Modu
la
ti
on
a
nd
De
-
Modula
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
play
a
sign
ific
a
nt
r
ole
in
OFDM
bas
ed
data
tra
ns
m
issi
on
syst
e
m
.
Ba
sed
on
Mo
du
la
ti
on
te
ch
nique
on
ly
,
the
fr
e
quency
tran
sf
orm
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
an
d
encodi
ng
a
nd
decodin
g
m
eth
ods
are
e
nabl
ed
[1
]
-
[
3].
T
hese
both
are
execu
te
d
bas
ed
on
SN
R
va
lues
generate
d
from
m
od
ulati
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
B
ut
in
the
c
urre
nt
r
esearch
w
ork,
an
a
dap
ti
ve
m
odulati
on
an
d
adap
ti
ve
dem
od
ulati
on
m
et
ho
d
al
s
o propose
d by
us
in
g
tw
o dif
fer
e
nt
ty
pes of
e
ff
ic
i
ent m
od
ulati
on
and
dem
od
ula
ti
on
tech
ni
qu
es
.
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
Hardwa
re
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
no
de
with
no
vel
sched
ulin
g
enab
le
d
the
uti
li
zat
ion
of
en
vir
on
m
ental
energy
with
ha
rv
est
in
g
a
wareness.
The
ta
sk
al
locat
io
n
c
an
be
sc
hedul
ed
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
a
vaila
bil
it
y
of
energy.
In
this
appr
oach,
e
nergy
can
be
sa
ve
d
because
on
ly
the
m
os
t
fr
e
qu
ently
us
e
d
ta
sks
are
e
xec
uted
us
ing
the
ha
rdwa
re
[
4].
T
h
e
no
vel
sche
du
li
ng
stra
te
gy
was
us
e
d
to
ide
ntify
th
e
m
os
t
valuab
l
e
ap
plica
ti
on
f
or
t
he
reconfi
gura
ble
hard
war
e.
T
he
reconfi
gura
ble
hard
war
e
ba
se
d
heter
ogene
ous
syst
em
is
an
eff
ect
ive
m
et
h
od
of
increasin
g
the
processi
ng
a
bili
ty
of
sy
stem
s
at
lower
ene
rgy
costs.
Howe
ver,
this
schem
e
pr
ovi
des
co
m
pu
ti
ng
com
plexity
.
The
obta
ine
d
resu
lt
s
sho
w
that
a
sign
ific
ant
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
reg
a
rd
i
ng
bit
err
or
rate
(BER)
an
d
thr
oughput
ca
n
be
achie
ved
by
dem
on
stra
ti
ng
the
superi
or
it
y
of
the
a
dap
ti
ve
m
od
ul
at
ion
sc
hem
es
whe
n
com
par
ed
to
f
ixed
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
syst
em
s.
Fu
zzy
C
stran
ge
points
cl
ust
ering
al
go
rith
m
was
pr
op
ose
d
f
or
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
od
ulati
on
im
plem
entat
ion
[5
]
.
The
ob
ta
ine
d
sam
pling
f
re
qu
e
ncy
is
5.4
MHz.
The
pr
opos
e
d
adap
ti
ve
m
odul
at
ion
schem
e
of
t
his
w
ork
c
an
able
to
m
eet
the
BER
ta
rget
at
25
dB
w
he
n
com
par
e
d
to
m
or
e
than
28
dB
for
4
-
QA
M
fi
xed
m
od
ulati
on
sc
he
m
e
[6
-
7].
Th
e
pr
op
os
e
d
al
gorithm
util
iz
es
the
aver
a
ge
va
lue
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Reco
nfigu
r
abl
e Mo
dulati
on
Sc
hem
e
for
Co
m
municatio
n Sys
te
m
(
Mo
hame
d Sye
d
Ali
)
625
the
instanta
ne
ous
SN
R
of
the
su
bc
ar
riers
in
the
sub
-
ba
nd
as
the
switc
hin
g
par
am
et
er.
The
r
esults
of
this
wor
k
sh
ow a
n
im
pr
oved
th
rou
ghput pe
rfor
m
ance
with si
gn
ific
a
nt
BER
p
er
f
or
m
ance.
Dynam
ic
al
l
y
reco
nfi
gura
ble
routin
g
protoc
olwas
desi
gne
d
for
unde
r
w
at
er
se
ns
or
ne
twork
.
T
he
sens
or
nodes
m
us
t
be
able
t
o
re
-
r
ou
te
thei
r
pack
et
s
e
ven
i
f
the
co
nfi
g
ur
a
ti
on
of
the
network
c
ha
ng
e
s
[8
]
.
It
is
a
m
ulti
-
ho
p
da
ta
gr
am
routing
sc
hem
e
wh
ic
h
will
offe
r
reli
able
un
de
rw
at
er
wi
reless
tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
by
dynam
ic
al
l
y
re
-
r
ou
ti
ng
da
ta
,
wh
e
n
the
re
is
a
change
in
th
e
networ
k
co
nfi
gurati
on
[9
]
.
This
prot
oco
l
pro
vid
es
the
op
t
im
al
path
for
su
cce
ssfu
l
com
m
unic
at
ion
of
data
without
any
interrupti
on
and
al
lo
ws
re
li
able
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
withi
n
lim
it
e
d
res
ources
.
T
he
fail
ure
of
node
s
m
ay
le
ave
so
m
e
areas
u
ncove
red
a
nd
degra
de
the f
i
delit
y of
t
he
c
ollec
te
d da
ta
. Lo
si
ng n
et
work c
onnecti
v
it
y has a
v
e
ry
neg
at
ive
ef
fect
on th
e
appli
cat
ion
s
.
3.
THE
PROB
LE
M
Each
m
od
ulati
on
la
w
re
quire
s
an
sp
eci
fic
m
od
ulator
ci
rc
uit.This
is
a
prob
le
m
if
i
t
is
necessa
ry
to
hav
e
a
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ercapab
le
of
op
e
rati
ng
with
var
i
ou
s
m
od
ul
at
ion
la
ws
wit
hout
drast
ic
m
od
i
ficat
ion
s
.
A
si
m
i
la
r
pro
blem
exists
fo
r
t
her
ecei
ve
r.
This
disserta
ti
on
pro
poses
a
so
luti
on
to
these
pro
blem
s
with
the
co
nce
pts
of
un
i
ver
sal
m
odulati
on
a
nd
universal
dem
od
ul
at
ion
.
4.
THE
PROPO
SED
S
OLUTI
ON
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
P
ha
se
Sh
ift
Keyi
ng
(
QPSK
)
m
odulati
on
is
a
ty
pe
of
dig
it
al
m
od
ulati
on
c
om
ing
under
Ph
ase
Sh
i
ft
Ke
yi
ng
(
PS
K)
m
odulati
on.
In
Bi
nar
y
P
hase
Sh
ift
Keyi
ng
(
BPSK
)
m
od
ul
at
ion
,
t
he
ph
as
e
of
th
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
sign
al
ca
n
be
ch
ang
e
d
e
ver
y
st
ep
ba
sed
o
n
a
sing
le
bit
dig
it
al
sign
al
.
B
ut,
in
a
case
of
QP
S
K
m
od
ulati
on
,
t
wo
bits
(call
ed
as
de
bits)
a
re
to
be
c
on
si
de
red
t
o
c
ha
ng
e
the
phase
of
a
n
in
f
or
m
at
ion
sign
al
.
QP
S
K
m
od
ul
at
ion
is
ba
ndwidth
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
becau
se
eac
h
sig
nal
point
represente
d
as
two
bits.
Hen
ce
,
reconstr
uctio
n
of
or
i
gin
al
si
gn
al
us
in
g
QPSK
dem
od
ulati
on
is
al
s
o
pr
ov
i
ded
m
or
e
accuracy
tha
n
BPSK
m
od
ulati
on
.
T
he bloc
k diag
r
a
m
o
f QP
SK
m
odulati
on is il
lustrate
d i
n Fi
gure
1
.
Figure
1
.
Q
PS
K
Mo
dula
ti
on
An
a
da
ptive
s
yst
e
m
sel
ect
s
QP
S
K
m
od
ula
ti
on
an
d
dem
od
ulati
on
te
ch
ni
qu
e
t
o
re
duce
the
ha
rdwar
e
util
iz
at
ion
and
power
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
.
I
n
an
ot
her
ha
nd,
if
the
widt
h
of
in
pu
t
data
is
fou
r
m
eans,
an
a
dap
ti
ve
syst
e
m
sel
ect
s
BPSK
m
odulati
on
a
nd
de
m
od
ulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
s
pe
ed
of
the
m
od
ulati
on
op
e
ra
ti
on.
Ba
sed
on
div
idi
ng
m
or
e
sa
m
pli
ng
the
rate
of
the
pr
oces
sor
s
has
been
e
nhance
d
sig
nifi
cantl
y.
Ad
a
ptive
m
odulati
on
te
ch
niques
are d
esi
gne
d
to
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
sp
ect
ral
eff
i
ci
ency
of
ra
dio
com
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
.
T
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
tr
ansm
issi
on
rate
wh
il
e
guara
nteei
ng
a
pr
es
cribe
d
erro
r
pe
rfor
m
ance,
unde
r
the
c
on
st
raint
of
fixe
d
tra
ns
m
it
-
pow
er.
T
he
a
rch
it
ect
ure
of
pro
po
se
d
ada
pt
ive
m
od
ulati
on
a
nd
dem
od
ul
at
ion
te
ch
nique
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
624
–
628
626
Figure
2. Re
co
nf
i
gurati
on Ba
sed
M
odulati
on sc
hem
e
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
To
e
valuate
t
he
pro
posed
ada
ptive
m
od
ulati
on
an
d
dem
odulati
on
m
od
el
,
Mod
el
Sim
6.
3C
is
us
e
d
in
the
cu
rr
e
nt
res
earch
w
ork.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
of
propose
d
ada
ptive
m
od
ulati
on
(
Q
PSK)
te
ch
niqu
e
f
or
est
ablishin
g hi
gh
-
s
peed o
pe
ra
ti
on
is s
how
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
3.
Si
m
il
arly
,
the
si
m
ulati
on
res
ult
of
pro
po
se
d
ada
ptive
m
od
ulati
on
(BP
S
K)
m
et
ho
d
for
determ
ining
le
ss ar
ea
util
iz
at
ion
a
nd lo
we
r power
cons
um
pt
ion
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Reco
nfigu
r
abl
e Mo
dulati
on
Sc
hem
e
for
Co
m
municatio
n Sys
te
m
(
Mo
hame
d Sye
d
Ali
)
627
Figure
3.
Sim
ulati
on
r
es
ult
of
adap
ti
ve
m
od
ul
at
ion
(QP
SK)
te
chn
iq
ue
Fig
ure
4. Sim
ulati
on
r
es
ult
of
adap
ti
ve
m
od
ul
at
ion
(
BP
SK)
te
chn
iq
ue
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n resu
lt
of BPSK
and
QPSK
dem
od
ulati
on tech
nique
Ty
p
e
Slices
LUT
Delay(n
s)
Po
wer(
m
W
)
Ap
p
licatio
n
BPSK De
m
o
d
u
latio
n
20
37
6
.24
1
254
Hig
h
-
Sp
eed
Ap
p
licatio
n
QPSK
D
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
10
25
6
.13
4
199
Low
Po
wer
an
d
Low
area
Ap
p
licatio
n
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
An
a
dap
ti
ve
m
od
ulati
on
an
d
ada
ptive
de
m
od
ulati
on
m
od
el
are
desig
ned
by
us
in
g
two
ef
fici
ent
m
od
ulati
on
an
d
dem
odulati
on
te
ch
niques
su
c
h
as
Bi
nary
Ph
ase
Sh
i
ft
Keyi
ng
Mo
dula
ti
on
(B
PS
K
)
an
d
Qu
a
drat
ur
e
P
ha
se
Sh
ift
Keyi
ng
Mo
dula
ti
on
(Q
PS
K
)
m
od
ulati
on
.
Ver
il
og
Ha
r
dware
D
escripti
on
Lan
gu
a
ge
(V
e
rilog
HDL
)
is
us
ed
to
de
sign
a
n
ada
ptive
m
od
ulati
on
and
ada
ptive
dem
od
ulati
on
m
od
el
.
50
%
of
LUT
counts
is
re
duced.
32
%
of
s
li
ces
cou
nts
s
hould
be
re
du
ced.
T
he
sec
uri
ty
m
easur
es
are
giv
e
n
by
add
i
ng
crypto
gr
a
phic
al
gorithm
to
t
he
pro
posed
m
e
chan
ism
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
W
al
ee
d
,
A.
Ada
pti
v
e
Min
imum
Bi
t
Error
Rat
e
B
eam
-
forming
Assisted
QPSK
for
Pre
-
F
FT
OFDM
Comm
unic
ation
Syste
ms
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journa
l
of
Networki
ng
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
2014;
1,
101
-
1
07.
[2]
Sivakumar
Reddy
,
B
,
La
kshm
i,
B
Adapt
iv
e
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Coding
wit
h
Channe
l
Stat
e
Informati
on
in
OFDM
for
WiMax
Int
ern
ati
onal
Journa
l
of
I
m
age
,
Graph
ic
s
and
Signa
l
Proc
e
ss
ing,
Iss
ue.
201
5;
1
61
-
69
,
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
624
–
628
628
[3]
Rupal
i
,
D
Kaly
an
i,
G
Nikhil
,
P,
Khule,
R
B.
Imple
mentati
on
of
Adapt
iv
e
Vi
te
rbi
Dec
o
d
er
for
Wirel
ess
Comm
unic
ati
on
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Jou
rna
l
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Resea
r
ch
(IJS
R),
2013
2,
3
24
-
28,
[4]
Johns
on,
T,
Singh,
S
K
Divisive
Hierarchic
al
Bi
sec
ti
ng
Min
–
Max
Cluste
ring
Al
gorithm
.
In
Proce
ed
ings
of
the
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Co
nfe
re
nc
e
on
Dat
a
Eng
ine
e
ring a
n
d
Com
m
unic
at
io
n
Technol
og
y
20
17;
579
-
592.
[5]
Johns
on,
T,
Si
ngh,
S
K,
20
16,
Februa
r
y
,
Fuzzy
C
strange
point
s
cl
ust
ering
algorit
hm
,
In
Inform
atio
n
Com
m
unic
at
ion and
Embedde
d
S
y
stems
(ICICES
),
Int
ern
a
ti
ona
l Confere
nc
e
on
2016;
5.
[6]
Shilpha
G.
Low
power
128
poi
nt
split
radix
ff
t
for
lt
e
appli
cation.
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
MC
squar
e
Sci
ent
ifi
c
Re
search
(
IJ
MS
R)
.
2014;6(
1
)
:66
-
74.
[7]
Salh
A,
Audah
L,
Shah
NS
,
Ham
za
h
SA
.
M
axi
mizing
E
ner
gy
E
ff
i
ci
en
cy
fo
r
Consum
pti
on
Circui
t
Powe
r
i
n
Downlink
Mass
i
ve
MIM
O
Wire
le
ss
Net
works.
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
E
lectri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2017;7(
6
)
.
[8]
Esm
ai
l
BA,
Maj
id
HA
,
Abidin
ZZ
,
Dahla
n
SH
,
Rahi
m
MK
.
Re
conf
igurable
Me
t
amaterial
Structur
e
at
Mil
li
met
e
r
Wav
e Freque
n
cy R
ange
.
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2
017;7(
6
)
.
[9]
Sum
an
S,
Shar
m
a
KG
,
Ghos
h
PK
.
250
MHz
Mult
iphase
De
lay
Lock
ed
Loop
for
Low
Powe
r
Appl
i
cat
ions
.
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2017;7(
6).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.