Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
N
o.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
514
~
52
0
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
514
-
52
0
514
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Develop
ment of
soil m
oistu
re me
asu
re
m
ent with wirel
ess s
en
sor
web
-
ba
s
ed conce
pt
Ju
lh
am
1
, Hi
k
mah
Ad
w
in
A
da
m
2
,
Ari
f Ridho
Lubis
3
, M
uha
rm
an Lub
is
4
1
,2,3
Depa
rtment
o
f
Com
pute
r Engi
nee
ring
and
Info
rm
at
ic
s,
Polit
ekn
ik
Nege
r
i
Med
an
,
Indone
si
a
4
School
of
Indus
tri
al E
ng
ineeri
ng
,
T
el
kom
Univer
sit
y
,
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
4
, 2
018
Re
vised
N
ov
5
, 2018
Accepte
d
Nov
19
, 201
8
Mea
surem
ent
of
soil
m
oisture
comm
only
b
y
a
ppl
y
ing
the
soi
l
m
oisture
sensors
is
to
m
ea
sure
th
e
cond
it
i
on
of
the
groun
d
aro
und
which
is
rel
a
ti
v
e
l
y
not
wide.
The
r
ef
ore
if
appl
i
ed
for
the
la
rge
-
sc
ale,
rep
ea
t
ed
m
ea
surem
ent
s
are
req
uire
d
in
acco
rda
nce
wi
th
the
d
et
ermined
po
in
t.
As
a
result
it
t
ake
s
ti
m
e
to
get
th
e
whol
e
re
sults.
W
it
h
th
e
e
xiste
nc
e
of
wir
eless
sensor
te
chn
olog
y
then
thi
s
proble
m
can
be
over
come.
Thi
s
wire
le
ss
s
ensor
sy
st
em
w
il
l
cr
ea
t
e
a
net
work
consist
i
ng
of
nodes
an
d
serve
r
.
In
thi
s
stud
y
th
e
ser
v
e
r
par
t
is
a
serve
r
computer
tha
t
r
equi
res
a
w
eb
serve
r
app
lica
ti
on
together
wi
t
h
it
s
script
to
display
and
store
dat
a
,
while
t
he
node
par
t
is
the
dat
a
re
ade
r
s
y
stem.
In
the
dat
a
s
y
stem
re
ad
er
m
odule
,
the
s
ensor
devi
c
e
is
r
equi
red
as
the
in
put
that
is
SEN
0114,
the
proc
essor
is
a
m
i
cro
cont
ro
ll
er
,
while
th
e
wire
l
ess
uses
W
i
-
Fi
m
odule
that
is
ESP
8266.
W
i
-
Fi
topol
og
y
used
l
at
er
is
infr
astructure
(usin
g
ac
c
ess
point
s).
In
thi
s
rese
arc
h
,
it
begi
ns
b
y
t
esti
ng
the
sensor
and
the
n
te
sting
th
e
data
val
id
at
ion
be
twe
e
n
the
node
and
the
serve
r
.
SEN0114
sensor
has
diffe
r
ent
v
a
lue
from
th
e
A
m
eri
ca
n
St
anda
r
d
Method
(AS
M)
tha
t
is
0.
922%.
W
hile
the
d
at
a
validati
on
te
st
of
th
e
m
ea
surem
ent
r
esu
lt
is
W
i
-
Fi
ESP
8266
m
odul
e
which
h
as
a
m
axi
m
um
dista
nce
of
14
m
eter
s
towar
d
the
ac
c
e
ss
point
s.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Inp
ut
Sensor
To
po
l
og
y
W
i
reless
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ju
lham
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng and
Inf
or
m
at
ic
s,
Po
li
te
kn
i
k Nege
ri Meda
n,
Jal
an Alm
a
m
ater
No.
1,
2015
5,
Me
da
n,
N
or
t
h
S
um
at
era,
Indonesia
.
Em
a
il
:
j
ulh
am
.
197612
12@
pol
m
ed.
ac.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
So
il
is
an
idea
l
grow
i
ng
m
edium
fo
r
plants,
thu
s
they
will
flo
ur
is
h
a
nd
hav
e
go
od
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
if
planted o
n
it
. M
oistur
e
facto
r
is ve
ry i
m
po
r
ta
nt f
or the s
oil for the weat
he
rin
g
proce
ss of
m
inerals and
orga
nic
m
at
te
rs,
as
wel
l
as
a
m
ediu
m
of
nutrie
nt
for
the
roots
of
the
plant.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
if
it
is
too
hum
id
the
m
ov
em
ent
of
ai
r
withi
n
the
so
il
will
be
restrict
ed,
preve
ntin
g
the
roots
of
the
pl
ants
fr
om
getti
ng
oxyge
n
causin
g
death [1
-
3].
To
f
in
d
out t
he
in
form
ation
of th
e so
il
m
oistur
e is cond
ucted b
y direct
ly
m
eas
ur
i
ng
it
b
y a
pply
in
g
the
sens
or.
Ste
vanus
a
nd
his
colle
ag
ues
in
2013
co
nduc
te
d
a
stu
dy
ent
it
le
d
"Groun
d
-
base
d
so
il
m
oistur
e
-
base
d
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
PI
C
16F84".
T
his
stu
dy
ap
plied
a
s
oi
l
m
oistur
e
sen
so
r
c
onsist
ing
of
tw
o
sta
inles
s
ste
el
m
et
al
ro
ds
f
un
c
ti
on
in
g
as
a
c
apacit
or
with
t
he
gr
ound
as
t
he
diele
ct
ric.
W
it
h
the
help
of
t
he
sig
nal
ge
ner
at
or,
the
two
m
et
al
rods
inse
rted
i
nto
the
gro
und
will
pr
od
uce
a
change
in
t
he
capaci
ta
nce
va
lue
(im
ped
anc
e)
[
4].
This
val
ue
is
proces
sed
by
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
t
o
dis
p
la
y
on
L
CD
or
sev
en
se
gm
ents.
Si
m
il
a
rly
,
Suhe
ndri
and
his
colle
agues
co
nducte
d
a
rese
ar
ch
in
2015
ab
out
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
so
il
m
oistur
e
se
nsor
with
tw
o
m
et
a
l
bar
s
to
the
cay
en
ne
pe
pp
e
r
plant
in
order
that
the
m
oistur
e
can
be
co
ntro
ll
e
d
by
us
in
g
m
ic
ro
con
t
r
oller
AT
MEGA
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
[5
]
.
It
s
howe
d
that
the
co
nc
lud
e
d
that
the
so
il
m
oistur
e
m
easur
em
ent
resu
lt
s
sti
ll
inv
ol
ve
one
sens
or
of
s
oil
m
oistur
e
an
d
t
he
data
ca
nnot
be
sto
red.
T
hus
t
he
researc
her
s
trie
d
to
de
velo
p
t
he
e
xi
sti
ng
m
easur
em
ent by
ap
plyi
ng a
w
irel
ess senso
r
c
on
ce
pt
with
W
iFi
m
edia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
il
moist
ur
e
mea
s
ur
e
me
nt
wi
th wire
le
ss sen
s
or
we
b
-
bas
ed
c
on
ce
pt
(
Jul
ham
)
515
This
c
on
ce
pt
i
s
ex
pected
t
o
m
easur
e
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
area,
as
well
as
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
fl
uct
uations
of
changes
a
nd
st
or
e
data
in
the
com
pu
te
r
ser
ve
r.
The
refo
re,
there
are
se
ver
a
l
ob
j
ect
ive
for
this
stud
y,
w
hi
ch
to
desig
n
a
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
a
wireless
base
d
de
vice
to
m
e
asur
e
the
gro
und
m
oistur
e.
The
n,
t
o
c
om
par
e
the
m
easur
em
ent
resu
lt
s
betwee
n
sensors
a
nd
s
oil
m
oistur
e
m
easur
em
ents
re
ferrin
g
to
the
Am
erican
Stan
dard
Me
thod
(
AS
M
).
La
stl
y,
to
m
easur
e
the
m
a
xim
u
m
distance
betw
ee
n
no
de
s
(se
nsors
)
a
nd
se
rv
e
rs
w
here
data
can
sti
ll
be
read
on
the
ser
ve
r.
A
fter
com
plete
d
the
obj
ect
ives,
it
is
exp
ect
ed
to
m
easure
,
m
on
it
or
a
nd
store
so
il
m
oistur
e
data
f
or
sm
al
l
and
la
rg
e
sc
al
e
areas,
s
uc
h
a
s
plantat
io
ns
by
dep
loyi
ng
t
he
se
sens
or
m
od
ul
es
,
it
al
so
can
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
us
e
of
W
i
-
Fi
w
hich
is
only
f
or
t
he
us
e
of
c
om
pu
te
r
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
t
hen
it
can
be
us
e
d
f
or
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r
app
li
cat
io
ns
(
relat
ed
to
the
sens
or).
A
fterw
a
r
ds
,
it
c
an
pr
ov
i
de
ad
diti
on
al
le
arn
in
g
m
odul
e
for
i
nterf
a
ci
ng
c
o
urse
a
bo
ut
a
pp
li
cat
ion
of
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller.
So
il
m
oistur
e
is
a
key
sta
te
var
ia
ble
in
the
te
rr
est
rial
syst
em
as
i
t
con
trol
s
the
exch
a
nge
of
water
a
nd
e
nergy
betwee
n
the
la
nd
s
urfac
e
and
the
at
m
os
ph
er
e
[
8].
T
her
e
for
e,
ra
pid
m
easur
em
ent
te
chn
iq
ue
us
in
g
el
ect
r
o
nic
sens
ors
s
uch
as
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
ref
le
ct
om
et
ers,
capaci
ta
nce,
i
m
ped
ance
an
d
diele
ct
ric
sen
so
rs
offer
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
destr
uctive
an
d
tim
e
consum
ing
gr
avim
e
tric
sa
m
pling
[
9].
Me
anwhil
e,
s
oil
water
c
on
te
nt
(SWC)
a
ff
ec
ts
water
in
filt
rati
on,
red
ist
ri
bu
ti
on,
p
erc
olati
on,
ev
aporati
on,
an
d
plant
trans
pir
at
ion
[
18
]
.
S
oi
l
m
oistur
e
cont
ent
has
pa
ra
m
ou
nt
i
m
po
rtance
in
dicta
ti
ng
en
gin
ee
rin
g,
ag
r
onom
ic
,
geo
log
ic
al
,
ecol
ogic
al
,
bio
log
ic
a
l
and
hydrol
og
ic
al
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
the
s
oil
m
a
ss.
Th
ough
ear
li
er
researc
hers
hav
e
em
plo
ye
d
va
rio
us
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
of
m
o
ist
ure
con
te
nt
de
te
rm
inati
on
of
s
oils,
both
in
la
bora
tory
a
nd
in
sit
u
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
as
certai
ning
the
ap
plica
bili
ty
of
these
te
chn
iq
ues
t
o
so
il
s
of
entirel
y
diff
e
ren
t
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
an
d
the
‘ty
pes
of
m
oistur
e
con
te
nt’,
w
hich
the
y
can
m
easur
e, is
sti
ll
a point
of d
e
ba
te
[
19]
.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
2
.
1.
S
oil M
oi
stu
re
So
il
m
oistur
e
i
s
water
that
fill
s
par
t
or
al
l
of
the
so
il
pores
a
bove
the
water
ta
ble.
Anothe
r
def
init
io
n
say
s
that
the
s
oil
m
oistur
e
sta
te
s
the
am
ount
of
water
store
d
betwee
n
the
po
res
of
the
s
oil,
wh
ic
h
is
ve
ry
dynam
ic
.
It
is
cause
d
by
ev
aporati
on
th
roug
h
t
he
s
oil
su
r
face,
tr
ans
pi
rati
on
a
nd
percolat
ion
.
S
oil
wate
r
con
te
nt
is
sta
t
ed
in
per
ce
nt
vo
l
um
e
i.e.
per
centa
ge
of
w
at
er
vo
l
um
e
to
so
il
vo
lum
e.
This
m
e
tho
d
i
s
ver
y
ben
e
fici
al
becau
se
it
can
figur
e
ou
t
avail
abili
ty
of
water
for
the
crop
at
a
giv
en
vo
l
um
e
of
so
il
.
The
m
et
h
od
of
determ
ining
th
e
m
oistur
e
c
onte
nt
ca
n
be
done
by
us
i
ng
a
nu
m
ber
of
wet
so
il
s
dr
i
ed
in
t
he
ove
n
at
a
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
1000C
-
11
00
C
fo
r
a
ce
rtai
n
tim
e.
The
disapp
ea
re
d
water
du
e
t
o
dry
ing
proces
s
is
the
am
ou
nt
of
water
co
ntained
i
n
the
so
il
.
The
irri
gation
water
enteri
ng
the
groun
d
ini
ti
al
l
y
rep
la
ces
the
ai
r
in
the
m
acr
o
pore
a
nd
th
en
t
he
m
ic
ro
pores
.
The
am
ount
of
water
m
ov
in
g
throu
gh
t
he
s
oi
l
is
relat
ed
to
the
siz
e
of
the por
es
in
the
s
oil.
Th
e
nex
t
a
ddit
iona
l
water
will
m
ov
e
down
th
ro
ugh
t
he
pr
oc
ess
of
sat
urat
ing
water
m
ov
e
m
ents.
Water
m
ov
em
ent
not
only
ha
pp
e
ns
ver
ti
cal
ly
bu
t
al
so
hori
zon
ta
ll
y.
The
f
or
ce
of
gravit
y
has
no
e
ff
ect
on
t
he
horizo
ntal
m
ov
em
ent.
The
uncertai
nty
re
ga
rd
i
ng
t
he
in
flu
ence
of
s
oil
m
oistur
e
va
riabi
li
ty
on
atm
os
phe
ric
par
am
et
ers
on
sm
a
ll
er
scal
es
con
ce
r
ns
(a)
operati
onal
fore
cast
m
od
el
s,
w
her
e
s
oil
m
oist
ur
e
is
of
te
n
tre
at
ed
a
s
a
nu
m
erical
par
am
et
er
to
const
rain
m
od
el
le
d
2
m
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hum
i
dity
fiel
ds
to
obser
vatio
ns
,
a
nd
(
b)
fiel
d
obse
rv
at
i
on
s
,
wh
e
re
the
un
ce
rt
ai
nty
of
tem
po
ral
a
nd
s
patia
l
so
il
m
oi
sture
var
ia
bili
ty
and
it
s
in
flue
nce
on
atm
os
ph
e
ric
va
riables
is
hi
gh,
as
s
oil
m
ois
ture
is
no
t
dire
ct
ly
op
erati
ona
ll
y
m
easur
ed
on
a
la
r
ger
gr
i
d
[11].
To
ide
ntify t
he
so
il
m
oistur
e conditi
on
can
be
m
easur
ed b
y app
ly
ing
ei
t
he
r
so
il
m
oistur
e
m
et
er i.e.
So
i
l Test
er
or
m
anu
al
cal
c
ulati
on
t
o
know
s
oil
m
oistur
e
ref
e
rr
i
ng
to
Am
erican
Stan
dard
Me
th
od
(
AS
M)
.
S
uppos
e
MA
=
m
ass
of
wate
r,
MTB
=
m
ass
of
wet
so
il
,
M
TK
=
m
ass
of
dr
y
gr
ound,
a
nd
KT
=
s
oil
m
oistur
e
,
the
e
quat
ions
wh
ic
h
c
a
n be
use
d
t
o
fi
nd s
oil t
he
m
oistur
e a
re showe
d by (
1) an
d (2)
[4
]
.
MA = MTB
-
M
TK
(1)
KT
=
MA / M
TK x
100%
(2)
2
.
2
.
Se
nsor S
EN0114
Moist
ur
e
Se
nsor
S
EN
0114
is
a
sp
eci
al
m
oistur
e
se
ns
or
s
pe
ci
fical
ly
us
ed
f
or
gro
und
with
the
help
of
so
ft
war
e
ha
ving
th
ree
outp
uts
i.e.
Gro
und
(
G
ND),
Powe
r
(
V)
an
d
(Vs).
T
his
se
nsor
w
orks
with
t
he
am
ount
of
water
co
ntent
in
the
so
il
.
A
pp
ly
ing
two
c
onduct
ors
is
aim
ed
to
pass
the
cu
r
ren
t
thr
ough
th
e
groun
d,
so
th
at
it
is
ver
y
sensiti
ve
to
the
el
ect
rical
char
ge
.
Th
e
op
e
rati
on
al
volt
age
of
the
Moist
ur
e
Se
nsor
is
betw
een
3.3
V
olts
to
5
Vo
lt
s
DC
,
w
her
eas
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
ranges
from
0
~
4.2
V
olts
and
t
he
re
su
lt
in
g
c
urre
nt
is
35
m
A.
The
siz
e
of
th
e
SEN011
4
Moist
ur
e
Senso
r
is
60
×
20
×
5
m
m
.
The
value
determ
inati
on
of
this
se
ns
or
m
easur
em
ent
is
(
value
ra
ng
e
)
0
~
300
f
or
dr
y
s
oil,
300
~
700
f
or
m
oi
st
so
il
,
a
nd
700
~
950
in
wa
te
r
[
5].
Howe
ver,
this
sens
or
has
li
m
it
at
ion
,
w
hich
are
lo
w
te
ch
,
ha
s
ex
posed
el
e
ct
ronics
an
d
does
no
t
a
ppear
to
be
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S
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
514
–
52
0
516
water
proof.
T
hi
s
sens
or
m
easur
es
el
ect
rical
cond
uctivit
y
as
a
pro
xy
f
or
vo
l
um
et
ric
water
co
ntent
(
V
WC).
Wh
ic
h
m
akes th
e se
nsors
ex
t
r
e
m
el
y sensit
ive to s
al
ts i
n t
he
substrate
or s
oi
l
[10,
12]
.
2
.
3
.
S
oil M
oi
stu
re
Me
ter
It
is
a
ver
y
sim
ple
so
il
m
oistur
e
ci
rcu
it
,
us
in
g
tw
o
el
ect
rod
es
that
act
as
sens
or
s.
So
il
as
a
syst
e
m
can
be
m
od
el
ed
by
the
pr
operti
es
of
diele
ct
ric,
se
m
i
-
isolat
or
and
porosit
y.
W
he
n
betwe
en
the
cond
uc
tors
is
inserted
the
di
el
ect
ric
m
at
erial
will
occu
r
dip
ole
in
th
e
m
at
erial
,
w
her
e
the
c
harge
distrib
utio
n
will
accum
ulate
at
t
he
diele
ct
ric
end
s
,
w
hile
the
m
at
erial
wil
l
no
t
happe
n
the
f
low
of
el
ect
ric
current
(i
=
0)
[5
-
6].
Re
sist
ivit
y
m
e
asur
em
ents
at
ade
qu
at
e
de
pt
hs
s
ho
uld
be
m
ade
if
an
a
ccur
at
e
cal
c
ulati
on
of
t
he
i
nduce
d
par
am
et
ers
on
the
pi
peline
is
need
e
d
[13
]
.
The
gr
eat
er
the
volum
e
com
par
ed
with
the
volum
e
of
t
he
el
ect
ro
de
,
the
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
is
the
el
ect
rod
e
[16].
Sele
ct
ion
of
se
ns
or
f
or
a
pa
rtic
ular
ap
plica
ti
on
or
on
the
basis
of
ty
pe
of
so
il
can
bec
om
e
a
ti
reso
m
e
exer
ci
se
as
the
re
are
wide
le
ve
l
of
so
il
m
oist
ur
e
se
ns
ors
av
ai
la
ble
in
the
m
ark
et
.
The
a
dv
a
ntag
es
an
d
disa
dvantages
of
sen
so
rs
m
us
t
be
consi
der
e
d
as
crit
eria
for
sel
ect
io
n
because
the
w
orkin
g
pr
i
ncipl
e
be
hind
eac
h
ty
pe
of
se
ns
or
var
ie
s
with
it
s
ap
plica
ti
on
a
nd
ty
pe
of
so
il
[17].
Sensor
SE
N01
14 as s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
1.
It
is
a
ve
ry
sim
ple
so
il
m
oistur
e
ci
rc
uit,
ap
plyi
ng
tw
o
el
ect
r
od
e
s
f
un
ct
i
on
i
ng
a
s
the
se
nso
rs.
S
oil
as
a
syst
e
m
can
be
m
od
el
ed
by
the
prop
e
rtie
s
of
diele
ct
ric,
se
m
i
-
isolat
or
and
por
os
it
y.
Wh
e
n
the
diele
ct
ric
m
at
erial
is
inserted
bet
ween
the
cond
ucto
rs
,
dip
ole
will
occu
r
in
the
m
a
te
rial
,
wh
ere
t
he
charge
distr
ibu
ti
on
will
accum
ulate
on
t
he
diele
ct
ric
po
i
nt,
w
hile
the
flo
w
of
el
ect
ric
cu
r
ren
t
will
not
occur
on
the
m
at
erial
(i =
0)
[
7].
De
vi
ce of m
easur
ing soil m
oisture
as s
how
n
in
Figure
2.
Figure
1. Se
nsor
SE
N01
14
Figure
2.
De
vi
ce o
f
m
easur
in
g
s
oil m
oistur
e
2
.
4
.
ESP
8266
Wi
-
Fi
Modul
e
ESP82
66
is
a
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule
functi
onin
g
as
a
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
enh
a
ncem
e
nt
li
ke
Ar
duin
o
to
connect
directl
y
to
Wi
-
Fi
an
d
c
reate
TCP
/
I
P
c
onne
ct
ion
s.
T
his
m
od
ule
re
qu
i
r
es
ab
out
3.3
v
powe
r
by
ha
vi
n
g
th
ree
Wi
-
Fi
m
od
es
nam
el
y
Station
,
Access
P
oin
t
a
nd
B
oth
(bot
h
of
t
hem
)
[1
]
.
T
his
m
od
ule
is
a
lso
com
plete
d
with
a
process
or,
m
e
m
or
y
and
GP
I
O
wh
e
re
the
num
ber
of
pins
de
pe
nds
on
t
he
ty
pe
of
ES
P82
66
us
ed
.
Con
se
quently
t
his
m
od
ule
ca
n
sta
nd
al
one
without
us
i
ng
any
m
ic
ro
con
t
r
oller
because
i
t
has
s
uc
h
e
qu
i
pm
ent
as m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r.
Wi
-
Fi Mo
du
le
a
s s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
3.
Figure
3. ESP
8266
Wi
-
Fi Mo
du
le
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Ind
on
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a
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J
E
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
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02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
il
moist
ur
e
mea
s
ur
e
me
nt
wi
th wire
le
ss sen
s
or
we
b
-
bas
ed
c
on
ce
pt
(
Jul
ham
)
517
2
.
5
.
We
b S
er
ver
Ser
ver
or
We
b
ser
ve
r
is
a
so
ft
war
e
t
hat
pro
vid
es
data
-
base
d
ser
vices
and
f
un
ct
io
ns
to
receiv
e
requests
from
HTTP
or
HTT
PS
on
kn
own
cl
ie
nts
an
d
is
us
ua
ll
y
known
as
web
bro
ws
er
(M
ozill
a
Fir
efox
,
Goo
gle
Ch
ro
m
e)
a
nd
to
sen
d
back
the
res
ults
in
t
he
form
of
m
ult
iple
web
pa
ges
a
nd
will
generall
y
be
in
t
he
form
of
an
HT
ML
do
c
um
ent.
The
m
ai
n
fu
nc
ti
on
of
the
Se
rv
e
r
or
Web
se
rv
e
r
is
to
per
f
orm
or
to
trans
f
er
the
us
er
’s
r
eq
uest
file
s
thr
ough
a
pr
e
-
de
fine
d
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
protoc
ol.
T
he
r
equ
e
ste
d
web
pag
e
c
onsist
s
of
te
xt
file
s,
vi
deos,
i
m
ages,
file
s
a
nd
m
or
e.
T
he
ut
il
iz
at
ion
of
we
b
se
rv
e
r
is
to
trans
fer
al
l
aspe
ct
s
of
fili
ng
in
a
we
b
pag
e
inclu
ding
tho
se
in
t
he
f
or
m
of
te
xt,
vid
eo
,
im
ages
an
d
m
or
e.
On
e
e
xam
ple
of
a
W
eb
Se
rv
e
r
is
A
pach
e
.
Ap
ac
he
(
A
pac
he
W
e
b
Se
rv
e
r
-
The
HTTP
Web
Ser
ver)
is
the
m
os
t
widely
us
ed
on
the
In
te
r
net.
T
he
pro
gr
am
was
fi
rst
desi
gn
e
d
for
U
NIX
en
vir
onm
ent
op
e
rati
ng
sy
stem
s.
Ap
ac
he
has
a
lot
of
su
pp
or
t
pro
gram
s.
This
pro
vid
es
a fairly
co
m
plete
ser
vice
f
or
it
s u
se
rs. S
om
e
Ap
ac
he su
ppor
ts:
a)
Access C
ontrol
This
co
ntr
ol
ca
n
be
r
un
by
th
e
host
nam
e
or
IP
CG
I
nu
m
ber
(C
omm
on
Gateway
In
te
rf
a
ce)
T
he
m
os
t
fa
m
ous
is per
l
(Pract
ic
al
Ex
tract
io
n
a
nd Rep
or
t
Lan
gu
a
ge
),
s
uppo
r
te
d
by
A
pach
e
by p
la
ci
ng it
as
m
od
ul (
m
od_perl)
.
b)
PH
P
(
Pe
rs
on
al
Ho
m
e Pag
e /
P
HP
Hype
rtext
Pr
oc
esso
r)
A
pr
ogram
s
with
a
ki
nd
of
C
GI
m
et
ho
d,
w
hi
ch
proces
ses
t
he
te
xt
a
nd
w
orks
on
the
se
r
ve
r.
Ap
ac
he
s
up
ports
PH
P
by
placi
ng
it
as
on
e
of
i
ts
m
od
ules
(m
od_php
).
T
his
m
akes
PH
P
pe
rfor
m
ance
eve
n
bette
r
c
om
par
e
the
oth
e
r
sc
ript lan
gu
a
nges.
c)
SSI
(S
e
rv
e
r Si
de Incl
u
des
)
The A
pach
e
web se
rv
e
r has a
dv
a
ntage
s
ov
e
r
the
fo
ll
owin
g consi
der
at
io
ns
:
1)
Ap
ac
he
is
incl
ud
e
d
i
n
the
cat
egory
of
fr
ee
w
are.
2)
Ap
ac
he
is
easy
to
in
sta
ll
.
3)
Ap
ac
he
is
ab
le
to ope
rate o
n v
ario
us
op
e
rati
ng syst
em
p
la
tfo
rm
s.
4)
Easy
to
c
onfig
ur
e
.
5)
Ap
ac
he has
on
ly
f
our
c
onfi
gurati
on f
il
es.
6)
Easy
to
a
dd o
t
her pe
rip
her
al
s
to
the
w
e
b ser
ver plat
f
or
m
3.
RE
SEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
The
se
nsor
sy
stem
m
ade
in
this
resea
rch
i
s
sti
ll
in
the
f
or
m
of
prototype
be
cause
it
has
no
t
bee
n
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
protect
ive
c
onta
iner
,
as
sho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
6,
wh
ic
h
le
ft
side
co
ns
ist
s
of
disp
la
y
m
od
ule
ie
LCD
and
9
V
DC
batt
ery,
w
hile
the
righ
t
side
co
ns
i
sts
of
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
m
od
ule, W
iFi
m
od
ule
and
m
oistur
e
sensor
m
od
ule
(m
oist
ur
e
se
ns
or)
.
Syst
e
m
blo
ck
dia
gr
am
as
sh
own
in
Figu
re
4
an
d
syst
e
m
blo
ck
diagr
am
as
sh
own
in Figu
re
5.
S
e
n
s
o
r
S
o
i
l
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
S
E
N
0
1
1
4
M
i
k
r
o
k
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
r
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
L
C
D
E
S
P
8
2
6
6
A
k
s
e
s
P
o
i
n
W
i
-
F
i
E
t
h
e
r
n
e
t
W
e
b
s
e
r
v
e
r
d
i
k
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
Figure
4. Syst
em
b
lock
dia
gr
a
m
Figure
5. Fro
nt and
back side
view
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IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
514
–
52
0
518
Figure
6. Me
as
ur
em
ent r
es
ults f
or
wet s
oil m
ass 47
5 gr
am
s (
le
ft)
a
nd
425 gr
am
s (
rig
ht)
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON A
ND R
ES
UL
TS
4
.
1.
Se
nsor T
esting
Be
fore the
test
is m
ade,
the d
e
te
rm
inati
on
of
so
il
m
oistur
e c
onditi
on cate
gory
is c
reated
a
s foll
ow
s:
a)
The
cat
eg
or
y
c
onditi
on
of
the
so
il
m
oistur
e
is
dr
y
if
the
val
ue
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
sensor
in
per
ce
nt
is
0%
-
50%
or
i
n
the
for
m
o
f value
is
515.5
–
10
23.
b)
The
cat
eg
or
y
conditi
on
of
the
so
il
m
oistur
e
is
m
oist
if
the
value
ge
ne
rated
by
the
sens
or
in
per
ce
nt
is
51%
-
10
0% or i
n
the
for
m
o
f
a v
al
ue
is
0
-
501.2
7.
The
ste
ps
ta
ke
n
a
re as f
ollows:
1)
Firstl
y, the sa
nd text
ur
e
d
s
oil
is place
d o
n pa
per an
d
t
hen h
e
at
ed
by
us
i
ng
with a
gri
ll
f
r
om
g
as.
2)
Nex
t i
t i
s
ba
ke
d un
ti
l t
he wat
er is lo
st, as
sho
we
d
t
hat the
paper
as the
con
ta
iner
is
no
t
w
e
t anym
or
e.
3)
Af
te
r
t
hat
pr
e
pa
rin
g
a
co
ntain
er
to
place
it
i.e.
a
plasti
c
cup.
The
c
up
is
s
houl
d
be
em
pty
and
be
place
d
on the t
op of t
he
d
igit
al
scale
t
o ob
ta
in
the
ini
ti
al
co
nd
it
io
ns
of w
ei
gh
i
ng.
4)
The
n
fill
the
cu
p wit
h 350 g
ra
m
so
il
.
Table
1
it
ca
n
be
seen
that
the
a
ver
a
ge
di
ff
e
ren
ce
of
m
easur
em
ent
re
su
lt
of
t
oo
l
m
ade
t
ow
a
rds
Am
erican
Stan
dard
Me
th
od
i
s
1.0
3%.
S
o
th
at
it
can
be
int
erprete
d
t
hat
S
oil
Moist
ure
s
ens
or
s
SN0
114
c
a
n
m
easur
e
the
soi
l
m
oistur
e
wit
h
a
rela
ti
vely
good
m
easur
em
ent
res
ults.
T
he
ne
xt
te
st
is
pe
rfor
m
ed
bet
w
een
the
sens
or
s
with
m
oistur
e
m
et
e
r.
S
om
e
photo
s
of
t
he
obta
ined
m
easurem
ents
are
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6.
Fr
om
Table
2
it
can
be
see
n
that
the
ave
ra
ge
differe
nce
of
the
m
easur
em
ent
res
ult
of
th
e
t
oo
l
m
ade
to
the
m
anu
fact
ur
e
r
m
oistur
e
m
e
ter
is
1.
86%.
Fir
st
fo
rm
of
validat
ion
te
st
as
sh
ow
n
in
Tabl
e
3.
Seco
nd
form
of
validat
io
n
te
st
as sho
wn in T
a
ble 4.
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n ASM a
nd
Se
nsor
Mass o
f
dry
so
il
(gr)
Mass o
f
wet
so
il (
g
r)
So
il
m
o
istu
re
(%)
Dif
f
erent
m
e
asu
re
m
en
t
ASM
Sen
so
r
350
375
7
,14
8
0
,86
350
400
1
4
,29
13
1
,29
350
425
2
1
,42
22
0
,58
350
450
2
8
,57
28
0
,57
350
475
3
5
,71
34
1
,71
350
500
4
2
,86
43
0
,14
350
525
50
51
1
350
550
5
7
,14
58
0
,86
350
575
6
4
,29
65
0
,71
350
600
7
1
,43
72
0
,57
350
625
7
8
,57
77
1
.,
5
7
350
650
8
5
,71
85
0
,71
350
675
9
2
,86
91
1
,86
350
700
100
98
2
Av
erage of
dif
f
erence
1
,03
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
so
il
moist
ur
e
mea
s
ur
e
me
nt
wi
th wire
le
ss sen
s
or
we
b
-
bas
ed
c
on
ce
pt
(
Jul
ham
)
519
Table
2.
C
om
par
iso
n of
Moist
ur
e
Met
er
with
Senso
r
Mass o
f
dry
so
il
(gr)
Mass o
f
wet
so
il (
g
r)
So
il
m
o
istu
re
(%)
Dif
f
erent
m
e
asu
re
m
en
t
Mois
tu
re
m
e
ter
Sen
so
r
350
375
6
8
2
350
400
15
13
2
350
425
20
22
2
350
450
24
28
4
350
475
30
34
4
350
500
40
43
3
350
525
50
51
1
350
550
59
58
1
350
575
66
65
1
350
600
70
72
2
350
625
78
77
1
350
650
85
85
0
350
675
90
91
1
350
700
100
98
2
Av
erang
e Dif
f
erences
1
,86
Table
3.
First f
or
m
o
f
Vali
dat
ion
Test
No
.
Distan
ce
(
m
et
er)
Statu
s
Ti
m
e
to Receiv
e
D
ata
(secon
d
)
1
1
Co
n
n
ected
3
,59
2
2
Co
n
n
ected
3
,61
3
4
Co
n
n
ected
3
,70
4
6
Co
n
n
ected
3
,83
5
8
Co
n
n
ected
4
,10
6
10
Co
n
n
ected
4
,35
7
12
Co
n
n
ected
4
,78
8
14
Co
n
n
ected
5
,51
9
16
Co
n
n
ected
No
t r
esp
o
n
d
10
18
Co
n
n
ected
No
t r
esp
o
n
d
Table
4.
Seco
nd
form
o
f
Vali
dation
Test
No
.
Distan
ce
(
m
et
er)
Statu
s
Ti
m
e
to Receiv
e
D
ata
(secon
d
)
1
1
Co
n
n
ected
3
,51
2
2
Co
n
n
ected
3
,60
3
4
Co
n
n
ected
3
,73
4
6
Co
n
n
ected
3
,90
5
8
Co
n
n
ected
4
,13
6
10
Co
n
n
ected
4
,34
7
12
Co
n
n
ected
4
,70
8
14
Co
n
n
ected
4
,84
9
16
Co
n
n
ected
5
,12
10
18
Co
n
n
ected
5
,52
11
20
Co
n
n
ected
5
,92
12
22
Co
n
n
ected
6
,13
13
24
Co
n
n
ected
6
,83
14
26
Co
n
n
ected
7
,50
15
28
Co
n
n
ected
No
t r
esp
o
n
d
16
30
Co
n
n
ected
No
t r
esp
o
n
d
4
.
2
.
Te
s
ting
of Subm
it
Dat
a
Ever
y
ti
m
e
there
is
a
c
hange
i
n
distance,
t
he
sens
or
syst
em
i
s
tur
ne
d
off
fir
st
and
after
tha
t
the
sens
or
syst
e
m
is
m
ov
ed
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
desire
d
di
sta
nce.
T
hen
r
evive
t
he
se
nsor
syst
em
.
Af
t
er
that
ob
se
r
va
ti
on
on
the
serv
e
r
is
done
.
I
n
this
te
st
is
the
va
li
dation
of
data
sent
by
the
sens
or
syst
em
and
data
receive
d
by
the
serv
e
r. This
test
is don
e
in
t
w
o form
s,
i.e.
a)
Vali
dation
by
m
ov
ing
th
e
sens
or
syst
em
(consist
in
g
of
A
rdui
no,
se
ns
or
m
oistur
e,
ESP
8266)
wi
th
var
yi
ng
distan
ce
to
acce
ss
point
and
ser
ver
dev
ic
es
,
as
sh
own
in
Fig
ure
6.
If
any
distanc
e
changes
the
n
the
se
ns
or
sys
tem
is
turn
e
d
off
first
a
nd
then
t
ran
s
fer
the
se
nsor
syst
e
m
accor
ding
to
the
desire
d
distance.
Then
tur
n on the se
nsor
syst
em
. Th
en obse
r
ve
it
on th
e
serve
r.
b)
Vali
dation
by
m
ov
ing
the
se
rv
e
r
with
var
y
ing
dista
nce
to
the
acce
ss
point
dev
ic
e
an
d
sensor
syst
em
,
If
any
distanc
e
changes,
the
sensor
syst
em
is
turn
e
d
off
first
an
d
th
en
trans
fer
th
e
sensor
syst
em
accor
ding t
o
th
e d
esi
re
d dist
a
nce. The
n
t
urn on t
he se
nso
r
s
yst
e
m
. Th
en o
bs
er
ve
it
on
the
server
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
514
–
52
0
520
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
m
easur
em
ent
of
data
va
li
dation
te
st
w
ere
var
ie
d
f
r
om
the
ef
fect
of
a
ba
rr
ie
r
bet
ween
se
nso
r
syst
e
m
s,
acce
ss points a
nd se
rv
e
rs.
1)
Sensor
of
s
oil
m
oistur
e
ty
pe
SEN011
4
ha
vi
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
va
lue
from
A
m
erican
Stan
dard
Me
thod
(
AS
M
)
sta
nd
a
rd is
1.0
3%.
2)
So
il
m
oistur
e
sens
or
ty
pe
S
EN
0114
hav
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
val
ue
with
m
easur
em
ent
dev
ic
e
m
oistur
e
m
eter
is 1.8
6%.
3)
The
ESP
8266
dev
ic
e
is
a
wireless
net
w
ork
de
vice
tha
t
can
be
app
li
ed
by
Ard
uino
to
transm
it
so
il
m
oistur
e d
at
a.
4)
Data
validat
io
n
Te
st
on
t
he
s
econd
pa
rt
sti
ll
pro
vid
e
a
res
ponse
at
a
dista
nce
of
16
m
et
e
rs
wh
il
e
i
n
t
he
first
par
t
do
e
s
no
t
res
pond.
5)
The
pro
gram
a
pp
li
ed
for
A
rduin
o
is
AV
R
Ba
sic
Co
m
piler
software
,
w
hi
le
on
the
ser
ve
r
side
ap
plied
PH
P
softwa
re, M
ySQL as its
database
.
RE
FERE
NCE
S
[
1
]
Fadlur
R,
Muham
m
ad
I.
“
Imp
le
mentasi
IOT
dalam
rancang
bangun
sistem
monitoring
panel
sur
ya
berbasis
Arduino
”
.
Pros
i
ding
SN
ATIF Ke
-
3,
2016
.
[
2
]
Pus
par
ini
A,
Kurniawa
n
MA
.
“
Anal
isa
Pe
nang
anan
Pe
nurunan
Tanah
di
Tanah
Mas
Semarang
Utara”
.
Bac
helo
r
The
s
is.
Faku
lt
as
Te
knik
Undip.
2
008.
[
3
]
Mus
ta
fa
M.
“
Das
ar
-
dasar
Ilmu
T
anah
”
.
Fakultas
Perta
ni
an
Univ
er
sita
s Hasanudi
n
Maka
sar, 2012.
[
4
]
Steva
nus,
Set
ia
d
ikurni
a
D.
“
Ala
t
Pengukur
Kelem
baba
n
Ta
n
ah
Berba
sis
Mikrok
ontrol
er
PIC
16
F84
”.
Indone
sia
n
Journal
of
Appli
ed
Ph
ysi
cs
,
3(1), pp. 1
-
11,
2013.
[
5
]
Suhendri,
Beni
I
,
Te
d
y
R.
“
Sis
te
m
pengont
rola
n
kel
embaba
n
t
an
ah
pada
m
edi
a
t
ana
m
ca
bai
r
awi
t
m
engguna
kan
m
ikrokont
role
r
ATMEGA
16
denga
n
m
et
ode
PD
(Proportiona
l
&
Deri
vat
iv
e)”.
Jurnal
Coding
Siste
m
Komputer
Untan
vol. 3
no
.
3,
2015
.
[
6
]
Sugi
y
ono.
“
Me
t
ode
pen
el
i
ti
an
k
uanti
tatif, k
ua
li
t
ati
f
dan
R
&
D
”.
Pener
bit Alfa
b
eta
Bandung
,
2017
.
[
7
]
Yuliz
a
,
Pangar
i
buan
H.
“
Rancang
bangun
ko
m
por
li
strik
dig
it
al
IO
T”
.
Jurn
al
Teknol
ogi
Elek
tro
Univ
ersitas
Me
rcubuana
vol
.
7
no.
3,
Septe
m
ber
,
2016
.
[
8
]
Vere
ec
k
en
H
,
Huism
an
JA
,
Pache
psk
y
Y,
Montzka
C,
van
der
Kruk
J,
Bogena
H,
W
ei
her
m
ull
er
L,
Herbst
M,
Marti
ne
z
G,
Va
nder
borght
J.
“
On
the
pat
io
-
tem
pora
l
d
y
n
amic
s
of
soil
m
oistu
re
at
th
e
fi
el
d
s
ca
l
e”.
Journal
o
f
Hydrology
516
(
2014),
pp
.
76
-
96
.
[
9
]
Merli
n
O,
W
al
k
er
JO
,
Pan
ci
er
a
R,
Young
R,
Kalma
JD
,
Kim
EJ.
“
Soil
moisture
measur
eme
nt
in
het
eroge
nou
s
te
rr
ain
”. MOD
S
IM 2007,
pp
.
26
04
-
2610.
[
1
0
]
Ferra
rezi
RS
,
D
ove
SK
,
van
I
er
sel
MW
.
“
An
A
utomate
d
S
y
s
tem
for
Monitori
n
g
Soil
Moisture
and
Contro
ll
in
g
Irri
gation
Us
ing Low
-
cost
Open
-
sour
ce
Micro
con
trol
lers
”.
Hor
tTec
hnology
25(1) 2015,
pp
.
110
-
1
18.
[
1
1
]
Hauc
k
C,
Bart
hl
ott
C,
Krauss
L,
Kalt
hoff
N.
“
Soil
m
oisture
var
ia
b
il
ity
and
i
ts
infl
u
enc
e
on
conv
ec
t
i
ve
pre
ci
p
it
a
ti
on
over
complex
t
er
rai
n”
.
Quat
erly Jour
nal
of the
Ro
yal
M
et
eorolog
i
cal
So
ci
e
ty
,
137
(2011),
pp
.
42
-
5
6.
[
1
2
]
Singh
R,
Singh
SP
.
“De
vel
opm
ent
of
a
low
cost
wire
le
ss
te
m
per
a
ture
m
onit
oring
s
y
stem
of
industri
al
and
rese
arch
appl
i
ca
t
ion”.
Int
.
J. Curr. Eng.
Te
chnoogy
5
(2015
),
pp
.
355
–
361
.
[
1
3
]
El
Ga
y
ar
AI
,
Abdul
-
Male
k
Z,
Im
ran
M,
W
ooi
CL
,
El
sham
i
IF.
“
C
onduct
iv
e
and
in
duct
iv
e
coupling
bet
wee
n
f
aul
t
ed
power
li
nes
and
burie
d
pipe
li
n
e
b
y
conside
ring
the
eff
ect
of
soil
struct
ur
e”
.
I
ndonesian
Journal
o
f
El
ectric
a
l
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
Sc
ie
n
ce
(
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