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tech
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iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
An
ex
ac
t
P
A
P
R
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
as
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
b
an
d
-
li
m
ited
O
F
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
2
]
.
P
A
PR
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
as
ca
lcu
la
ted
an
d
d
er
iv
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
v
al
u
e
t
h
eo
r
y
in
[
3
]
an
d
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
a
n
y
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
OFDM
a
n
d
SC
-
FD
MA
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
5
-
1
1
]
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
OFDM
a
n
d
S
C
-
FDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
also
ca
u
g
h
t
a
b
ig
i
n
ter
es
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
1
2
-
1
3
]
an
al
y
ze
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
m
ap
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
u
ls
e
s
h
ap
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
S
C
-
FDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
[
1
4
-
1
5
]
,
P
A
P
R
w
a
s
an
al
y
ze
d
f
o
r
OFD
M
an
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
MI
MO
-
O
F
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
m
iti
g
atio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
w
er
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
OFDM
a
n
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
.
A
r
tific
ial
in
telli
g
en
ce
w
a
s
ex
p
lo
ited
in
[
1
6
]
f
o
r
an
al
y
z
in
g
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Se
v
er
al
r
elate
d
ar
ticles
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
OFDM
an
d
SC
-
FDM
A
w
er
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
.
Fin
all
y
,
a
n
a
n
al
y
tic
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
en
s
i
t
y
f
u
n
ct
io
n
was d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
ca
r
r
ier
ev
en
M
-
Q
A
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
in
[
2
0
]
.
To
s
u
m
u
p
,
n
ea
r
l
y
n
o
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
e
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
co
n
s
tellatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
DFT
-
S
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
b
o
th
cr
o
s
s
an
d
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
co
n
s
tellatio
n
s
a
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
FF
T
s
izes
(
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
s
)
a
n
d
Q
A
M
o
r
d
er
s
w
ill
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
,
s
i
m
u
lated
,
test
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
an
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
P
DF
f
o
r
o
d
d
-
b
it
cr
o
s
s
QA
M
b
ased
DFT
-
S
-
O
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
ill
e
m
p
ir
icall
y
b
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
.
Sectio
n
2
o
f
th
is
ar
tic
le
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
t
h
e
o
r
etica
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
d
d
-
b
it
QA
M
co
n
s
te
llatio
n
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
th
e
ir
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
DFT
-
S
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
late
an
d
test
th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
b
ased
DFT
-
S
-
O
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
a
ls
o
b
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
w
ill i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
P
DF a
n
d
C
C
DF
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
an
d
cr
o
s
s
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
b
ased
D
FT
-
S
-
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
FF
T
s
izes,
a
n
d
co
n
s
tellat
io
n
o
r
d
er
s
.
I
t
w
ill
al
s
o
in
cl
u
d
e
t
h
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
a
n
e
m
p
ir
ical
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
o
f
P
AP
R
P
DF
f
o
r
o
d
d
-
b
it
cr
o
s
s
QAM
b
ased
DFT
-
S
-
O
F
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
w
ill b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sect
io
n
4
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
AND
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
DE
L
Sin
ce
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
o
f
DFT
-
S
-
O
F
DM
s
y
s
te
m
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
Od
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
en
er
g
y
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
He
n
ce
,
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
d
er
iv
atio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
s
tell
atio
n
s
a
n
d
DFT
-
S
-
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
P
A
P
R
is
cr
u
c
ial
i
n
th
e
in
v
est
i
g
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
DFT
-
S
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
e
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
o
d
d
-
b
it QA
M.
2
.
1
.
O
dd
-
bit
Q
AM
Od
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
m
ap
s
a
n
o
d
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
it
s
(
k
)
in
to
M
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
w
h
er
e
k
=
lo
g
2
M.
Ma
n
y
p
atter
n
s
w
er
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
f
o
r
o
d
d
-
b
it
QA
M
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
,
cr
o
s
s
,
cir
cu
lar
o
r
tr
ian
g
u
lar
co
n
s
tellat
io
n
s
,
y
et,
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
p
atter
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
Od
d
QA
M
ar
e
th
e
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
an
d
cr
o
s
s
co
n
s
tellat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
d
d
-
b
it
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
Q
A
M
co
n
s
tellatio
n
p
o
in
t
s
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
2
m
co
lu
m
n
s
an
d
2
n
r
o
w
s
w
h
er
e
m
=
n
+1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
d
d
-
b
it r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
Q
A
M
o
f
8
an
d
3
2
s
ize
co
n
s
tellatio
n
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
u
s
es
g
r
a
y
lab
ellin
g
(
g
r
a
y
p
e
n
alt
y
is
1
)
t
o
m
ap
d
ata
b
its
in
to
s
y
m
b
o
ls
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
B
E
R
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
it
is
e
asier
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
ate
th
e
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
la
r
odd
-
b
it
QA
M
s
ig
n
al
s
i
n
ce
it
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
w
o
p
u
ls
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
P
AM
)
s
ig
n
al
s
o
n
p
h
ase
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
i
n
r
ea
l
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
i
n
ar
y
p
a
r
ts
is
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
lead
in
g
to
a
h
i
g
h
P
A
P
R
v
al
u
e
th
at
li
m
it
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
l
if
ier
s
b
y
d
r
iv
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
u
t
o
f
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
C
r
o
s
s
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M,
a
s
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M,
m
ap
s
a
n
o
d
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
it
s
in
to
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
.
Yet,
th
e
w
a
y
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
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latio
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p
o
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t
s
is
d
if
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er
en
t.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
co
n
s
tellatio
n
p
o
in
ts
o
n
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I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
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th
e
P
A
P
R
p
er
fo
r
ma
n
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o
f o
d
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it QA
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A
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1007
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ed
g
es
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f
t
h
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co
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d
iag
r
a
m
ar
e
m
o
v
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u
p
an
d
d
o
w
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
g
iv
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cr
o
s
s
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it
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P
A
P
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
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2
0
2
1
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1
0
05
-
10
13
1008
2
.
2
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P
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a
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4
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m
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ata
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2
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2
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h
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ata
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ize,
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f
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m
s
[
2
3
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d
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r
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
DFT
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r
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m
Sin
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.
2
.
3
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etailed
m
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d
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s
tated
i
n
t
h
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f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
o
in
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
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Q
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R
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a
5
0
0
0
0
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
le
g
n
t
h
s
(
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
FF
T
s
ize
an
d
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
Q
AM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
e
lecte
d
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
ated
DFT
-
S
-
OFDM
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
w
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
o
f
all
co
m
p
lex
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
DFT
-
S
-
O
FDM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
en
,
w
e
o
b
tain
ed
P
A
P
R
f
o
r
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
(
i)
u
s
i
n
g
[
2
5
,
(
6
)
]
.
(
(
|
|
)
∑
|
|
)
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
(
S)
is
v
ec
to
r
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
(
N)
co
m
p
le
x
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
th
a
t
all
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
DFT
s
OFDM
s
ig
n
al.
P
A
P
R
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
er
e
s
to
r
ed
in
a
s
ep
ar
ate
v
ec
to
r
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
Y)
.
c)
A
v
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
P
A
P
R
ax
is
i
n
P
DF
p
lo
t
is
cr
ea
ted
an
d
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
X)
w
it
h
3
d
B
as
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e,
1
3
d
B
as
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
,
an
d
0
.
0
5
d
B
s
tep
.
Fro
m
th
e
P
A
P
R
v
alu
e
s
s
to
r
ed
in
v
ec
to
r
(
Y)
,
w
e
o
b
tain
ed
P
A
P
R
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
en
s
it
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
p
lo
tted
it
as
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
ec
to
r
(
P
DF)
v
er
s
u
s
(
X)
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
elatio
n
.
(
)
∑
(
)
∑
(
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ele
m
en
ts
in
v
ec
to
r
(
Y)
w
h
er
e
(
)
,
(
p
k
t)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets tr
an
s
m
itted
(
5
0
0
0
0
in
o
u
r
m
o
d
el)
.
d)
P
A
P
R
cu
m
u
la
tiv
e
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
C
C
D
Fs
)
h
ad
also
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
p
lo
tted
f
r
o
m
v
ec
to
r
(
Y)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
elat
io
n
.
(
)
∑
(
)
(
8
)
e)
W
e
ap
p
lied
cu
r
v
e
-
f
itti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
P
DF
s
cu
r
v
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
to
d
er
iv
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
o
r
m
u
la
t
h
at
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
in
o
d
d
-
b
it
cr
o
s
s
Q
A
M
b
a
s
ed
DFT
-
S
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
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4752
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2
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Feb
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3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
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el
d
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lier
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ad
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ee
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s
i
m
u
lated
to
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s
t
t
h
e
P
A
P
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er
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o
r
m
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ce
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g
u
lar
o
d
d
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it
QA
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ch
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
FF
T
s
izes,
an
d
QA
M
p
atter
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ac
tu
a
l
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
(
th
e
d
o
tted
cu
r
v
es)
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
an
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
o
d
d
-
b
it
QA
M
co
n
s
tellat
io
n
s
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
FF
T
s
izes
an
d
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
m
en
t
io
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
m
ea
n
(
µ)
i
s
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
FF
T
s
ize
(
N)
w
h
ile
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
(
σ
2
)
is
a
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
(
N)
.
Me
an
(
µ)
an
d
v
ar
ian
ce
(
σ
2
)
v
alu
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
cr
o
s
s
an
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
o
d
d
-
b
it
QA
M
a
t
all
FF
T
s
izes
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
an
d
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
asu
r
ed
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ian
ce
v
al
u
es o
f
3
2
-
C
Q
A
M
an
d
3
2
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R
Q
A
M
32
-
C
Q
A
M
32
-
R
Q
A
M
N
1
2
8
2
5
6
5
1
2
1
0
2
4
1
5
3
6
2
0
4
8
N
1
2
8
2
5
6
5
1
2
1
0
2
4
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5
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0
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8
µ
6
.
7
6
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1
6
7
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5
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8
5
8
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7
.
9
2
8
.
4
0
8
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8
2
9
.
2
0
9
.
3
9
9
.
5
2
σ
2
0
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5
8
0
.
4
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
2
7
0
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2
3
0
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2
1
σ
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0
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7
3
0
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5
5
0
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4
4
0
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3
4
0
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2
9
0
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2
6
T
ab
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3
.
Me
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n
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d
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al
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es o
f
8
-
C
Q
AM
an
d
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R
Q
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8
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C
Q
A
M
8
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R
Q
A
M
N
1
2
8
2
5
6
5
1
2
1
0
2
4
1
5
3
6
2
0
4
8
N
1
2
8
2
5
6
5
1
2
1
0
2
4
1
5
3
6
2
0
4
8
µ
6
.
6
2
7
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0
5
7
.
4
4
7
.
7
8
7
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9
6
8
.
0
8
µ
7
.
5
9
8
.
0
8
8
.
4
8
8
.
8
2
9
.
0
0
9
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1
3
σ
2
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
0
0
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3
2
0
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2
7
0
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2
5
σ
2
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
0
0
.
3
8
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
3
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
ct
u
al
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
b
ased
o
n
s
i
m
u
latio
n
v
er
s
u
s
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
b
ased
o
n
(
1
2
)
f
o
r
(
a)
3
2
-
C
r
o
s
s
Q
A
M,
(
b
)
3
2
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ec
tan
g
u
lar
Q
A
M
(
c)
8
-
C
r
o
s
s
Q
A
M,
(
d
)
8
-
R
ec
tan
g
u
l
ar
QA
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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esia
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J
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C
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m
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I
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N:
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4752
I
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1011
C
C
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F
cu
r
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w
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e
also
p
lo
tted
f
o
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th
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o
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d
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ec
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g
u
lar
o
d
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QA
M
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o
r
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d
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s
izes
at
v
ar
io
u
s
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
r
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lt
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
cr
o
s
s
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
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o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
r
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g
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lar
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d
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b
y
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p
r
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m
atel
y
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
ar
g
i
n
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
DFs
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
C
DF
s
o
f
C
r
o
s
s
Q
AM
an
d
R
ec
tan
g
u
lar
Q
A
M
f
o
r
(
a)
3
2
-
p
o
in
ts
s
ize,
(
b
)
8
-
p
o
in
ts
s
ize
Gau
s
s
ia
n
c
u
r
v
e
-
f
itti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
c
u
r
v
e
-
f
itt
in
g
to
o
l)
h
ad
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
v
ec
to
r
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
u
lat
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i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
er
iv
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
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o
r
m
u
la
t
h
at
g
e
n
e
r
all
y
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
P
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P
R
s
tati
s
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
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f
cr
o
s
s
o
d
d
-
b
it
Q
A
M
b
ased
DFT
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S
-
O
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
r
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lt
o
f
cu
r
v
e
f
itti
n
g
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
all
P
A
P
R
P
DFs
wh
en
u
s
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
o
d
d
-
b
it
QA
M
s
ch
e
m
es
f
o
llo
w
a
s
ca
led
Ga
u
s
s
ia
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
(
9
)
.
√
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
(
p
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
P
A
P
R
a
s
r
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d
o
m
v
ar
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le
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
(
d
B
)
,
(
µ)
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d
(
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r
ep
r
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ts
t
h
e
m
ea
n
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v
ar
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ce
o
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th
e
d
is
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n
.
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lier
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d
(
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ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
a
n
d
d
ec
r
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s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
F
FT
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ize
(
N)
r
esp
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y
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w
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u
r
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g
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e
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ad
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ee
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tain
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(
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d
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as
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f
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ize
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s
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g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
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e
s
o
f
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ia
n
ce
v
er
s
u
s
F
FT
s
ize
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
e
m
p
ir
icall
y
o
b
tai
n
ed
r
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n
s
o
f
(
µ)
an
d
(
)
as f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
o
f
F
FT
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ize
(
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ar
e
.
(
1
0
)
(
1
1
)
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
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3
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