TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.1, Jan
uary 20
14
, pp. 653 ~
660
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i1.3573
653
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
19, 2013; Revi
sed
Jul
y
1
4
, 2013; Acce
pted Augu
st 13, 2013
A Novel Spectrum Handoff Method Ba
sed On Spectrum
Reservation
Peng Yi*, Zheng Yong
Kunmi
ng Un
ive
r
sit
y
of Scie
nce
and T
e
chnol
o
g
y
, F
a
cu
lt
y
of Informatio
n
Eng
i
ne
erin
g an
d Automatio
n
. No.
727 So
uth Jin
g
m
ing R
d
., Che
ngg
on
g District, 65050
0, Kun
m
ing, Ch
ina.
T
e
l: +
86-187
88
476
09
0
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: 5834
25
06@
q
q
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this pap
er, we app
ly fu
zz
y
a
nalytic h
i
erarc
h
y
process (F
AHP) met
hod i
n
the decis
io
n pr
ocess of
Cognitive Radio Networks
(CRN) spectrum handoff. Based on the
pre-deter
m
i
ned target spectrum
list
mo
de
l, consi
d
erin
g the
mult
iple
ind
i
cators
w
h
ic
h influ
e
n
c
e the ha
nd
off performanc
e, w
e
design
e
d
a
spectru
m
h
a
n
doff metho
d
b
a
sed
on s
pect
r
um r
e
serv
atio
n strategy. Si
mu
lati
on
res
u
lt
s show
that th
e
alg
o
rith
m pr
op
osed
in th
is p
aper
exce
eds
the ran
d
o
m
h
and
off alg
o
rith
m w
i
tho
u
t cha
nne
l ord
e
r, it
can
signific
antly r
e
duce th
e h
and
off freque
ncy a
nd ti
me
ov
erh
e
ad of co
gn
itive
users,
red
u
ce
the syste
m
de
l
a
y
and i
m
prove th
e system thro
u
ghp
ut.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
F
A
HP; chann
el or
der; spectru
m
r
e
servat
i
on; mul
t
i-attribute dec
i
s
ion-
mak
i
n
g
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Along with th
e rapi
d devel
opment of
wi
rele
ss
co
mm
unication technolo
g
ies, th
e limited
licen
se
d sp
ectrum ca
n not
meet the gro
w
ing d
e
ma
n
d
for wirel
e
ss
comm
uni
cati
ons a
ppli
c
ati
ons.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is a new wa
y to improve the
efficiency of
utilizing the li
mited spectrum
resou
r
ce. In
rece
nt years,
a lots of
re
se
arch
h
a
ve b
e
en d
one
[1]-[
3
]. In CRN,
when th
e p
r
im
ary
use
r
s (P
U)
appe
ar,
or t
he
cha
nnel
quality de
cli
ne
so
that t
he tran
smission
can
not
be
compl
e
ted, t
he cognitive
use
r
s will
look fo
r a
suitabl
e targ
et cha
nnel t
o
co
mplete
the
comm
uni
cati
on.This p
r
o
c
e
ss i
s
call
ed spectrum ha
nd
off [4], [5].
Whe
n
switch
ing the
spe
c
trum, previo
us m
e
thod
s have n
o
t take
n the
pa
ramete
rs
differen
c
e
s
o
f
each target
cha
nnel
int
o
acco
un
t. T
herefo
r
e,
system re
sou
r
ce
s a
r
e
not ful
l
y
utilized. In this pap
er, we a
pply FAHP method in
the d
e
ci
sion p
r
o
c
e
ss of CRN sp
ectru
m
han
do
ff.
Based
on
the
pre
-
dete
r
min
ed target
spe
c
trum
list m
o
del [6],
c
o
n
si
derin
g the
qu
ality indicato
rs,
QoS dem
an
d indicators
and indi
cato
rs of the con
t
inuing validit
y, we desi
g
n
ed a spe
c
tru
m
hand
off method ba
sed
on
FAHP algo
rit
h
m. Simulation re
sult
s in
dicate th
at, this a
pproa
ch
can
signifi
cantly redu
ce th
e cognitive u
s
e
r
's
sw
it
chin
g
freque
ncy
an
d sy
stem lat
ency, imp
r
ov
e
system throu
ghput.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
In the process of spectrum handoff, we take
multiple channel indi
cators into
account.
Therefore, th
e chan
nel sel
e
ction p
r
obl
e
m
is act
ually a multi-attribu
t
e decisi
on m
a
kin
g
pro
b
le
ms
[7]. FAHP is
a co
mbinatio
n of fuzzy co
mpre
hen
sive
evaluation
(FCE)
and A
n
alytic Hie
r
a
r
chy
Process (AHP), it is a qu
alit
ative and quantitative analysi
s
mode
l.
Generally, it uses AHP to
determi
ne fa
ctor
set first, and the
n
u
s
e the FCE t
o
analy
z
e th
e influen
ce o
f
the factors.
By
mergi
ng them
, FAHP has g
ood reli
ability to the analysi
s
re
sult [8].
Acco
rdi
ng to the hiera
r
chical
stru
cture of the model given
in Figure
1, suppo
se
we have
the follo
wing
five cha
nnel
s. Base
d o
n
t
he
com
par
i
s
o
n
criteri
a
given ab
ove,
we
get the
ra
nki
n
g
comp
ared wit
h
each other.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No
. 1, Janua
ry 2014: 653 – 6
6
0
654
Figure 1. The
hiera
r
chy of cha
nnel o
r
de
r analysi
s
Table 1. The
ran
k
ing of the
5 chan
nel
s u
nder va
riou
s
para
m
eters
1st lay
e
r
（）
A
Candidate chann
el selection
2nd la
y
e
r
（）
B
Channel qualit
y
Continuous Availability
Q
o
S Dema
nd
3rd la
y
e
r
（）
C
Packet
loss
Noise
Channel
Band
w
i
dth
Available
time
SU
probabilit
y
Handoff
frequenc
y Dela
y
Handoff
failure rate
4th la
y
e
r
（）
D
3 5
1
2
3
1
2
2
2 2
3
1
2
3
1
3
1 3
2
5
5
2
3
5
4 4
5
3
1
4
4
1
5 1
4
4
4
5
5
4
Based
on th
e
factors’ im
po
tence i
n
the l
o
we
r
leve
r to
the upp
er l
e
ver, we can
co
nstru
c
t
the p
r
iority relation m
a
trix
. The val
ue i
n
the
ma
trix
is exp
r
e
s
sed
by 0.1
-
0.9
scale
[9]. It can
accurately de
scribe a
n
y two factors on t
he re
lative im
portan
c
e of certain criteri
a
Table 2. 0.1-0.9 scale
Scale Definition
Explanation
0.5
Equally
impo
rtan
t
T
w
o elements a
r
e equall
y
importa
nt
0.6
Little important
An element is li
ttle more import
ant
than anothe
r ele
m
ent
0.7
Obviously
impo
rt
ant
An element is obvi
ously
more imp
o
rtant than
anoth
e
r element
0.8
Much more impo
rtant
An element is much more import
ant than anot
her
element
0.9
Extremel
y import
ant
An element is ext
r
emel
y
mo
re imp
o
rtant than
anoth
e
r element
0.1 0.2
Anti-comparison
If compare ai an
d aj w
e
get r
ij, th
en compare aj a
nd ai we get rji=1
-rij
0.3 0.4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A Novel Sp
ectrum
Handoff Method Ba
se
d
On Spe
c
tru
m
Reservatio
n (PENG Yi)
655
The m
a
trix b
e
twee
n the
first laye
r
and
the
se
con
d
l
a
yer A-B, th
e
matrix b
e
tween th
e
se
con
d
laye
r
and the
third
layer B1
-C, B
2
-C an
d B3-C, the m
a
trix betwe
en th
e
third laye
r a
nd
the fourth lay
e
r C1-D, C2-D, …, C8-D,
totally 12
matrixes. In view of sp
ace limitations, we
do
not list them
all. A-B and B-C matrixe
s
are obt
ain
ed by se
rvice deman
d fo
r indicators, C-D
matrixes a
r
e
cal
c
ulate
d
according to tab
l
e 1 and table
2.
Table 3. A-B prio
rity relatio
n
matrix
A
B1 B2 B3
B1
0.5 0.7 0.6
B2
0.3 0.5 0.7
B3
0.4 0.3 0.5
Table 4. B1-C prio
rity rela
tion matrix
B1
C1 C2 C3
C1
0.5 0.6 0.7
C2
0.4 0.5 0.6
C3
0.3 0.4 0.5
Table 5. C1
-D prio
rity rela
tion matrix
C1
D1
D2 D3 D4 D5
D1 0.5
0.4 0.2 0.6 0.7
D2 0.6
0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8
D3 0.8
0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8
D4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6
D5 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5
Sum the p
r
iority relation m
a
trixes
by ro
w,
n
j
ij
i
f
r
1
,
.
,...
2
,
1
n
i
Execute
the followi
ng
mathemati
c
al
tran
sform
a
tion
5
.
0
2
/
)
(
n
r
r
r
j
i
ij
, the tra
n
sformation
result a
r
e f
u
zzy
con
s
i
s
tent m
a
trixes. Be
ca
use fu
zzy consi
s
tent
m
a
trixes a
r
e transfo
rmatio
n
by the pri
o
rity
relation m
a
tri
x
es, so the
r
e
are 12 al
so.
Table 6. A-B fuzzy con
s
i
s
te
nt matrix
A B1
B2
B3
B1 0.5
0.55
0.6
B2 0.45
0.5
0.55
B3 0.4
0.45
0.5
Table 7. B1-C fuzzy con
s
i
s
tent matrix
B
C1 C2 C3
C1 0.5 0.55 0.6
C2
0.45 0.5 0.55
C3 0.4 0.45 0.5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No
. 1, Janua
ry 2014: 653 – 6
6
0
656
Table 8. C1
-D fuzzy con
s
i
s
tent matrix
C1
D1 D2
D3 D4
D5
D1
0.5 0.44
0.4 0.53
0.58
D2 0.56
0.5
0.46
0.59
0.64
D3
0.6 0.54
0.5 0.63
0.68
D4 0.47
0.41
0.37
0.5
0.55
D5
0.42 0.36
0.32 0.45
0.5
Acco
rdi
ng to
the fuzzy consi
s
tent ma
trix, we
can
cal
c
ulate the
priority of the lower
factors und
er
an analytical stand
ard to th
e uppe
r level.
n
i
na
r
a
n
b
n
j
ij
i
,...
2
,
1
,
2
1
1
1
, (
2
1
n
a
).
n
i
b
b
b
w
,...,
,
2
1
i
b
sh
ows
ea
ch
factor’
s
im
po
rtance
o
r
de
r u
nder
a
certai
n an
alysi
s
sta
ndard in
the
uppe
r
lever.
Level B relati
ve to lever A,
weig
ht of each factor i
s
T
b
b
b
w
2833
.
0
,
03333
,
3833
.
0
,
,
3
2
1
1
Level C rel
a
tive to B1, B2,
B3, each
sub
-
indi
cato
r’s
weight is
T
b
b
b
w
2833
.
0
,
03333
,
3833
.
0
,
,
13
12
11
21
T
b
b
w
45
.
0
,
55
.
0
,
22
21
22
T
b
b
b
w
25
.
0
,
35
.
0
,
4
.
0
,
,
33
32
31
23
Level D rel
a
tive to C1, C2
…C8, weight
s of the 8 han
doff sch
eme
s
are
T
w
155
.
0
,
180
.
0
,
245
.
0
,
225
.
0
,
195
.
0
31
T
w
190
.
0
,
205
.
0
,
240
.
0
,
225
.
0
,
150
.
0
32
T
w
165
.
0
,
160
.
0
,
225
.
0
,
200
.
0
,
250
.
0
33
T
w
175
.
0
,
200
.
0
,
150
.
0
,
250
.
0
,
225
.
0
34
T
w
170
.
0
,
235
.
0
,
145
.
0
,
225
.
0
,
225
.
0
35
T
w
150
.
0
,
205
.
0
,
225
.
0
,
200
.
0
,
250
.
0
36
T
w
150
.
0
,
175
.
0
,
200
.
0
,
250
.
0
,
225
.
0
37
T
w
175
.
0
,
250
.
0
,
150
.
0
,
200
.
0
,
225
.
0
38
Since the
r
e
are multipl
e
levels of evaluat
ion
crite
r
ia, we n
eed
comp
reh
e
n
s
ive the
hiera
r
chi
c
al relation
ship
s, conve
r
t
p
a
rti
a
l
imp
o
rt
an
ce weight
into
co
mprehe
nsive wei
ght to
the
overall obj
ective. Then the sub
-
indi
cat
o
rs’
comp
re
h
ensive weigh
t
in lever C to the overall
obje
c
tive are
T
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
w
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
*
33
3
32
3
31
3
22
2
21
2
13
1
12
1
11
1
0
T
25
.
0
*
2833
.
0
,
35
.
0
*
2833
.
0
,
4
.
0
*
2833
.
0
,
45
.
0
*
3333
.
0
,
55
.
0
*
3333
.
0
,
2833
.
0
*
3833
.
0
,
3333
.
0
*
3833
.
0
,
3833
.
0
*
3833
.
0
T
0708
.
0
,
0991
.
0
,
1133
.
0
,
1500
.
0
,
1833
.
0
,
1086
.
0
,
1278
.
0
,
1469
.
0
On the
ba
si
s of hie
r
a
r
chy
singl
e o
r
de
r
and A
H
P
co
mpre
hen
sive,
we
can
cal
c
ulate the
prio
rity degre
e
of each h
a
n
doff sch
eme
i
T
. By s
o
rting
i
T
, we can g
e
t the best sch
e
me.
0
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
5
4
3
2
1
*
,
,
,
,
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
T
T
T
T
T
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A Novel Sp
ectrum
Handoff Method Ba
se
d
On Spe
c
tru
m
Reservatio
n (PENG Yi)
657
175
.
0
150
.
0
150
.
0
170
.
0
175
.
0
165
.
0
190
.
0
155
.
0
250
.
0
175
.
0
205
.
0
235
.
0
200
.
0
160
.
0
205
.
0
180
.
0
150
.
0
200
.
0
225
.
0
145
.
0
150
.
0
225
.
0
240
.
0
245
.
0
200
.
0
250
.
0
200
.
0
225
.
0
250
.
0
200
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
225
.
0
250
.
0
150
.
0
195
.
0
*
0708
.
0
0991
.
0
1133
.
0
1500
.
0
1833
.
0
1086
.
0
1278
.
0
1469
.
0
=
T
1668
.
0
,
2002
.
0
,
1963
.
0
,
2247
.
0
,
2137
.
0
From all
abo
ve we
can
know, the
5 candid
a
te cha
nnel
s’ sorting
result in a
c
corda
n
ce
with the overall evaluation
crite
r
ia is:
Cha
nnel 2
>
Cha
nnel 1
>
Cha
nnel 4
>
Cha
nnel 3
>
Cha
nnel 5.
When cogniti
ve radio
net
work faces spectr
um handoff, the channel chosen can be
based on the
sort results a
bove.
3. Result a
n
d Discus
s
io
n
Thro
ugh
sim
u
lation expe
riments, we
eval
uated th
e perfo
rman
ce of the propo
se
d
hand
off sch
eme. Assum
e
cog
n
itive use
r
nee
d to transfe
r a
length of 60s d
a
ta in a
comm
uni
cati
on process,
the access
probability of
cognitive users i
s
20% [
10]. In order to
improve the
accuracy of the re
sults, we cond
uct 10
0 experime
n
ts. Assu
me there a
r
e 5 i
d
le
spe
c
tru
m
re
source
s in the simulatio
n
scene, par
t of the paramete
r
s as
sho
w
n in
Table 9.
Table 9. Para
meters of idle
spe
c
trum
Channel
Dela
y
(
ms)
Available time(m
s)
Packet loss rate (%)
Band
w
i
dth(Kbps)
A 40
2700
3
5000
B 30
3000
2
4000
C 50
1800
1
4500
D 60
2400
4
3000
E 70
2000
5
3500
From 10
0 group
s of com
parative data
from
the si
mulation resu
lts in Figure 2 we can
see, un
de
r ra
ndom h
andof
f method with
out cha
nnel
orde
r, the switching frequ
e
n
cy is u
p
to 60
times, the
a
v
erage
switching frequ
en
cy is
43 tim
e
s. After
ch
annel
order
based o
n
F
A
HP
algorith
m
, th
e switching
freque
ncy i
s
4
0
time
s,
the
averag
e
swit
chin
g freque
ncy i
s
2
9
tim
e
s. It
mean
s that, the metho
d
p
r
opo
sed i
n
this pa
per
ca
n significa
ntly re
duce the
swit
chin
g freq
uen
cy
comp
ared to the previo
us
schem
e.
Simulation re
sults i
n
Figu
re 3 re
pre
s
e
n
t that,
for different nu
mbe
r
of cog
n
itive users, the
comp
ari
s
o
n
o
f
total system
delay. From
the ch
art we can se
e clea
rly,
the
hand
off
method based
on FAHP
ha
s g
r
eatly imp
r
oved
on d
e
l
a
y perfo
rm
a
n
c
e tha
n
the
random
ha
nd
off method.
And
along
with the increa
se of the use
r
num
ber, the adva
n
tage is mo
re
obvious.
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658
Figure 2. Han
doff frequen
cy under different method
Figure 3. Total delay und
e
r
different me
thod
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T
h
e
num
ber
of
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
s
T
h
e num
ber of
hando
f
f
s
han
dof
f
ba
s
ed o
n
F
A
H
P
han
dof
f
ba
s
ed o
n
r
a
n
dom
s
t
at
egy
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er of
S
U
s
to
ta
l
s
y
s
te
m
d
e
l
a
y
/
s
h
a
n
dof
f
ba
s
e
d
on
F
A
H
P
h
a
n
dof
f
ba
s
e
d
on
r
a
nd
om
s
t
a
t
e
g
y
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
2302-4
046
A Novel Sp
ectrum
Handoff Method Ba
se
d
On Spe
c
tru
m
Reservatio
n (PENG Yi)
659
Figure 4. Through
put und
e
r
different me
thod
Figure 4
sho
w
s the
thro
ug
hput
com
pari
s
on
un
der dif
f
erent m
e
tho
d
. Fro
m
the
fi
gure
we
can
se
e that, sin
c
e the m
e
thod p
r
op
osed in the
p
a
per
con
s
id
ered the multip
le indicators
of
can
d
idate
ch
annel
s, it ma
ke
s
cog
n
itive users ten
d
to ch
oo
se th
e ha
ndoff target with
larg
er
band
width, hi
gher d
a
ta tra
n
smi
ssi
on eff
i
cien
cy, so
th
at the throug
hput of the system ha
s be
en
greatly impro
v
ed.
4. Conclusio
n
This pap
er propo
sed a spe
c
trum
han
doff
method
ba
se
d
on ch
ann
el orde
rin
g
with
FAHP
algorith
m
,
ov
erall co
nsi
d
e
r
ed many
i
n
dicato
rs
such a
s
the
ch
annel
qu
ality, the continu
ous
effectivene
ss and the Q
o
S deman
d, etc. Then
throug
h the
simulatio
n
e
x
perime
n
t, from
swit
chin
g fre
quen
cy, total system
dela
y
and
system
throu
ghp
ut, the 3
aspe
cts, to validate the
effectivene
ss of method.
Simula
tion
re
sults
sh
ow th
at, comp
are
d
with the t
r
a
d
itional
rand
om
hand
off method, the me
thod pro
p
o
s
ed in this
p
aper
can eff
e
ctively redu
ce the ha
nd
off
freque
ncy, re
duce the syst
em latency
a
nd improve the system thro
ughp
ut.
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ces
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ih
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a
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