Indonesian Journal of
Electrical
Engineer
ing and
Computer Science
V
o
l. 10
, No
. 3, Jun
e
20
18
, pp
. 10
53
~
1
060
ISSN: 2502-4752,
DOI: 10.115
91/ijeecs
.v10.i
3.pp1053-1060
1
053
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: http://iaescore.c
om/jo
urnals/index.php/ijeecs
Impact of Different Time of Use
El
ect
ri
city Pricin
g Structure on
Residential Consumer
Nur Az
rina M
o
hd
Az
man
1
, Md Pauzi
Abdulla
h
2
, Mo
hamma
d Yu
s
r
i
H
a
s
s
a
n
3
,
Da
lila
Mat Sa
id
4
,
Farid
a
h Hussi
n
5
, N
o
rz
an
ah
Ros
m
i
n
6
, Si
ti
Maherah H
u
s
s
in
7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Facult
y
of El
ectr
i
cal
Eng
i
neer
ing, Univer
siti
T
e
knolog
i M
a
lay
s
i
a
, 81310 J
ohor Bahru, Mal
a
y
s
i
a
2,3,4,5,6,7
Centre of
Electr
i
cal
Energ
y
S
y
stems,
Institute of
Future En
erg
y
, Univ
ersiti
Teknologi Malay
s
ia, 81310
Joho
r
Bahru, Malay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 15, 2018
Rev
i
sed
Mar
12
, 20
18
Accepted
Mar 28, 2018
Load prof
ile
for
residen
tia
l user
s is differ
e
nt fro
m
com
m
e
rcial u
s
ers where
peak load o
ccu
rs outside of work hours compared to working hours.
Consequently
, the Time of Use-
based el
ectr
i
city price must be d
i
fferen
t
not
only
in terms of price, but also in te
rms of time block structu
r
e.
This paper
examines th
e im
pacts of
differ
e
n
t
TOU structures on TOU prices and lo
ad
profiles of r
e
sid
e
ntial
consumer. Four
TOU s
t
ructures
are
tes
t
ed
on the
re
a
l
load profil
e for a s
e
lect
ed res
i
denti
a
l cons
um
er area in M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
. Two
elasticity
f
acto
r
s are used for each stru
cture to represent two diff
erent groups
of users, a group
that r
e
sponds highly
to
price ch
anges and a grou
p that do
es
not. Th
e
TOU price
s
e
t for
ea
ch
s
t
ructur
e is
de
te
rm
ined optim
all
y
s
ubj
ect
t
o
the following co
ns
traints
;
the pr
i
ce differ
e
nc
e bet
w
een the TOU and a fixed
price per hour should be m
i
nimized and th
e am
ount of differen
ce between
price incr
ease and price drop sh
ould be
equa
l. F
r
om
the an
al
ys
is
, th
e TOU
structure with 1
2
-time blocks p
r
ovides
bett
er p
r
ice s
i
gna
ls
and
peak load
reduction.
K
eyw
ords
:
Elasticity facto
r
Electricity-co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
Lo
ad
-p
ro
f
ile
R
e
si
dent
i
a
l
-
co
nsum
er
Tim
e
-of-
use
Copyright ©
201
8 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Md
Pau
z
i Abdu
llah
,
Facu
lty of Electri
cal Engineering,
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Malaysia,
8
131
0 Joho
r B
a
h
r
u
,
Malaysia.
Em
a
il: m
p
au
zi
@u
tm
.
m
y
1.
INTRODUCTION
Th
e to
tal co
st o
f
g
e
n
e
rating
electricity
fo
r a p
o
wer sy
stem
is differe
nt at all tim
es. In ge
neral, thes
e
costs are
high
at peak tim
es a
nd l
o
w
at non-peak tim
es. Thus, the
use
of
fixe
d electricity price tariffs does not
reflect actual electricity prices. It is
p
o
ssi
bl
e
fo
r use
r
s
pay
i
ng l
o
we
r p
r
i
c
e
s
at
peak t
i
m
es and
pay
m
u
ch hi
g
h
er
pri
ces out
si
de peak h
o
u
r
s. Whi
l
e
t
h
e real
-tim
e electric
i
ty pricing m
e
th
o
d
ca
n o
v
erc
o
m
e
t
h
i
s
probl
em
, i
t
s
im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
o
n i
s
com
p
l
i
cated as i
t
req
u
i
r
es t
h
e use
of s
m
art
m
e
t
e
rs am
ong co
nsum
ers t
o
en
abl
e
r
eal
-t
im
e
electricity p
r
icin
g
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
to
b
e
d
e
liv
ered
fro
m
th
e u
t
ilit
y to
con
s
umers. Th
e
p
r
ice flu
c
t
u
atio
ns t
h
at are
too
fre
quent a
r
e also i
n
conve
n
ient to users
.
Tim
e
of Use
(
T
OU
) electricity
tariff is one
ty
pe
of t
i
m
e-
base
d t
a
ri
ff
sy
st
em
. It
char
g
e
s co
nsum
er
base
d o
n
t
h
ei
r
usa
g
e h
o
u
r
wi
t
h
di
ffe
rent
pri
c
e. It
i
s
kn
ow
n t
h
at
dem
a
nd
res
p
o
n
se ca
n e
ffi
c
i
ent
l
y
hel
p
re
d
u
ci
n
g
peak
dem
a
nd i
n
dai
l
y
con
s
u
m
pti
on
[1]
.
H
o
weve
r,
di
f
f
eri
n
g f
r
o
m
R
eal
Tim
e
Pri
c
i
n
g
va
r
i
es al
l
t
h
e t
i
m
e
base
d
on t
h
e
wh
ol
es
al
e
m
a
rket
pri
ce, TO
U
pri
c
es i
s
fi
xe
d
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
sam
e
peri
od
. It
oft
e
n re
fer
s
t
o
p
r
e-set
electricity p
r
ices th
at v
a
ry fro
m
ti
me to
ti
me to
refl
ect t
h
e e
xpecte
d
c
o
st of electrici
ty gene
ration
at those
ti
m
e
s. Alth
o
ugh
TOU canno
t reflect th
e actual price as much as
real-time
electricity prices, it'
s
m
u
ch better
than
fixe
d
pric
e rates that
gives a
flat price to the
con
s
umer
s ev
er
y si
ng
le hou
r
[
2
].
T
h
e m
a
in object
ive of
TOU im
p
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n is to
red
u
c
e th
e system
’s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
dem
a
nd
by
t
r
ansfe
rri
ng
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
dem
a
nd
i
n
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
502
-47
52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
53
–
1
060
1
054
di
ffe
re
nt
h
o
u
r
s
.
I
n
ot
her
w
o
r
d
s, t
o
re
d
u
ce t
h
e
gap
bet
w
ee
n
peak a
n
d
of
f-
peak
dem
a
nd
t
o
gai
n
fl
at
t
e
r
l
o
a
d
pr
ofi
l
e
.
Malaysian
electr
i
cal u
tility co
m
p
an
y i.e. TNB on
ly in
tr
oduced
a tim
e-
b
a
sed
electr
i
city tar
i
f
f
syste
m
(TO
U
)
f
o
r i
n
d
u
strial an
d c
o
m
m
e
rcial consum
ers but n
o
t
fo
r resi
dential
con
s
um
ers [3]
.
Exclu
d
in
g in
d
u
strial
co
nsu
m
ers th
at d
o
e
s
no
t h
a
ve an
y sp
ecific p
a
ttern
i
n
th
eir d
a
ily lo
ad
profile, th
e lo
ad
pro
f
ile p
a
ttern
for
reside
ntial consum
ers is diffe
rent c
o
m
p
ared to comm
er
cia
l
cons
um
ers as peak l
o
ads
us
ually occur outside
work
i
n
g
hou
rs [4
]. C
h
arg
i
n
g
th
e sam
e
TOU electricity
tari
ff for resid
e
n
tial
co
n
s
u
m
ers
will
g
i
v
e
wrong
p
r
ice
si
gnal
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
cause
u
n
wa
n
t
ed dem
a
nd
res
p
o
n
ses
.
Determ
in
in
g
th
e m
o
st o
p
timu
m
TOU price th
at is fair fo
r b
o
t
h
u
tility an
d
con
s
u
m
ers wou
l
d
b
e
the
m
o
st d
i
fficu
lt p
a
rt in
TOU i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
[5
]. Th
is is
t
h
e
fact
o
r
s t
h
at
w
oul
d det
e
rm
ine
whet
her t
h
e
price can
g
i
v
e
a clear si
g
n
a
l to
co
n
s
umer to
ch
ang
e
th
eir co
ns
u
m
p
tio
n
p
a
ttern
as d
e
sired
b
y
th
e u
tility th
at
wou
l
d
bene
fi
t
s
b
o
t
h
of t
h
em
[6]
.
Fact
ors like
price elasticity,
weathe
r and
c
l
im
a
t
e are im
porta
nt factors
to be
co
nsid
ered
in
d
e
sign
ing
th
e o
p
tim
u
m
TOU electricity prices
[7, 8]
.
Ho
w
e
ver
,
im
pl
em
ent
i
ng T
OU i
n
t
h
e ri
g
h
t
way cou
l
d
sign
ifican
tly h
e
lp redu
cing
th
e
to
tal en
erg
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
cost fo
r cu
st
o
m
e
r
as well as fo
r the
u
tility [9
]. Th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r ex
am
in
es th
e im
p
act o
f
d
i
fferen
t TOU stru
ctures
on
resi
d
e
n
tial co
n
s
u
m
ers in
M
a
lays
i
a
in
term
s o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
TOU prices and
l
o
ad
p
r
o
f
iles.
Th
is will b
e
d
i
scu
s
sed
furth
e
r in sub
s
eq
u
e
n
t
section
s
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Th
is sectio
n
presen
ts th
e op
timizatio
n
fo
rmu
l
atio
n
u
s
ed
to d
e
term
in
e
th
e o
p
tim
u
m
TOU p
r
ices for
th
e stud
y. Th
e so
lid
lin
e of
Fig
u
re
1
sh
ows th
e actu
a
l
d
e
man
d
,
PdActual for a select
ed
resid
e
n
tial area in
Malaysia. It ca
n be see
n
that the dem
a
nd va
ries ove
r
tim
e
and
reache
d
its peaks
at certa
in h
ours throughout
t
h
e day
s
.
T
h
e
dot
t
e
d
l
i
n
e i
n
t
h
e fi
gu
re
rep
r
e
s
ent
s
t
h
e
desi
r
e
d fl
at
dem
a
nd,
w
h
i
c
h i
s
na
m
e
d he
re as a
v
era
g
e
dem
a
nd, PdAverage
and is c
a
l
culated as
follows:
∑
,
(
1
)
Fi
gu
re
1.
El
ect
ri
ci
t
y
Dem
a
nd of
a sel
ect
ed
re
si
dent
i
a
l
area
i
n
k
W
h
[
10]
The m
a
i
n
pu
r
p
ose
of
TO
U
p
r
i
ce i
s
t
o
m
a
ke t
h
e el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
dem
a
nd pat
t
ern a
s
fl
at
as
pos
si
bl
e [
1
1]
.
Hence
,
red
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
con
s
um
pt
i
on du
ri
ng
hi
g
h
dem
a
nd
peri
od k
n
o
w
n as pea
k
s, an
d i
n
c
r
e
a
si
ng
con
s
um
pt
i
on d
u
ri
ng l
o
w dem
a
nd
peri
ods
. T
hus m
a
t
h
em
at
ical
l
y
, t
h
e obje
c
t
i
v
e of TO
U
pri
c
i
n
g i
s
t
o
m
i
nim
i
ze
t
h
e di
ffe
rence
bet
w
ee
n act
ual
dem
a
nd a
n
d
a
v
era
g
e
dem
a
nd
, w
h
i
c
h
can
be
prese
n
t
e
d
as
fo
l
l
o
ws
[8]
;
∑
,
(
2
)
Price elasticity
is an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
facto
r
to
be co
n
s
id
ered
wh
en
settin
g
th
e TOU p
r
ices. Price Elasticity
is
d
e
fi
n
e
d as th
e
sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
de
m
a
n
d
with
resp
ect to
t
h
e
p
r
ice. Th
e
p
r
ice el
asticity at h
o
u
r i is d
e
riv
e
d
[8
]
;
%∆
,
%∆
∆
,
,
⁄
∆
⁄
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Imp
a
ct o
f
Differen
t
Ti
me
o
f
Use Electricity Pricin
g
S
t
ru
ct
u
r
e on
Resi
d
e
n
t
i
a
l… (Nu
r
A. Bi
n
ti Mohd
Azman
)
1
055
∆
,
∆
(
4
)
whe
r
e,
∈
,
(5)
Si
nce t
h
e p
r
i
c
e el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
for
resi
de
nt
i
a
l
cust
om
ers i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
i
s
unkn
ow
n, t
w
o
pri
c
e el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
v
a
lu
es
will b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is stud
y. Th
e
first price elastic
i
t
y
is
-0
.02
b
a
se
o
n
th
e research
wo
rk
in
[12
]
, which
is
th
e price elasticity o
f
ov
erall co
nsu
m
ers in
Malaysia. Th
e second selected price
elasticity
is
-0.27, which
is
the m
ean elasticity of
reside
nt
ial custom
ers presente
d
by
th
e research work in
[13
]
.
Two
elasticit
y facto
r
s are
use
d
t
o
re
prese
n
t
t
w
o
di
ffe
re
n
t
gr
ou
ps
o
f
use
r
s, a
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
at
res
p
o
n
d
s
hi
g
h
l
y
t
o
p
r
i
ce cha
n
ges a
n
d
a
gr
o
u
p
t
h
at
doe
s not
. T
O
U
pri
ce wo
rk
s b
a
sed o
n
co
nsu
m
er react
i
on t
o
the price signal. This m
ean
s th
at th
ey res
p
ond
to
t
h
e pri
ce cha
n
ge fr
om
t
h
e fi
xed t
a
ri
ff p
r
i
ce. In t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
t
h
e fi
xe
d p
r
i
ce i
s
assum
e
d t
o
be R
M
0.2
5
. The
pri
ce
change is then
defi
ned as the
diffe
re
nce bet
w
een T
OU
pri
ce at a specific
time and the fixed tariff pric
e. It is
gi
ve
n by
;
∆
(
6
)
Based
on the
price cha
n
ges, it
is expected that ther
e a
r
e c
h
a
nge
s i
n
t
e
rm
of
act
ual
d
e
m
a
nd. I
f
t
h
e
act
ual
d
e
m
a
n
d
ch
anges as TOU in
tro
d
u
c
ed
, it is assu
m
e
d
th
at it can
b
e
written
as;
,
,
,
∆
,
(
7
)
.
,
,
∆
(
8
)
Thu
s
, sub
s
titu
tin
g
Equ
a
tion
(8
) in
to Equ
a
tion
(2);
∑
∆
∆
9
Where:
,
,
10
2
,
,
11
1
⁄
(
1
2
)
Th
is stud
y assu
m
e
d
fair TOU p
r
ici
n
g
in
wh
ich
th
e su
m
o
f
electricity p
r
i
ce in
crem
en
t e
q
u
a
l to
th
e summa
tio
n
o
f
price d
e
cremen
t. Thu
s
, the ob
j
ecti
v
e functio
n
in (9
) is su
bj
ected to th
e
fo
llowing
equ
a
lity co
n
s
train
t;
∑
∆
0
(
1
3
)
It is also assumed that the
TOU
pr
ice for each hour ca
nnot be lower
th
an 50% of the curre
n
t fixe
d price
,
represen
ted
b
y
th
e fo
llowing
i
n
equ
a
lity con
s
train
t;
0
.5
(
1
4
)
In t
h
i
s
pape
r,
Fo
ur T
OU
p
r
i
c
i
ng st
r
u
ct
u
r
es
were a
n
al
y
zed. Eac
h
st
r
u
ct
ure c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
di
ffe
rent
num
ber
o
f
bl
oc
ks. T
o
be
m
o
re speci
fi
c,
st
ruct
u
r
e
1, 2
,
3 an
d
4 co
nsi
s
t
s
of
4,
6, 8 a
n
d 1
2
-t
i
m
e bl
ocks res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
The
TOU price for each
bloc
k is
fixe
d. T
h
ese
price
va
ria
b
les are s
u
mmariz
e
d in Ta
ble
1. For exam
ple,
indicates the TOU price for the first-time blo
c
k of TOU
st
ructure 1, which
is fixed for hour 1 to hour 6.
In ou
r
m
a
them
atic
al
for
m
ulation,
this
co
nstraint
is
r
e
pres
ented
as
th
e following
Equation;
1
2
3
4
5
6
(15)
Othe
r constrai
nts for each time block are
written i
n
sim
i
lar orde
r
for e
ach TOU pricing structure
.
The
res
u
lts are
prese
n
ted in t
h
e ne
xt section.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
502
-47
52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
53
–
1
060
1
056
Table 1.
T
O
U price varia
b
les for
eac
h
hour a
n
d each T
O
U pr
icing structure
s
TOU
structur
e, S
T
OU pr
ice at hour
i,
1 2
3 4
5
6
7 8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
14
15
16
1
7
1
8
1
9
20
21
22
2
3
2
4
S1(4
blocks)
S2 (6
blocks)
S3 (8
blocks)
S4 (
12
blocks)
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Thi
s
sect
i
on
pr
esent
e
d t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
of f
o
ur T
OU
pri
c
i
n
g st
r
u
ct
u
r
es,
nam
e
ly
4, 6,
8 an
d 1
2
-t
i
m
e bl
ock
structure
of t
h
e optim
izat
io
n p
r
ob
lem
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
section
2. Su
b
s
ection
3.1 presen
ted
th
e
op
ti
m
u
m TOU
price for each
hour for
each
struct
ur
e
,
whi
l
e
subsection 3.2 prese
n
te
d the
im
pact
of suc
h
T
O
U pri
ces on
resid
e
n
tial lo
ad profiles.
3.
1.
T
O
U Pri
ce Res
u
l
t
s
Tabl
e 2 s
h
ow
s t
h
e TO
U re
sul
t
s
fo
r
24
h
o
u
r
s f
o
r t
h
e f
o
u
r
T
OU
pri
c
i
ng st
r
u
ct
u
r
es.
For
T
O
U
st
ruct
u
r
e
1,
t
h
e
2
4
h
o
u
r
s i
s
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
4
-
t
i
m
e bl
oc
ks.
Th
e o
p
t
i
m
u
m
TOU
pri
ce
f
o
r
eac
h
ho
u
r
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
t
h
e
seco
nd c
o
l
u
m
n
of Tabl
e
2 fo
r
pri
ce el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
-0.
02 a
nd
the th
ird
co
l
u
m
n
fo
r
p
r
ice elasticity
-0
.2
7. For p
r
ice
el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
of
-
0
.
0
2
,
bl
oc
k
1
an
d
bl
oc
k
2
gi
ve
t
h
e
sam
e
TOU
pri
c
e
o
f
R
M
0.
12
5.
T
h
i
s
pri
ce i
s
t
h
e
l
o
wes
t
pri
c
e
b
a
sed
on
th
e co
n
s
t
r
ain
t
s set o
u
t
in
equ
a
tion
(
14)
. Fo
r
b
l
ock
3
,
th
e TOU p
r
ice is slig
h
tly h
i
g
h
e
r
at RM0
.
186
and
fi
nal
l
y
fo
r
bl
oc
k 4
,
t
h
e T
OU
pri
ce i
s
t
h
e hi
g
h
est
at
R
M
0.5
6
4
. T
h
ese
TOU
res
u
l
t
s
i
ndi
cat
e t
h
at
5
0
%
pri
c
e
decrem
ent
fr
o
m
fi
xed p
r
i
ces
fo
r
bl
oc
k
1 a
n
d
2,
w
h
i
l
e
26% and
126% pric
e
increm
ent from
the fixe
d
price for
bl
oc
k 3 an
d bl
ock
4 resp
ect
i
v
el
y
.
M
eanw
h
i
l
e
, resul
t
s
fo
r el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
-0.2
7 sho
w
a 4
2
% and
22%
decre
m
ent
i
n
pri
ce r
e
spect
i
v
el
y
for
bl
oc
k
1
and
bl
ock
2,
whi
l
e
p
r
i
ce i
n
c
r
em
ent
of 2
7
%
and
3
7
%
fo
r
bl
oc
k 3
an
d
bl
ock
4
resp
ectiv
ely. B
o
th
p
r
ice elasti
cities g
i
v
e
th
e
sam
e
TOU pr
ice p
a
ttern
i.e. l
o
w at b
l
o
c
k
1
an
d b
l
o
c
k 2,
h
i
g
h
at
b
l
o
c
k
3 and
the h
i
gh
est at b
l
o
c
k
4
.
Basically, th
e con
s
u
m
e
r
will b
e
ch
arged
at h
i
g
h
price for
6
hou
rs
between
7
p
m
u
n
til 12
am
.
For
TO
U st
ruc
t
ure
2, t
h
e T
O
U p
r
i
ces
fo
r bl
ock
1
,
2, 3 and 5 are the sam
e
and at m
i
nimum
for
bot
h
elasticit
y v
a
lues. Resu
lts
for elasticity -0
.02
sh
ow a
pri
c
e i
n
crem
ent
of
10
% a
nd
1
9
0
%
fo
r
bl
oc
k
4
an
d 6
respectively. For elasticity -0.27, a
p
r
ice in
crem
en
t o
f
96
% an
d
10
4% is sh
owed
. Fo
r
both
elasticity v
a
lu
es,
h
i
gh
TOU price is sh
owed
for 4
ho
urs b
e
t
w
een
9p
m
u
n
til 1
2
a
m
.
Co
m
p
arin
g
with
TOU stru
cture 3, h
i
gh
TOU
p
r
ices is ch
arged
at b
l
o
c
k
7 an
d 8
(6
hou
rs), wh
ich
is
b
e
tween
7
p
m
u
n
til 1
2
a
m
.
Fin
a
lly,
for TOU stru
ctu
r
e
4,
high TOU prices is only charged for 2 hours betwee
n 9pm
until 11pm
, which is at
block
11. Som
e
othe
r
bl
oc
ks are c
h
a
r
ged
wi
t
h
m
e
di
um
TOU p
r
i
ces. Fr
om
t
h
e ov
eral
l
resul
t
s
, i
t
i
s
obse
r
ved t
h
a
t
TOU
pri
ce st
r
u
ct
u
r
e
4 p
r
ovi
des
bet
t
e
r pri
ce si
g
n
a
l
i
.
e. t
h
e hi
gh
pri
ce i
s
onl
y
c
h
ar
ge
d at
h
o
u
r
s of
hi
gh
dem
a
nd
(f
r
o
m
fi
gu
re 1
)
specifically at 9pm
-11pm
and 3pm
-
5pm
.
3.
2.
Imp
a
c
t
o
n
L
o
ad Pro
f
i
l
e
Resul
t
s
Fi
gu
res 2
,
3,
4
and 5 s
h
ow t
h
e im
pact
of t
h
e fo
ur T
OU st
r
u
ct
ures o
n
l
o
a
d
pr
ofi
l
e
f
o
r b
o
t
h
el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
val
u
es
. F
o
r st
r
u
ct
u
r
e 1 as
sh
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 2
,
eve
n
t
h
ou
g
h
t
h
e pea
k
dem
a
nd at
9
p
m
-
11
p
m
i
s
reduce
d
,
a ne
w
peak
dem
a
nd i
s
creat
ed a
r
o
u
nd
1
2pm
. The
sam
e
probl
em
fo
r st
r
u
ct
u
r
e 2
i
s
obse
r
v
e
d i
n
Fi
gu
re
3, i
n
w
h
i
c
h
m
o
r
e
p
eak
d
e
man
d
s
ar
e cr
eated
arou
nd 12pm
, 5
p
m
an
d
8p
m
.
Str
u
ctur
e
3
an
d
4
as sh
ow
n in Figu
r
e
4 and
5
resp
ectiv
ely,
prov
id
e
b
e
tter
de
m
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ile
resu
lts. Basical
ly, th
e electricity d
e
m
a
n
d
from
1
1
a
m
u
n
til 1
2
a
m
d
ecreases wh
ile d
e
m
a
n
d
from
1
2
a
m
u
n
til 9
a
m
in
creases.
Peak
d
e
m
a
n
d
is
redu
ced
,
and
n
o
n
e
w p
e
ak
s
are
creat
ed. Ta
bl
e 3 sh
ow
s t
h
e m
a
xi
m
u
m
dem
a
nd
of t
h
e
base
case and t
h
e
fo
ur T
OU
pri
c
i
n
g st
ruct
ure
res
u
l
t
s
. It
i
s
obser
ve
d t
h
at
st
ruct
ure 3
pr
o
v
i
d
es t
h
e l
o
west
m
a
xim
u
m
dem
a
nd for
el
ast
i
c
it
y val
u
e of -0
.0
2,
wh
i
c
h i
s
aro
u
nd
2.
7%
m
a
xim
u
m
dem
a
nd r
e
d
u
ct
i
o
n f
r
o
m
t
h
e ba
se case.
O
n
t
h
e ot
he
r
han
d
,
st
ruct
u
r
e
4
gi
v
e
s t
h
e
l
o
west
m
a
xim
u
m
dem
a
nd f
o
r el
ast
i
c
i
t
y
value i
s
-
0
.
2
7
,
ar
ou
n
d
8
.
9
%
re
d
u
ct
i
on
fr
om
t
h
e base case.
I
n
ot
he
r
words, i
f
co
n
s
u
m
er is p
r
ice respo
n
s
i
v
e,
structu
r
e
4
w
ill red
u
c
e th
e p
e
ak
l
o
ad b
e
tter th
en stru
ct
u
r
e 3. Tab
l
e
3
su
mm
arize th
e resu
lts i
n
term
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
dem
a
nd
fo
r eac
h
of
t
h
e st
ruct
u
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Imp
a
ct o
f
Differen
t
Ti
me
o
f
Use Electricity Pricin
g
S
t
ru
ct
u
r
e on
Resi
d
e
n
t
i
a
l… (Nu
r
A. Bi
n
ti Mohd
Azman
)
1
057
Tabl
e
2. T
O
U t
a
ri
ff
f
o
r
Di
f
f
er
ent
Ti
m
e
B
l
ocks
Str
uctur
e
1 (
4
blocks)
Str
uctur
e
2 (
6
blocks)
Str
uctur
e
3 (
8
blocks)
Str
uctur
e
4 (
12 blocks)
Ti
m
e
e
= -
0
.
02
e
= -
0
.
27
e
= -
0
.
02
e
= -
0
.
27
e
= -
0
.
02
e
= -
0
.
27
e
= -
0
.
02
e
= -
0
.
27
1:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1887
0.
1250
0.
2228
2:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1887
0.
1250
0.
2228
3:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1887
0.
1250
0.
1250
4:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
5:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
6:00
0.
1250
0.
1454
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
7:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
8:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
9:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1442
10:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
2669
0.
1250
0.
1442
11:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
2669
0.
1250
0.
3008
12:00
0.
1250
0.
1939
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
2669
0.
1250
0.
3008
13:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
2749
0.
4910
0.
2920
0.
3197
0.
1987
0.
3181
14:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
2749
0.
4910
0.
2920
0.
3197
0.
1987
0.
3181
15:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
2749
0.
4910
0.
2920
0.
3197
0.
3958
0.
3306
16:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
2749
0.
4910
0.
1250
0.
3027
0.
3958
0.
3306
17:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
3027
0.
1250
0.
2975
18:00
0.
1856
0.
3183
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
3027
0.
1250
0.
2975
19:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
5866
0.
3389
0.
1250
0.
3114
20:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
1250
0.
1250
0.
5866
0.
3389
0.
1250
0.
3114
21:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
7251
0.
5090
0.
5866
0.
3389
1.
2805
0.
3872
22:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
7251
0.
5090
0.
4964
0.
3330
1.
2805
0.
3872
23:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
7251
0.
5090
0.
4964
0.
3330
0.
1250
0.
3124
24:00
0.
5644
0.
3425
0.
7251
0.
5090
0.
4964
0.
3330
0.
1250
0.
3124
Fi
gu
re
2.
Loa
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s f
o
r
T
O
U
p
r
i
ce st
r
u
c
t
ure
1
(4
-t
i
m
e
bl
oc
ks)
Fi
gu
re
3.
Loa
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s f
o
r
T
O
U
p
r
i
ce st
r
u
c
t
ure
2
(6
-t
i
m
e
bl
oc
ks)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
502
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52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
53
–
1
060
1
058
Fi
gu
re
4.
Loa
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s f
o
r
T
O
U
p
r
i
ce st
r
u
c
t
ure
3
(8
-t
i
m
e
bl
oc
ks)
Fi
gu
re
5.
Loa
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s f
o
r
T
O
U
p
r
i
ce st
r
u
c
t
ure
4
(1
2
-
t
i
m
e
bl
oc
ks
)
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Thi
s
pa
per st
u
d
i
e
d t
h
e i
m
pact
of fo
ur
di
ffe
r
e
nt
TOU el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
pri
c
i
ng st
r
u
ct
u
r
es o
n
TO
U pri
ces a
n
d
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
of a resid
e
n
tial area in
Malaysia. Two
elas
ticity factors are
use
d
for
eac
h s
t
ructure to
represent
t
w
o di
f
f
ere
n
t
gr
o
ups
of use
r
s. The res
u
l
t
s
concl
ude t
h
at
,
t
h
e TOU st
ru
ct
ure wi
t
h
1
2
-
t
im
e bl
ocks p
r
ovi
de
s
bet
t
e
r p
r
i
ce si
g
n
al
s as com
p
ar
ed t
o
4,
6 a
nd
8-t
i
m
e bl
ocks.
Al
so,
i
t
can re
duce t
h
e m
a
xi
m
u
m
dem
a
nd
of t
h
e
b
a
se case lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
b
y
8.9% fo
r elasticity
v
a
lu
e of
-0.27
.
Tabl
e
3. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
M
a
xi
m
u
m
Dem
a
nd bet
w
ee
n
4 T
O
U
pri
c
i
n
g st
ruc
t
ures
M
a
x
i
mu
m
D
e
ma
n
d
Base Case
26.
73kW
h
Structure 1
(
4
blocks)
e
=
-
0
.
02
26.
64kW
h
e
= -
0
.
2
7
25.
77kW
h
Structure 2
(
6
blocks)
e
= -
0
.
0
2
26.
79kW
h
e
= -
0
.
2
7
29.
60kW
h
Structure 3
(
8
blocks)
e
= -
0
.
0
2
26.
01kW
h
e
= -
0
.
2
7
24.
54kW
h
Structure 4
(
12 blocks)
e
= -
0
.
0
2
26.
34kW
h
e
= -
0
.
2
7
24.
35kW
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g &
C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Imp
a
ct o
f
Differen
t
Ti
me
o
f
Use Electricity Pricin
g
S
t
ru
ct
u
r
e on
Resi
d
e
n
t
i
a
l… (Nu
r
A. Bi
n
ti Mohd
Azman
)
1
059
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Th
is
work
was
su
ppo
rted
b
y
th
e Malaysian
Min
i
stry o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r Edu
cation (MOHE) an
d
Un
i
v
ersiti
Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Mal
a
ysia (
U
TM
)
t
h
rou
g
h
Fund
amen
tal Resear
ch
G
r
an
t Sch
e
me (
F
R
G
S) vo
t
4F74
6.
REFERE
NC
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a
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y
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a
nd Response
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ent
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h May
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.
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)
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l
e
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y
/faq/etou
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M.
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E
l
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r
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a
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.
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.
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ri
,
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nha
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e
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ma
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.
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ssa
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d F.
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"
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ime
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se
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"
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e
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velopm
ent (SCOReD), 2015 IEEE Studen
t
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e
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015, pp. 589-59
3:
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.
[11]
M. P. Abdullah
,
N. S. M.
Nazar,
M.
Y.
Hassan,
and F.
Hussin,
"Optim
izing
tim
e o
f
use (ToU) e
l
ec
trici
t
y
pri
c
ing
in
regulated mark
et,"
Jurnal Teknologi,
vo
l. 78, no.
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. 49-54
, 2
016.
[12]
S.
Solay
m
a
n
i,
S.
M.
B.
Na
ja
fi,
F.
Ka
ri,
a
nd N. B.
M. Satar, "
A
ggregate
and regi
onal demand for electricity
in
Mala
y
s
ia
,"
Jour
nal of Energ
y
in
Southern Africa,
vol. 26, pp. 46-
54, 2015
.
[13]
P. R. Th
immapuram and
J. Kim, "Consumers'
price elasticity of
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o
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n
ele
c
tri
c
it
y m
a
rk
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IEEE T
r
ansactions on Smart
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. 1, pp. 390-397
,
2013.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Nur Azrina Binti Mohd Azman is currently
a
pos
tgraduate student of Faculty of Electr
i
cal
Engineering, Un
iversiti
Teknolo
ogi Malay
s
ia
Ir. Dr. Md Pau
z
i Abdullah is
a Senior
Lectur
er
at the Faculty
of El
ectrical Engineering
,
Universiti
Tekn
ologi Mal
a
y
s
ia (
U
TM) and a R
e
search
Fellow
at
t
h
e Centr
e
of
El
e
c
tri
cal
Ener
g
y
S
y
stems (CEES
), UTM. He is
a Char
ter
e
d Eng
i
n
eer
registered
with th
e Eng
i
neering
council,
United Kingdom, a Profession
al Engineer reg
i
ster
ed with the Board of Engineers Malay
s
ia
(BEM)
and a Certified Energ
y
Man
a
ger
regist
ered with
th
e ASEAN Energy
Man
a
gement
S
c
h
e
m
e
(
A
E
M
A
S
)
.
H
e
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
of the Institute of Elec
trical and Electronics
Engine
ers, US
A (S
MIEEE) and
a Corporat
e Mem
b
er of the In
stitution of
Engi
neers Mala
ysi
a
(MIEM).
Dr Moha
mma
d
Yusri Ha
ssa
n is
a
Profe
ssor a
t
F
acult
y of El
ec
t
r
ica
l
Engine
erin
g, Universiti
Teknologi Malay
s
ia (UTM). He
obtained his B.Eng. in Electr
i
cal and Electron
i
c Engineering
from University
of Strathclyde, United Ki
n
gdom in 1988, M.Eng in Electr
i
cal Power
Engineering fro
m
Universiti Teknologi Malay
s
i
a
in 1994 and PhD in Power Sy
stem
Econom
ics
from University
of Strathcly
d
e,
United Kingdo
m in 2004. He is the Dir
ector
of Centre of
Ele
c
tri
cal
En
erg
y
S
y
s
t
em
s
(CE
E
S
), UTM
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
502
-47
52
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 10
,
No
.
3
,
Jun
e
2
018
:
10
53
–
1
060
1
060
Dr. Dalila Mat
Said is a Senior Lectur
er at Ce
nt
re of Ele
c
tri
c
a
l
Energ
y
S
y
ste
m
s, Facult
y
of
Electrical
Engin
eering
,
Universiti Teknolog
i Ma
lay
s
ia (UTM). She obtained
her B.Eng
.
in
Electrical Engin
eering
in 2000,
M.Eng in
Elec
tr
ical Engin
eer
ing
in 2003 and P
h
D in Power
Qualit
y
in 2012
from
Universiti Teknologi Malay
s
ia.
She has 12
y
e
ars of exper
i
ence in t
e
aching
electrical engin
e
ering courses
and supervisi
on
of more than 2
0
undergradu
ates, and 10 post
graduate’s students.
Faridah Hussin is a Senior
L
e
c
t
u
r
er at
Centr
e
of
Ele
c
tri
cal
Ene
r
g
y
S
y
s
t
em
(CEE
S
)
, F
acult
y
of
Electrical Eng
i
n
eering
,
Univ
ersiti Teknologi Malay
s
ia.
Dr Norzanah Ro
s
m
in is
a S
e
nior Lec
t
urer
at Cen
t
re of El
ec
tric
al
E
n
erg
y
S
y
s
t
em
(CEES
), F
acu
lt
y
of El
ectr
i
cal
Eng
i
neer
ing, Univer
siti T
e
knolog
i M
a
lay
s
i
a
.
Dr Siti Maher
a
h
binti Hussin is a
Senior Le
ctur
er
at Cen
t
re of
El
ec
tric
al En
erg
y
S
y
stem
(CEES),
Facult
y
of
Ele
c
tr
ica
l
Eng
i
ne
ering
,
Universi
ti
Tekn
ologi Ma
la
ysia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.