I
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o
ne
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ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
1
~
1
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7
7
I
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N:
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DOI
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23
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3
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7
6
1
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1
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7
7
1761
J
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:
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Alternative
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nsula
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a
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Tran
sfo
rm
e
r
li
q
u
id
d
iele
c
tri
c
s
e
v
o
lv
e
d
wh
e
re
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
c
h
o
ice
u
n
ti
l
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
y
n
t
h
e
ti
c
e
ste
rs
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
ra
l
e
ste
rs.
Na
tu
ra
l
e
ste
r
-
b
a
se
d
o
il
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
ten
si
v
e
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
ir
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
f
o
r
re
p
lac
i
n
g
p
e
tro
leu
m
-
b
a
se
d
m
i
n
e
ra
l
o
il
,
wh
ic
h
is
n
o
n
-
b
io
d
e
g
ra
d
a
b
le
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
o
o
r
d
i
e
lec
t
ric
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
x
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
n
a
t
u
ra
l
e
ste
r
o
il
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
m
ix
e
d
tran
sfo
r
m
e
r
li
q
u
id
d
iele
c
tri
c
s.
P
h
y
sic
a
l,
c
h
e
m
ica
l,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l,
a
n
d
a
g
e
in
g
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
th
e
se
d
iele
c
tri
c
s
a
n
d
th
e
d
isso
l
v
e
d
g
a
s
a
n
a
ly
sis
(DG
A)
we
re
re
v
iew
e
d
.
P
h
y
sic
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
in
c
lu
d
e
v
isc
o
si
ty
,
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t,
flas
h
a
n
d
fire
p
o
i
n
t
wh
ic
h
a
re
v
it
a
l
in
d
ica
to
rs
o
f
h
e
a
t
i
n
su
lati
o
n
a
n
d
f
ire
risk
.
Ch
e
m
ica
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
c
o
n
s
id
e
re
d
a
re
wa
ter
c
o
n
ten
t,
a
c
id
n
u
m
b
e
r,
DG
A,
c
o
rro
si
v
e
su
l
p
h
u
r,
a
n
d
slu
d
g
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
t
o
li
m
it
a
n
d
d
e
tec
t
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
rr
o
sio
n
d
u
e
t
o
o
il
a
g
e
in
g
.
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
b
re
a
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lt
a
g
e
we
re
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
siste
n
t
in
su
lati
o
n
d
u
ri
n
g
o
v
e
rlo
a
d
a
n
d
fa
u
lt
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s.
T
h
e
se
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
e
v
o
l
v
in
g
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
d
iele
c
tri
c
s
we
re
re
v
iew
e
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
AST
M
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
a
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
Co
m
m
issio
n
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
f
o
r
a
c
c
e
p
tab
le
tran
sfo
rm
e
r
li
q
u
id
d
iele
c
tri
c
s.
T
h
is
re
v
iew
p
a
p
e
r
wa
s
c
o
m
p
il
e
d
to
a
v
a
il
m
o
d
e
rn
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
in
d
u
str
y
a
n
d
sc
h
o
lars
,
a
lso
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
u
si
n
g
m
ix
e
d
d
iel
e
c
tri
c
s
fo
r
p
o
we
r
tran
sfo
rm
e
rs
a
s
th
e
y
a
re
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
d
t
o
sh
o
w su
p
e
rio
rit
y
o
v
e
r
n
o
n
-
m
i
x
e
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
L
iq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics
Min
er
al
o
il
Natu
r
al
ester
Po
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
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r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
o
r
:
B
o
k
an
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Ag
r
ip
a
T
lh
ab
o
lo
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o
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical,
C
o
m
p
u
ter
an
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T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
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B
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ts
wan
a
I
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ter
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atio
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Un
iv
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ity
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Priv
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B
ag
1
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Palap
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B
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ail:
b
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b
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NO
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No
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Ultr
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I
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:
2
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2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
6
1
-
1
7
7
7
1762
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Po
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
p
la
y
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
en
d
u
s
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
u
tili
ties
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
p
o
wer
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
ef
f
icien
tly
.
Ad
eq
u
ate
co
o
lin
g
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ea
tin
g
u
p
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
c
o
r
e
d
u
e
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lo
a
d
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
f
au
lts
[
1
]
,
h
en
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
in
s
u
lato
r
s
.
Min
er
al
o
il
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
d
u
e
to
its
g
o
o
d
elec
tr
ical
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
co
o
lin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
-
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
i
l
[
3
]
h
av
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
ex
p
lo
r
at
io
n
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
ester
s
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
[
4
]
.
Min
er
al
o
ils
ar
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
s
id
er
ed
n
o
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
a
v
e
lo
w
f
lash
p
o
in
t
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t
wh
ich
p
o
s
es a
r
is
k
o
f
f
ir
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
r
g
e
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t f
a
u
lt c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
d
ielec
tr
ics
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
elec
tr
ical
in
s
u
latio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
r
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ca
s
in
g
ev
en
u
n
d
er
f
au
lt
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
win
d
i
n
g
i
n
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
e.
Mo
s
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
a
ils
ar
e
tr
ac
ea
b
le
to
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
iel
ec
tr
ic
in
s
u
lato
r
m
ay
also
f
ail
as
its
in
s
u
latio
n
d
eg
r
ad
es
with
tim
e
(
ag
ein
g
)
[
6
]
,
h
en
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
r
is
k
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
m
i
n
er
al
o
ils
,
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
d
ev
elo
p
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
s
u
lato
r
s
th
at
co
m
p
ly
with
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
A
m
er
ican
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
in
g
an
d
m
ater
ial
(
ASTM
)
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
o
tech
n
ical
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
I
E
C
)
.
W
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
u
r
e
ester
s
,
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
v
is
co
s
ity
[
7
]
an
d
t
h
eir
h
ig
h
co
s
t o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
av
e
m
o
tiv
ated
a
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
wa
r
d
s
b
le
n
d
in
g
m
in
er
al
o
il
a
n
d
ester
o
il
to
g
eth
e
r
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
lo
o
k
in
g
in
to
m
ix
in
g
with
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
s
to
m
ak
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
[
8
]
.
Me
th
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
test
p
u
r
e
f
lu
id
s
ca
n
d
ed
u
ce
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
u
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
r
o
m
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
ca
n
n
o
t
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ally
b
e
u
s
ed
in
test
in
g
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ics
b
ec
au
s
e
u
n
lik
e
th
eir
p
u
r
e
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
,
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ics
co
u
ld
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
x
id
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
t
o
f
in
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
ester
s
b
len
d
ed
with
m
in
er
al
o
ils
.
Dif
f
er
en
t e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
eir
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
i
ted
to
,
r
am
p
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
L
o
ck
e
m
eth
o
d
,
DGA
a
n
d
g
a
s
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
ap
h
y
,
G
au
s
s
ian
’
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
tatis
t
ics
an
aly
s
is
,
Po
i
s
o
n
’
s
s
tatis
t
i
ca
l
eq
u
atio
n
,
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
l
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
Fo
u
r
ier
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
an
aly
s
is
,
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
iel
ec
tr
ic
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
,
an
d
m
o
lecu
lar
s
im
u
latio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
i
n
d
et
ail
in
th
e
o
th
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
i
n
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
an
al
y
s
in
g
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
in
s
u
lato
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
af
ter
u
s
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
u
lato
r
to
av
o
id
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
liq
u
i
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
in
s
u
latio
n
as
m
o
d
er
n
test
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
em
b
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ev
iew
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
to
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
u
s
ed
.
T
h
er
e
is
s
m
all,
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
lied
in
m
ix
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics
h
en
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
f
o
r
m
s
o
n
k
e
y
f
o
ca
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ics
b
ein
g
p
h
y
s
ical,
ch
em
ical,
elec
tr
ical,
ag
in
g
,
an
d
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
g
as
an
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ito
r
y
r
ev
iewe
d
as
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
(
B
DV)
,
f
la
s
h
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t,
v
is
co
s
ity
,
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
DGA,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
an
aly
s
is
an
d
b
io
d
e
g
r
ad
a
b
ilit
y
.
I
t
f
u
r
th
er
en
lig
h
ten
s
o
n
alter
n
ativ
e
b
len
d
in
g
o
f
n
atu
r
a
l
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il
d
ielec
tr
ics
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
is
cib
le
liq
u
id
s
/f
lu
id
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
co
n
ce
r
ted
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
f
i
n
d
a
s
u
i
tab
le
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
u
r
e
m
in
er
al
o
il.
C
o
n
s
o
lid
ated
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
ten
d
ed
to
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
an
d
g
u
id
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
af
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
m
ix
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics.
2.
E
VO
L
U
T
I
O
N
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
liq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
teg
o
r
is
ed
in
to
m
in
er
al
o
il,
s
y
n
th
etic
o
il,
ester
o
il,
m
ix
ed
an
d
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
o
ils
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
iel
ec
tr
ics
b
eg
an
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
is
o
il
is
h
ar
n
ess
ed
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
;
h
en
ce
it
is
n
o
n
b
io
d
e
g
r
ad
a
b
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
lo
w
f
lash
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
n
ec
ess
itated
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
y
n
t
h
etic
o
ils
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
d
ielec
tr
ics,
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
as
p
o
ten
tial
ca
n
d
id
ates.
T
h
ei
r
p
o
ten
tial
in
b
o
th
p
u
r
e
f
o
r
m
an
d
wh
e
n
m
ix
ed
with
m
in
er
al
o
il
ar
e
v
ita
l
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Nan
o
f
lu
id
s
h
a
v
e
also
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
an
d
este
r
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
wh
ich
will b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
p
ap
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lter
n
a
tive
liq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics i
n
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer in
s
u
la
tio
n
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
B
o
ka
n
g
A
g
r
ip
a
Tlh
a
b
o
lo
g
o
)
1763
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ateg
o
r
ies o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
liq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics
Natu
r
al
ester
o
ils
r
ef
er
to
th
e
o
ils
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
co
ld
p
r
ess
in
g
o
f
s
ee
d
s
an
d
p
lan
ts
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
ar
e
s
o
y
b
ea
n
o
il,
s
u
n
f
lo
we
r
o
il,
r
ap
eseed
o
il,
r
ice
b
r
an
o
il,
co
co
n
u
t
o
il,
co
r
n
o
il,
co
tto
n
s
ee
d
o
il,
o
liv
e
o
il,
p
al
m
n
u
ts
o
il,
ca
n
o
la
o
il
,
an
d
p
o
n
g
am
ia
p
in
n
ata
o
il
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
eir
u
s
e
in
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
is
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
elec
tr
ical
an
d
c
h
em
ic
al
s
tab
ilit
y
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ey
a
r
e
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
b
o
th
s
atu
r
ated
an
d
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
att
y
ac
id
s
.
W
h
en
an
ester
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
e
is
f
o
r
m
ed
,
alco
h
o
l
g
ly
ce
r
o
l
f
o
r
m
s
co
v
alen
t
b
o
n
d
s
with
th
r
ee
f
atty
ac
id
m
o
lecu
les,
r
elea
s
in
g
wate
r
m
o
lecu
les
in
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ester
if
icatio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
th
em
less
p
r
o
n
e
to
o
x
id
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
o
r
m
ed
f
atty
ac
id
ester
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es with
s
in
g
le
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
s
wh
ich
g
i
v
es th
em
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
as th
e
b
o
n
d
s
o
f
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
at
ty
ac
id
s
m
ak
e
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
o
x
id
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
‑
+
−
⇌
‑
′
+
2
[
1
4
]
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fatty
ac
id
ester
tr
i
g
ly
ce
r
id
es with
s
in
g
le
u
n
s
atu
r
at
ed
f
atty
ac
id
s
[
1
3
]
2
.
1
.
Dielec
t
ric
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies o
f
a
lt
er
na
t
iv
e
dielect
rics
E
s
ter
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
m
in
er
al
o
il
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
1
9
9
0
,
Dian
a
a
n
d
W
atso
n
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
th
e
r
am
p
ap
p
licatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ester
as
to
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
is
is
in
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
ester
o
il
u
s
ed
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
av
e
Oh
m
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
test
.
T
h
is
is
to
s
a
y
th
er
e
is
a
lin
ea
r
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
in
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
wh
en
p
lo
tted
o
n
a
lo
g
-
lo
g
p
lo
t.
T
h
e
d
ec
ad
e
1
9
9
0
to
2
0
0
0
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
to
p
r
o
b
e
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
ester
s
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
s
u
latio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eil
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
es
g
r
a
n
d
s
r
eseau
x
e
lectr
iq
u
es
(
C
I
GR
E
)
wo
r
k
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
7
]
g
av
e
a
d
etailed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics.
C
I
GR
E
wo
r
k
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
wate
r
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
in
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
in
m
in
er
al
o
il,
wh
ich
is
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
to
g
o
o
d
d
i
elec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
in
m
in
e
r
al
o
i
l.
W
h
en
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
ester
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
v
is
co
u
s
th
an
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
wh
ich
p
o
s
es
a
r
is
k
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tan
k
.
An
o
th
er
c
r
u
cial
p
r
o
p
er
ty
em
p
h
asis
ed
b
y
[
1
7
]
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
in
ester
o
il
wh
ich
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
ca
u
s
e
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
b
y
s
u
lp
h
u
r
r
ea
ctin
g
with
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
is
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
with
m
i
n
er
al
o
i
ls
as th
ey
co
n
tain
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
.
2
.
2
.
A
g
eing
,
s
o
lub
ility
,
a
nd
life
t
im
e
o
f
dielect
rics
Mc
Sh
an
e
et
a
l
.
i
n
[
1
8
]
u
s
ed
L
o
ck
ie
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ag
in
g
test
s
b
ey
o
n
d
5
0
0
%
ex
p
ec
ted
life
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ac
ce
ler
ated
life
test
s
in
wh
ic
h
h
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
u
s
in
g
e
s
ter
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics
will
u
lt
im
ately
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lid
i
n
s
u
lato
r
,
h
e
n
ce
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
life
s
p
an
.
Mc
Sh
a
n
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
5
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J
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.
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h
e
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in
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c
o
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cu
r
s
with
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
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f
ast
ag
ein
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ca
n
th
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ef
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e
b
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atio
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.
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ith
[
2
0
]
h
as
s
h
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wn
th
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atu
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ester
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il
ca
n
b
e
u
s
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ate
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as
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ey
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m
u
ch
m
o
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v
is
co
u
s
th
an
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
Hav
in
g
les
s
v
is
co
u
s
d
ielec
tr
ic
allo
ws
ea
s
e
cir
cu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
o
il,
h
en
ce
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
o
lin
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
in
cip
le
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
elab
o
r
ated
in
th
is
p
ap
er
at
v
is
co
s
ity
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
.
Dar
win
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
elab
o
r
ated
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
ester
s
wh
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h
elp
s
ab
s
o
r
b
a
n
y
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
th
at
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a
y
d
ev
el
o
p
o
n
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
p
ap
e
r
in
th
e
co
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
s
h
o
ws
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at
wh
en
u
s
in
g
ester
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alo
n
e,
th
e
co
s
t
is
th
r
ee
to
eig
h
t
ti
m
es
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
i
n
er
a
l
o
il.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
t
b
y
h
av
in
g
a
m
ix
e
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
o
f
b
o
th
n
atu
r
al
ester
a
n
d
m
in
er
al
o
i
l.
Fo
f
an
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
h
er
m
al
an
d
elec
tr
ic
al
s
tr
ess
e
s
o
f
m
in
er
al
an
d
ester
o
ils
ag
ain
s
t
th
eir
ag
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
t
h
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ester
s
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
ir
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
lo
wer
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
wh
en
ag
ei
n
g
.
E
s
ter
s
ten
d
to
ag
e
s
lo
wer
an
d
h
av
e
b
etter
m
o
is
tu
r
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
th
an
m
in
er
al
o
il wh
ich
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
in
s
u
latin
g
p
ap
er
.
2
.
3
.
M
ix
ing
ra
t
io
s
o
f
dielect
rics
IEEE
[
2
3
]
also
r
elea
s
ed
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
eg
u
l
atin
g
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ester
s
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics.
I
t
is
with
th
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
at
Ulr
y
ch
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ics
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
ester
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il
with
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
f
o
r
s
af
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
s
u
latio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fo
f
an
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
i
x
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
in
s
u
lato
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ics
ar
e
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
ester
an
d
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
.
L
ik
e
n
o
n
-
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ics,
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical,
ch
e
m
ical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
wer
e
test
ed
.
T
h
ey
c
o
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
g
ass
in
g
ten
d
en
cies
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
wh
en
ad
d
in
g
ester
to
m
in
er
al
o
il
u
n
d
er
th
er
m
al
s
tr
es
s
an
d
t
h
e
g
en
er
al
m
ix
tu
r
e
h
a
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
u
r
e
m
in
er
al
o
il a
lo
n
e.
Gu
p
ta
an
d
Das
[
2
6
]
,
Gau
s
s
ian
’
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
tatis
tics
m
eth
o
d
with
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
W
eib
u
ll d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ics.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
ilico
n
as
a
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
h
as
th
e
lo
west
B
DV
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
t
h
en
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
i
l
g
et
th
e
h
ig
h
est
B
DV.
I
t
is
th
en
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
l
e
to
u
s
e
to
m
ix
with
m
in
er
al
o
il
to
en
h
an
ce
its
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
ased
o
n
th
e
asy
m
m
etr
ic
W
eib
u
ll
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
m
ix
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
ester
o
il
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il is
m
ad
e
tak
in
g
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
co
s
t o
f
ester
s
wh
ich
i
s
eig
h
t tim
es
th
e
co
s
t o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
p
r
ac
tical
to
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
th
a
n
ester
in
th
e
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
.
On
e
lim
itatio
n
to
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
m
ix
in
g
th
e
o
ils
is
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
in
p
lace
to
o
b
tain
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
i
x
tu
r
e.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
e
x
ce
llen
t
ele
ctr
ical
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
,
[
2
7
]
e
m
p
h
asis
es
o
n
m
ix
i
n
g
ester
s
with
m
in
er
al
o
il
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
en
s
ity
an
d
k
in
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
ester
s
ar
e
well
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lim
it
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
I
E
C
g
u
id
e.
W
h
en
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
d
ielec
tr
ics
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
ils
,
B
o
r
s
i
an
d
Go
ck
en
b
ac
h
[
2
8
]
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
m
is
cib
ilit
y
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
ester
s
h
as
en
ab
l
ed
m
ix
in
g
with
m
in
er
al
o
il,
m
ak
in
g
a
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
m
ix
tu
r
e
with
h
ig
h
B
DV
wh
ich
m
in
im
izes
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
is
ap
p
lied
to
ester
s
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es,
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ested
a
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
u
s
in
g
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
[
2
9
]
with
ester
s
to
ex
ten
d
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
wer
th
e
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
wh
en
r
ep
lacin
g
m
i
n
er
al
o
ils
[
3
0
]
.
Kar
th
ik
et
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
also
e
m
p
h
asis
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ics
s
in
ce
th
e
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
h
ig
h
est
B
DV,
f
lash
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t
wh
en
in
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
th
at
co
m
p
ar
es
m
in
er
al,
s
y
n
th
etic
an
d
n
at
u
r
al
ester
o
ils
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
d
ielec
tr
ics
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
il,
Fer
n
an
d
ez
et
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
an
aly
s
ed
m
ix
tu
r
es
o
f
m
in
er
al
an
d
ester
o
il
at
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
.
Op
tim
ality
is
b
ased
o
n
h
a
v
in
g
h
ig
h
f
ir
e
r
esis
tan
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
at
lo
we
r
co
s
t.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
ester
s
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
b
le
nd
s
h
o
u
ld
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e
v
o
l
u
m
etr
ically
less
th
an
m
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er
al
o
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o
r
c
o
s
t
m
in
im
izatio
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et
im
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r
o
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g
t
h
e
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DV,
f
lash
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d
f
ir
e
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o
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t
o
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m
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er
al
o
il.
Veg
eta
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le
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ils
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at
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e
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r
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ed
to
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th
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tan
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r
d
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I
E
C
g
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id
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r
tr
an
s
f
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m
er
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in
clu
d
e
r
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eseed
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s
u
n
f
lo
wer
,
ca
n
o
la
o
il a
n
d
s
o
y
b
ea
n
[
3
2
]
.
3.
P
RO
P
E
RT
I
E
S O
F
T
RANSF
O
RM
E
R
L
I
Q
U
I
D
DI
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
S
Me
th
o
d
s
u
n
d
er
r
ev
iew
a
r
e
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
B
DV,
f
lash
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t,
v
is
co
s
ity
,
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
DGA,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
.
T
ab
le
1
g
iv
es
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
s
th
at
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics
f
o
r
s
af
ety
an
d
q
u
ality
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
ela
b
o
r
ated
o
n
in
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
as th
ey
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t stu
d
i
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
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p
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N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lter
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tive
liq
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id
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ielec
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p
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a
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test
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[
3
7
]
.
-
3
.
1
.
B
re
a
k
do
wn v
o
lt
a
g
e
B
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
am
ete
r
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ic.
Dielec
tr
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
to
with
s
tan
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
es.
I
t
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
v
o
ltag
e
it
tak
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o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
p
ar
k
b
etwe
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two
elec
tr
o
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es
th
at
ar
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ep
a
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ated
b
y
s
o
m
e
d
is
tan
ce
wh
ile
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m
er
s
ed
in
th
e
o
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T
h
e
d
iele
ctr
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b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
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test
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
er
v
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ag
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f
lu
id
s
is
ASTM
D8
7
7
.
T
h
is
m
eth
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s
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E
C
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ar
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th
e
m
o
s
t
f
av
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r
ab
le
m
et
h
o
d
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
AS
T
M
D1
8
1
6
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d
I
E
C
6
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6
d
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t
ex
p
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ev
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b
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asi
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if
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m
v
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tr
ess
at
t
h
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ed
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o
f
p
ar
allel
p
lates
as
ASTM
D8
7
7
d
o
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b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
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r
m
er
d
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o
t
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s
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p
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C
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tan
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f
r
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T
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1
d
ictates
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
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r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
th
e
s
u
b
m
er
g
ed
elec
tr
o
d
es
ar
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s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
2
.
5
m
m
an
d
v
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ap
p
lied
t
o
th
em
at
g
r
ad
u
al
in
cr
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ase
o
f
2
k
V/s
ec
u
n
til
a
s
p
ar
k
is
v
is
u
a
lis
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
I
t
is
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at
th
e
o
il
is
s
tirr
ed
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
er
to
elim
in
ate
b
u
b
b
les
in
it.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
test
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
o
s
es
m
in
im
u
m
s
af
ety
lim
it
f
o
r
B
DV
to
b
e
3
0
k
V
f
o
r
liq
u
i
d
d
ielec
tr
ics.
W
h
en
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
d
eg
r
ad
es,
it
ty
p
ically
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
an
d
p
o
lar
p
ar
ticle
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
f
r
o
m
e
x
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
/o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
ag
in
g
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
2
0
1
3
J
in
g
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
n
b
r
e
ak
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
,
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il
,
an
d
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
ester
s
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
t
h
at
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
ils
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
with
o
u
t
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
d
o
u
b
t
th
at
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
h
av
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
c
h
as
B
DV
th
at
co
m
p
ete
well
with
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
.
I
t
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
o
f
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
th
at
d
eter
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
.
J
in
g
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
s
o
m
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
eq
u
atio
n
s
an
d
u
s
es
L
ap
lace
to
s
o
lv
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
D
u
e
to
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
L
a
p
lace
eq
u
atio
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
h
at
p
o
is
o
n
e
q
u
atio
n
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
f
in
d
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
in
s
u
l
ato
r
’
s
ac
cu
r
ate
elec
tr
i
c
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
alu
es.
Ab
d
e
lma
li
k
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
im
p
r
eg
n
ated
p
ap
er
h
ad
an
av
e
r
ag
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
4
2
%
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
im
p
r
eg
n
ated
p
a
p
er
.
Als
o
,
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
al
ester
im
p
r
e
g
n
ated
p
ap
er
s
h
o
wed
o
n
ly
5
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ten
s
i
le
s
tr
en
g
th
test
af
ter
2
8
d
ay
s
o
f
ag
in
g
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
at
in
m
in
er
al
o
il
s
h
o
we
d
3
5
%
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws th
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
in
d
ee
d
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
ag
in
g
o
f
k
r
af
t
p
ap
er
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
G
a
us
s
ia
n pro
ba
bil
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
Per
r
ier
et
a
l
.
[
40]
a
p
p
lied
Ga
u
s
s
ian
’
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
in
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
I
E
C
6
0
1
5
6
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
with
a
g
ap
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
.
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
k
in
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
in
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
h
ig
h
v
is
co
s
ity
r
ed
u
c
es
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
il
to
cir
c
u
late
to
tr
an
s
f
er
h
ea
t
h
en
ce
p
o
s
in
g
a
r
is
k
o
f
h
ea
t
s
p
o
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
wh
ic
h
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
l
o
w
is
p
r
ef
e
r
ab
le
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
ester
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
u
r
th
er
lead
to
a
c
o
n
clu
s
i
o
n
th
at
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
m
ix
in
g
,
s
y
n
th
e
tic
ester
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
2
0
%
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
u
s
ed
with
o
u
t
d
eg
r
ad
in
g
v
is
co
s
ity
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
ch
ar
g
in
g
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
m
in
e
r
al
o
il.
T
h
is
y
ield
s
a
s
lo
wer
d
eter
i
o
r
a
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
wh
en
ag
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
[
4
1
]
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tally
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ester
in
t
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
d
ialec
tical
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
p
alm
o
il
ester
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
m
ix
in
g
is
5
0
%
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
p
tim
al
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
.
T
h
is
r
atio
f
o
r
o
p
tim
a
lity
o
n
ly
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
b
ein
g
e
n
h
an
ce
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
an
d
f
lash
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
o
o
b
tain
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
with
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
th
e
r
atio
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
ielec
tr
ics ad
d
ed
to
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e.
3.
2.
F
la
s
h a
nd
f
ire
po
int
Flas
h
p
o
in
t
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
wh
e
n
h
ea
t
ed
,
th
e
o
il
f
o
r
m
s
a
c
o
m
b
u
s
tib
le
v
ap
o
u
r
.
Fire
p
o
in
t
t
h
en
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
at
w
h
ich
th
e
v
ap
o
u
r
f
o
r
m
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
o
il
is
h
ea
ted
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
u
r
n
f
o
r
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
wh
en
ig
n
ited
b
y
an
o
p
e
n
f
lam
e.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
test
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
ASTM
D9
3
u
s
in
g
Pen
s
k
y
-
Ma
r
ten
s
clo
s
ed
cu
p
test
er
as
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
E
d
ib
le
ester
s
ar
e
f
ir
e
s
af
e
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
as
co
o
lan
ts
an
d
in
s
u
lato
r
s
h
en
ce
s
u
it
ab
le
to
u
s
e
o
v
e
r
m
in
er
al
o
ils
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
in
im
izes
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
f
ir
e
an
d
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
wh
en
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
h
ea
ts
u
p
d
u
e
to
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
f
au
lts
.
R
ao
f
et
a
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
6
1
-
1
7
7
7
1766
in
[
4
4
]
em
p
h
asizes
o
n
h
av
in
g
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
a
n
d
ester
o
il
with
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
b
ein
g
less
th
an
2
0
%
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
with
b
etter
elec
tr
ical
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
an
ty
p
ical
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
-
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
in
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ti
cip
a
n
t
o
il
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
len
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
8
0
/2
0
r
a
tio
o
f
ester
/m
in
er
al
o
il
was
s
elec
ted
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
with
ester
o
il
wh
ich
is
r
em
ar
k
ab
ly
h
ig
h
[
2
]
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
ch
o
lar
s
wh
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
b
o
t
h
co
s
t
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
te
d
to
r
ath
er
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
m
in
er
al
th
an
ester
in
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
b
len
d
s
.
W
h
en
b
len
d
in
g
tr
im
eth
y
lo
lp
r
o
p
an
e
ester
with
m
in
er
al
o
il,
a
clea
r
tr
e
n
d
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
f
lash
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
f
i
r
e
p
o
in
t
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ester
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
in
th
e
b
le
n
d
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t
o
f
ester
o
il a
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
m
in
er
al
o
il.
3
.
3
.
Vis
co
s
it
y
Vis
co
s
ity
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
to
f
lo
w
in
a
liq
u
id
h
as
its
im
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
co
o
lin
g
r
ate
o
f
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
o
il
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
cir
cu
late
f
r
o
m
r
e
g
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
th
at
o
f
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Hig
h
ly
v
is
co
u
s
o
il
will
n
o
t
e
f
f
icien
tly
f
lo
w
to
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
e
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
its
ar
ea
o
f
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
.
B
er
tr
an
d
an
d
L
au
ze
v
is
[
1
4
]
i
n
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
es
th
at
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
o
ils
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
r
is
e
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
Dec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
is
co
s
ity
wh
en
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
i
s
es
h
elp
s
in
ea
s
in
g
u
p
o
il
cir
cu
latio
n
h
e
n
ce
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
al
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
co
il,
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
o
ts
p
o
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ics
is
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t
o
f
a
f
lu
id
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
its
r
esis
tan
ce
to
f
lo
w
wh
ich
is
v
is
co
s
ity
.
W
h
en
b
len
d
in
g
ester
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tirr
in
g
ca
u
s
es
v
ib
r
atio
n
en
e
r
g
y
wh
ich
th
en
r
a
p
tu
r
es
th
e
ester
ch
ain
b
y
ca
r
b
o
n
h
o
m
o
ly
tic
clea
v
ag
e
h
en
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
m
aller
m
o
lecu
les
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
ar
en
t e
s
ter
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
s
wh
y
a
b
len
d
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
an
d
ester
o
il
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ester
s
’
v
is
co
s
ity
an
d
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
in
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
wh
ich
y
ield
s
a
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
m
ix
e
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
t
r
ic.
Kwe
o
n
et
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
u
s
ed
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
in
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
illed
with
n
atu
r
al
ester
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
m
in
er
al
o
il
f
illed
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
life
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
two
is
s
im
ilar
,
h
o
wev
er
,
it
is
n
o
tab
le
th
at
n
atu
r
al
o
il
f
illed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
alwa
y
s
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es,
o
win
g
it
to
h
ig
h
er
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
.
C
h
em
ical
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
.
Gh
an
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
u
s
es
ester
if
icatio
n
with
alco
h
o
l
v
ia
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
am
e.
R
ea
ctin
g
2
-
eth
y
l
-
1
-
h
ex
a
n
o
l
wi
th
h
ig
h
o
leic
r
a
p
eseed
also
r
ed
u
ce
d
k
in
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
[
1
4
]
.
R
ao
f
et
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
also
u
s
es
n
eo
p
en
t
y
l
g
l
y
co
l
(
NPG)
in
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
h
ig
h
o
leic
p
alm
m
eth
y
l
ester
an
d
NPG
alco
h
o
l
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
k
in
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
2
0
m
m
2
/s
.
T
h
ese
s
h
o
w
th
at
f
o
r
ea
ch
ester
it is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t to
id
en
tify
a
s
u
itab
le
alco
h
o
l
to
u
s
e
as
a
v
is
co
s
ity
s
u
p
p
r
ess
an
t
.
W
ilh
elm
et
a
l
.
[
4
8
]
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
th
er
m
ajo
r
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
d
ielec
tr
ics
ag
in
g
ar
e
v
is
co
s
ity
,
ac
id
it
y
,
an
d
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
t
h
at
ac
id
ity
v
ar
ies
d
u
e
to
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
v
is
co
s
ity
v
a
r
ies
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
o
x
id
atio
n
in
th
e
n
at
u
r
al
ester
.
Per
r
ie
r
et
al
.
[
4
9
]
an
d
[
5
0
]
u
s
ed
k
in
e
m
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
m
ix
ed
d
iel
ec
tr
ic
s
.
Als
o
,
wh
ile
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
v
is
co
s
ity
,
DGA
,
an
d
a
g
ein
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
v
e
g
etal
o
il
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
il,
[
5
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
h
av
e
4
2
.
8
6
% m
o
r
e
life
tim
e
th
an
m
in
er
al
o
il w
h
en
u
s
ed
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
W
h
en
ev
alu
atin
g
k
i
n
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
ester
o
ils
at
4
0
°C
,
[
5
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
v
is
co
s
ity
r
em
ain
ed
co
n
s
tan
t,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
v
i
s
co
s
ity
is
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
m
o
i
s
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t.
R
ath
er
it
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
y
o
x
y
g
en
w
h
ich
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
W
ilh
elm
et
a
l
.
[
5
3
]
.
W
ith
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
n
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
,
h
ig
h
v
is
co
s
ity
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
t
h
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
ils
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
alo
n
e
in
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
is
ev
o
k
e
d
a
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
b
y
th
e
s
am
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
n
v
ar
y
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
co
o
lin
g
f
an
s
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
W
h
en
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
t
h
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
an
d
win
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
u
s
in
g
T
h
er
m
al
-
Hy
d
r
a
u
lic
n
et
wo
r
k
m
o
d
el
,
th
r
ee
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
f
an
s
o
r
f
iv
e
v
er
tical
f
an
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
1
0
0
%
co
o
li
n
g
/
h
ea
t
ev
ac
u
atio
n
f
o
r
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
il
f
illed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
h
en
ce
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
to
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
[
5
5
]
.
3
.
4
.
O
x
ida
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
an
d
wate
r
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
ils
ca
u
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
x
i
d
ativ
e
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
o
il.
T
h
is
is
f
u
r
th
er
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
p
p
er
win
d
in
g
as
co
p
p
er
ac
ts
as
a
ca
taly
s
t
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Du
e
to
o
x
id
atio
n
,
th
e
ac
id
f
o
r
m
e
d
is
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
to
th
e
in
s
u
lati
n
g
p
ap
e
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
h
o
r
te
n
in
g
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
f
r
ee
r
ad
ical
r
ea
ct
io
n
,
o
x
i
d
atio
n
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
2
,
6
-
d
iter
tiar
y
-
b
u
ty
lp
h
e
n
o
l
an
d
2
,
6
-
di
-
ter
tiar
y
-
b
u
t
y
l
-
p
ar
ac
r
eso
l
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
r
u
p
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
o
ass
es
s
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
is
o
x
id
atio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
o
il,
ASTM
D2
4
4
0
as
i
n
T
ab
le
1
is
u
s
ed
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
lu
d
g
e
o
r
I
r
o
n
-
II
-
S
u
lp
h
id
e/f
er
r
o
u
s
s
u
lp
h
u
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
e
o
il sam
p
les as th
ey
ag
e.
Min
er
al
o
il
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
t
o
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
th
at
ca
u
s
es
d
eter
io
r
ati
o
n
to
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
co
r
e
an
d
o
th
e
r
m
etal
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
56]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
d
ielec
tr
ic
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
p
r
esen
ce
[
5
6
]
.
Natu
r
al
ester
ch
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
n
o
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
p
etr
o
leu
m
b
ased
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
wh
ic
h
m
ak
es
ester
f
ille
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lter
n
a
tive
liq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics i
n
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer in
s
u
la
tio
n
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
B
o
ka
n
g
A
g
r
ip
a
Tlh
a
b
o
lo
g
o
)
1767
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
m
o
r
e
c
o
r
r
o
s
iv
e
r
esis
tan
t.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
[
5
7
]
th
at
ASTM
1
2
7
5
m
eth
o
d
s
DI
N
5
1
3
5
3
n
ee
d
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
as
th
ey
wer
e
less
s
en
s
it
iv
e
to
in
d
icate
s
u
lp
h
u
r
p
r
esen
ce
in
th
e
o
ils
u
s
ed
,
th
u
s
p
o
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse n
e
g
ativ
es o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
p
r
esen
ce
.
Mc
Sh
an
e
[
5
8
]
u
s
ed
f
o
o
d
-
g
r
a
d
e
ad
d
itiv
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
e
d
ib
le
-
o
il
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
lo
wer
o
x
id
atio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
f
o
u
n
d
in
ester
s
th
an
in
m
in
er
al
o
ils
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
o
x
id
atio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
g
r
ea
t
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
ester
s
in
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
[
4
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
o
x
i
d
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
lim
itatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
p
er
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
o
x
id
atio
n
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
3
.
5
.
Dis
s
o
lv
ed
g
a
s
a
na
ly
s
is
Du
e
to
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
es,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
n
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
ia
ls
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
a
n
d
d
eter
io
r
ate
g
r
ad
u
ally
an
d
r
elea
s
e
g
ases
.
T
h
ese
g
ases
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
s
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
ate
o
f
d
eter
i
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
am
p
led
o
il
an
d
p
r
ed
ict
p
en
d
in
g
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
f
au
lts
.
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l
.
[
5
9
]
an
d
Per
r
ier
et
a
l
.
[
6
0
]
ex
p
lain
th
at
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
s
tr
ay
g
ass
es
in
este
r
o
il
is
4
0
°C
to
5
0
°C
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
g
ass
es
in
e
n
v
ir
o
tem
p
FR
3
ester
o
il
ar
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
eth
an
e
an
d
s
o
m
e
c
ar
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
th
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
D
GA
an
aly
s
is
.
W
h
en
s
am
p
lin
g
th
e
o
il
f
o
r
DGA,
it
is
v
ital
to
tak
e
ex
tr
a
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
th
at
an
y
air
b
u
b
b
le
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
tr
ac
te
d
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
air
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
tactin
g
th
e
o
il
a
s
it
wo
u
ld
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
W
h
en
elec
tr
ical
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
f
au
l
ts
ar
e
in
d
u
ce
d
to
ester
s
,
th
e
g
ass
es
g
en
er
ated
a
r
e
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
g
e
n
er
ate
d
b
y
m
in
er
al
o
il
[
6
1
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
g
ass
es
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
in
ester
s
th
at
is
s
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
ester
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
th
er
m
al
f
au
lts
[
6
1
]
.
Kh
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
6
2
]
f
u
r
th
er
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
HYDRAN®
2
0
1
R
m
eth
o
d
,
th
at
it
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
ester
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
DGA
o
f
o
il
s
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
m
em
b
r
an
e
p
o
r
t
an
d
H
YDRAN
®
2
0
1
R
r
ea
d
in
g
s
m
atch
.
An
o
th
er
way
to
d
etec
t
f
au
lt
g
ases
is
u
s
in
g
B
u
ch
h
o
lz
alar
m
wh
ich
will
s
t
ill
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
u
s
i
n
g
es
ter
o
il.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
th
e
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
an
d
g
as
q
u
an
t
ity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
HYDRAN
®
2
0
1
R
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
tem
p
FR
3
,
wh
ich
m
ain
tain
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
DGA
an
d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
,
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
an
d
m
i
n
er
al
o
il,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
h
av
e
b
etter
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
av
ity
,
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
h
e
n
c
e
wh
y
n
atu
r
al
ester
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
co
o
lin
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
6
3
]
.
I
t
is
f
u
r
th
er
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
d
u
r
in
g
th
er
m
al
ag
ein
g
,
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
m
ain
ly
y
ield
eth
y
len
e,
an
d
it
h
as
less
k
r
af
t
p
a
p
er
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
th
an
m
in
er
al
o
il
b
u
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
este
r
o
il.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
also
n
o
ted
an
d
em
p
h
asis
ed
t
h
at
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
h
a
v
e
r
elati
v
ely
h
i
g
h
er
v
is
co
s
ity
.
M
u
r
d
i
y
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
4
]
u
s
ed
s
tr
ea
m
er
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
an
d
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
il.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
th
e
DGA
is
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lain
g
ass
es
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
s
tr
e
am
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
R
ao
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
also
u
s
ed
s
tr
ea
m
er
b
r
e
ak
d
o
wn
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
co
n
clu
d
es th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
r
o
m
o
tes s
tr
ea
m
er
in
itiatio
n
m
o
r
e
in
m
in
er
al
o
il
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
th
an
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic.
T
h
is
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
B
DV
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il.
DGA
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
g
ass
es
wh
en
th
e
o
il
is
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
I
t
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
f
au
lt
g
ases
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
in
s
u
lato
r
a
r
e
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
s
m
all
q
u
an
t
ity
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ester
o
ils
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
h
en
c
e
th
eir
h
ig
h
f
ir
e
r
esis
tan
ce
[
6
5
]
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
G
a
s
chro
ma
t
o
g
ra
ph
y
W
h
en
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
o
n
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
ils
,
[
6
6
]
u
s
es
g
as
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
a
p
h
HP
6
8
9
0
aid
ed
with
au
to
m
atic
liq
u
i
d
s
am
p
ler
HP
7
6
4
9
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
s
h
o
w
th
at
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
,
C
ar
b
o
n
Dio
x
id
e,
Pro
p
an
e,
Nitr
o
g
en
,
an
d
B
u
ten
e
a
r
e
th
e
o
n
ly
co
m
b
u
s
tib
le
g
ases
p
r
esen
t
in
tr
ea
t
ed
R
ef
in
ed
R
icin
u
s
Oil
(
ester
)
with
a
to
tal
o
f
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
2
.
9
p
p
m
.
Hav
in
g
f
ew
co
m
b
u
s
tib
le
g
ass
es
an
d
at
lo
w
q
u
an
titi
es
f
o
r
th
at
m
atter
g
iv
es
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
its
h
ig
h
f
lash
a
n
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t.
DG
A
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tif
y
g
as
q
u
a
n
titi
es
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
il
b
u
r
n
in
g
.
T
o
in
ter
p
r
et
DGA,
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
m
e
th
o
d
ca
lled
to
tal
co
m
b
u
s
tib
le
g
as
is
u
s
ed
.
T
C
G
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
eth
y
l
ester
o
ils
ar
e
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
co
m
p
lian
t
t
o
I
E
E
E
g
u
i
d
e
th
at
s
et
th
e
lim
it
f
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
1
to
7
2
0
p
p
m
[
6
7
]
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
Duv
a
l’
s
t
ria
ng
le
m
et
ho
ds
Per
r
ier
et
a
l
.
[
6
0
]
f
u
r
th
e
r
em
p
lo
y
s
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
le
1
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
lo
w
en
er
g
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
i
n
ester
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
ils
.
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
a
n
d
A
ce
ty
len
e
g
ass
es
ar
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
in
th
e
s
am
e
r
atio
s
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
g
r
ad
e
Nap
h
th
e
n
ic
m
in
er
al
o
il
an
d
T
r
iest
er
o
il.
F
o
r
lo
w
th
er
m
al
f
au
lts
,
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
ils
g
en
er
ate
m
ain
ly
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
E
th
an
e
wh
ich
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
etec
tib
le
b
y
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
le
4
.
Fo
r
m
in
er
al
o
ils
,
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
le
6
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
in
ter
p
r
et
ester
o
il
DGAs.
Sin
ce
ester
s
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ay
g
ass
in
g
th
an
m
in
er
al
o
il
[
6
8
]
th
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
s
tr
ay
g
ases
b
y
Du
v
al
t
r
ian
g
le
6
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
Go
m
ez
et
a
l
.
2014
[
5
2
]
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
DGA
in
ester
s
.
O
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
f
a
u
lt
was
s
im
u
lated
at
1
5
0
°
C
wh
ile
f
lat
-
p
late
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
et
h
o
d
was
u
s
ed
in
g
en
e
r
atin
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
es.
Af
ter
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
o
il
s
am
p
les
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
6
1
-
1
7
7
7
1768
co
llected
f
o
r
DGA,
an
d
Du
v
a
l
tr
ian
g
le
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
to
in
te
r
p
r
et
th
e
f
au
lt
g
ass
es
in
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
cu
r
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
[
6
0
]
as
m
o
r
e
m
eth
an
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
m
in
er
al
o
il
th
an
FR
3
ester
wh
ich
is
m
o
s
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
to
f
au
lts
o
r
d
ef
ec
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
at
l
o
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
Du
v
al
tr
ian
g
le
m
et
h
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
t
h
e
s
tr
ay
in
g
g
ass
es
th
at
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
i
n
e
s
ter
s
d
u
r
in
g
f
a
u
lts
an
d
d
ef
ec
ts
.
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
le
as
a
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
is
ea
s
y
,
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
u
ch
p
r
ec
is
e
to
d
etec
t f
au
lt g
ass
es
[
6
9
]
.
3
.
5
.
3
.
P
a
rt
i
a
l dis
cha
rg
e
Mu
h
am
ad
et
a
l
.
[
7
0
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
n
DGA
an
d
p
a
r
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
PD)
f
o
r
s
h
ell
d
iala
MX
m
in
er
al
o
il
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
tem
p
FR
3
ester
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ics
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
r
ee
co
m
m
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
au
lts
b
ein
g
lo
w
en
e
r
g
y
PD,
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
h
i
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
ar
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
ielec
tr
ics
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
s
o
lid
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
is
tu
r
e
lev
els.
PD
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
I
E
C
6
0
2
7
0
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
b
y
th
e
p
h
ase
-
r
eso
lv
ed
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
ap
h
y
to
an
aly
s
e
f
a
u
lt
g
ases
g
en
er
ated
,
PD
p
h
ase
r
eso
lv
ed
p
atter
n
s
tu
r
n
ed
u
p
to
b
e
s
im
ilar
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
in
er
al
an
d
ester
d
ie
lectr
ics.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
it
i
s
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
s
am
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
in
er
al
o
il
to
in
ter
p
r
et
PDs
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ester
s
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
f
au
lt
t
y
p
es.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
atter
n
p
r
in
ts
ar
e
s
im
ilar
,
ester
-
b
ased
o
il
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
less
g
ases
in
v
o
lu
m
etr
ic
q
u
an
tity
f
o
r
PD
f
au
lt.
I
t
is
also
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
o
lid
in
s
u
lato
r
en
h
an
ce
s
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
g
ases
in
o
il.
W
h
en
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
DGA
in
FR
3
an
d
ca
m
ellia
b
ased
n
atu
r
al
ester
d
ielec
tr
ics,
[
7
1
]
an
d
[
7
2
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
DGA
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
r
elativ
e
f
au
lt
g
as
r
atio
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
o
v
er
th
o
s
e
b
ased
o
n
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
g
e
n
er
ated
g
as.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
u
s
in
g
r
elativ
e
f
au
lt
r
atio
,
th
e
test
s
p
ec
im
en
is
s
am
p
led
f
r
o
m
b
u
lk
o
il
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
3
0
m
l
o
f
o
il
s
am
p
le
is
h
ea
ted
,
an
d
5
L
o
f
o
il
is
ad
d
ed
in
DGA
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
3
0
m
l
s
p
ec
im
en
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
a
m
b
ig
u
ity
an
d
less
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Sin
ce
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
an
d
m
in
e
r
al
o
i
l
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
lecu
lar
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
es,
th
e
n
wh
e
n
u
s
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
th
r
ee
-
r
atio
m
eth
o
d
o
n
ester
o
ils
,
th
e
less
p
r
ec
is
e
m
eth
o
d
m
ay
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
a
f
u
ll
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
all
th
e
g
ass
es
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
r
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
th
r
ee
-
r
atio
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
i
n
m
in
er
al
o
ils
ar
e
s
u
b
ject
to
am
en
d
m
e
n
t f
o
r
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
n
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
i
cs.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
7
3
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
g
ass
es
g
en
er
ated
in
n
atu
r
al
o
il
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
m
ain
g
ases
g
en
er
ated
in
ester
s
ar
e
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
A
ce
ty
len
e
.
T
h
is
co
n
cu
r
s
with
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
at
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
PD
d
iag
n
o
s
is
is
ap
p
licab
le
to
n
at
u
r
al
ester
s
.
Als
o
,
[
7
4
]
u
s
ed
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
o
n
PD
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
k
ewn
ess
,
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
s
h
ap
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
(
B
eta)
o
f
t
h
e
W
eib
u
ll
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
PD.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
a
lo
wer
PD
ac
tiv
ity
i
n
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
o
m
in
er
al
o
il.
E
s
ter
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
ils
wh
ile
a
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
eir
v
is
co
s
ity
is
also
em
p
h
asized
.
3
.
5
.
4
.
Nee
dle pla
ne
m
et
ho
d
Su
b
ject
to
n
ee
d
le
-
p
lan
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
8
k
V,
DGA
o
f
C
an
o
la
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
with
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
h
o
ws
a
h
ig
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
o
th
er
g
ases
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
m
in
e
r
al
o
il.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
E
C
6
0
5
9
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
Du
v
al’
s
tr
ian
g
le
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
atter
n
f
o
r
C
an
o
la
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
t
o
clea
r
ly
an
aly
s
e
th
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
g
ases
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
[
7
5
]
.
I
n
N
o
v
em
b
er
2
0
1
4
,
I
E
E
E
[
7
6
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
au
lt g
ases
in
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Am
alan
ath
an
et
a
l
.
[
7
7
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
tu
r
b
id
ity
,
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
im
p
u
ls
e
an
d
UV
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
test
s
o
n
e
d
ib
le
n
atu
r
a
l
ester
o
il
a
n
d
th
er
m
ally
ag
e
d
ester
o
il.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
in
d
ee
d
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
s
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
u
s
in
g
f
lu
o
r
escen
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
u
s
in
g
a
b
ea
m
o
f
lig
h
t
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
a
f
ilter
o
n
t
o
a
d
etec
to
r
s
o
as
to
id
en
tify
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
th
e
m
o
lecu
le
s
am
p
le
th
at
will
b
e
ex
cited
b
y
th
e
b
ea
m
an
d
ca
u
s
ed
to
lig
h
t.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
id
en
tif
y
th
e
P
D
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
wh
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
t
h
er
m
al
ag
e
in
g
.
3
.
6
.
M
o
is
t
ure
co
nte
nt
Pre
s
en
ce
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
in
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
es
its
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
.
Sin
ce
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
ctu
ates,
wh
e
n
it
co
o
ls
d
o
wn
,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
d
i
s
s
o
lv
ed
th
er
ein
b
ec
o
m
es
f
r
e
e
m
o
lecu
les
wh
ich
d
eg
r
ad
es
th
e
f
lu
id
a
n
d
ce
llu
lo
s
e
-
b
ased
p
ap
er
a
n
d
lo
wer
s
in
s
u
latio
n
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
est
er
-
b
ased
d
iele
ctr
ic
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
k
r
af
t
p
ap
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
al
m
in
e
r
al
o
il
[
7
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
also
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
to
p
r
o
tect
t
h
e
cr
af
t
p
a
p
er
f
r
o
m
ac
c
u
m
u
latin
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
R
ap
p
et
a
l
.
[
7
9
]
an
d
Pre
v
o
s
t
[
8
0
]
co
n
c
u
r
r
ed
th
at
it
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
-
wate
r
af
f
in
ity
o
f
ester
s
th
at
m
o
is
tu
r
e
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
ester
h
en
ce
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
ag
ein
g
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lter
n
a
tive
liq
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics i
n
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer in
s
u
la
tio
n
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
B
o
ka
n
g
A
g
r
ip
a
Tlh
a
b
o
lo
g
o
)
1769
3
.
6
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
mo
is
t
ure
co
nte
nt
o
n a
g
eing
a
nd
k
r
a
f
t
pa
pe
r
Per
k
asa
et
a
l
.
[
8
1
]
u
s
ed
v
is
u
a
l
an
d
Kar
l
-
Fis
ch
er
titra
tio
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
b
u
b
b
les
an
d
wa
ter
co
n
ten
t
in
m
in
er
al
o
il
an
d
v
eg
etab
le
o
il.
Sin
ce
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
il
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
en
s
e
th
an
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
h
eig
h
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
to
p
win
d
in
g
s
an
d
to
p
o
il
lev
el
wh
ich
d
et
er
m
in
es
h
y
d
r
o
s
tatic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
o
il
ex
er
ts
o
n
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
es
d
eter
m
i
n
es
b
u
b
b
le
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
a
ca
u
s
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
f
o
r
m
atio
n
clo
s
er
to
t
h
e
win
d
in
g
h
en
ce
m
o
r
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
b
u
b
b
le
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
v
eg
etab
le
o
il
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
th
an
in
m
in
er
al
o
il.
Fo
r
a
wet
in
s
u
latio
n
p
ap
er
s
y
s
tem
,
d
u
e
to
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e,
th
er
e
is
less
er
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
b
u
b
b
le
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
il
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
th
an
in
m
in
er
al
o
il
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
er
b
u
b
b
le
in
ce
p
tio
n
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
em
p
h
asis
es
th
at
o
n
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
o
te,
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ic
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
tim
e
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e.
T
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t a
ls
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ac
id
n
u
m
b
er
in
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
wh
en
ag
in
g
[
8
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
ils
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
izatio
n
th
an
m
in
er
al
o
il
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ac
id
f
o
r
m
ed
in
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics is
les
s
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
to
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
in
s
u
latio
n
[
8
3
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
5
,
Su
war
n
o
an
d
Ma
r
b
u
n
[
8
4
]
ev
al
u
ated
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
er
m
al
ag
in
g
o
n
m
ix
ed
d
iele
ctr
ics.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
0
1
5
6
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tated
in
T
a
b
le
1
at
2
k
V/s
ec
r
is
e
r
ate
f
o
r
B
DV
u
s
in
g
liq
u
i
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
test
s
et
L
D6
0
an
d
Me
g
g
er
K
F8
7
5
Kar
l
Fis
ch
er
test
s
et
f
o
r
m
o
is
tu
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
ac
ce
ler
ated
ag
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
2
0
,
4
0
,
an
d
6
0
d
ay
s
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
1
2
0
°C
an
d
1
5
0
°
C
in
an
o
v
en
.
W
h
en
ag
in
g
,
g
ass
es
g
en
er
ated
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
DGAs
in
c
lu
d
e
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
th
ese
g
ases
with
f
r
e
e
r
ad
icals
f
o
r
m
in
g
wate
r
m
o
lecu
les.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
in
t
h
e
s
am
p
les
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th
e
f
ir
s
t
2
0
d
ay
s
wh
ich
m
o
m
en
tar
ily
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ec
r
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es
B
DV.
Ho
wev
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,
a
f
ter
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0
d
a
y
s
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
wate
r
co
n
te
n
t
is
n
o
ted
wh
ic
h
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
d
u
e
to
ex
ten
d
ed
h
e
atin
g
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ester
o
il
in
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
wate
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
ag
in
g
tim
e
an
d
B
DV
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ielec
tr
ic.
I
t
is
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
a
2
0
2
0
s
tu
d
y
[
8
5
]
t
h
at
n
atu
r
al
e
s
ter
o
il
im
p
r
e
g
n
ated
p
r
ess
b
o
a
r
d
p
o
s
s
ess
es
2
0
%
m
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
tr
en
g
th
t
h
an
th
at
with
m
in
er
al
o
il d
ielec
tr
ic
.
3
.
6
.
2
.
I
m
pa
ct
s
o
f
hea
t
ing
a
n
d us
e
o
f
a
dd
it
iv
es o
n m
o
is
t
ure
co
nte
nt
I
n
2
0
1
8
,
B
eld
jilali
et
a
l
.
[
8
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
p
h
y
s
ico
c
h
em
ic
al
an
d
is
o
th
e
r
m
al
ch
a
r
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
ts
o
f
m
ix
ed
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
liv
e
-
b
ased
o
il
an
d
n
ap
h
th
en
ic
m
in
e
r
al
o
i
l.
Fre
e
wate
r
is
p
r
e
-
elim
in
ated
b
y
h
ea
tin
g
th
e
o
il
s
am
p
les
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
at
4
0
°C
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o
r
4
0
m
i
n
u
tes
f
o
r
v
eg
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le
o
il
a
n
d
7
0
°C
f
o
r
6
0
m
in
u
tes
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o
r
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
e
two
s
am
p
les
ar
e
m
ix
ed
at
1
0
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
s
.
T
h
e
m
ix
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
at
8
0
0
tu
r
n
s
/m
in
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes
u
s
in
g
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
in
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r
o
d
s
o
th
at
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
is
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
an
d
m
is
cib
le.
Mo
is
tu
r
e
co
n
t
en
t
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
Kar
l
Fi
s
ch
er
titra
tio
n
i
m
m
ed
iately
af
ter
ag
itatio
n
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
r
ee
s
am
p
les
ar
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ix
in
g
b
o
ttle
an
d
th
ei
r
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
T
h
is
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e.
W
ith
t
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
wit
h
1
5
%
o
f
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
ein
g
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
il,
all
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
ally
d
esp
ite
ester
s
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
is
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
h
asis
es
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
ix
in
g
r
atio
[
8
7
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
elim
in
ate
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r
ee
wate
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
two
s
am
p
le
is
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y
h
ea
tin
g
th
em
at
1
0
0
°C
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
in
e
r
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an
d
v
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etab
le
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ec
au
s
e
th
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ilin
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p
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n
t o
f
w
ater
is
1
0
0
°C
h
en
ce
will b
e
ab
le
to
v
ap
o
r
is
e
th
e
wate
r
co
n
ten
t.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
T
r
n
k
a
et
a
l
.
[
8
8
]
u
s
es
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
t o
f
p
ap
er
-
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
0
.
5
3
%
B
u
ty
lated
Hy
d
r
o
x
y
to
lu
e
n
e
(
2
,
6
-
d
iter
tiar
y
-
b
u
ty
lp
ar
ac
r
eso
l
an
d
Alu
m
in
iu
m
o
x
id
e
(
Al
2
O
3
)
.
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wate
r
c
o
n
ten
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
th
e
p
ap
er
-
na
tu
r
al
este
r
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
er
m
al
ag
ein
g
.
T
h
e
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
wate
r
co
n
ten
t
i
s
d
u
e
to
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ester
.
3
.
7
.
B
io
deg
ra
da
bil
it
y
Sin
ce
ex
is
tin
g
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
is
n
o
n
-
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le,
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
en
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ester
o
ils
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
Sin
d
h
u
ja
et
a
l
.
[
8
9
]
a
p
p
lies
OE
C
D
3
0
1
B
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
b
i
o
d
eg
r
ad
ab
ilit
y
,
OE
C
D
2
0
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
o
il
o
n
m
icr
o
alg
ae
g
r
o
wth
,
OE
C
D
2
0
2
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
to
war
d
s
d
ap
h
n
id
s
an
d
OE
C
D
2
0
3
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
tality
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
f
is
h
.
T
h
e
test
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
n
ew
an
d
ag
e
d
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
d
ielec
tr
ics a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
este
r
o
ils
h
av
e
n
o
to
x
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
liv
in
g
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
a
b
i
lity
r
ates o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
ils
[
2
]
,
[
9
0
]
.
Pu
r
e
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
s
h
o
w
9
9
% b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
ilit
y
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
s
at
8
0
%.
B
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
is
at
3
0
%
wh
ile
s
ilico
n
e
o
il
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
5
%
b
io
d
e
g
r
ad
a
b
le
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
m
in
er
al
o
il
an
d
s
ilico
n
o
il
to
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
to
an
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
life
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
esp
ec
i
ally
in
ca
s
e
o
f
o
il
s
p
illag
es.
B
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
ilit
y
an
d
n
o
n
-
to
x
i
city
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
m
ak
es th
em
less
h
ar
m
f
u
l to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
9
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts (
lo
w
C
O
2
,
lo
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lp
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r
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C
O
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d
b
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g
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)
f
o
r
m
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d
d
u
e
to
th
er
m
al
ag
in
g
a
r
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o
f
less
r
is
k
h
en
c
e
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
ca
n
b
e
s
h
if
ted
t
o
war
d
s
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
a
d
d
itiv
e
q
u
a
n
titi
es
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
m
ix
ed
d
ielec
tr
ic
b
io
d
e
g
r
ad
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
6
1
-
1
7
7
7
1770
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
le
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
,
n
atu
r
al
ester
d
ielec
tr
i
cs
ca
n
r
ep
lace
m
in
er
al
o
il
esp
ec
ially
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
n
ea
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
o
d
ies
[
9
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
ilit
y
r
ates o
f
m
in
er
al,
s
ilico
n
e,
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
an
d
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
i
ls
[
2
]
4.
M
I
S
CI
B
L
E
S
T
UDI
E
S
4
.
1
.
Use o
f
na
no
pa
rt
icles
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
to
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ix
e
d
d
ielec
tr
ics
with
m
u
ltip
le
m
etal
o
x
id
e
Nan
o
p
a
r
ticles
p
r
ef
e
r
ab
ly
th
o
s
e
with
h
i
g
h
er
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
i
m
p
ler
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
[
9
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
in
v
o
lv
es
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles
in
to
th
e
b
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
lu
id
.
Su
ch
Nan
o
p
a
r
ticles
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
clu
d
e
I
r
o
n
(
III
)
Ox
i
d
e
(
Fe
2
O
3
),
Al
2
O
3
,
T
itan
iu
m
Dio
x
id
e
(
T
iO
2
)
,
Co
p
p
e
r
(
I
I
)
Ox
i
d
e
(
C
u
O)
,
B
o
r
o
n
Nitr
id
e
(
B
N)
,
Z
in
c
O
x
id
e
(
Z
n
O)
,
C
o
p
p
er
Per
o
x
id
e
(
C
u
O
2
)
,
an
d
Sil
ico
n
Dio
x
i
d
e
(
SiO
2
)
.
I
t
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
at
th
e
y
v
ar
y
in
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
.
I
t is m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
to
u
s
e
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles th
at
d
o
n
o
t
ag
g
lo
m
er
ate.
T
h
is
is
to
s
ay
t
h
a
t
th
eir
p
ar
ticles
d
o
n
o
t
f
o
r
m
m
icr
o
an
d
m
ac
r
o
s
ized
attac
h
m
e
n
ts
to
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
.
T
wo
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
d
ielec
tr
ics ar
e
1
)
o
n
e
-
s
tep
m
eth
o
d
an
d
2
)
two
s
tep
m
eth
o
d
.
4
.
1
.
1
.
O
ne
-
s
t
ep
m
et
ho
d
Fo
r
o
n
e
-
s
tep
m
eth
o
d
,
s
y
n
th
e
s
is
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
in
to
th
e
o
il
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
v
ap
o
r
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
to
m
in
im
is
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
an
d
e
n
h
an
c
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
ar
ticle
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
also
elim
in
ates
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
d
r
y
in
g
s
tag
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lin
e
co
s
ts
[
9
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
v
er
y
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
ts
.
An
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
is
th
at
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
f
lu
id
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
im
p
u
r
ities
an
d
r
esid
u
es
th
at
ac
cu
m
u
late
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
co
m
p
lete
r
ea
ctio
n
an
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
y
n
th
esis
[
9
5
]
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
T
wo
-
s
t
ep
m
et
ho
d
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
p
h
y
s
ica
l
an
d
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
s
y
n
th
esis
in
g
d
r
ied
p
o
wd
er
ed
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
as
an
in
itial
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
p
o
w
d
er
ed
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles
ar
e
at
an
o
t
h
er
s
tag
e
d
is
p
er
s
ed
o
r
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
in
to
th
e
f
lu
id
aid
ed
b
y
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
o
r
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
in
g
u
s
in
g
s
o
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
is
d
ee
m
ed
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
n
e
-
s
tag
e
m
eth
o
d
[
9
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
to
ass
ess
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
tab
ilit
y
is
u
s
in
g
v
is
u
al
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
as
d
ielec
tr
ics,
[
9
6
]
u
s
es
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
lig
h
t
n
in
g
im
p
u
ls
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
n
atu
r
al
an
d
s
y
n
th
etic
ester
o
ils
-
b
ased
Fe
3
O
4
,
Al
2
O
3
,
an
d
SiO
2
Nan
o
f
lu
id
s
.
I
t r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
ester
-
b
ased
N
an
o
f
lu
id
s
f
o
r
liq
u
id
f
illed
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
An
o
th
er
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
co
m
p
o
s
es
o
f
h
e
x
ag
o
n
n
itrid
e
(
h
-
B
N)
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles
an
d
co
tto
n
s
ee
d
o
il
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
h
-
B
N
en
h
a
n
c
ed
im
p
u
ls
e
B
DV
an
d
AC
-
B
DV
with
5
%
a
n
d
6
3
.
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
a
s
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
w
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i
g
h
t
i
n
c
r
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a
s
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th
e
d
i
s
s
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
d
e
c
r
e
as
ed
,
n
o
n
e
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
h
i
s
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
h
a
s
g
r
e
at
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
wi
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
t
r
ess
es
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
[
9
7
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
ex
tr
a
p
o
latio
n
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
with
s
u
p
er
io
r
in
s
u
latio
n
f
lu
i
d
m
a
d
e
o
f
B
ao
b
ab
,
Mo
n
g
o
n
g
o
(
as
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
)
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
ils
u
n
d
er
th
er
m
al
a
g
in
g
,
a
b
len
d
o
f
5
m
l
Ker
o
s
en
e
a
n
d
1
0
0
m
l
o
f
o
il
u
n
d
er
u
ltra
s
o
n
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c
wav
e
tr
ea
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en
t
at
3
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k
Hz
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
d
eg
r
ad
ati
o
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
li
f
etim
e
o
f
co
p
p
er
p
late
an
d
t
h
e
k
r
a
f
t
p
ap
er
[
8
]
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
d
ielec
tr
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
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