Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
21
,
pp.
1855
~
1860
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1855
-
1860
1855
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
High effi
ciency
Dohe
rty p
ower am
pli
fiers
f
or mod
ern wi
re
l
ess
co
mm
un
icat
i
on syst
ems:
A
bri
ef revi
ew
Mus
s
a M
ab
r
ok
1
, Z
ah
ri
ladh
a
Z
ak
ar
ia
2
,
T
ole Su
tikn
o
3
1,2
Cent
er
for Telec
om
m
unic
at
ion
Resea
r
ch and
In
novat
ion
(CeT
RI
),
Facu
lty
of Electronics a
nd
Co
m
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
T
ekn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
(UTe
M)
,
M
el
ak
a, Ma
lay
si
a
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan,
Yog
y
ak
art
a
,
I
ndonesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
2
, 2021
Re
vised A
ug
8
, 2021
Accepte
d Aug
2
3
, 202
1
Due
to
the
high
pea
k
to
ave
r
ag
e
power
rat
io
(PA
PR
)
of
m
oder
n
m
odula
te
d
signal
s,
power
a
m
pli
fie
rs
(PA
s)
have
b
ee
n
for
ced
to
oper
at
e
a
t
t
he
ba
ck
-
off
(BO)
reg
ion
of
t
hei
r
sa
tura
t
ion
p
ower
in
ord
er
to
avoi
d
sign
al
cli
pping
and
distort
ion.
How
eve
r,
cl
assic
al
PA
s
suffer
from
low
eff
ic
ie
n
c
y
in
th
e
BO
reg
ion
oper
at
ion
.
The
r
efo
re
,
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
has
to
b
e
enha
n
ce
d
in
t
hat
reg
io
n
.
Man
y
techniques
have
b
ee
n
pr
oposed.
Am
ong
the
m
,
the
Doh
erty
powe
r
amplifi
er
(DP
A)
is
conside
red
as
the
m
ost
s
uit
able
techniqu
e
due
to
it
s
sim
p
le
struct
ur
e
and
h
igh
per
for
m
anc
e.
How
ev
e
r,
i
ts
conve
n
ti
on
al
d
esign
is
li
m
it
ed
to
a
6
dB
BO
le
vel
,
which
does
not
sati
sf
y
th
e
req
uire
m
ent
s
of
m
oder
n
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
s.
In
thi
s
pap
er,
a
bri
ef
rev
ie
w
o
f
the
m
ost
signifi
c
ant
tech
nique
s
of
high
-
eff
iciency
DP
A
is
pre
sente
d.
First,
DP
A
topol
og
y
and
it
s
oper
ation
prin
ciples
ar
e
bri
efly
d
iscussed.
Second
,
eff
ic
i
e
n
c
y
enha
nc
ement
technique
s
such
a
s
an
as
y
m
m
et
ric
al
DP
A,
outpu
t
combiner
m
odifi
ca
t
ion,
ga
te
bia
s
ada
p
ti
on
,
offset
li
ne
op
ti
m
iz
ation,
and
m
ult
i
-
w
a
y
DP
A
w
ere
discussed.
The
study
show
s
that
th
e
m
ost
suita
bl
e,
sim
ple
,
an
d
eff
ective
soluti
o
n
is
an
as
y
m
m
et
ri
ca
l
appr
oa
ch
.
How
eve
r,
it
n
ee
ds
to
b
e
inve
stigated
in
t
erms
of
bandwid
th
in
orde
r
to
m
ee
t
the
eff
iciency
-
bandwidth
req
uire
m
ent
s
of m
oder
n
wire
l
ess c
om
m
unic
at
ion
s
y
stems
such
as
5G.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
5G
Ba
ck
-
off
Ba
ndwidt
h
ef
fi
ci
ency
Dohe
rty
pow
e
r
am
plifie
r
Peak
t
o
a
ver
a
ge
pow
e
r rat
io
Sign
al
cli
ppi
ng and
distor
ti
on
W
i
reless c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zahr
il
ad
ha
Zaka
ria,
Ce
nter fo
r
Tel
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Re
sea
rch an
d I
nnovat
ion (C
eTR
I)
Faculty
of Elec
t
ronics an
d
C
om
pu
te
r
En
gin
e
erin
g
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knikal
Ma
la
ysi
a Me
la
ka
(
UTe
M)
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
: zahrila
dh
a@
utem
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Mod
e
rn
wirel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
s
us
e
c
om
plex
m
od
ulati
on
sc
hem
es
su
ch
a
s
ort
hogo
na
l
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
di
vision
m
ulti
plexing
(OFDM
)
w
it
h
high
orde
r
qu
a
drat
ur
e
am
plit
ud
e
m
od
ula
ti
on
(
QA
M
)
to
m
ake
bette
r
us
e
of
t
he
a
vaila
ble
li
m
it
ed
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
sp
ect
r
um
in
orde
r
to
pro
duce
high
data
rates
H
oweve
r
,
th
os
e
m
od
ulate
d
sig
nals
are
cha
ra
ct
erized
by
a
hig
h
peak
-
to
-
ave
rag
e
powe
r
rati
o
(PAPR
),
m
eaning
th
at
the
wav
e
f
or
m
in
t
he
tim
e
do
m
ain
pr
e
sents
ra
re
peak
s
sig
nific
antly
hig
he
r
than
the
aver
a
ge
on
es,
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
I
n
o
r
der
to
am
plify
m
od
ulate
d
sig
nals
with
a
hi
gh
PAPR
,
the
P
A’
s
ou
t
pu
t
power
has
to
be
back
e
d
-
off
f
ro
m
sat
ur
a
ti
on
by
the
sa
m
e
a
m
ou
nt
of
PA
PR.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
c
onve
ntional
PA
s
s
uch
as
cl
ass
AB
suff
er
from
low
ef
fici
ency
at
the
back
-
off
(BO)
reg
i
on
a
s
their
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
determ
ine
at
the
m
axi
m
um
ou
tpu
t
pow
er
[
1].
To
s
olv
e
this
pro
blem
,
eff
ic
i
ency
has
t
o
be
enh
a
nce
d
at
the
BO
reg
i
on.
To
do
s
o,
se
ve
ral
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
have
been
propose
d,
s
uch
as
t
he
ou
t
ph
a
sin
g
power
am
plifie
r
[2
]
,
D
oh
e
rty
a
m
pl
ifie
r
[
3],
a
nd
se
qu
e
ntial
powe
r
a
m
plifie
r
[4
]
.
Am
on
g
the
ab
ov
e
-
m
entioned
te
chn
iq
ues,
th
e
Doher
ty
pow
er
am
plifie
r
(D
PA
)
is
co
ns
ide
red
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
18
55
-
18
60
1856
the
m
os
t
su
it
ab
le
te
chn
i
qu
e
du
e
to
it
s
sim
ple
structu
re,
ease
of
im
ple
m
entat
ion
,
an
d
hi
gh
pe
rfor
m
ance
[
5
]
-
[
9].
Howe
ver,
co
nventio
nal
D
PAs
can
on
ly
m
ain
ta
in
m
od
erate
eff
ic
ie
ncy
at
6
dB
BO
le
vel
[
10
]
,
wh
ic
h
do
e
s
no
t
sat
isfy t
he
re
qu
irem
ents o
f
m
od
er
n wirele
ss c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s.
In
this
pap
e
r,
we
pro
vid
e
a
br
ie
f
ove
rv
ie
w
of
the
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
BO
’
s
ef
fici
ency
e
nh
a
ncem
en
t
te
chn
iq
ues
pr
opose
d
f
or
im
pr
ov
i
ng
t
he
ef
fici
ency
of
c
onve
nt
ion
al
D
PAs.
T
he
rest
of
t
he
pa
per
is
or
gan
iz
ed
as
fo
ll
ows:
s
ect
io
n
2
pr
ov
i
des
a
br
ie
f
ove
rv
ie
w
of
the
DPA
top
ol
og
y
a
nd
it
s
op
erati
ng
pr
i
nciples.
Sec
ti
on
3
exp
l
or
es
the m
os
t si
gnific
a
nt
eff
ic
ie
ncy e
nha
ncem
ent tec
hn
i
qu
e
s.
Fi
nally
, a
c
oncl
us
i
on is
dr
a
w
n
in
secti
on
4.
2.
DOH
E
RTY
P
OWER
AMP
LIFIE
R
The
D
oh
e
rty
am
pl
ifie
r
was
inv
ente
d
by
Doh
erty
in
19
36
[
3]
.
It
con
sist
s
of
two
a
m
plifie
rs
cal
le
d
the
m
ai
n
(car
rier)
a
m
plifie
r
an
d
t
he
a
ux
il
ia
ry
(
pe
akin
g)
am
plifie
r
co
nnect
ed
i
n
par
al
le
l
an
d
biased
in
cl
ass
-
AB
and
Cl
ass
-
C
re
sp
ect
ively
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
Both
am
plifie
rs
are
co
nnect
ed
thr
ough
a
qu
a
rter
-
wa
ve
le
ng
t
h
i
m
ped
ance
in
ve
rter
w
hich
a
ct
s
as
a
load
m
od
ulati
on
ne
twork
.
The
ph
a
se
differe
nc
e
gen
e
rated
by
th
e
i
m
ped
ance
i
nverter
is
c
om
pen
sat
ed
at
t
he
i
nput
of
t
he
pea
king
sta
ge
usi
ng
a
delay
li
ne.
Offset
li
nes
a
r
e
us
e
d
at
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
m
ai
n
a
nd
a
uxil
ia
ry
am
pl
ifie
rs.
Th
e
m
ai
n
DP
A
’s
offset
li
ne
is
us
e
d
to
e
nh
a
nce
it
s
eff
ic
ie
ncy
at
th
e
BO
(
i.e.
w
he
n
the
peak
i
ng
i
s
off),
w
hile
th
e
aux
il
ia
ry
‘s
offset
li
ne
is
us
ed
to
pr
e
ve
nt
powe
r
le
akag
e
from
t
he
m
ai
n
path
duri
ng
the
off
-
sta
te
.
A
powe
r
di
vid
er
is
use
d
at
the
input
to
div
ide
t
he
po
w
er
to
bo
t
h
am
plifie
rs
.
Ma
tc
hing
net
work
is
us
e
d
at
the
outp
ut
of
the
DPA
t
o
m
atch
t
he
im
ped
an
ce
at
the
com
bin
in
g
po
i
nt to
t
he 50
-
oh
m
syst
e
m
i
mp
eda
nce.
T
he worki
ng princi
ple of
DPA is
as foll
ow
s:
I
n
t
he
lo
w p
ow
e
r r
egio
n,
on
ly
the
m
ai
n
sta
ge
is
work
i
ng
wh
il
e
the
pe
akin
g
is
off.
Un
ti
l
a
certai
n
power
le
ve
l
(
br
ea
k
point
),
wh
e
n
the
m
ai
n
a
m
plifie
r
reaches
it
s sat
ur
at
io
n
st
at
e, t
he
au
xili
ary tur
ns
on a
nd start
s to
co
nduct th
e curren
t.
I
n
th
is way,
the BO
’s
e
ff
ic
i
ency co
uld be
enh
a
nce
d.
Figure
1. Hi
gh
peak
-
to
-
ave
ra
ge
pow
e
r
rati
o
sig
nal i
n
t
he
ti
m
e D
om
ain
[1
]
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
st
and
a
r
d DP
A
[
3]
3.
EFFICIE
NCY
EN
HAN
CE
MENT TE
CHNIQ
UES
Stand
a
r
d
D
PAs
have
sho
wn
a
good
ef
fici
ency
pe
rfor
m
ance
at
6
dB
B
O
le
vel.
Howe
ver,
m
od
er
n
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s
ask
f
or
BO
le
vels
i
n
the
ra
nge
of
8
-
12
dB
B
O
.
The
refo
re,
di
ff
ere
nt
appr
oach
es
ha
ve
been
propo
sed
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
t
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
e
ff
ic
i
en
cy
at
a
la
rge
B
O.
I
n
this
sect
ion,
we
will
criti
cal
ly
r
eview a
v
a
riet
y o
f
in
novative
desig
ns
,
d
e
scri
bing thei
r
a
dv
a
ntages
and lim
i
ta
ti
on
s.
3.1.
Asymme
trical
DPA
T
o
c
om
pen
sat
e
for
t
he
lo
w
c
urre
nt
delive
red
by
t
he
peak
i
ng
sta
ge,
a
n
asy
m
m
e
tric
al
DPA
ha
s
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
in
[
11
]
-
[
15]
.
In
[
11
]
,
the
asym
m
et
rical
op
erati
on
is
achieved
by
us
in
g
two
ti
m
e
s
la
rg
er
tra
ns
ist
or
f
or
the
pea
k
in
g
sta
ge
to
ove
rcom
e
low
powe
r
an
d
im
per
fect
load
m
od
ulati
on.
Althou
gh
this
w
ork
ha
s
bette
r
li
near
it
y
and
good
ef
fici
ency,
around
5%
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
the
c
onve
ntion
al
D
PA
[
3]
.
H
owe
ver,
us
i
ng
ver
y
la
rg
e
transisto
rs
le
ads
to
inc
reasi
ng
t
he
pro
duc
ti
on
cost.
Furtherm
or
e,
the
l
ow
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
peak
in
g
sta
ge
iss
ue
cannot
be
co
m
ple
te
ly
reso
lved
[
12
]
.
To
s
olv
e
t
his
pro
bl
e
m
,
an
une
ve
n
po
wer
di
vide
r
ap
proac
h
ha
s
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
[
12
]
.
I
n
this
m
et
ho
d,
t
he
powe
r
di
vid
er
is
desig
ned
to
delive
r
powe
r
to
the
a
ux
il
ia
ry
br
a
nc
h
m
or
e
than
that
deliv
ered
to
the
m
ai
n
br
a
nc
h
to
c
om
pen
sat
e
for
it
s
low
current
.
In
this
way,
the
sam
e
cur
ren
t
from
bo
t
h
am
plifie
rs
can
be
deliv
ered
a
nd
proper
load
m
od
ul
at
ion
can
be
achieve
d.
A
s
a
resu
lt
,
pro
per
loa
d
m
od
ulati
on
ca
n
be
achie
ved,
le
ading
to
the
BO’s
en
han
c
e
m
ent.
In
sp
it
e
of
that,
the
lo
w
pow
e
r
deliv
ered
to
the
m
a
in
a
m
pli
fier
has
resu
lt
e
d
in
a
low
gain
.
As
a
res
ult,
be
cause
the
f
ull
DPA'
s
gain
is
pr
im
aril
y
dep
end
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
High eff
ic
ie
ncy
D
oh
ert
y
powe
r amp
li
fi
ers
for
mod
er
n
wi
rel
e
ss com
municat
ion
… (
M
us
sa
Ma
br
ok
)
1857
on
the
ga
in
of
the
m
ai
n
a
m
p
li
fier.
Ther
e
f
ore,
the
fu
ll
DPA’s
gain
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
are
reduce
d.
A
no
t
her
m
et
ho
d
of
ach
ie
vin
g
asy
m
m
et
rical
DP
A
is
to
feed
the
pe
akin
g
sta
ge
wi
th
a
high
dr
ai
n
bias
vo
lt
age
great
er
than
that
of
t
he
carrier
am
plifie
r,
as
i
n
[
13
]
,
[14],
an
d
[15].
Acc
ordin
g
to
the
stu
dy
in
[
12
]
,
by
lo
wer
i
ng
t
he
carrier
am
plifi
er'
s
dr
ai
n
vo
l
ta
ge,
th
e
BO'
s
ef
fici
ency
is
increa
sed
by
3.43%
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
t
o
t
he
conve
ntion
al
DPA.
H
oweve
r,
the
m
axi
m
um
ou
tp
ut
powe
r
is
reduce
d.
T
his
is
du
e
t
o
th
e
low
bias
vo
lt
age
of
the
car
rier
am
plifie
r,
w
hich
l
eads
to
a
lo
w
gain
a
nd
out
put
power.
As
a
resu
lt
,
t
he
ov
e
rall
DPA’s
gai
n
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
i
s r
e
du
ce
d.
3.2.
O
utput
c
omb
iner
m
odi
ficat
i
on
A
no
t
her
go
od
inv
est
igati
on
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
has
been
gi
ve
n
to
the
m
od
ifi
cat
ion
an
d
opti
m
iz
at
ion
of
the
outp
ut
c
om
bin
er
of
t
he
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
DPA.
In
the
w
ork
of
[16]
,
cha
racteri
sti
c
i
m
ped
ance
s
of
l
oad
mo
du
la
ti
on
ne
twork
(im
pedance
in
ver
te
r
and
global
m
at
ching)
are
a
dju
ste
d
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
ble
m
of
incom
plete
load
m
od
ulati
on
ca
us
e
d
by
cu
rr
e
nt
unba
la
nce
betwee
n
ca
rr
ie
r
an
d
pea
king
am
plifie
rs
.
Me
asur
em
ents
resu
lt
s
show
an
eff
ic
ie
ncy
enh
a
ncem
ent
of
8%
an
d
13%
at
sat
ur
at
ion
a
nd
B
O
res
pecti
vely
,
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
with
the
c
onven
ti
onal
DPA
.
I
n
[
17]
,
the
char
act
e
risti
c
im
ped
ance
of
t
he
outp
ut
m
atch
in
g
netw
ork
is
m
od
ifie
d
ba
sed
on
the
current
a
nd
power
rati
os
between
the
carrier
an
d
the
peak
in
g
am
pli
fier
in
order
to
ach
ie
ve
co
rr
ect
l
oad
m
od
ulati
on
a
nd
e
nhance
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
A
prot
otype
was
de
velo
ped
at
3.4
5
GH
z
us
in
g
sym
m
et
rical
dev
ic
es
an
d
eve
n
power
div
ide
r.
T
he
e
f
fici
ency
is
i
m
pr
ove
d
by
2
-
3%
with
res
pect
to
the
conve
ntion
al
DPA.
A
dif
fere
nt
ap
proac
h
is
pro
po
se
d
in
[1
8],
w
her
e
t
he
load
m
od
ula
ti
on
net
wor
k
of
t
he
conve
ntion
al
DPA
is
rep
la
c
ed
with
tw
o
quarter
-
wav
el
e
ngth
im
ped
ance
transfor
m
ers
and
a
s
hunted
reacti
ve
load
for
e
ff
ic
i
ency
-
band
widt
h
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
si
m
ultaneou
s
ly
,
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
3.
T
he
pro
posed
ci
r
cuit
is
fabr
ic
at
ed
an
d
m
easur
ed
for
va
li
dation
pu
rposes.
Alth
ough
the
m
easur
e
d
resu
lt
s
s
howe
d
an
i
m
pr
ovem
e
nt
in
eff
ic
ie
ncy at t
he
BO
le
vel.
Howev
e
r, i
t i
s sti
ll
lim
it
ed
to
6 d
B B
O.
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e D
P
A pr
e
sent
ed
in
[1
8]
3.3.
Multi
-
w
ay DPA
T
he
Mult
i
-
way
DPA
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
nu
m
ber
(
N)
of
ide
ntica
l
de
vices
(N
>
2),
one
f
or
the
ca
rri
er
sta
ge
and
N
-
1
f
or
th
e
peak
i
ng
sta
ge
,
as
show
n
in
Figure
4
[12].
Un
li
ke
t
he
co
nventio
nal
tw
o
-
way
DPA,
wh
i
ch
has
two
pea
k
ef
fici
encies,
one
at
t
he
BO
an
d
the
oth
e
r
at
the
peak
outp
ut
pow
er.
A
dd
it
io
nal
peaks
at
diff
er
ent
BO
le
vels
can b
e
pro
duced b
y
a m
ul
ti
-
way
DPA
ba
sed
on
the
nu
m
ber
o
f
t
he
peak
i
ng
d
e
vice
s.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
the
3
-
way
D
PA
ca
n
introd
uce
th
r
ee
pea
ks
,
t
wo
at
dif
fer
e
nt
BO
points
an
d
on
e
at
the
peak
.
By
intr
oduci
ng
add
it
io
nal
BO
le
vels,
the
eff
i
ci
ency
of
the
BO
will
be
extend
e
d.
T
he
w
ork
of
[
19
]
i
m
ple
m
ents
a
3
-
wa
y
DP
A
us
in
g
th
ree
30
watt
dev
ic
es,
on
e
for
the
ca
r
rier
an
d
tw
o
f
or
tw
o
se
par
at
e
peak
i
ng
am
plifie
rs.
The
m
easur
e
d
resu
lt
s
s
how
dr
ai
n
ef
fici
en
cy
of
28
-
33%
at
8
-
10
dB
B
O.
A
no
t
her
3
-
way
DPA
is
pr
e
sent
ed
in
[
20]
with
a
hi
gh
BO
le
vel
of
12
dB.
H
oweve
r,
it
req
ui
res
a
com
plex
m
ixed
sig
nal
set
up
to
co
ntr
ol
the
inp
ut
po
wer
of
t
he
a
m
plifie
rs.
T
he
work
of
[
21
]
pro
po
se
d
a
3
-
way
DPA
with
a
high
BO
le
ve
l
of
11.
7
dB
without
the
ne
ed
f
or
a
com
plica
te
d
m
ixed
-
sig
nal
set
up.
U
nlike
t
he
conve
ntion
al
a
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
three
-
way
DPA
wh
e
re
th
ree
id
entic
al
dev
ic
es
a
re
use
d,
t
he
w
ork
of
[
22
]
pro
po
se
d
a
sym
m
e
trical
appro
ac
h
w
her
e
one
60
W
transisto
r
is
use
d
f
or
the
car
rier
am
plifie
r
a
nd
tw
o
30
watt
s
are
use
d
for
t
he
pea
king
am
plifie
rs.
T
he
pro
pose
d
desig
n
ac
hie
ves
a
n
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
33.
7%
at
6.
5
dB
BO.
Althou
gh
the
ac
hieve
d
BO
is
low
wh
e
n
com
par
e
d
to
the
co
nv
e
ntion
al
three
-
way
DPA.
Howe
ver,
it
is
co
ns
ide
red
a
cost
-
e
ff
ect
iv
e
desi
gn
a
nd
is
su
it
able
for
m
odulate
d
si
gna
ls
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
18
55
-
18
60
1858
app
ly
P
AP
R’s
reducti
on
te
ch
niques.
M
ulti
-
way
DPAs
have
show
n
a
sig
ni
ficant
i
m
pr
ov
e
m
ent
in
eff
ic
i
ency
at
high
BO
le
vels.
H
oweve
r,
it
con
t
rib
utes
to
increasi
ng
t
he
ci
rcu
it
siz
e
an
d
pr
oductio
n
c
os
t
as
m
ulti
-
dev
ic
e
s
(transi
stors) a
r
e re
qu
ire
d.
Figure
4. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
m
ulti
-
way
DPA
[23]
3.4.
O
th
er
t
e
chniques
Ot
her
te
chn
iq
ues
a
re
propose
d
in
t
he
li
te
ratur
e,
s
uch
as
switc
he
d
-
m
od
e
D
PAs.
In
the
w
ork
of
[
24
]
,
the
c
onve
ntional
Cl
ass
AB
-
C
DPA
is
re
plac
ed
with
t
he
Cl
ass
-
F,
as
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
5.
The
m
easur
e
d
resu
l
ts
sh
ow
a
high
ef
fici
ency
of
50
%
is
achieved
at
7
dB
BO,
w
hich
is
8%
hi
gher
wit
h
res
pe
ct
to
the
con
ve
ntion
al
DPA.
Howe
ve
r,
the
Cl
ass
-
F
PA
s
s
uffe
r
f
rom
no
nlinearit
y
issues
due
to
op
e
rati
ng
i
n
s
a
turati
on
m
od
e
[25].
Ther
e
f
or
e,
dig
i
ta
l
pr
e
-
distor
ti
on
(DPD
)
com
bin
e
d
with
P
A
PR
reducti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
are
app
li
ed
t
o
m
ee
t
the
li
near
it
y
requir
e
m
ents.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
ork
[26],
a
blen
de
d
cl
as
s
-
EF
m
od
e
is
pro
po
se
d.
Loa
d
-
pull
analy
sis
is
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
loa
d
im
pe
dan
ce
at
the
f
undam
ental
fr
equ
e
ncy.
Wh
e
reas,
loa
d
im
ped
ance
at
harm
on
ic
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
set
accord
i
ng
t
o
cl
ass
-
EF
requirem
ents.
The
propose
d
desi
gn
ac
hieves
hig
h
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
at
bo
th
peak
outp
ut
po
wer
a
nd
at
the BO
re
gion.
T
he
m
easur
e
d
res
ults
show
e
ff
ic
i
ency
of
81.3%
and
68%
at
bo
th
the
peak
a
nd
BO
reg
i
on
s
,
res
pec
ti
vely
.
The
Ga
te
bias
adap
ta
t
ion
te
ch
nique
was
pro
pose
d
in
[10]
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
blem
of
BO’s
ef
fici
ency
degra
dation
of
the
conven
ti
onal
DPA.
I
n
th
is
te
chn
iq
ue,
the
gate
biases
of
bo
t
h
a
m
plifie
rs
are
adap
ti
vely
ad
justed
as
the
in
pu
t
po
wer
inc
r
eases
by
us
in
g
an
exter
nal
co
ntr
ol
ci
rcu
it
to
achiev
e
pro
per
lo
ad
m
odulati
on
[
12
]
.
The
wor
k
of
[10]
pro
posed
DPA
im
ple
m
e
nted
gate
bias
adap
ti
on
te
c
hniqu
e.
The
gate
bias
of
t
he
ca
rr
ie
r
is
co
ntr
olled
s
o
that
the
pea
k
powe
r
wit
h
th
e
optim
u
m
load
is
in
crease
d.
Th
e
m
easur
ed
resu
l
ts
sh
ow
high
ef
fici
ency,
over
62%
at
6
dB
BO.
T
he
w
ork
of
[27]
optim
iz
e
d
the
carrie
r’
s
offset
li
ne
to
c
om
pen
sat
e
for
phas
e
m
is
m
at
ch
at
the
B
O
as
so
c
ia
te
d
with
co
nventio
nal
DPA.
The
c
har
ac
te
ri
sti
c
i
m
ped
ances
of
the
car
rier
’s
offset
li
ne
a
nd
im
ped
ance
i
nv
e
rter
a
re
set
to
R
0
/2,
w
hich
is
the
sam
e
load
i
m
ped
ance
at
the
BO,
in
ste
ad
of
R
0
in
co
nventional
DPAs
.
In
this
way,
the
desi
gn
se
nsi
ti
vity
is
m
ov
ed
from
the
BO
re
gion
,
wh
ic
h
is
m
o
re
i
m
po
rta
nt
f
o
r
m
od
ulate
d
sign
al
s
wit
h
hi
gh
P
AP
R
,
to
the
pea
k
re
gion.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
desi
gn
a
chie
ves
a
high
ef
fici
enc
y
of
60.7%
at
6.5
dB
B
O,
w
hile
showi
ng
a
degra
dation
of
pea
k
ou
t
pu
t p
ow
e
r
of
le
ss
t
han
0.0
1
dBm
.
Sign
ific
ant
pr
ogress
i
n
BO
e
xtensi
on is
show
n
i
n
[28],
w
he
re
a
la
r
ge
B
O
le
vel
of
15
dB
is
achieve
d.
By
con
tr
olli
ng
the
in
pu
t
po
wer
of
the
ca
r
rier
DP
A
,
the
var
ia
ti
on
ra
ng
e
of
it
s
op
ti
m
u
m
ou
tpu
t
i
m
ped
ance
can
be
re
duce
d
an
d
the
eff
i
ci
ency
ov
e
r
a
la
rg
e
OB
O
co
uld
be
e
nh
a
nc
ed.
F
or
ver
ific
at
io
n,
th
e
prototype
wa
s
dev
el
op
e
d
at
2.56
GH
z
us
in
g
galli
um
nitri
de
high
el
ect
ron
m
ob
il
ity
transisto
r
(G
a
N
HEMT
)
dev
ic
es
.
Me
as
ur
em
ent
res
ults
sho
w
a
DE
of
58
-
63%
at
15
dB
OB
O
w
it
h
an
ave
rage
outp
ut
powe
r
of
28
dBm
.
Although
a
la
rg
e
BO
le
vel
is
achieve
d
in
this
wor
k.
O
n
the
oth
er
hand,
t
he
pro
po
s
e
d
desig
n
nee
de
d
to
be
te
ste
d
to
ver
i
fy
it
s
l
inearit
y
perfor
m
ance.
In
c
on
trast
to
conve
ntion
al
DPAs,
load
m
od
ulati
on
is
achieve
d
i
n
[
29]
,
[
30]
with
out
the
us
e
of
a
quarte
r
-
w
ave
le
ng
th
im
ped
ance
in
ve
rter.
I
n
th
i
s
desig
n,
the
im
ped
a
nce
seen
by
the
m
ai
n
am
pl
ifie
r
is
m
od
ulate
d
acc
ord
ing
to
t
he
c
urr
ent
c
on
tri
bu
te
d
by
t
he
peak
i
ng
am
plifie
r.
The
pr
opose
d
desi
gn
ac
hi
eves
an
ef
fici
ency
of
50%
a
t
6
dB
BO
and
it
can
con
trib
ute
to
reducin
g
t
he o
ccup
ie
d
a
rea.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
High eff
ic
ie
ncy
D
oh
ert
y
powe
r amp
li
fi
ers
for
mod
er
n
wi
rel
e
ss com
municat
ion
… (
M
us
sa
Ma
br
ok
)
1859
Figure
5. Cl
ass
-
F
Dohe
rty
po
wer am
plifie
r
[
24
]
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
c
oncl
us
i
on,
the
m
os
t
recent
li
te
ratur
e
on
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
enh
a
nc
e
m
ent
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
of
the
D
oh
e
rty
powe
r
am
plifier
has
bee
n
re
viewed
a
nd
crit
ic
al
ly
discuss
ed
.
Th
e
m
ai
n
dr
a
wb
ac
k
of
eac
h
te
chn
iq
ue
has
bee
n
highli
gh
te
d.
D
iffer
e
nt
te
ch
niq
ue
s
ha
ve
bee
n
disc
us
se
d,
s
uch
a
s
an
a
sym
m
e
tric
al
DP
A,
ou
t
pu
t
c
om
bin
er
m
od
ific
at
ion
,
m
ul
ti
way
DP
A,
c
on
ti
nu
ous
-
m
od
e
DPAs,
gate
bias
a
da
ption,
a
nd
offset
li
ne
opti
m
iz
at
ion
.
Am
on
g
t
he
pro
pose
d
te
c
hn
i
ques,
asy
m
m
et
ri
cal
ap
proach
c
an
be
c
onside
r
ed
as
a
sim
ple
an
d
str
ai
ghtfo
rw
a
rd
so
luti
on
to
e
nhance
the
BO
’s
ef
fici
ency.
Howe
ver,
it
ha
s
a
lim
it
ed
ban
dwidt
h.
As
a
resu
lt
,
ba
ndwidt
h
extensi
on tech
nique ca
n be
use
d
i
n
c
onjun
ct
ion
with it
t
o
e
valuat
e t
he
ef
fi
ci
ency o
ver a
wide
-
ba
ndwi
dth
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
T
he
auth
or
s
gr
at
ef
ully
ackn
owle
dg
e
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tekn
i
kal
Ma
la
ysi
a
Melaka
(U
TeM
)
unde
r
the
Zam
a
la
h
Sche
m
e
fo
r
sup
porting
this
rese
arch
w
ork
,
a
nd
U
niv
e
rsita
s
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
t
o
s
uppo
rt
this
colla
borati
ve r
esearch
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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C.
Ramel
la,
A.
Piac
ib
ello,
R
.
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a
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arc
hia
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M.
Pirol
a,
“
High
Eff
iciency
Pow
er
Am
pli
fie
rs
f
or
Modern
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m
unic
at
ions:
The
Loa
d
-
Mo
dula
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rowave
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Eff
ic
i
ency
Bro
adband
As
y
m
m
et
ric
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y
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e
r
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fie
r
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at
ions
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rnati
onal
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renc
e
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rowave
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li
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te
r
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e
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e
t
al
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70
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y
m
m
et
ri
ca
l
Dohert
y
Pow
er
A
m
pli
fie
r
for
5G
Bas
e
Stat
ions,
"
9th
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Bro
adband
Comm
u
nic
ati
ons
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Net
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rks,
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W
a
ta
nabe,
J.
W
ong,
A.
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ko
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G.
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"A
High
-
Eff
iciency
4
.
35
-
4.
85
GH
z
Dohert
y
Am
pli
fie
r
fo
r
Base
Stat
ion
Applic
a
ti
ons,"
2
018
Asia
-
Pacific
Mic
rowav
e
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renc
e
(
AP
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M
.
Mabrok,
Z
.
Za
kar
ia,
and
H
.
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r
a,
"Rev
ie
w
of
R
ec
en
t
Tre
nds
on
Pow
er
Am
pli
fie
r
De
sign
for
Moder
n
Com
m
unic
at
ion
S
y
stems
,
"
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journal
on
Comm
unic
ations
Ant
enna
and
Propagati
on
(
IRE
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vo
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Lee,
S.
Jee
,
S
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B.
Kim
,
"O
pti
m
iz
ed
Doh
erty
power
amplifier
with
a
new
o
ffset
li
n
e,
"
2015
IEE
E
MTT
-
S
Int
ernati
onal
Mic
r
owave
S
ymposium
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2015,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
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2502
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4752
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on
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a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
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J.
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B.
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S.
Boum
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a
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J.
W
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“
Pow
er
eff
ic
ienc
y
a
nd
li
n
ea
r
ity
enh
ancem
ent
using
opti
m
iz
ed
as
y
m
m
et
rical
Dohert
y
power
a
m
pli
fie
rs,”
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ans.
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B
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,
Dohert
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er
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ent
al
s
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e
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ic
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Y.
W
u
and
S.
Boum
ai
za
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"A
Mixed
-
Technol
o
g
y
As
y
m
m
et
rica
lly
B
ia
sed
Ex
te
n
ded
and
Rec
onf
i
gura
ble
Doher
t
y
Am
pli
fie
r
with
I
m
prove
d
Pow
er
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on
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r,
"
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EE
E
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ansacti
ons
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Gus
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fss
on,
C.
M.
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o
n
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C.
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,
"A
novel
wid
e
band
and
rec
onf
igura
bl
e
high
av
era
ge
eff
i
cienc
y
power
amplifi
e
r,
"
2012
IE
EE
/
MTT
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S
Inte
rnational
Mi
crowave
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Pang,
S
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He
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Z.
Da
i,
C.
Huan
g,
J.
Peng
and
F.
You,
"D
esign
of
a
Pos
t
-
Matching
As
y
m
m
et
ri
c
Dohert
y
Pow
e
r
Am
pli
fie
r
for
Broadba
nd
Applicati
ons,"
in
IEEE
Mic
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and
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ess
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Chen
and
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"O
ptim
iz
ed
Loa
d
Modulat
ion
Netw
ork
for
Dohert
y
Pow
er
Am
pli
fie
r
Perform
an
c
e
Enha
nc
ement,
"
i
n
IEEE
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ansacti
ons
on
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rowave
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ques
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Xia,
X
.
Zhu
,
L.
Zh
ang,
J.
Zh
a
i
and
Y.
Sun,
"H
igh
-
Eff
i
ci
en
c
y
G
aN
Dohert
y
Pow
er
Am
pli
fie
r
for
100
-
MH
z
LT
E
-
Advanc
ed
Appl
ic
a
ti
on
Based
o
n
Modifie
d
Lo
a
d
Modulat
ion
Network,
"
in
I
E
EE
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ansacti
on
s
on
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and
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ch
nique
s
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W
a
Kong,
Jing
Xia,
Da
-
W
ei
Di
ng,
Li
-
Xia
Yan
g,
Chao
Yu,
and
Yongzha
o
Zha
n,
"A
W
ide
band
Dohert
y
Pow
er
Am
pli
fie
r
with
Shunted
Re
ac
t
iv
e
Lo
ad
for
Eff
iciency
Enha
n
ce
m
ent
,
"
Progress
In
Elec
tromagnet
ic
s
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ood,
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l
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M.
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"A
hig
h
power,
high
ef
fic
i
ency
UM
TS
amplifi
er
using
a
novel
Dohe
r
t
y
conf
iguration,
"
Radi
o
and
Wirel
ess
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renc
e,
2003.
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AWC
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N.
d
e
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ede
,
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-
Signal
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h
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rds
Li
nea
r
and
Eff
ic
i
ent
N
-
W
a
y
Dohert
y
Am
pli
fie
rs,"
in
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rans
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ai
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hre
e
-
wa
y
Doher
t
y
power
ampli
fie
r
for
eff
i
cien
t
amplifi
c
at
ion
of
wideba
nd
signals
w
it
h
ext
ende
d
PA
PR
,
"
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E
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and
W
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Kang
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al
.
,
"S
y
m
m
et
ri
c
Thr
ee
-
W
a
y
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y
Pow
er
A
m
pli
fie
r
for
High
Eff
i
ci
en
c
y
and
Li
n
e
ari
t
y
,
"
in
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EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
o
n
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ts
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Syste
ms
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ta
n
abe
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A.
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"
High
-
Pow
er
Hig
h
-
Eff
iciency
Ga
N
HEMT
Doher
t
y
Am
pli
fie
r
s
fo
r
Base
Sta
ti
on
Ap
pli
c
at
ions,
"
IEI
C
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
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tron
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Fan,
X.
Zhu
,
J.
Xia
and
L.
Z
hang,
"Ef
ficien
c
y
enha
n
ce
d
C
la
s
s
-
F
Dohert
y
po
wer
amplifier
at
3.
5GH
z
for
L
TE
-
Advanc
ed
appl
i
ca
t
ion,
"
2013
Asia
-
Pacific
Mi
crowave
Conf
ere
nc
e
Proceedi
ngs
(
AP
MC)
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el
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,
“
A
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RF
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d
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Pow
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y
Pow
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Am
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EF
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Pull
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at
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Bia
s
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t
io
n
of
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y
Pow
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Am
pli
fie
r
for
High
Eff
ic
ien
c
y
and
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er
,
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ng
po
wer
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rolling
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ec
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y
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power
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k
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off,
"
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017
47th
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on
t
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without
using
quar
te
r
-
w
ave
l
engt
h
tr
ansm
ission
li
ne,
”
I
ET
Mic
rowaves, An
t
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vol.
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d
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Am
pli
fier
for
Im
prove
d
Eff
i
cienc
y
Next
Gene
r
at
io
n
Mobile
,
"
202
0
50th
European
Mic
row
ave
Conf
ere
n
ce
(
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