TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 4905 ~ 49
1
4
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.588
4
4905
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 27, 20
13; Re
vised
Ma
rch 13, 20
14; Accepted
March 19, 20
14
Communication and Calibraton of Sensing Meters
Abdelk
ader Harro
uz
1
*, O
m
ar Harro
uz
2
, Ali Benatiallah
1
1
Departem
ent of H
y
drocar
bo
n and R
e
n
e
w
a
ble En
erg
y
, Ad
rar Univers
i
t
y
,
Algeri
a
La
bor
ator
y
E
nerg
y
,
Environment and Information
S
y
stem
LEESI,
Universit
y
Ahmed Draia,
Street 11th De
cember 1
9
6
0
, Adrar (01
0
0
0
), Algeri
a
2
Institute of Sciences, Natur
e
and Agr
i
foo
d
of Bordea
u
x
(ISNAB), F
r
ench
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
autor, emai
l: harro
uz@u
niv-
adrar.dz
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he purp
o
se
of this paper i
s
to review
the e
ssenti
a
l d
e
f
initio
ns, roles
and char
acte
ristics of
communic
a
tio
n
on
meterin
g
s
ystem. W
e
d
i
s
c
uss
meas
ur
e
m
e
n
t, data
acq
u
isitio
n a
nd
metrolo
g
ica
l
co
ntro
l
of a signal s
ensor from
dynam
i
c
m
e
ter
i
ng system
.
After that, we
present
instrum
e
nts of sensor
communic
a
tio
n
w
i
th more d
e
taile
d disc
ussi
o
n
s to t
he refer
ence sta
ndar
d
s
and t
he impo
rtant
funda
men
t
al
parameters to consider when des
igning a dynami
c comm
unic
ation
metering system
.
We finished
with
control a
nd ca
li
bratio
n of turbi
ne flow
meter
and
w
e
giv
en r
e
sultats exp
e
r
m
e
n
taly of this
w
o
rk.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
co
mmu
n
icati
on, turbi
ne flow
met
e
r, pane
l
co
mp
uter, HART
, signa
l, digit
a
l tra
n
smitter
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
In the
real
worl
d, phy
sical ph
enom
en
a,
su
ch
a
s
temperature
and pre
s
su
re,
vary
according
to t
he la
ws of
na
ture
and
exhi
bit prope
rt
ies
that vary
cont
inuou
sly in
time; that i
s
th
ey
are all anal
o
g
time-varyin
g
signal
s. Transdu
cers
convert physi
cal pheno
men
a
into electri
c
al
sign
als
su
ch
as voltag
e
and
cu
rre
nt for si
gnal
co
nditioning
an
d mea
s
u
r
em
ent within
DAQ
system
s. Wh
ile the volta
ge o
r
curre
n
t output
si
gnal
from
transdu
cers h
a
s som
e
direct
relation
shi
p
with the p
h
ysical p
hen
ome
na they a
r
e d
e
sig
ned to
m
easure, it i
s
not always
cl
ear
how that information is con
t
ained withi
n
the output si
g
nal.
Often sen
s
o
r
s must be
re
motely locate
d from
the co
mputer in whi
c
h the processing a
nd
stora
ge of the data take
s
place.
This is espe
cially true in indu
stri
al environ
me
nts wh
ere
se
nso
r
s
and actu
ators can b
e
located in hostil
e
environm
e
n
ts over a wi
de are
a
, possibly hund
red
s
of
meters away. In noisy en
vironme
n
ts, it is very
difficult for very
small
sign
als received fro
m
sen
s
o
r
s
su
ch
as the
r
mo
co
uple
s
an
d strain ga
uge
s
(i
n the o
r
de
r of
mV) to survi
v
e tran
smissi
on
over
su
ch l
o
ng di
stan
ce
s,
espe
ci
ally in
their
ra
w fo
rm, without t
h
e qu
ality of the
sen
s
o
r
d
a
ta
being comp
ro
mised.
An alternativ
e to runni
ng
long and p
o
ssibly expe
nsive sen
s
or wire
s is th
e use of
distrib
u
ted I/
O, whi
c
h
is
a
v
ailable in
th
e form
of
sig
nal
conditio
n
i
ng mo
dule
s
remotely lo
cat
e
d
near the sen
s
ors to whi
c
h
they are interface
d
.
One
module i
s
re
quire
d for ea
ch se
nsor u
s
ed,
allowin
g
for h
i
gh level
s
of
modula
r
ity (single p
o
int to
hund
red
s
of
points
pe
r lo
cation).
While
this
can
ad
d
rea
s
onabl
e exp
e
n
s
e to
system
s
with la
rg
e
p
o
int count
s, t
he b
enefits in
term
s
of si
g
nal
quality and a
c
cura
cy may be wo
rth it.
One of the
most com
m
only imple
m
ented fo
rm
s of di
stribu
ted I/O is the digital
transmitter.
These intelli
gent devi
c
e
s
perfo
rm
all
req
u
ire
d
si
gnal
con
d
itio
ning fun
c
tio
n
s
(amplifi
c
ation, filtering, isolati
on etc);
co
ntain a micro
-
co
ntroll
er an
d A/D conve
r
ter, to perform
the digital
co
nversi
on
of th
e si
gnal
withi
n
the m
odul
e
itself. Conve
r
ted d
a
ta i
s
transmitted
to t
h
e
comp
uter
via
an RS-2
32 or RS-4
85 communi
catio
n
s
in
te
r
f
ac
e
.
T
h
e
us
e o
f
RS-
4
8
5
mu
lti-
dr
op
netwo
rks, as shown in Figure 1,
re
du
ce
s the amo
unt of cablin
g requi
red, si
nce ea
ch
sig
nal-
con
d
itioning
module
sha
r
e
s
the sam
e
cable pai
r.
Linking up to 32
module
s
, co
mmuni
cating
over
distan
ce
s up
to 10 km, is
possibl
e wh
e
n
usin
g
the RS-485 multi
-
d
r
op net
wo
rk.
Ho
wever, si
n
c
e
very few
co
mputers
hav
e built in
su
pport fo
r t
h
e
RS-485
sta
ndard, an
RS-232
to
RS-485
conve
r
ter i
s
required to all
o
w commu
nications b
e
twe
en the com
p
u
t
er and the re
mote modul
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 4905 – 49
14
4906
Figure 1. Digi
tal Tran
smitte
r Modul
es a
n
d
Control
The o
r
ifice flo
w
mete
r (Fi
g
ure
1) i
s
u
s
e
d
to create
a
con
s
tri
c
tion i
n
the flow
pat
h. As the
fluid flows th
rough
the h
o
l
e
in the
o
r
ifice plate,
in
a
c
cordan
ce
wit
h
the la
w
of
con
s
e
r
vation
o
f
mass, the vel
o
city of the fl
uid that leav
es the
orif
i
c
e
is mo
re th
an
the velocity
of the fluid a
s
it
approa
che
s
the orifice [17]. By Bernoulli’s prin
cipl
e,
this mean
s that the pressure on the in
let
side
is high
er than th
e p
r
e
s
sure
on
the
outlet si
de. M
easurin
g thi
s
differential
pressure give
s
a
dire
ct mea
s
u
r
e of the flow
velocity from
whi
c
h t
he vol
u
metri
c
flow
can e
a
sily be
calculated. T
h
e
overall a
c
cu
racy of a flo
w
mete
r de
pend
s to
so
me extent o
n
the
circu
m
stan
ce
s of
the
appli
c
ation
[17]. The
effects of p
r
e
s
sure, te
mp
erature,
flui
d, and dynami
c
influen
ce
s can
potentially alter the mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t being
taken.
2. Res
earc
h
Method
2.1. Flo
w
m
e
te
r
Flow m
e
a
s
urement is th
e
quantification
of bul
k fluid
movement. Fl
ow
can b
e
m
easure
d
in a variety o
f
ways. Po
sitive-displa
c
em
ent flow m
e
te
rs
accum
u
lat
e
a fixed volu
me of fluid a
nd
then count th
e num
ber of
times the
vol
u
me i
s
f
illed t
o
mea
s
u
r
e fl
ow. Oth
e
r flo
w
me
asure
m
ent
method
s rely
on force
s
p
r
o
duced by th
e
flowing
st
rea
m
as it
overcomes a
kno
w
n co
nst
r
ictio
n
,
to
indire
ctly cal
c
ulate flow. Fl
ow may b
e
m
easure
d
by m
easurin
g the
velocity of fluid over a
kn
o
w
n
area
[18]. In
the API 2
1
.1 Document
“Man
ual
of P
e
troleu
m M
e
asu
r
em
ent St
anda
rd
s –
Fl
ow
Measurement
Usin
g Electronic Mete
rin
g
Systems”
d
e
s
cribe
s
very fundam
ental p
r
inci
ple
s
[6]:
a)
Primary devi
c
e: Orifice, turbine, rotary
, or diaphragm mea
s
u
r
ement devices that are
mounted di
re
ctly on the pipe and h
a
ve dire
ct
conta
c
t
with the fluids bein
g
mea
s
ured.
b)
Secon
d
a
r
y d
e
vice: p
r
ovid
es
data
su
ch a
s
fl
owi
n
g
static pressure, tem
pera
t
ure flo
w
ing,
differential
pressure, relati
ve den
sity, a
nd oth
e
r
va
ri
able
s
that a
r
e ap
pro
p
riate
for in
puts int
o
the tertiary devic
e
.
c)
Tertiary d
e
vice: is a
n
ele
c
troni
c
comp
uter,
pro
g
ra
mmed to correctly calcula
t
e flow withi
n
spe
c
ific limits that receive
s
information
from the prima
r
y and/or
se
conda
ry
devices.
Flow m
e
a
s
u
r
ement i
s
u
s
ed for appli
c
ation
s
whe
r
e extreme
flowin
g p
r
odu
cts
and
con
d
ition
s
su
ch a
s
liquid
s
mixed into
gases,
sand,
paraffin, an
d many othe
r foreign ite
m
s –
these a
r
e so
metimes
referred to a
s
the “bloo
d
, guts, and feathe
rs” in the produ
cing wo
rld [6].
M
odule to DCS
Flow co
m
puter
Sensor
and
f
low
m
eter
Eth
e
rn
et
switch
RS23
2
t
o
RS485
Data
com
m
unicat
i
on
co
nve
rte
r
PC of c
o
ntr
o
l
sy
stem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Com
m
unicati
on and
Calib
raton of Sensi
ng Meters (A
bdel
kad
e
r Ha
rro
uz)
4907
Today th
e h
o
t
meters fo
r l
a
rge
volum
e
s of
me
asure
m
ent a
r
e
the
Ultra
s
oni
c m
e
ters,
first
meter
as sh
ow
above. T
hese mete
rs gen
erate
so
und wave
s
a
l
ong
tran
sverse se
ction
s
of
a
singl
e spool
section
of pip
e
.
These
sign
a
l
s a
r
e m
onito
red an
d
whe
n
there i
s
flo
w
i
n
the pi
pe th
e
sou
nd sig
nal
s sent throu
gh the gas a
r
e d
e
layed and
th
e meter mea
s
ure
s
the dela
y
of
the signa
l.
By measu
r
in
g this del
ay preci
s
ely, the
meter
c
an d
e
t
ermine the v
e
locity of the
gas a
nd thu
s
the
flow rate [6]. Ultra
s
oni
c m
e
ters
are ve
ry cost
effecti
v
e when m
e
asu
r
ing g
r
e
a
t volumes of
gas
that vary in fl
ow rate.
Fluid flowin
g
throug
h the
meter is
ch
an
neled th
roug
h the inlet flow straighte
n
e
d
se
ction
(up
s
tre
a
m rot
o
r su
ppo
rt as
sembly
). This
redu
ce
s
the
turbulent flo
w
pattern to
a more
stabl
e,
lamina
r flow,
prior to
com
i
ng in conta
c
t with t
he multi-blad
ed tu
rbine
roto
r. Flow throug
h the
rotor's a
ngul
a
r
blad
es
cau
s
e the turbi
ne
rotor to
spin
at a spe
ed p
r
oportio
nal to
the velocity of
the flowing m
edia [11].
Figure 2. Turbine Flo
w
Me
ter
Turbi
ne flo
w
meters u
s
e
a
variety of pi
ckup
t
r
an
sd
ucers to
conve
r
t the rotational
ene
rgy
(sp
eed
) of th
e turbi
ne
whe
e
l to a me
asurabl
e ele
c
tri
c
al
sign
al. Th
ese t
r
an
sd
ucers then t
r
an
smit
a propo
rtiona
l output
sign
al to extern
a
l
rea
dout
di
splays o
r
oth
e
r inte
rfaci
n
g
elect
r
oni
c d
a
ta
acq
u
isitio
n eq
uipment.
The Me
chani
cal Gea
r
System uses a
sha
ft which
is mech
anically driven by a gear
mounted on the rotor shaft. This
shaft, in turn
,
drives a mechani
cal re
adout
whi
c
h m
a
y di
spl
a
y
flow rate, total batch, or b
o
th. The Mag
netic I
ndu
ctive sen
s
ing m
e
thod f
eature
s
magn
etic pi
ns
inse
rted in th
e turbin
e roto
r blad
es. Th
e
transdu
ce
r contain
s
a si
m
p
le sen
s
or
co
il and core. An
electri
c
al
pul
se is i
ndu
ce
d i
n
the
coil
as
each bla
de p
a
sse
s
the ba
se of
the
tran
sdu
c
e
r
coil.
T
h
is
method offers less m
agneti
c
dra
g
than th
e Magneti
c
Relucta
n
ce se
nsin
g method
.
Turbi
n
e
s
flow meters are controlled
by t
he pipe prove sta
nda
rd; there i
s
automati
c
update
of "Meter Fa
cto
r
" after ea
ch
seque
nce. Th
e bidirectio
n
a
l prove
r
req
u
ire
s
a
displ
a
ce
r
roun
d trip to compl
e
te on
e prover run.
It
can be m
ade U-shap
e
d
, folded, or straig
ht sha
p
e
d
depe
nding o
n
spa
c
e re
qui
rements [12].
The stan
dard prover (
U-shape
d
bidirection
a
l
) is the most common an
d
uses a
n
inflated ball displacer. Regardless
of
co
nstru
c
tion
an
d op
eratin
g d
e
tails, all
p
r
o
v
ers pe
rform
the
same fun
c
tio
n
. Flow is pa
ssed throug
h a
n
operating m
e
ter into the p
r
over [12].
Whe
n
tempe
r
ature a
nd p
r
e
s
sure
have b
een
stabilize
d
, the displ
a
cer is l
aun
che
d
. Since
this
cre
a
tes
a tempo
r
a
r
y slo
w
do
wn i
n
flow until th
e
displ
a
cer
ge
ts up to
spe
ed, so
me p
r
e
r
un
length in the prove
r
must
be allowed b
e
fore di
spla
cement of the accurately
measured volume
begin
s
. At a
point after flow rate sta
b
ili
zation, a
swit
ch indi
cate
s entry of the displa
ce
r into the
calib
rated
se
ction, and the
meter pul
se
s are se
nt to
the proving
cou
n
ter or
circuit
(se
e
Figu
re 3
)
.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 4905 – 49
14
4908
2.2. Calibra
tion
To calibrate
mean
s
= to
stand
ardi
ze
(as a
mea
s
u
r
i
ng in
strum
e
n
t
) by dete
r
mi
ning the
deviation fro
m
a sta
nda
rd
so
as to
det
ermin
e
the
proper corre
c
tion fact
o
r
s." T
here
are two
key
element
s to this definition
:
determinin
g
the
deviation from a sta
ndard, and a
s
certaini
ng the
prop
er
corre
c
tion factors [2
2].
Flow m
e
ters
need
peri
odi
c calibration.
This
can
be
done
by usi
ng an
other
calibrate
d
meter a
s
a referen
c
e o
r
b
y
using a kn
own flo
w
rate
. Accuracy can vary over
the rang
e of the
instru
ment an
d with tempe
r
ature an
d sp
ecific
weig
ht cha
nge
s in th
e fluid, which
may all have to
be taken into
accou
n
t. Thus, the meter sho
u
ld be calibrated ove
r
tempe
r
ature a
s
well a
s
ran
ge,
so that the
a
ppro
p
ri
ate co
rre
ction
s
can
be mad
e
to t
he readin
g
s [
22]. A turbine
meter
sho
u
ld
be
calibrated at the samekinematic visc
osit
y at whi
c
h it
will be operat
ed in
service.
This is t
r
ue f
o
r
fluid states, li
quid an
d ga
s.
Figure 3. Typical Bidirectio
nal U-
type Sp
here Prover
System [23]
The n
e
cessit
y of provin
g
a mete
r de
pe
nds on th
e v
a
lue of
accu
rate mea
s
u
r
e
m
ent for
the prod
uct b
e
ing han
dled.
Large volum
e
s and/o
r
hig
h
-value p
r
od
ucts a
r
e the prime candi
d
a
tes
for usi
ng pro
v
ers. Oil ind
u
s
try mea
s
u
r
e
m
ent of
cru
d
e
oil and refined produ
cts are exampl
e
s
of
whe
r
e m
e
ters typically invo
lve proving
systems. Th
e proving syste
m
s
a
r
e con
s
i
dere
d
pa
rt
of the
co
st of the m
e
ter
station
s
and a
r
e p
e
rm
anently in
stall
ed at la
rge
r
facilitie
s. Wh
e
n
pro
d
u
c
t value
is lo
we
r, p
r
ov
ers a
r
e
usuall
y
portabl
e
(u
sed
within
a li
mited ge
og
ra
phical a
r
ea
);
as
pro
d
u
c
t va
lu
e
drop
s furth
e
r,
proving freq
uen
cy is re
d
u
ce
d, and
for the lowe
st value p
r
od
uct
s
proving is
not
done at all [2
3].
In other indu
stries, provin
g in place i
s
sel
dom don
e; metering i
s
assumed corre
c
t until a
pro
c
e
ss
goe
s out of control or a mete
r brea
ks do
wn and requi
res repai
r or
repla
c
eme
n
t. For
meters such
as the
orifi
c
e type, cali
bration i
s
acc
e
p
t
ed
as
co
r
r
e
c
t as
long
a
s
me
ch
an
ic
a
l
requi
rem
ents
of the meter'
s spe
c
ification
s
are me
t. So
me meters a
r
e "tested" by
calib
rating
on
ly
the re
ado
ut u
n
its, with
no t
e
st o
r
in
sp
ect
i
on of
the
pri
m
ary d
e
vice.
This
doe
s
not
have the
sa
me
value as a
co
mplete syste
m
examinatio
n or the u
s
e o
f
a prover.
2.3. Repeatability
Is the va
riati
on in
mea
s
u
r
ements taken
by a
singl
e
person
o
r
in
strument
on th
e same
item and
un
d
e
r the
same
condition
s. A l
e
ss-tha
n-
perf
e
ct te
st–rete
s
t reliability
ca
use
s
te
st–retest
variability. A
measurement
may be said to be r
epe
atable wh
en
this variation
is smalle
r than
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
Com
m
unicati
on and
Calib
raton of Sensi
n
g Meters (A
bdel
kad
e
r Ha
rro
uz)
4909
some agreed limit [24]. Or
it’s the maximum
deviatio
n
from the co
rre
sp
ondi
ng
data point
s taken
from re
peate
d
tests un
der
identical co
nd
itions.
2.4. HART
Communication
Signal
The HART
(
H
ighway
A
dd
ressable
R
e
m
ote
T
ransd
u
cer) proto
c
o
l
allows
simu
ltaneous
communicatio
n
of analog and digital data. This prot
ocol serial com
m
unication type is spe
c
ific to
industrial and compatible control loops analog curre
nt 4 to 20mA.
The digital signal can be
used for addi
tional
device information in
cluding device status
,
diagnostics, a
dditional measured o
r
calculated val
ues, etc. Therefo
r
e, the HART communicati
on
including ana
log and digital informatio
n provides
a low-co
st and very robust complete field
communicatio
n
solution tha
t
is easy
to use and configure.
Figure 4. HART Signal
The HART i
s
a master/slav
e
protocol
wh
ich
provides for up to two
masters
(prim
a
ry and
secon
dary) a
nd
the secon
dary
master such
as
han
dheld ca
n be
used
to mo
nitor/control the
information of HART b
u
s.
HART can b
e
used
in
various mode
s
such a
s
point-t
o-point or mu
lti-
drop for co
mmunicating information to/from sm
ar
t field instruments and
central
cont
rol or
monitoring systems. The fo
llowing are the de
scription of two main H
A
RT operation modes.
Figure 5. Digi
tal Tran
smitte
r
Comm
uni
cati
on m
ade
in digital form
u
s
i
ng a
n
alte
rna
t
ing current
module
s t
r
av
eling
we
b
freque
ncy i
s
sup
e
rim
p
o
s
e
d
on a
nalo
g
current 4 to 2
0
m
A without al
tering
sin
c
e it
s ave
r
age val
u
e
is
ze
ro. T
he
proto
c
ol
is ba
sed
on
a
mo
dulation
sy
stem 2
02
and
Bell metho
d
of FSK (Fre
q
uen
cy
Shift Key): the digital d
a
ta
are t
r
an
smitted in
se
rie
s
with a frequ
e
n
cy of 1
2
00
Hz fo
r the
lo
gical
state1 an
d a frequ
en
cy of 2200 Hz for lo
gic 0.
Power
supply
4~20 m
A
Trans
m
itt
e
Control
syst
em
a
n
d
regulator
HART Modem
supply
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TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 4905 – 49
14
4910
2.5. Field
Bus
The p
r
in
ciple
of a field
bus i
s
to
lin
k all t
r
an
smi
tters, a
c
tuato
r
s
and
sy
ste
m
s fo
r
controlling, a
n
indu
strial
sector i
n
a n
e
twork
whe
r
e a
ll the instrum
ents
comm
un
icate
with ea
ch
other (Figu
r
e
4) ea
ch.
The two fiel
dbu
s mo
st p
r
evalent in t
he in
du
stri
al
pro
c
e
ss
co
ntrol a
r
e the
Fieldbu
s
Found
ation F
F
-H1 and Pro
f
ibus PA.The
y
is reco
gni
ze
d by the international
stan
dard IEC 6
1
1
5
8-
2. The only
link bet
wee
n
all the instruments
used
to dialog a
n
d co
nfigu
r
at
ion, as
well
as
alimentation.
The network structu
r
e en
able
s
t
he co
nne
ction of instru
ment
s b
y
linear bus
32,
except in the
hazard
o
u
s
area to electri
c
al rea
s
on
s, from 8 to 9 (Profibus) and 4
to 6 (FF-H1
).
The a
d
vanta
ges of this nume
r
ou
s
digital comm
unication: th
e fieldbu
s
simplifies
con
n
e
c
tion
s by freeing th
e analo
g
imp
l
ementati
on
and thu
s
inte
rch
a
ng
eabilit
y, configuration,
and m
onitors for
preven
tive mainten
ance, thro
ug
h internal m
e
mory of th
e tran
smitter or
actuato
r
.
Figure 6. Fieldbu
s FF-H1
2.6. SCADA
Sy
stems
Most all g
a
s
measurement
system
s h
a
ve a wa
y to collec
t
data r
e
motely from
metering
sites. There i
s
still the practice
of manually driving to the si
tes and collecting the measurem
ent
data via a PC or some type
of hand held device.
Gen
e
r
ally, overall the Ho
st Supe
rviso
r
y Control
and Data Acquisitio
n
(SCADA) sy
stem
is a PC
ba
sed program that re
side
s i
n
the co
rpo
r
ate
offic
e
or in the field offic
e
[6].
This P
C
syst
em contain
s
a pollin
g
software
p
a
cka
g
e
that is de
si
gned
to com
m
unicate
via radio to t
he re
mote lo
cation [6]. Usually t
hese
systems
com
m
unicate on
ce an ho
ur o
r
on a
more f
r
equ
en
t basi
s
to the
well
sites to
be sure the
pro
c
e
s
ses
are ru
nning
at
the site a
n
d t
o
retrieve timely information.
Measurement
system
s are
use
d
by pipel
ine com
pani
e
s
to mana
ge
the cu
stody transfe
r
data from th
e mete
ring
stations. T
h
is is
often
r
e
fe
r
r
e
d
to as
th
e
“
c
a
s
h re
gis
t
e
r
”
as
pe
c
t
o
f
operating a p
i
peline. The
flow co
mpute
r
s a
nd/or
RT
Us at the m
e
tering
station
s
provide bot
h
real
-time flows an
d volum
e
s for
ope
rati
onal pu
rp
ose
s
an
d histo
r
i
c
al re
co
rds fo
r measureme
n
t.
The h
o
st
me
asu
r
em
ent
system i
s
al
mo
st al
wa
ys separ
a
te fr
om t
he SC
A
D
A
sys
tem. How
e
ver
,
the comm
uni
cation
s fro
n
t end of mo
st modern
S
C
ADA system
s ca
n poll fo
r both real-ti
m
e
operational
d
a
ta an
d
cu
stody tran
sfe
r
data [21]. T
h
e f
o
llo
wi
ng
d
r
awi
n
g sh
o
w
s th
e five logi
cal
lev
e
ls t
h
at
m
a
ke u
p
t
he
S
C
A
D
A
sy
st
e
m
.
Trans
m
itt
er’s
FF-H1
Process a
u
to
mati
on
syste
m
L
o
cal networ
k
L
A
N
I
ndustr
ial
site network
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
Com
m
unicati
on and
Calib
raton of Sensi
ng Meters (A
bdel
kad
e
r Ha
rro
uz)
4911
Figure 7. SCADA System [21]
The p
h
ysi
c
al
con
n
e
c
tion to
the pi
peline
is throug
h th
e en
d devi
c
e
s
o
r
in
strume
ntation.
This in
strume
ntation is
con
necte
d to Pro
g
ramm
able L
ogic Cont
roll
ers (PL
C
s),
Remote
Te
rmi
nal
Units
(RT
U
s) and/or flo
w
comp
ut
ers, d
epen
ding o
n
the type of re
mote station.
Data then flows
from the
s
e remote devi
c
es throug
h the commu
nication
s n
e
twork to
the SCADA hos
t
(also
referred to a
s
the SCADA Maste
r
or Ma
ster Stati
on).
Examples of appli
c
ation
s
at the top of the
pyramid
wo
ul
d be
advan
ce
d control
an
d optimizatio
n appli
c
ation
s
u
s
ed
by
the ga
s controllers as
well a
s
bu
siness ap
plica
t
ions u
s
ed
by other de
partme
n
ts wi
thin the pip
e
line compa
n
y’s
orga
nization [21].
3. Resul
t
s
and
Analy
s
is
To co
ntrol the
state of turbi
nes u
s
e
d
for l
i
quid volume
meterin
g
, they must be cali
brated,
certified
an
d
defined
with
the n
e
w K-fa
ctor (Kf)
. Thi
s
operation
i
s
p
e
riodi
cally re
quire
d
eve
r
y (06
months).
Figure 8. The
Simulations
of Volume wit
h
HART
Com
m
unicator
We a
r
e lo
oki
ng at the di
splay of these
val
ues
on the
cal
c
ulato
r
at
the meteri
ng
panal i
n
the ro
om
sup
e
rvisio
n. The
Table
1 an
d
2 show the
result
s of thi
s
test. The
cali
bration
of me
ter
turbine
volu
me is
effecte
d
in a
c
corda
n
ce
with
E
N
-1226
1 (tu
r
bin
e
flowm
e
ter)
or ISO 1
708
9-1
(ultra
so
nic m
e
ter). T
he
ca
libration i
s
m
ade o
n
hig
h
-pre
ssure
by a
com
pany approved (ISO
1702
5) fo
r t
r
a
c
ea
bility of m
easure
m
ent
according
to
t
he cubi
c met
e
r of
natu
r
al gas
ha
rmo
n
ized
by the manufacturer o
r
ap
proved a
s
an
inter
nation
a
l
laborato
r
y (LNE, NMI, PTB, Weste
r
b
o
rk
Tran
sCan
ada
Calibration
s).
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046
TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 4905 – 49
14
4912
Table 1. The
Values
Confi
gure
d
with th
e Corre
c
tion
Facto
r
s
Configured
Values simulates
Factors of corr
ection
Densit
y Temper
ature
P
ressure
CTL
CPL
(k
g/m3)
(º
C)
(bar)
610
25.00
25.00
0.983418
1.005958
630
30.00
30.00
0.976302
1.006334
660
50.00
50.00
0.9481970
1.012110
700
30.00
30.00
0.9798770
1.004591
730
25.00
25.00
0.9874400
1.003114
Table 2. The
Re
sult
s of
S
i
mulat
i
on
s V
o
l
u
me
Volume of service conditions
Volume of refer
e
nce
conditions
volume Calculator
Error
volume
Calculator
Error
(m3)
(m3)
(%)
(m3)
(m3)
(%)
20.000
19.999
-0.005
19.786
19.781
-0.023
20.000
19.999
-0.005
19.650
19.655
0.027
20.000
19.999
-0.005
19.194
19.193
-0.003
20.000
19.999
-0.005
19.688
19.687
-0.003
20.000
19.999
-0.005
19.810
19.810
-0.002
The
re
sults
of both te
sts accu
ra
cie
s
and
rep
eata
b
ility respe
c
t well th
e tol
e
ran
c
e
s
defined by st
anda
rd
s, as i
s
sh
own in Table 1 an
d 2.
After that, th
e turbine
flo
w
m
e
ter is controlle
d by
the pip
e
p
r
o
v
e stan
da
rd;
there i
s
automatic u
p
date of "Meter Fa
ctor" after ea
ch
sequ
ence. The bi
dire
ctional p
r
over re
quires a
displ
a
cer rou
nd trip to com
p
lete one p
r
o
v
er run. Th
e Table 1 sho
w
s this control:
Table 3. The
Re
sultats of
Turbi
ne Control wi
th Stand
ard Prove
r
(u
-sh
ape
d bidirection
a
l)
Com
p
te
ur tur
b
i
n
e
Débit
m3/h
Fréque
nce
HZ
Nombre
impulsion
Pression
bar
temps
ºC
CPLM
CTLM
2571
1187
23325
14.22
34.80
1.00208
0.97602
2603
1201
23319
14.17
34.80
1.00208
0.97602
2538
1171
23326
14.26
34.80
1.00209
0.97602
2535
1170
23326
14.27
34.80
1.00209
0.97602
Tube
étal
on
Pression
bar
temps
ºC
CPSP
CTSP
CPLP
CTLP
MF
12.97
35.05
1.00029
1.00067
1.00190
0.97571
1.0051
12.90
35.05
1.00029
1.00067
1.00189
0.97571
1.0054
13.04
35.05
1.00029
1.00067
1.00192
0.97571
1.0051
13.06
35.05
1.00029
1.00067
1.00192
0.97571
1.0051
The medi
um
value of meter factor i
s
1.0052,
with
reliability (0.0
3%). After installing
these mete
rs turbine
s
eithe
r
as pilot o
r
the line mu
st b
e
setup a
gain
(Kf) in the co
mputer room
to
sup
e
rvisi
on. Based o
n
the
certificate of ca
lib
ration, a
pply lineari
z
at
ion in the co
mputer.
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
2302-4
046
Com
m
unicati
on and
Calib
raton of Sensi
ng Meters (A
bdel
kad
e
r Ha
rro
uz)
4913
Figure 9. The
Setup Again (Kf) in the Co
mputer
Room
Whe
n
the
calibratio
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s is
sta
r
ted,
it mu
st
be d
one
at
the con
c
lusi
on of a
contin
uou
s p
r
ocess,
witho
u
t interruptio
n or del
ay
. Table
3
sho
w
s the
re
sult
s of te
sts of
the
turbine m
e
teri
ng.
Table 4. Prov
ing Re
port Runs, (d
ay and
start time: 14/06/2013, 3:1
7
:34 p.m.)
Pilot turbine
Controlled tur
b
ine
Pulses 50974
68498
K-factor base
(
pulse/m3)
1475.6
2013.9
Meter Facto
r
1.00137
1.00000
Pressure
(Brag
)
55.20
55.60
Temper
ature
(°C
)
66.41
66.49
CTL med.
0.85000
0.84978
CPL med.
1.04397
1.04435
Net Standar
d Volume (m3)
30.696
30.185
Meter Facto
r
fina
l
1.01693
The Table 4
sho
w
the
standard
proving repo
rt
an
d calibrations of turbine o
n
LACT
metering; we
have testing net standard volume wi
th three proving run
s
to see if they have
deviation of turbine and to
determine the new Meter fa
ctor.
4. Conclu
sion
This pape
r
present an
d
discu
ss the im
portant fundamental communica
tion and
parameters t
o
consider
when controlling a dynam
ic
metering system. We introduce the digita
l
transmitter modules, the b
a
sic building blocks of t
he
SCADA system and including field devices.
The H
A
R
T
co
mmu
n
i
c
a
tion
and fieldbu
s application
s
are di
scu
sse
d in detail. The paper
conclud
e
s wit
h
an experimental resu
ltats of calibration of turbine flow meter o
n
a
p
e
t
r
o
le
u
m
site
.
The re
sult
s o
b
tained a
r
e
consi
dered very satisfa
c
tory
and corre
c
t; erro
rs i
dentifie
d as m
easuri
ng
instru
ment
s a
r
e within the
range of the p
e
rmi
ssi
ble m
a
ximum errors PME by the regulatio
ns.
Referen
ces
[1]
A Harro
uz, A Benati
a
ll
ah, O
Harro
uz. Elec
tric Cont
ro
l an
d Meteor
olo
g
ic
al Va
lid
atio
n o
f
Sensors i
n
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