Indonesi
an
Jo
urna
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
08
~
7
12
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
08
-
7
12
708
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Wearabl
e
antenn
a gain en
hancem
en
t using
reactive
imp
edance substr
ate
A.
N. Sur
aya
1
,
T. Sab
apathy
2
, M.
Ju
s
oh
3
, N.
H. Gh
az
ali
4
, M.
N.
Osm
an
5
, S.
Ism
ail
6
, M.
R. Aw
al
7
1,2,3,4,5,6
Bioe
lectr
om
agne
ti
c
Rese
a
rch
Group (B
ioEM
),
School
of
C
om
pute
r
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing,
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is,
Ma
lays
ia
7
School
of
O
ce
a
n
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
U
nive
rsiti Mal
a
ysia
T
ere
ngg
anu
(
UM
T),
M
ala
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1
2
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
10
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Nov
2
6
, 201
8
A
m
ic
rostrip
p
at
ch
an
te
nna
is
designe
d
for
a
we
ara
bl
e
antenna
.
Th
e
per
form
anc
e
o
f
m
ic
rostrip
pa
tch
ant
enn
a
lo
aded
with
re
active
impedance
surfac
e
(RIS)
is
desc
r
ibe
d
in
t
er
m
s
of
gai
n
,
b
an
dwidth
and
r
et
ur
n
loss.
The
ant
enn
a
is
inve
s
ti
gated
in
two
c
ondit
ions
which
are
conv
ent
ion
a
l
m
ic
rostrip
ant
enn
a
with
RI
S
and
withou
t
RI
S. Th
e
design
ed
ant
enn
a
is
al
so
a
imed
a
t
siz
e
red
uction
the
ref
ore
i
t
wi
ll be
suit
abl
e
for
a
wea
r
a
ble
appl
i
cation.
Thi
s
an
te
nn
a
which
is
m
ade
f
ully
using
te
x
ti
l
e
and
it
is
d
esig
ned
for
op
erati
o
n
in
the
2
.
45
GH
z
band.
Th
e
per
form
anc
e
of
m
ic
rostrip
patch
ant
enn
a
lo
ade
d
with
RIS
is
desc
ribe
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
gai
n
,
ban
dwidth,
ret
u
rn
lo
ss
and
r
adiati
on
pat
t
ern
.
Th
e
ant
enn
a
d
esigned
with
RIS
op
er
at
es
at
2.
45
GH
z
.
B
andwidt
h
enh
anc
ement
is
ac
hi
eve
d
wi
th
R
IS
where
th
e
des
igne
d
an
te
nn
a
c
an
c
at
er
fre
qu
en
c
y
from
2.
4
GH
z
to
3
GH
z.
A
gai
n
enh
ance
m
ent
is
ac
h
ie
ved
of
20%
is
a
chi
e
ved
compare
d
with
the
conve
nt
iona
l
p
at
ch
anten
na.
Although
the
siz
e
of
th
e
pa
tc
h
is
red
uced
with
the
in
trodu
ct
ion
of
RIS, the
over
all
size
o
f
t
he
antenna
with the
subs
tra
t
e
is
al
m
ost
sim
il
ar
to
th
e
conve
nt
io
nal
p
at
ch
an
te
nn
a.
How
ev
er,
the
per
form
anc
e
of
the a
n
te
nna
is
gre
a
tly
enha
n
ced wit
h
the use
of
RIS.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mi
cro
strip
p
at
c
h
a
nten
na
Re
act
ive
i
m
ped
ance
s
ub
st
rate
Texti
le
s
ante
nna
Weara
ble
a
ntenn
a
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M. Ju
s
oh,
Bi
oelect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
s Resea
rc
h Group
(BioE
M
),
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s (U
niMAP
),
Kam
pu
s Pa
uh
Pu
tra
, 026
00, Ara
u, Perlis,
Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
m
uza
mm
il
@u
nim
ap.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
wea
rab
le
a
ntenn
a
is
a
n
a
nte
nn
a
t
hat
is
s
pe
ci
fical
ly
desig
ned
t
o
f
un
ct
io
n
w
hile
bein
g
w
orn
on
bo
dy
wear
a
ble
f
ab
ric/
te
xtil
e
anten
na
is
one
of
the
do
m
inant
r
esearch
to
pics
for
body
ce
ntr
ic
com
m
un
ic
ation
.
I
n
par
ti
cula
r,
wit
h
the
rece
nt
ad
van
cem
ent
of
I
nter
ne
t
of
T
hing
(
Io
T
)
te
ch
nolog
y,
t
he
de
vel
op
m
ents
of
we
arab
le
el
ect
ro
nic
de
vi
ces
s
uch
as
ant
enn
a
s
a
re
gaini
ng
popula
rity
a
m
on
g
the
r
es
earche
rs.
A
si
m
ple
m
ic
ro
stri
p
patch
anten
na
co
ns
is
ts
of
a
rad
ia
ti
ng
patch
on
one
side
of
a
diele
ct
ric
substr
at
e
and
a
gr
ound
p
la
ne
on
it
s
othe
r
si
de.
Su
c
h
ante
nn
a
i
s
su
it
able
f
or
body
-
w
orn
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
s
beca
use
it
m
a
inly
radi
at
es
per
pe
ndic
ularly
to
the
planar
structu
re a
nd t
he gr
ound
plan
e eff
ic
ie
ntly
shi
el
ds
the
body t
issues.
Howe
ver,
t
he
a
nten
na
desi
gn
for
wea
rab
le
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
is
quit
e
cr
ucial
.
Fi
rst,
t
he
siz
e
of
the
desig
ne
d
anten
na
is
qu
it
e
bulky
since
it
is
desig
ne
d
wi
th
wear
a
ble
m
at
erial
w
hich
ha
s
lo
w
relat
ive
pe
rm
i
tt
ivity
[1
]
.
Ap
a
rt
from
that,
it
is
al
so
im
po
rta
nt
to
ac
hieve
good
a
nten
na
pe
rfor
m
ance
w
he
n
it
is
desig
ne
d
with
th
e
w
earable
m
at
erial
[2
]
.
The
pro
blem
cou
ld
be
al
so
f
urt
her
c
halle
ngin
g
if
m
ulti
e
leme
nt
anten
na
ha
s
to
be
de
sig
ne
d
f
or
a
wear
a
ble a
pp
li
cat
ion
that c
ou
ld sup
port em
e
rg
i
ng
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
tech
nolo
gies s
uch
as
be
a
m
steering
[3
]
, IoT
[4
]
an
d
MIM
O
[5
]
.
T
his
ca
n
l
ead
to
a
nten
na
desig
n
w
hich
ha
s
a
la
rg
er
siz
e.
On
t
he
othe
r
ha
nd,
the
e
vo
l
ution
in
m
et
a
m
a
te
rial
giv
es
ad
va
ntage
s
to
a
nten
na
de
sign
i
n
m
any
aspects
s
uc
h
as
high
gain
,
high
band
widt
h
a
nd
m
iniat
ur
iz
at
ion [
6
-
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Wear
ab
le
ante
nna g
ain
e
nhanceme
nt
us
in
g reacti
ve im
pedan
ce
s
ub
str
ate
(
M. Ju
s
oh
)
709
In
w
ork
[
8
]
m
e
tam
at
erial
is
us
ed
to
i
ntr
oduce
d
m
et
a
m
at
erial
in
wea
ra
ble
anten
na
desig
n
for
WLAN
app
li
cat
io
n.
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
t
he
introd
uction
of
the
m
et
a
m
at
er
ia
l
is
ex
pected
to
m
iniat
ur
e
th
e
wea
rab
le
ant
enn
a
.
Ba
sed
on
thr
ough
li
te
ratu
re
r
eview,
it
is
kn
own
t
hat
reacti
ve
im
ped
ance
su
bst
rate
(R
IS
)
can
m
iniat
ur
iz
e
the
siz
e
of
t
he
a
ntenn
a
[
9
]
.
Th
ere
f
or
e
,
it
is
chose
n
as
the
m
et
ho
d
to
desig
n
t
he
wear
a
ble
ante
nna.
RI
S
is
al
so
known
as
2D
m
et
a
m
ater
ia
l
w
here
it
c
an
be
co
ns
i
der
e
d
a
s
a
thi
n
la
ye
r
.
Re
ct
an
gula
r
s
hap
e
d
RIS
a
rr
a
y
is
easi
ly
dev
e
lope
d
wh
e
re
the
desi
re
d
a
nten
na
pe
rfor
m
ances
can
be
easi
ly
ach
ie
ved
.
The
des
ign
e
d
RIS
ha
ve
the
abili
ty
to
ref
le
ct
total
powe
r
li
ke
PEC
or
PM
C
su
r
faces
an
d
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
be
able
t
o
store
m
agn
et
ic
or
el
ect
ric
en
erg
y.
Mi
niaturizat
io
n i
s
achieve
d
by
com
bin
ing
th
e
reacti
ve c
ha
r
ac
te
risti
c
of
th
e
RIS
with
the
capaci
ti
ve (in
duct
ive)
beh
a
vior i
n ord
er to t
une the
re
sonance
to
a
low
e
r fre
quenc
y.
The
rest
of
the
pap
e
r
is
orga
ni
zed
as
f
ollow
s
.
T
he m
et
hod i
nvol
ved
i
n t
he
a
nten
na
desi
gn
i
s
pr
ese
nted
in
Sect
i
on
2.
Sect
ion
3
pr
e
s
ents
t
he
re
s
ults
a
nd
discussi
on.
Finall
y,
s
om
e
co
nclusion
rem
ark
s
are
gi
ven
in
Sect
ion
4.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2
.
1.
Conv
e
nt
i
onal
Micr
os
tri
p P
at
ch
Anten
na
The
The
str
uct
ur
e
of
a
c
onve
ntion
al
m
ic
ro
strip
patch
a
nten
na
is
sho
wn
in
the
Fi
gure.
1.
F
el
t
fabric
is
us
e
d
as
the
s
ub
strat
e
w
he
re
it
s
thick
ness
is
3
m
m
,
the
diele
c
tric
co
ns
ta
nt
is
1.4
a
nd
lo
ss
ta
ng
e
nt
is
0.002.
T
he
patch
a
nd
m
ic
r
os
trip
fee
dline
dim
ension
s
are
desig
ne
d
us
in
g
well
-
kn
own
procedu
re
as
s
pe
ci
fied
in
[
5]
to
ens
ure
pro
per
m
at
ching
to
a 5
0
Ω
S
MA
co
nnect
or.
Me
anwhil
e,
S
hieldit
is
act
as
cond
uctive
m
a
te
rial
(p
at
ch
,
fe
edline
and
gr
ound
plane)
are
buil
t.
The
pro
pe
rtie
s
of
S
hieli
t
it
is
a
hi
gh
-
qual
it
y
fla
m
e
-
retarda
nt
fa
br
ic
f
or
radi
o
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(RF
)
an
d
the
thic
kn
ess
is
0.1
7
m
m
.
It
is
featu
res
he
at
-
act
ivate
d
gl
ue
on
it
s
re
verse
side
w
hich
e
nab
le
s
it
to
be
i
rone
d
on
t
o
oth
e
r
sub
strat
e
s
uch
as
cotton
or
pap
e
r.
The
a
nten
na
is
desig
ne
d
t
o
oper
at
e
at
2.4
5
G
Hz
fr
e
q
ue
ncy.
3D
EM
sim
ulu
at
i
on
s
of
t
war
e
is
use
d
to
sim
ulate
the
ante
nna.
T
he
opti
m
ized
dim
ension
of
the
anten
na
is t
a
bula
te
d
in Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
Dim
e
ns
io
n of t
he A
nten
na
Para
m
eters
Felt Fabric
Rectan
g
u
lar
p
atch
(L
)
4
5
m
m
Rectan
g
u
lar
p
atch
(W)
5
5
m
m
Su
b
strate (
S
L)
1
1
0
m
m
Su
b
strate (
S
W
)
7
0
m
m
Su
b
strate thick
n
ess
3
m
m
Feed
(
B1
)
2
6
.6
m
m
Feed
(
B2
)
6
.3
m
m
Qu
arter
w
av
e (
A1
)
2
.9
m
m
Qu
arter
w
av
e (
A2
)
2
7
m
m
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
c
onve
ntio
nal m
ic
ro
strip
patch
a
nte
nn
a
2.2.
Micros
tr
ip
Pa
tch An
te
nna
w
ith
RIS
To
re
du
ce
the
siz
e
of
t
he
a
nt
enn
a
,
a
reacti
ve
im
ped
ance
s
ub
st
rate
is
us
e
d
[6
]
.
I
n
this
pa
per,
t
he
R
IS
la
ye
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
5x5
cr
os
s
-
s
hap
e
d
m
et
al
li
c
unit
cel
l
patch
arr
ay
pr
i
nted
per
i
od
ic
al
ly
on
a
gro
unde
d
l
ow
-
c
os
t
felt
substrat
e.
The
siz
e
of
t
he
unit
cel
l
is
gi
ve
n
as
18
m
m
x
18
m
m
.
The
ga
p
betwee
n
t
he
unit
cel
ls
is
1
mm.
The
propose
d
anten
na
str
uctu
re
is
show
n
in
Figure
2.
It
is
a
two
la
ye
re
d
diele
ct
ric
geom
et
ry
m
ade
up
of
felt
su
bst
rate
with t
he
sam
e thickne
ss
.
T
he view
of prop
os
e
d
a
n
te
nn
a
with R
IS sh
own
i
n
Fi
gu
re
3a
a
nd 3b.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
08
–
7
12
710
Figure
2. A
uni
t cel
l of
R
IS
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. (a
)
T
he pr
opos
e
d
a
nt
enn
a
wit
h
R
IS
(
b)
si
de view
of ante
nn
a
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
This
sect
io
n
pr
esents
th
e
c
omparis
on
res
ults
of
both
ante
nnas,
nam
ely
conven
ti
onal
m
ic
ro
strip
patc
h
anten
na (MPA
)
a
nd p
at
c
h
a
ntenn
a
w
it
h R
IS
(MPA R
IS).
3.1.
An
te
nn
a Mini
aturi
z
at
i
on
The
us
e
s
of
RI
S
le
ad
to
m
iniat
ur
iz
at
ion
of
th
e
MPA
.
Th
rou
gh
sim
ulati
on
,
the
siz
e
of
t
he
RIS
a
nd
t
he
patch
ante
nna
is
opti
m
iz
ed.
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
re
flect
io
n
phase
of
t
he
RIS
that
ope
r
at
es
nea
r
to
5.
6
G
Hz
fr
e
qu
e
ncy.
It
operates
a
s
react
ance
to
the
M
P
A,
t
hu
s
the
M
P
A
siz
e
is
reduc
ed
to
m
at
ch
the
tun
i
ng
RIS
rea
ct
ance
pro
per
ty
. T
he
s
iz
e com
par
iso
n o
f
MP
A
a
nd
MP
A wit
h
RI
S
is g
i
ven in T
a
ble 2.
Figure
4
sho
w
s
the
sim
ulati
o
n
for
ref
le
ct
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
f
or
both
a
nten
na
s.
It
is
obser
ved
that
the
resona
nt freq
ue
ncy dro
p
is cl
os
e to
2.45
G
H
z fr
e
quency
for
both of
the a
nt
enn
a
s. It ca
n b
e seen
t
hat the
return
loss
f
or
a
n
a
ntenn
a
with
RI
S
is
bette
r
com
par
ed
t
han
c
onve
ntion
al
a
nten
na
wh
e
re
the
ref
l
ect
ion
coe
ff
ic
i
ent
ha
s
le
ss tha
n
-
30
dB
. Apa
rt
from
that, it
ca
n
be o
bs
er
ve
d
t
hat M
PA wit
h R
IS h
as the
bette
r
op
erati
on
al
b
a
nd
width.
The
c
onve
ntio
nal
MPA
op
e
ra
te
s
from
2.
38
G
Hz
to
2.5
G
Hz
for
S
11
le
ss
tha
n
-
10
dB.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
MPA
with RI
S
has
c
ov
e
re
d
the
b
a
ndwi
dth
from
2
.
34 GHz
up to
2.66 G
Hz.
Table
2.
Size
c
om
par
ison o
f M
PA
a
nd MP
A wit
h
RI
S
Para
m
eters
MPA
MPA
with
RIS
a
Rectan
g
u
lar
Patch
(L
)
4
5
m
m
3
7
.6
m
m
Rectan
g
u
lar
p
atch
(W)
5
5
m
m
5
0
m
m
Su
b
strate L
en
g
th
(
SL)
1
1
0
m
m
8
0
m
m
Su
b
strate W
id
th
(S
W
)
7
0
m
m
6
0
m
m
Su
b
strate T
h
ick
n
ess
(
H)
3
m
m
3
m
m
Feed
lin
e (
B1
)
2
6
.6
m
m
1
2
m
m
Feed
lin
e (
B2
)
6
.3
m
m
6
m
m
Qu
arter
w
av
e (
A1
)
2
.9
m
m
2
.5
m
m
Qu
arter
w
av
e (
A2
)
2
7
m
m
2
0
m
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Wear
ab
le
ante
nna g
ain
e
nhanceme
nt
us
in
g reacti
ve im
pedan
ce
s
ub
str
ate
(
M. Ju
s
oh
)
711
Figure
4. Re
fle
ct
ion
c
oeffici
ent
Figure
5
a
nd
F
igure
6
prese
nt
the
ga
in
ac
hie
ved
by
th
e
ant
enn
a
s.
It
sho
w
s
the
gain
is
only
4.6
7
f
or
MPA a
nd the
gai
n
is i
nc
rease
d
to
6.07
2 wh
e
n
RI
S is a
ppli
ed
to
the a
nte
nna.
Figure
5. Gai
n of M
PA
Figure
6. Gai
n of M
PA wit
h
RIS
Table
3
s
ummari
zes
t
he
over
al
l
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
a
nten
na
.
It
s
hows
t
hat
the
a
nten
na
w
it
h
RI
S
al
s
o
i
m
pr
oves
t
he
overall
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
the
ante
nna
.
Nex
t
,
Fi
gure
7
de
picts
th
e
sim
ulate
d
ra
diati
on
patte
r
n
of
th
e
pro
po
se
d
a
nten
na.
B
oth ante
nnas
ha
ve direct
ive r
a
diati
o
n p
at
te
rn
bu
t t
he
a
nten
na wit
h
RI
S h
a
ve hig
he
r gain.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
08
–
7
12
712
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. Sim
ulate
d
Ra
diati
on p
at
te
r
n
f
or (
a
) or
i
gin
al
patch a
nten
na
a
nd (b
)
a
nten
na
with
RIS
Table
3.
C
om
par
iso
n of pe
rfo
rm
ance f
or
bo
t
h
a
nten
nas
An
ten
n
a
MPA
MPA
with
RIS
a
Gain
(dB
)
4
.67
6
.07
S
11
-
2
2
.65
-
3
2
.17
Efficiency
40%
59%
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
the
de
velo
pm
ent
an
d
eval
uation
of
ante
nn
a
with
RIS
a
re
i
nv
e
sti
gated
a
nd
an
a
nten
na
with
be
tt
er
pe
r
form
ance
is
propose
d
with
th
e
us
e
of
R
IS
.
As
a
c
on
cl
us
io
n,
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
anten
na
in
te
r
m
s
of
S1
1,
gai
n,
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
wh
e
n
RI
S
is
app
li
ed
.
Gai
n
enh
a
ncem
ent
of
20%
achieve
d
a
nd
operati
onal
bandw
i
dth
of a
ntenn
a
is
gr
eat
ly
im
pr
ov
e
d wit
h use
of RIS
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
w
ork
is
par
tl
y
s
u
pp
or
t
ed
by
t
he
Re
s
earch
Ma
na
ge
m
ent
an
d
Inn
ovat
ion
Ce
ntre
of
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a Perlis, un
der f
unda
m
ental
r
esearc
h gr
a
nt sc
hem
e
(
FR
GS
9001
-
00569),
Go
vernm
ent o
f
Ma
la
ysi
a.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.