Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
N
o.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1152
~
1160
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1152
-
1
160
1152
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance ana
lysis of
Mal
ay
si
an low
voltag
e di
stributio
n
network
un
der different
sola
r vari
ability d
ays
Nu
r Iz
z
at
i Z
olkifri,
Ch
in
Kim G
an
,
Me
ysam S
hamsi
ri
CeRIA
Facult
y
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Unive
r
siti
T
ekni
k
al Ma
lay
s
ia Mel
ak
a,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
8
, 2
018
Re
vised Dec
6
,
2018
Accepte
d Dec
19
, 201
8
The
wid
espre
ad
of
Photovolt
aic
(PV
)
s
y
st
ems
as
one
of
the
distri
but
ed
gene
ra
ti
on
t
ec
h
nologi
es
coul
d
have
profound
impact
on
the
distri
buti
o
n
net
works
oper
ati
on,
par
t
ic
ul
arly
on
net
work
losses
and
net
work
volt
age
s
fluc
tu
at
ions.
This
is
m
ai
nl
y
ca
us
ed
b
y
th
e
high
P
V
pene
tr
at
ions
c
ouple
d
wit
h
high
solar
var
iabili
t
y
in
the
co
untri
es
with
l
ar
ge
cl
oud
cove
r
.
The
ref
or
e,
thi
s
pape
r
pre
s
ent
s
an
inve
sti
gat
ion
on
the
imp
ac
t
of
resid
ent
i
al
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
PV
sy
stem
b
y
utili
zing
a
t
y
pi
ca
l
lo
w
volt
age
(
LV)
net
work
in
Malay
s
ia
under
var
ious
solar
va
ria
bilit
y
d
a
y
s.
I
n
thi
s
stud
y
,
th
e
re
ar
e
thr
e
e
sce
nar
ios;
wher
e
,
each
sce
n
ari
o
were
per
form
ed
with
diffe
r
ent
l
e
vel
s
of
PV
pene
tr
at
ion
and
five
diff
ere
nt
solar
var
ia
bi
li
t
y
da
y
s.
The
impact
s
of
PV
s
y
stem
al
lo
catio
n
in
diffe
r
ent
sc
ena
rios
and
v
arious
solar
var
ia
b
i
li
t
y
da
y
s
are
assess
ed
in
te
r
m
of
volt
age
u
nbal
an
ce
and
n
et
work
losses.
The
resul
ts
propose
tha
t
Sc
ena
rio
1:
r
ando
m
l
y
alloc
at
ion
o
f
PV
sy
stems
acros
s
the
LV
net
work
has
th
e
lowest
vo
ltag
e
unbalanc
e
a
n
d
net
work
losse
s
espe
cial
l
y
during
over
ca
st
da
y
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Distrib
ution ne
twork
Netw
ork
l
os
ses
So
la
r
v
a
riabil
it
y
Vo
lt
age
un
bala
nce
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
En
gin
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nur Izzat
i Zol
kifr
i,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: zatizolk
ifri@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTR
ODU
CTION
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
(
PV
)
syst
e
m
s
are
the
m
os
t
wides
pr
ea
d
distri
bu
te
s
ge
ner
at
ion
(DG
)
in
M
al
ay
sia
n
low
vo
lt
age
(
LV
)
di
stribu
ti
on
net
works
[1]
,
[
2]
.
More
over
,
m
a
ny
h
i
gh
inc
ome
natio
n
s
uc
h
as
U
.S,
Ge
rm
a
ny
a
nd
Japa
n
are
c
omm
itted
ta
ckling
issue
in
im
pr
ovin
g
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
ren
e
w
able
ene
rg
y.
E
ncou
rag
em
ent
form
Su
sta
ina
ble
E
ne
rg
y
Dev
el
op
m
ent
Au
t
hority
(S
E
DA)
Ma
la
ysi
a
m
ade
m
any
Ma
la
ysi
an
ha
ve
thei
r
own
P
V
syst
e
m
s
du
e
t
o
a
lot
of
a
dv
a
nt
ages
i
n
ec
onom
ic
and
te
c
hn
i
cal
aspects
[
3]
,
[
4]
.
Howe
ver
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
placed
i
n
the
eq
uato
rial
r
egio
n
wit
h
ex
pe
riencin
g
tr
opic
al
cl
i
m
a
te
[5]
,
[6]
.
T
he
m
ai
n
adv
a
nta
ge
tr
opic
al
cl
i
m
at
e
is
they
receive
la
r
ge
a
m
ou
nts
of
s
un
sh
ine
al
l
over
t
he
ye
ar
ye
t
can
re
duce
the
greenho
us
e
em
is
sion,
gl
ob
al
w
arm
ing
and
i
ncr
ease
i
ndep
e
ndent
e
nergy
by
util
iz
e
so
la
r
en
er
gy
[7]
.
Eve
ntho
ugh
tro
pical
cl
i
m
at
e
luxurious
with
so
la
r
irrad
ia
nce
,
t
he
cl
ouds
in
that
area
an
d
s
un’s
daily
m
ov
em
e
nt
sig
nificantl
y
aff
ect
the
ene
r
gy
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
PV
syst
e
m
s
[8]
,
[9]
.
Ther
e
fore,
e
nergy
pro
duce
d
by
P
V
syst
e
m
are
interm
i
ttent
an
d
fl
uctua
te
s
[10]
.
T
his
pro
ve
s
that
the
energ
y
gen
erat
e
d
from
PV
syst
e
m
s
is
dep
end
i
ng
to
the
ir
radi
ance
and
it
s
distrib
ution
[11]
,
[12]
.
The
interm
it
ten
t
an
d
stoc
ha
sti
c
su
ppli
ed
from
PV
generati
on
ca
n
af
fect
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
ec
onom
i
c
for
consum
ers
su
c
h
as
rev
e
rse
powe
r
flo
w,
a
nd
fl
uctuati
on
vo
lt
age
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
.
Re
verse
powe
r
fl
ow
c
an
be
occurre
d
if
t
he
PV
gen
e
rati
on
is
gr
eat
er
t
ha
n
the
local
po
w
er
dem
and
wh
i
ch
cau
sin
g
vol
ta
ge
rise
[
15]
,
[16]
.
Othe
rw
ise
,
flu
ct
uation
volt
a
ge
or
vo
lt
a
ge
dr
ops
ca
n
be
occurre
d
if
the
powe
r
de
m
and
pro
file
and
P
V
gen
e
rati
o
n
a
re
neg
at
ively
c
orr
el
at
ed
[
17
]
.
Stud
y
i
n
[
18]
hav
e
do
ne
in
ve
sti
gation
of
im
pact
so
la
r
va
riabil
it
y
in
Ma
la
ysi
an
netw
ork
by
util
iz
in
g
on
ly
10
0%
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel
for
al
l
cases.
I
n
this
re
gard,
a d
et
ai
le
d
in
vestigat
io
n
on v
ari
ou
s PV
v
ar
ia
bili
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of M
al
aysia
n
l
ow vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
k
unde
r
diff
erent
.
..
(
Nur Izzati Z
olk
if
ri
)
1153
and
differe
nt
le
vel
of
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
pa
rtic
ularly
at
Ma
la
ysi
an
LV
reside
ntial
network
s
a
re
r
equ
i
red
.
Th
us
,
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
i
nt
egr
at
io
n
of
P
V
syst
em
in
var
i
ou
s
PV
va
riabi
lity
and
di
ff
ere
nt
le
vel
of
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
wa
s stud
ie
d
i
n
this pap
e
r
in
te
rm
s o
f
volt
age
unbalance a
nd
ne
twork
los
ses
.
A
ty
pical
LV
net
work
at
Tam
an
I
m
pian
P
utra
in
P
or
t
Dicks
on,
Ma
la
ysi
a
was
util
iz
ed
as
a
r
efere
nce
netw
ork
.
The
re
a
re
three
diff
e
re
nt
scena
rio
wh
ic
h
are;
Scena
rio
1:
Th
e
PV
syst
em
i
s
rand
om
ly
a
llo
cat
ed
am
ong
feed
e
r
A
,
B
a
nd
C
,
Scena
rio
2:
P
V
syst
em
s
are
al
locat
ed
ra
nd
om
l
y
on
ly
at
f
eeder
A
a
nd
fe
eder
B
,
an
d
Sc
enar
i
o
3:
PV
s
yst
e
m
s
are
al
locat
ed
in
a
n
unbalance
d
m
ann
er
.
All
the
sce
nar
io
s
a
re
te
s
te
d
with
f
ive
di
ff
e
ren
t
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
i
n
orde
r
to
de
te
rm
ine
wh
ic
h
s
olar
va
riabil
it
y
giv
e
high
im
pact
in
ne
tw
ork
l
osse
s
a
nd
volt
age
unbala
nce
and
to
determ
ine w
hi
ch
le
vel
of
penet
rati
on
le
vel c
reate hi
gh n
et
work losse
s a
nd
vo
lt
age
un
ba
la
nce.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Low V
olt
ag
e
Net
w
or
k
M
odel
li
ng
Tam
an
I
m
pian
Pu
tra
locat
ed
in
Po
rt
Dic
kso
n,
Ma
la
ysi
a
was
util
iz
ed
as
ref
ere
nce
LV
ne
twork
f
or
this
pa
per.
T
he
detai
li
ng
of
th
is
netw
ork
was
obta
ined
f
r
om
TNB
a
s
well
as
sit
e
visit
s.
T
his
L
V
netw
ork
is
a
ty
pical
LV
residen
t
ia
l
netw
ork
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
The
netw
ork
is
m
od
el
led
in
the
O
pen
Distribu
ti
on
Syst
e
m
Si
m
ulator
(
OpenDSS)
w
hich
al
so
act
as
th
e
si
m
ulati
on
too
l
to
pe
rfor
m
the
powe
r
fl
ow
cal
culat
io
ns
[19]
.
The
a
vaila
ble
data
obta
ine
d
from
TNB
and
sit
e
visit
s
are
the
trans
f
or
m
er
rati
ng,
nu
m
ber
of
fee
der
s
,
cable
ty
pes
an
d
the
cable
rati
ng
.
B
y
fo
ll
owin
g
uti
li
ty
’s
distribu
ti
on
plan
ne
r
ha
ndbo
ok
t
he
fee
de
r’
s
l
oad
i
ng
of
this
netw
ork
a
re
not
exc
eed
tha
n
50%
of
the
fee
der’s
rated
ca
pacit
y
[20]
.
I
n
m
od
el
li
ng
this
LV
ne
twor
k,
the n
e
utral
wir
e
,
m
utu
al
i
m
ped
ance
an
d
sel
f
-
i
m
ped
ance
of t
he
ca
bles ar
e c
on
si
der
e
d.
Ba
sed
on
the
Figure
1
,
the
LV
net
work
c
on
sist
s
of
thr
e
e
m
ai
n
feed
ers
nam
ed
Feeder
A,
Feede
r
B
and
Fee
der
C
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
52
hous
es
,
64
house
s
an
d
33
hous
es
,
r
especti
vely
.
The
hous
e
s
acr
os
s
the
feed
e
rs
was
ca
te
gorized
into
two
ty
pes
w
hic
h
are
te
rr
ace
house
and
sin
gl
e
storey
hous
e
with
3k
W
an
d
1.5
kW
of
di
ver
sit
y
m
axim
u
m
de
m
and,
res
pecti
vely
[21]
.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
al
l
the
feed
ers
was
li
nked
to
the
11kV/0.
4k
V
distrib
ution t
ra
ns
f
or
m
er.
T
he deta
il
ing
of ca
ble f
ro
m
o
ne
point to
anot
her
po
i
nt w
a
s
desc
ribe
d
in
the
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
1
.
Re
fere
nce L
V netw
ork
locat
ed
at ta
m
an
i
m
pian
putra
T
able
1.
Detai
li
ng
siz
e an
d
Ty
pes
of
Ca
ble
Bran
ch
sectio
n
Ty
p
e of
Cab
le
Fro
m
To
5
0
0
k
VA
trans
f
o
r
m
er
Bu
s 2
4
×
5
0
0
m
m
2
P
VC/
PVC
AL.
Bu
s 2
Piecin
g
co
n
n
ectio
n
A,B
,C
1
8
5
m
m
2
P
VC/PV
C AL
Piecin
g
co
n
n
ectio
n
A,B,C
No
d
e
Aerial
Bu
n
d
le Cab
le
(ABC) 3 x
18
5
m
m
2
+
1
2
0
m
m
2
AL
No
d
e
Ho
u
se
1
6
m
m
2
PVC /P
V
C Cu
.
2.2.
Consumer
D
e
man
d
Mod
el
li
ng
and S
ola
r
Va
ri
ab
il
ity
Figure
2
s
ho
ws
the
ty
pic
al
Ma
la
ysi
a’s
residen
ti
al
dem
and
pro
file
reco
r
de
d
at
the
distrib
utio
n
su
bst
at
ion
.
Fig
ur
e
3
to
Fig
ur
e
7,
s
hows
five
diff
e
re
nt
so
la
r
var
ia
bili
ty
on
cl
ear
day,
ov
ercast
day,
m
od
erat
e
var
ia
bili
ty
,
m
i
l
d
var
ia
bili
ty
a
nd
hi
gh
va
riab
il
ity,
resp
ect
i
ve
ly
.
The
m
easur
e
d
Global
H
or
iz
on
ta
l
I
rr
a
di
ance
(GHI) v
al
ues
of
fi
ve
dif
fer
e
nt PV
v
a
riabil
it
y
util
iz
ed
in
t
his p
ape
r
a
re
c
ollec
te
d
f
ro
m
a
we
at
her
sta
ti
on
l
oc
at
ed
on
the
roo
fto
p
of
the
Fac
ulty
of
Ele
ct
rical
Eng
i
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tek
nik
al
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
la
ka
(2
.
32º
N,
102.3º
E)
[
5]
. T
he per
form
ance of L
V netw
ork
in
this
pa
per
is evaluate
d ba
sed o
n
these
f
i
ve
s
olar va
riab
il
ity.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1152
–
1
160
1154
Figure
2
.
Ty
pi
cal
Mal
ay
sia
’s
reside
ntial
d
em
and
prof
il
es
Figure
3
.
Sam
ple o
f
clea
r day
Figure
4
.
Sam
ple o
f
overca
st d
ay
Figure
5
.
Sam
ple o
f
m
od
erate
var
ia
bili
ty
d
ay
Figure
6
.
Sam
ple o
f
Mi
ld v
a
ri
abili
ty
d
ay
Figure
7
.
Sam
ple o
f
h
i
gh v
a
ria
bili
ty
d
ay
2.3.
Vo
l
tage
Un
b
al
an
ce
Vo
lt
age
unbala
nce
occ
ur
s
due
to
t
he
unpla
nned
c
onnecti
on
of
P
V
syst
em
t
o
t
he
distrib
ution
netw
ork
[22]
.
T
he
al
lo
cat
ion
of
P
V
syst
e
m
acro
ss
the
feed
e
r
is
one
of
t
he
m
ai
n
factor
of
volt
age
un
ba
la
nce.
In
Ma
la
ysi
a,
T
enag
a
N
asi
ona
l
Be
rh
a
d
(T
NB
)
as
one
of
el
ec
tric
it
y
util
ity,
ha
s
set
1
.
0%
a
s the
sta
tuto
ry
li
m
it
of
the
net
wor
k
vo
lt
age
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
wh
ic
h
is
str
ic
te
r
com
par
ed
to
U
K
(
1.3%)
an
d
E
U
(
2%
)
[23]
.
As
s
how
n
is
1
dep
ic
ts t
he per
centage
eq
uation o
f
Li
ne
Vo
l
ta
ge
U
nbal
anc
ed
Ra
te
(LV
U
R)
[
22]
.
%
=
∗
100%
(1)
Wh
e
re
V
L
is l
i
ne vo
lt
age
.
2.4.
Net
w
or
k L
os
s
es
Pr
od
uctio
n
of
powe
r
losses
are
m
a
inly
fr
om
the
cable
resist
ance
an
d
it
can
be
redu
ced
thr
ou
gh
integrati
on
of
PV
syst
em
.
Stud
y
i
n
[
24
]
ha
s
show
n
t
hat
m
il
d
PV
pe
net
rati
on
suffici
en
t
the
local
dem
and
an
d
netw
ork
losses
will
d
rop
to
it
s
m
ini
m
u
m
.
O
ther
wise,
hi
gh
PV
pe
netrati
on
can
br
i
ng
ou
t
rev
e
rse
po
wer
flo
w
sit
uation
in
th
e
networ
k
thus
increase
the
netw
ork
losses
.
As
show
n
is
2
sh
ows
m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
equ
at
ion
of
netw
ork
l
os
ses
.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0:
00
1:
00
2:
00
3:
00
4:
00
5:
00
6:
00
7:
00
8:
00
9:
00
10
:0
0
11
:0
0
12
:0
0
13
:0
0
14
:0
0
15
:0
0
16
:0
0
17
:0
0
18
:0
0
19
:0
0
20
:0
0
21
:0
0
22
:0
0
23
:
00
N
o
r
mali
z
e
d
Dema
n
d
T
i
me
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of M
al
aysia
n
l
ow vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
k
unde
r
diff
erent
.
..
(
Nur Izzati Z
olk
if
ri
)
1155
%
=
∗
100%
(2)
2.5.
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
In
the
pr
e
vious
stud
y,
the
im
p
act
s
of
resid
ent
ia
l
so
la
r
PV
syst
e
m
s
on
netw
ork
volt
age
un
balance
a
nd
netw
ork
losses
was
inv
est
iga
te
d
[25]
.
The
pap
e
r
util
iz
ed
a
ty
pical
c
le
ar
day
PV
ge
ne
rati
on
prof
il
es
on
ly
.
Howe
ver,
in
this
pap
e
r
sam
e
inve
sti
gation
was
r
un
with
five
di
ff
e
ren
t
PV
va
riabil
it
y
wh
ic
h
a
re
cl
ea
r
day,
ov
e
rcast
day,
m
od
erate
var
i
abili
ty
,
m
il
d
var
ia
bili
ty
and
high
va
riabil
it
y
day
as
in
Figure
3
to
Fi
gure
7
resp
ect
ively
.
S
a
m
e
as
the
pr
e
vious
pa
per
[
25]
,
this
pa
per
consi
sts
of
th
r
ee
scena
rio
w
hich
a
re;
ra
nd
om
PV
al
locat
ion
,
ra
ndom
co
ncen
tr
a
t
ed
P
V
al
locat
ion
an
d
unbala
nced
P
V
syst
e
m
installat
ion
.
The
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
in
this
st
ud
y
was
var
ie
d
f
ro
m
0%
to
100%
.
This
pa
per
a
ppli
ed
pe
netrati
on
by
num
ber
of
hous
es
as
the
PV
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
a
nd
bee
n
def
i
ned
as
in
a
s
s
how
n
is
3.
The
total
house
s
c
onnected
acro
s
s
the
fee
de
r
a
re
149
house
s.
More
detai
ls,
l
oa
d
c
onnecte
d
ac
ro
ss
the
th
ree
feed
e
rs
a
re
88.
5kW
(
feed
e
r
A)
,
96kW
(f
ee
der
B
)
and
99kW
(
fee
der
C)
.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
the
siz
e
of
P
V
capa
ci
ty
instal
le
d
to
the
hous
es
ar
e
accor
ding
to
SE
DA’s
database
i
n
kilow
at
t
pea
k
(
kWp
)
capa
ci
ty
.
The
pe
rce
ntag
e
of
3kWp,
4kWp
a
nd
5k
Wp
PV
syst
em
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
LV
netw
ork
are
3%
,
80.74
%,
an
d
16%,
r
especti
vely
.
Al
l
the
three
sce
nar
i
os
util
iz
ed
the
sam
e
per
centa
ge
of PV ca
pacit
y.
%
=
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
∗
100%
(3)
2.5.1.
Scenari
o 1: P
V
S
ystem
Ran
do
ml
y
All
ocat
ed A
cr
os
s
Fee
der
A
, B
an
d
C
Scena
rio
1
is
wh
e
re
t
he
P
V
syst
e
m
s
with
va
rio
us
ca
pac
it
ie
s
as
m
entioned
ab
ove
we
re
ra
ndom
ly
instal
le
d
acr
oss
the
t
hr
ee
fee
de
rs.
It
s
houl
d
be
note
d
that
t
he
norm
al
distribu
ti
on
f
un
ct
io
n
is
us
e
d
i
n
t
his
pa
pe
r
for
ra
ndom
al
l
ocati
ng
t
he
P
V
syst
e
m
a
m
on
g
the
hous
e
s.
T
he
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel
instal
le
d
in
this
sce
na
rio
i
s
sta
rting
from
10
%
to
10
0%.
I
n
order
to
record
t
he
powe
r
fl
ow
an
d
volt
ag
e
pro
file
s,
a
m
et
er
was
instal
le
d
a
t
the
en
d
of
the
feed
e
rs.
Table
2
s
hows
t
he
num
ber
of
loa
d
instal
le
d
ra
ndom
ly
accord
in
g
to
pe
rce
ntage
of
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel.
Sam
e
co
nd
it
io
n
is
rep
eat
ed
for
five
diff
e
ren
t
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
wh
ic
h
are
cl
ear
day,
ov
e
rcast
day,
m
od
erate va
riabil
it
y,
m
il
d
vari
abili
ty
an
d hig
h varia
bili
ty
d
ay
.
Table
2
.
N
um
ber
of
H
ou
s
es
A
ccordin
g
t
o
P
V
Penet
rati
on Le
vel
PV pen
etration
lev
el
No
.
o
f
ho
u
ses
connected
to PV s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
Scen
a
rio 1
0%
0
10%
15
25%
37
50%
75
75%
112
100%
149
2.5.2.
Scenari
o 2: P
V
S
ystem
Ran
do
ml
y
All
ocat
ed
and
C
on
ce
nt
r
at
ed
A
cr
oss Fee
der
A an
d B
Onl
y
The
m
ai
n
pu
r
pose
of
sec
ond
s
cenari
o
is
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
po
t
entia
l
issue
of
rand
om
l
y
al
loc
at
e
the
PV
syst
e
m
con
cen
trat
ed
on
two
f
eeders
wh
ic
h
a
re
feede
r
A
a
nd
B.
The
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
l
fo
r
this
sce
na
rio
is
var
ie
d
sta
rtin
g
from
10
%
to
75%.
T
he
100%
of
P
V
pe
netrati
on
w
or
th
nothin
g
si
nc
e
it
’s
in
bal
anced
connecti
on
a
nd
the
res
ult
obta
ined
will
sa
m
e
as
sce
na
rio
1.
Table
3
sho
ws
the
num
ber
of
hous
es
c
oncent
rated
at
feed
e
r
A
an
d
B acc
ordi
ng to
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel.
T
his p
r
ocess
is
sta
rt
with
10%
pe
ne
trat
ion
le
vel
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
acro
s
s
the
fee
der
A
an
d
it
i
s
pe
rsist
un
ti
l
each
ho
us
es
in
fee
de
r
A
own
one
PV
s
yst
e
m
.
The
ne
xt
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
le
ve
l
will
be
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
acr
os
s
t
he
fee
der
B,
un
ti
l
up
to
75%
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
l.
Sam
e
conditi
on
is
rep
eat
e
d
f
or
five
di
ff
e
ren
t
PV
va
riabil
it
y
wh
ic
h
are
cl
ear
day,
overcast
day,
m
od
erate
var
i
abili
ty
,
m
il
d
var
ia
bili
ty
an
d hi
gh v
a
ri
abi
li
ty
d
ay
.
T
able
3
.
N
um
ber
of
H
ou
s
es C
on
ce
ntrate
d
at
Feede
r
A
a
nd
B
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
P
V
Penet
rati
on Le
vel
PV pen
etration
lev
el
No
.
o
f
ho
u
ses
connected
to PV s
y
ste
m
Feed
er
A
Feed
er
B
Feed
er
C
0%
0
0
0
10%
15
0
0
25%
37
0
0
50%
52
23
0
75%
52
60
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1152
–
1
160
1156
2.5.3.
Sce
na
ri
o 3: U
nba
l
an
ced
All
ocatio
n
of
PV
Sy
s
tem
Scena
rio
3
ca
n
be
cl
assifi
e
d
as
an
e
xtrem
e
conditi
on
beca
us
e
the
P
V
sys
tem
is
placed
in
the
m
os
t
unbalance
d
m
a
nn
e
r.
Fir
stl
y,
t
he
PV
syst
em
is
connecte
d
at
the
first
ph
as
e
(P
hase
1)
of
a
ll
the
three
feed
ers
.
Af
te
r
t
he
‘
Ph
a
se
1’
at
the
th
r
ee
feed
e
rs
was
entirel
y
instal
le
d,
the
proces
s
was
procee
d
to
the
sec
ond
ph
a
se
(P
ha
se
2).
T
he
n,
a
fter
sec
ond
ph
a
se
(Phase
2)
was
fu
ll
y
connecte
d
with
PV
syst
em
,
it
will
con
ti
nue
t
o
th
e
third
phase
(Ph
ase
3).
T
he
pro
cedure
is
beg
a
n
in
seq
ue
nce
10%
to
75%
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
l.
Table
4
s
hows
how
the
ab
ov
e p
r
oc
ess
flo
w.
T
he
proces
s
of
Sce
na
rio
3
is rep
eat
ed
f
or
f
ive d
iff
eren
t
P
V
va
ria
bili
ty
wh
ic
h
ar
e
cl
ear
day,
ov
e
rcast
da
y, m
od
erate v
ariabil
it
y,
m
il
d
v
a
riabil
it
y and hig
h va
riabil
it
y day.
Table
4
.
N
um
ber
of
H
ou
s
es
A
ccordin
g
t
o
P
V
Penet
rati
on Le
vel
f
or Sce
nar
i
o 3
PV pen
etration
lev
el
No
.
o
f
ho
u
ses
connected
to PV s
y
ste
m
Feed
er
A
Feed
er
B
Feed
er
C
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P 1
P 2
P 3
0%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10%
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25%
18
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
50%
18
18
0
23
4
0
12
0
0
75%
18
18
9
23
21
0
12
11
0
wh
e
re:
P
1
=
P
hase
1; P
2
=
P
hase
2; P
3
=
P
hase
3
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Scenari
o 1: P
V
S
ystem
Ran
do
ml
y
All
ocat
ed A
cr
os
s
Fee
der
A
, B
an
d
C
The
im
pact
of
five
di
ff
e
ren
t
PV
pro
file
of
sing
le
phase
P
V
inte
gr
at
io
n
on
volt
age
un
balance
was
evaluate
d.
Fig
ur
e
8
(a),
(
b)
a
nd
(c)
,
s
hows
t
he
i
m
pact
of
volt
age
unba
la
nc
e
at
the
feed
e
rs
with
fi
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
PV
pro
file
s.
Al
l
the
PV
var
ia
bi
li
t
y
in
Feeder
A
,
B,
an
d
C
sh
ow
s
m
axi
m
u
m
vo
lt
age
un
balance
durin
g
25
%
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel
wh
ic
h
le
ad
by
high
va
r
ia
bili
ty
,
c
le
ar
day,
m
il
d,
m
od
erate
an
d
la
stl
y
is
ov
ercast
day.
Wh
e
n
t
he
fee
de
rs
reac
h
thei
r
peak
volt
age
unbalance
,
it
s
sta
rt
to
fall
un
ti
l
it
reach
100%
P
V
pen
et
r
at
i
on
.
This
is
beca
use
the
inc
reasin
g
of
sin
gle
pha
se
PV
co
nnect
ion
will
re
duce
the
un
balance
powe
r
s
upply
in
th
e
three
-
phase
ne
twork
distrib
ution
.
T
he
volt
age
unbala
nce
in
eve
ry
feed
e
r
is
diff
er
beca
us
e
it
’s
de
pend
on
th
e
feed
e
r
cha
racteri
sti
c
and
the
num
be
r
of
P
V
syst
e
m
ran
dom
l
y
al
locat
ed
acro
ss
the
fee
der.
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esult,
al
l t
he
PV
v
a
ri
abili
ty
ex
ceed
sta
tutor
y l
i
m
it
(1
%
)
of
vo
lt
ag
e u
nbal
ance i
n M
al
ay
sia
ex
cept overcast
day d
ue
t
o
low
power
ge
ner
at
io
n
by
PV
syst
em
.
The
highest
volt
age
un
balance
record
e
d
in
t
his
scena
rio
i
s
high
var
ia
bili
ty
at feed
er
A with
1.
9% wh
ic
h
is
over
the stat
ut
ory
lim
it
(
1%).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
8
.
Vo
lt
age
unbalanc
e i
n feede
r A
(a)
feed
e
r
B
(b)
a
nd
feed
e
r
C
(c)
and N
et
wor
k
l
os
ses
(d)
for
Sce
na
rio 1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of M
al
aysia
n
l
ow vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
k
unde
r
diff
erent
.
..
(
Nur Izzati Z
olk
if
ri
)
1157
Figure
8
(
d)
sh
ows
the
net
work
los
ses
from
base
case
unti
l
fu
ll
y
in
sta
ll
ed
PV
syst
e
m
at
the
distrib
ution
ne
twork
.
The
ne
twork
los
ses
r
esult
was
rec
orde
d
eve
ry
fiv
e
-
m
inu
te
s
in
Op
e
nDSS
s
of
t
war
e
.
Gen
e
ra
ll
y,
al
l
t
he
five
P
V
va
riabil
it
y
sh
ow
s
the
sam
e
‘U
-
sha
pe’
patte
rn
.
Wh
e
re
by,
al
l
t
he
netw
ork
los
ses
sta
rt
fall
gr
a
du
al
ly
f
ro
m
base
case
po
i
nt
unti
l
approxim
at
e
ly
50
%
PV
pe
netrat
ion
.
T
his
m
ai
nly
causes
by
th
e
PV
gen
e
rati
on
cap
able
in
reducing
the
ne
tw
ork
los
ses.
How
ever,
wh
e
n
P
V
pe
netrati
on
increase
over
50
%
pen
et
rati
on,
th
e
netw
ork
l
os
s
es
sli
gh
tl
y
incr
eased.
This
sit
uation
occ
ur
be
cause
of
re
verse
powe
r
fl
ow
du
e
to
PV
ge
ner
at
io
n
powe
r
ex
ceede
d
the
loa
d
c
on
s
um
ption
in
t
he
netw
ork.
T
he
sign
ific
a
nt
re
ve
rse
powe
r
fl
ow
ca
n
be
see
n
duri
ng
cl
ear
day,
m
il
d
and
high
var
ia
bili
ty
.
This
is
becau
se
PV
gen
e
rati
on
on
these
da
y
is
hig
h
com
par
ed
t
o o
ver
cast
day a
nd m
od
erate.
3.2.
Scenari
o 2: C
on
cen
tr
at
ed
Al
locat
i
on
P
V s
ys
te
m
at
Feed
ers A
a
n
d Fee
der B
This
sect
io
n
di
scusses
t
he
im
pact
of
co
nc
entrated
al
loca
ti
on
P
V
syst
e
m
with
five
di
ff
ere
nt
P
V
prof
il
e
on
volt
age
unbala
nce.
Figure
9
(a
)
sh
ows
fee
de
r
A
ha
ve
highes
t
per
centa
ge
of
volt
age
unba
la
nc
e
appr
ox
im
at
ely
25
%
P
V
pe
ne
trat
ion
an
d
de
crease
after
it
s
reached
m
a
xim
u
m
vo
lt
ag
e
unbalance.
This
is
because
afte
r
25%
P
V
pen
et
rati
on,
the
thr
ee
sin
gle
-
phas
e
of
the
t
hr
ee
-
ph
a
se
dist
rib
ution
netw
ork
be
com
e
‘b
al
a
nced’
due
to
the
increa
sing
num
ber
of
PV
c
onnecti
on
.
O
n
the
ot
her
hand,
Fig
ur
e
9
(
b)
s
hows
volt
age
unbalance
in
f
eeder
B
reac
he
d
at
thei
r
m
a
xim
u
m
app
r
oxi
m
at
ely
50
%
PV
pe
netrati
on
a
nd
after
50
%
P
V
pen
et
rati
on,
vo
lt
age
unbalanc
e
fall
gr
ad
ually
un
ti
l
75
%
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel.
This
is
be
cause
the
un
ba
la
nce
conn
ect
io
n
of
three
sin
gle
ph
a
se
PV
sys
tem
turn
to
ba
la
nced
c
onne
ct
ion
w
he
n
th
e
per
ce
ntage
of
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
i
nc
rease.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
Fig
ur
e
9
(
c)
show
s
fee
de
r
C
hav
i
ng
a
c
on
sta
nt
volt
age
unbalance
res
ult
du
e
to
PV
syst
e
m
was
no
t
c
onne
ct
ed
acr
os
s
the
feed
e
r.
In
te
r
m
of
P
V
va
ria
bili
ty
,
hig
h
vari
abili
ty
fo
r
bot
h
fee
der
A
an
d
B
hav
e
hig
hest
volt
age
unbala
nce
then
f
ollowe
d
by
cl
ear
day,
m
i
ld,
m
od
era
te
and
overcas
t
day.
The
res
ult
pro
ven
t
hat
the
m
ai
n
facto
r
volt
age
un
balance
occur
be
cause
of
the
al
locat
i
on
of
PV
syst
e
m
and
per
ce
ntage
of
PV
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
it
sel
f.
W
hile,
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
will
sp
eci
fy
the
per
ce
nt
age
le
vel
of
volt
age
unbalance
a
nd
it
’s
de
pend o
n t
heir
P
V ge
nerat
ion
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fi
gure
9
.
V
oltage
unbalanc
e i
n feede
r A
(a)
,
feed
e
r
B
(b)
a
nd
feed
e
r
C
(c)
and N
et
wor
k
l
os
ses
(d) fo
r
Sce
na
rio 2
The
sim
ulati
on
res
ult
of
ne
twork
l
os
ses
can
be
see
n
in
Fig
ure
9
(
d)
with
fi
ve
di
ff
e
ren
t
P
V
pen
et
rati
on.
T
his
scena
rio
does
no
t
s
howi
ng
a
sig
nifica
nt
‘
U
-
s
ha
pe’
pa
tt
ern
of
netw
ork
los
ses
in
e
ach
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
.
The
netw
ork
loss
es
tren
d
f
or
t
he
first
25%
penet
rati
on
s
hows
a
sli
gh
t
re
du
ct
i
on
w
hich
is
le
s
s
than
0.10% for all
d
ay
s.
Sin
ce PV
syst
e
m
w
as n
ot co
nnect
ed
to fee
der
C, loss
es
at feed
er C r
em
ai
n
un
cha
nge
d.
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
abo
ve
50%
pe
netr
at
ion
pro
duce
high
losses
un
t
il
10
0%
pen
et
r
at
ion
due
to
P
V
ge
ner
at
io
n
e
xceed
the
loa
d
c
ons
um
pt
ion
w
hich
l
ead
t
o
the
re
ve
rse
powe
r
flo
w
.
O
ve
rcast
day
sh
ows
a
fairly
const
ant
resu
lt
fro
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1152
–
1
160
1158
base
case
to
100%
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
l
du
e
t
o
low
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
an
d
did
not
cause
s
hig
h
netw
ork
losses.
Wh
il
e,
cl
ear
da
y
sh
ows
the
hi
gh
est
netw
ork
losses
wh
e
n
it
reach
100%
pe
netrati
on
with
1.90%
due
to
hi
gh
gen
e
rat
io
n
s
upplied at l
ow po
wer dem
and
a
nd
directl
y i
ncr
e
ased t
he netw
ork
losses
to
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
.
3.3.
Scenari
o 3: U
nba
l
an
ced
All
ocatio
n
of
PV
Sy
s
tem
Figure
10
(a
),
(
b),
an
d
(c)
s
ho
w
res
ults
of
volt
age
unbalanc
e
fo
r
feed
e
r
A
,
feed
e
r
B
and
f
eeder
C
f
or
Scena
rio
3.
T
he
i
m
pact
of
fi
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
P
V
var
ia
bili
ty
on
vo
lt
age
un
bala
nce
was
as
sess
ed
from
0%
to
75%
PV
pe
netrati
on
le
vel.
The
res
ult
sh
ows
a
sig
nificant
volt
ag
e
unbalance
es
pecial
ly
du
rin
g
50
%
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel.
Sam
e
tren
d
with
t
he
ot
her
sce
nar
i
os
,
high
var
ia
bili
t
y
has
the
hi
ghest
vo
lt
ag
e
un
balance
f
ollowe
d
by
cl
ear
day,
m
il
d,
m
od
erate
an
d
ov
e
rcast
day.
This
is
becau
s
e
hig
h
var
ia
bili
ty
is
well
kn
own
as
a
hi
gh
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
with
high
fluct
uation
P
V
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
wh
ic
h
wil
l
resu
lt
ed
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
unba
la
nce
in
the
feed
er
.
All
the
P
V
va
r
ia
bili
ty
included
ove
rcast
day
have
hi
gh
est
vo
lt
age
un
balance
un
ti
l
they
reache
d
5%
volt
age
unbalance
.
Thi
s
scenari
o
ha
ve
prov
e
n
that
al
locat
ion
PV
syst
e
m
in
unba
la
nce
way
will
con
trib
ute
to
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
unbala
nce in
the
fee
de
r
especial
ly
dur
i
ng
high
var
i
abili
ty
. Th
is i
s a ser
io
us
pr
ob
l
e
m
in
the d
ist
ribu
ti
on
netw
ork
ha
ving
high
vo
lt
age
unbalance
be
cause
it
will
c
on
t
rib
ute
to
dow
ntur
n
perf
orm
ance
and
short
li
fe
sp
a
n of
e
quip
m
ent li
ke
distri
bu
ti
on
t
ran
s
f
orm
er and house
ho
l
d’
s
se
ns
it
ive equipm
ent.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
10
.
V
oltage
unbalan
ce
in f
ee
der A
(
a
), fee
der
B
(b) a
nd f
ee
der C (c
)
and
Netw
ork
l
os
ses
(d) fo
r
Sce
na
rio 3
Figure
10
(
d)
sh
ows
netw
or
k
losse
s
f
or
unbala
nce
al
loc
at
ion
P
V
syst
e
m
with
five
diff
e
re
nt
PV
var
ia
bili
ty
.
Gen
erall
y,
as
can
be
seen
in
Fig
ur
e
10
(
d)
net
work
lo
sses
of
the
PV
var
ia
bi
li
t
y
increase
i
n
li
near
m
ann
er
.
T
his
i
s
m
ai
nly
du
e
t
o
e
ff
ect
of
unba
la
nce
al
locat
ion
of
PV
syst
em
acro
ss
the
fe
eder
s
.
Cl
ear
da
y,
m
i
ld
and
hi
gh
va
riabil
it
y
sh
ows
si
gn
i
ficant
inc
re
m
ent
of
netw
ork
l
os
ses
ac
r
oss
eve
ry
le
vel
of
PV
pe
netr
at
ion
.
This
is
dr
i
ven
by
re
verse
power
flo
w
due
t
o
high
P
V
ge
ne
rati
on
duri
ng
that
day.
O
verca
st
day
a
nd
m
od
e
rate
var
ia
bili
ty
hav
e
a
fairly
con
s
ta
nt
resu
lt
due
to
low
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
an
d
there
is
lo
w
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
su
r
plus
powe
r
that l
ea
d
to
the
re
ver
se
pow
e
r flo
w
at
their
high P
V p
enetrati
on.
4.
CONCL
U
SI
O
N
This
pa
per
ha
s
pr
ese
nted
th
e
per
f
orm
ance
of
fi
ve
dif
fe
ren
t
P
V
va
riabil
it
y
in
te
r
m
of
volt
age
unbalance
an
d
netw
ork
l
os
ses
in
th
ree
diff
e
r
ent
sce
nar
io
s.
The
perf
or
m
ance
was
e
valu
at
ed
f
r
om
0%
to
100%
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel.
In
te
rm
of
P
V
var
ia
bi
li
ty
,
ov
er
cast
da
y
sh
ows
the
l
ow
est
netw
ork
losses
an
d
volt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of M
al
aysia
n
l
ow vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
k
unde
r
diff
erent
.
..
(
Nur Izzati Z
olk
if
ri
)
1159
unbalance
es
pe
ci
al
ly
du
rin
g
belo
w
tha
n
50
%
PV
pen
et
rat
ion
.
Ot
herwise
,
cl
ear
day
a
nd
high
va
riabil
it
y
has
the
highest
vol
ta
ge
unbala
nce
and
netw
ork
losses
sin
ce
the
y
gen
erate
high
sup
ply
to
the
netw
ork
w
h
ic
h
can
le
ad
to
re
verse
powe
r
flo
w.
The
st
udy
sug
gests
th
at
the
norm
al
distribu
ti
on
f
unct
ion
in
al
locat
in
g
the
P
V
syst
e
m
al
on
g
al
l
the
feed
ers
’
are
well
-
s
uited
way
to
set
up
PV
syst
em
a
t
residen
ti
al
area
is.
As
ex
pected
from
the
resu
lt
s,
the
no
rm
al
distrib
ution
of
P
V
syst
e
m
con
cl
ud
e
d
with
le
ss
vo
l
ta
ge
unbalance
and
net
work
l
os
se
s
par
ti
cula
rly
at
m
od
erate
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
ve
l
(not
m
or
e
than
50%
).
La
s
tl
y,
based
on
t
he
stu
dy,
unba
la
nce
al
locat
ion
P
V
s
yst
e
m
at the feed
er
sho
uld
be a
vo
i
ded b
eca
use
it
r
eco
rd
e
d hi
gh volt
age
unba
la
nce and net
wor
k
losses
for
eac
h solar
va
riabil
it
y partic
ula
rly
dur
i
ng h
i
gh v
a
riabil
it
y.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
a
nd
ack
no
wled
ge
the
Mi
nistry
of
High
er
Ed
ucati
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
la
ka
for
sup
porting
this
researc
h
thr
ough
RA
G
S/1/2
015/T
K03/FKE
/03
/B
00
096.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Ministr
y
of
Ene
rg
y
,
“
Gree
n
Te
chno
log
y
a
nd
W
at
er,
”
Han
dbook
on
the
Malay
s
ia
n
Fe
ed
-
in
-
Ta
r
iff
for
th
e
Prom
oti
on
of
Re
newa
ble E
n
erg
y
,
2011.
[2]
The
E
conomic
Planni
ng
Unit
,
“
10th
Malay
si
a
Pla
n
(Chapt
er
6
:
Bu
il
ding
and
Envi
r
onm
ent
tha
t
Enh
anc
es
Qual
ity
of
Li
fe)
,”
The Econ
om
ic
Planni
ng
Unit, Prime
Minist
er’
s Depa
r
tment, 2010.
[3]
KeT
THA
,
“
Han
dbook
on
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
fe
ed
-
in t
ari
ff
fo
r
th
e
Pro
m
oti
on
of
Ren
e
wable
ene
rg
y
,”
p
p.
28
,
2011
.
[4]
S.
K
oohika
m
al
i
,
et
al.
,
“
Im
pac
t
s
of
Grid
-
Conn
ec
t
ed
PV
S
y
st
e
m
on
the
St
ea
d
y
-
Sta
te
Opera
t
io
n
of
a
Mal
a
y
si
a
n
Grid,
”
pp
.
8
58
–
8
63
,
2010
.
[5]
K.
Azm
i,
et
al
.
,
“
Quanti
f
y
ing
va
ria
bilit
y
for
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
phot
ovolt
aics
in
the
t
ropic
s
for
m
ic
ro
grid
appl
i
cation
,”
Ene
rgy
Pro
ce
d
ia
,
vol
.
103
,
pp
.
40
0
–
405,
2016
.
[6]
D.
Burnet
t
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
The
UK
sola
r
ene
rg
y
r
esourc
e
and
th
e
impac
t
of
cl
imat
e
ch
an
ge
,”
Re
n
ewabl
e
Ene
rgy
,
vo
l.
71
,
pp.
333
–
343
,
20
14.
[7]
W
.
A.
Om
ran
,
et
al
.
,
“
Inve
stig
at
ion
of
m
et
hod
s
for
red
uct
ion
of
power
fluc
tu
at
ions
gen
er
ated
from
la
rge
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
s
y
stems
,”
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on
En
ergy
Conve
rs
ion
,
vo
l/is
sue:
26(1),
pp.
318
–
327
,
2011
.
[8]
L.
L.
Ji
ang,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Pow
er
var
ia
b
il
ity
of
sm
al
l
sca
le
PV
sy
stems
c
ause
d
b
y
shadin
g
from
passing
c
louds
in
tropi
cal
reg
ion
,”
I
EE
E
4
3rd P
hotov
o
lt
ai
c
Speciali
sts Con
f
ere
nce (
PV
SC)
,
Portla
nd,
OR,
pp
.
3159
-
3164
,
20
16.
[9]
C
.
Y
.
La
u
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Im
pac
t
of
Sol
ar
Photovolt
aic
S
y
stem
on
T
ran
s
form
er
Ta
p
Cha
nger
in
Low
Vol
ta
ge
Distribution
Networks
,”
Ene
r
gy
Proc
edi
a
,
vol
.
103
,
pp
.
58
–
63
,
2016.
[10]
M
.
Ministr
y
of
Ene
rg
y
,
“
Gree
n
Te
chno
log
y
a
nd
W
at
er,
”
Han
dbook
on
the
Malay
s
ia
n
Fe
ed
-
in
-
Ta
r
iff
for
th
e
Prom
oti
on
of
Re
newa
ble E
n
erg
y
,
2011.
[11]
K
.
Enge
la
nd
,
et
al
.
,
“
Space
-
ti
m
e
var
ia
b
il
i
t
y
of
c
lim
at
e
var
ia
b
le
s
a
nd
int
ermitt
en
t
ren
ewa
bl
e
el
e
ct
r
i
ci
t
y
produc
t
ion
-
A re
vie
w
,”
Re
n
e
wable
and
Susta
inabl
e
Ene
rgy
R
ev
i
ews
,
vo
l.
79
,
pp.
600
-
617
,
20
17
.
[12]
N.
K.
Kanda
samy
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Virtua
l
storage
ca
pa
cit
y
using
demand
response
m
ana
gement
to
over
co
m
e
int
er
m
it
te
n
c
y
of
solar
PV
g
enerat
ion
,
”
IET
R
en
ew.
Powe
r Gen
e
r
.
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
11(
1
4)
,
pp
.
1741
-
17
48
,
2017
.
[13]
S.
Shivashanka
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Miti
ga
ti
ng
m
et
hods
of
power
flu
ct
u
at
i
on
of
photo
vo
ltaic
(PV
)
source
s
-
A
rev
ie
w
,”
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
Revi
ews
,
vol
.
59
,
pp
.
1170
–
1
184
,
2016
.
[14]
W
.
A.
Om
ran
,
e
t
al
.,
“
Inve
stigat
ion
of
m
et
hods
for
red
uc
ti
on
of
power
flu
ct
u
at
i
ons
gene
ra
te
d
fr
om
la
r
ge
gr
id
-
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
s
y
stems
,”
IE
EE T
rans
act
ions
on
En
er
g
y
Conversion,
vo
l/is
sue:
26(1),
pp.
318
–
327
,
201
1
.
[15]
D.
I.
Doukas,
et
al.
,
“
On
rev
erse
power
flow
m
odel
li
ng
in
distr
ibu
ti
on
grids
,”
Me
d
it
erra
nean
Conf
ere
nce
on
Powe
r
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission,
Distributi
on
and
Ene
r
gy
Conv
ersion
(
Me
dPowe
r 2016
)
,
Bel
gra
d
e, pp.
1
-
6
,
2016
.
[16]
S.
Ali,
et
al.
,
“
Im
pac
t
of
High
P
ene
tr
at
ion
L
evel
of
Grid
-
Connec
te
d
Photovolt
a
ic
Sy
st
ems
on
the
UK
Low
Volta
ge
Distribut
ion
Net
w
ork
,”
In
te
rnati
onal
Conf
ere
nce on
R
ene
wab
le
E
nergie
s and Pow
er
Quality
,
pp.
2
–
5,
2012
.
[17]
F.
La
m
ber
ti
and
G.
Gradi
ti,
“
Impa
ct
Ana
l
y
s
is
of
Distribut
ed
PV
and
Ene
rg
y
Stor
age
S
y
st
ems
in
Unbala
nc
ed
LV
Networks
,”
201
5
IEEE Eindhoven
Pow
erTec
h,
Ei
ndhov
en
,
pp.
1
-
6,
2015
.
[18]
V.
Annathur
a
i,
et
al
.
,
“
Im
pac
ts
of
Solar
Vari
ability
on
Distr
ibution
Networks
Perform
anc
e
,
”
vo
l/
issue:
12(7)
,
pp.
1151
–
1155
,
201
7
.
[19]
Sim
ula
ti
on
too
l
-
OpenDS
S,
“
S
m
art
Grid
R
esourc
e
s
,
”
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Po
wer
Rese
arc
h
In
stit
ute (E
PR
I), 2
001
-
2011.
[20]
TNB
,
“
Distribut
i
on
Planne
rs H
an
dbook
,”
2012
.
[21]
TNB
,
“
Elec
tr
ic
i
t
y
Sup
pl
y
Appli
c
at
ion
Handbook S
uppl
y
,”
2011
.
[22]
P.
Pill
a
y
and
M.
Man
y
age,
“
Defi
nit
ions
of
Volta
ge
U
nbal
an
ce
,”
IE
E
E
Powe
r
Enginee
ring
R
ev
i
ew
,
pp.
50
–
51
,
2001
.
[23]
K.
H.
Chua
and
J.
W
ong
,
“
Miti
gat
ion
of
Vol
ta
ge
Unbala
n
c
e
in
Lo
w
Volta
ge
Distri
buti
on
Network
with
High
Le
v
el
of
Photovolt
ai
c
S
y
stem
,”
En
ergy
Proce
d
ia
,
v
ol
.
1
2,
pp
.
495
-
501
,
2011.
[24]
C.
H.
Tie
and
C.
K.
Gan,
“
Im
pac
t
of
Grid
-
Co
nnec
t
ed
Reside
n
ti
al
PV
S
y
stems
on
the
Malay
si
a
Low
Volta
ge
Distribut
ion
Net
work
,”
I
EE
E
7
t
h
Inte
rnat
ional
Powe
r
Engi
nee
r
ing
and
Optimiz
ati
on
Confe
renc
e
(PEOCO
2013),
La
ngkawi
,
Ma
lay
sia
,
pp
.
670
-
67
5
,
2013
.
[25]
N.
I.
Zol
ki
fri,
et
al.
,
“
Im
pac
ts
of
reside
ntial
solar
photovol
taic
s
ystems
on
volt
age
unbal
an
ce
and
net
work
losses
,”
TENCON
2017
-
2017
IE
EE
R
egion 10
Conf
ere
nc
e
,
Pen
ang, pp. 2
150
-
2155
,
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1152
–
1
160
1160
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nur
Izz
ati
Zo
lki
f
ri
obtained
he
r
B
.
Eng
(Hons
)
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
from
Univer
siti
Te
knik
al
Malay
s
ia
M
el
ak
a
in
2016
.
She
i
s
cur
ren
t
l
y
pursuing
her
M.Sc
d
egr
ee
in
el
e
ct
ri
c
a
l
eng
ineeri
ng
.
Her
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
in
cl
ude
distr
ibut
e
d
gene
ration,
in
te
gra
ti
on
of
ren
ewa
ble
en
er
g
y
,
impact
s of
PV
sy
stem on
distri
b
uti
on
n
et
works
a
nd
ene
rg
y
storag
e
.
As
soc.
Prof.
Ir
Dr
Chin
Kim
Gan
rec
ei
v
ed
hi
s
B.
Eng.
and
M.Sc.
degr
e
es
both
in
el
e
ct
ri
c
al
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Mal
a
y
si
a
(UTM)
and
PhD
degr
ee
from
the
Im
per
ia
l
Coll
ege
London
,
UK
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Sen
ior
Le
c
ture
r
a
t
the
Univer
siti
T
eknikal
Malay
si
a
Mela
ka
(U
Te
M)
.
His
rese
ar
ch
in
te
rests
ar
e
distr
i
buti
on
ne
twork
design,
in
te
gr
at
i
on
of
ren
ewa
b
le
ene
rg
y
and
sm
ar
t
grid
.
Dr
Me
y
sam
Sham
shiri
was
born
in
Ira
n
in
1
983.
He
recei
v
ed
his
B.
Eng
.
i
n
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
El
e
ct
roni
c
Eng
in
ee
ring
from
Isla
m
ic
Aza
d
Univ
e
rsit
y
,
To
y
s
erk
an
,
Ira
n
in
2008.
He
re
ce
iv
ed
h
is
M.E
ng,
2013
an
d
PhD
,
2017
fr
om
Univer
siti
T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
Mel
aka
(UT
e
M)
in
elec
tri
c
al
engi
ne
eri
ng.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
doi
ng
his
post
-
doctoral
in
the
fac
u
l
t
y
of
e
le
c
trica
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
at
UTe
M.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lude
dist
ri
buti
on
net
work
pla
nning,
d
e
m
and
response
app
lication,
sm
a
rt
grid
d
eve
lopm
ent
,
integra
t
ion
of
ren
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
,
d
at
a
m
ini
n
g
and
m
ac
hin
e
le
arn
ing.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.