Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
21
,
pp.
1501
~
1509
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1501
-
1509
1501
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Analyzin
g t
h
e BER and
op
tica
l
fiber len
gth perform
ances in
OFDM
RoF lin
ks
Ma
rw
ah
M. K
areem
1
, Sa
me
er A. S.
La
fta
2
,
H
ad
i F
akhi
r
Ha
shim
3
, Rae
d Khali
d
Al
-
A
zz
awi
4
,
Ad
n
an Hus
sei
n A
li
5
1
Com
pute
r
Tech
nique
s E
ng
ine
e
ri
ng,
Al
-
Esr
aa
Co
l
le
ge
Univer
sit
y
,
Baghda
d,
Ira
q
2,3
Middle
Te
chn
i
ca
l
Univer
sit
y
,
T
ec
hni
ca
l
Instruc
t
ors T
rai
n
ing
Inst
it
ute,
B
aghda
d
,
I
raq
4
Al
-
Fara
hidi Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Depa
r
tment
of
Medi
ca
l
i
nstrum
ent
s e
ngi
nee
ring
techniqu
es,
Baghd
ad,
Ira
q
5
Middle
Te
chn
ical
Univ
ersity
,
In
stit
ute of Te
chno
log
y
-
B
aghda
d
,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
il
27, 2
021
Re
vised
Ju
l
15
,
2021
Accepte
d
Aug
4
,
2021
R
a
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1
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.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
16Q
AM
BER
Con
ste
ll
at
ion d
ia
gr
am
Exter
nal MZM
m
od
ulator
OF
DM
-
RoF
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
rw
a Ma
hdi
Kar
eem
Com
pu
te
r
Tec
hn
i
qu
e
s E
ng
i
ne
erin
g
Dep
a
rtm
ent
El
-
Esraa
Unive
rsity
C
ollege,
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q
Em
a
il
:
m
arw
a.
m
ahd
i@es
raa.
edu.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
vie
w
of h
ig
h
data rate
re
quirem
ents an
d
la
rg
e n
et
w
ork c
apacit
y ca
n
be
seen a
chall
eng
i
ng
r
ece
ntly
in
m
od
er
n
wir
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
due
to
high
request
of
netw
ork
acce
ss
an
d
sup
port
of
us
ers
m
ob
il
e
[1
]
.
The
voic
e
an
d
vid
eo
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
of
inc
reas
ing
data
rates
hav
e
c
onside
re
d
a
m
ai
n
pu
r
pose
f
or
dev
el
opm
en
t
the
net
work
da
ta
transm
issi
on
[
2].
T
hus,
se
ver
al
s
olu
ti
ons
la
te
ly
hav
e
be
en
pr
oj
ect
e
d
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
net
works
capaci
ty
, b
ut the ach
ie
vem
en
t of
h
ig
h
-
sp
ee
d data rate
as w
el
l as br
oadba
nd f
aci
li
ti
es can
be
rea
li
zed thr
ough a
m
ul
ti
carrier
m
odulati
on [3].
In
wi
reless
ne
tworks
a
nd
s
pe
ci
fical
ly
ce
ll
ular
netw
orks,
there
is
a
gen
e
ral
connecti
on
delay
that
est
ablished
be
tween
ba
se
sta
ti
on
an
d
a
cor
e
ne
tw
ork
r
epr
ese
nted
by
up
li
nk
or
down
li
nk
m
edium
and
consi
ders
as
a
backb
on
e
co
nn
ect
ion
for
wire
le
ss
netw
orks
.
Thi
s
c
onnecti
on
is
respo
ns
ibl
e
of
da
ta
sche
duli
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
01
-
15
09
1502
and
routin
g
a
m
on
g
the
net
work
node
s;
thu
s
,
this
m
edium
l
ink
will
pro
fici
ently
incr
ease
the
data
rates
in
netw
orks,
al
so
increase
t
he
E
2E
delay
s
w
he
n
acc
ur
at
el
y
or
gan
iz
e
d.
The
li
gh
t
li
nks
of
opti
cal
fiber
pr
es
e
nts
a
gr
eat
an
d
ef
fe
ct
ive
netw
ork
li
nk
s
that
m
ay
be
util
iz
ed
betwee
n
va
riou
s
netw
ork
basics
f
or
high
sp
ee
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
by the
li
gh
t
sp
ee
d.
Pr
act
ic
al
ly
,
the
m
i
ll
i
m
et
er
wav
es
us
e
d
by
ra
dio
over
fi
ber
(RoF)
a
re
pro
posin
g
t
o
s
olv
e
the
s
pectral
congesti
ons
a
nd
l
ocal
area
top
ic
s
w
he
n
their
com
pone
nts
are
ec
onom
ic
al
and
a
powe
r
co
nsum
ption
is
reduce
d
[
4].
T
he
inte
gr
at
in
g
of
RF
an
d
op
ti
cal
carrier
te
c
hniq
ues
hav
e
pr
ov
i
ding
la
r
ge
band
width
as
well
as
consenti
ng
po
wer
co
nsum
pti
on
total
ly
.
I
n
Ra
dio
over
fi
be
r
the
m
od
ulat
ing
ra
dio
freq
uen
ci
es
will
c
arr
y
i
n
op
ti
cal
m
edium
s
after
bein
g
su
it
ably
co
nv
ert
to
op
ti
cal
f
ro
m
el
ect
rical
form
and
the
n
transm
it
t
ing
over
t
he
fiber,
wh
il
e a
r
ever
se
con
ver
s
ion
ca
n be
us
e
d for
recoveri
ng the
origi
nally
r
a
dio
elec
tric
a
l si
gn
al
[5
]
.
T
he
RoF
te
c
hnol
og
y
pe
rfo
r
m
ances
hav
e
be
en
stu
died
ab
unda
ntly
,
sta
rting
wh
e
n
desig
ned
by
low
-
cost
optoele
ct
ronic
ap
par
at
us
es
f
or
distr
ibu
ti
ng
ante
nnas
ap
plica
ti
on
s
in
wir
el
ess
netw
orks
[
6].
Th
e
config
ur
at
io
n
of
RoF
syst
em
in
a
ppli
cat
ion
scenari
os
is
co
ns
ist
i
ng
of
cen
tral
unit
s
(C
U)
as
t
he
m
ai
n
unit
a
nd
the
rem
ote
antenn
a
syst
em
(
RAS)
or
bas
e
sta
ti
on
unit
(B
S)
wh
ic
h
is
co
nn
ect
in
g
with
op
ti
cal
li
nk
ba
ckh
a
ul
with
the
si
gn
al
s
will
be
di
rectl
y
passed
i
n
fi
ber
opti
cs
li
nk
to
the
base
sta
ti
on
.
The
R
oF
'
s
m
ai
n
adv
a
nta
ge
ca
n
be
fo
c
us
e
d
at
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
upports
due
to
t
he
c
om
bin
at
ion
of
both
op
ti
cal
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
an
d
w
irel
ess
syst
e
m
s.
The
m
ai
n
necessit
ie
s
of
R
oF
li
nk
arc
hitec
ture
s
umm
arized
wi
th
duplex
pr
oc
ess
of
dow
nlin
k
a
nd
up
li
nk,
reali
sti
c
le
ng
t
h
repre
sented
by
se
ve
ral
te
ns
of
ki
lo
m
et
ers,
fe
w
re
qu
irem
ents
of
m
illim
et
er
-
wa
ve
com
po
ne
nts in
the BS
only
and
finall
y l
i
m
i
ted
op
ti
cal
c
om
po
ne
nts
with
hi
gh
-
perform
ances [7].
Ra
dio
ov
e
r
f
i
be
r
re
gards
as
a
favor
a
ble
hi
gh
data
rates
i
n
wi
reless
net
work
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
an
d
op
ti
cal
net
wor
ks
.
N
ow,
R
oF
te
chnolo
gy
is
a
well
-
know
n
a
pp
li
cant
of
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
syst
em
du
e
to
it
back
i
ngs
f
or
bo
t
h
f
or
m
s
of
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
sc
hem
es
[8
]
.
The
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
operat
or
s
hav
e
no
m
ul
ti
ple
br
oa
dban
ds
besides
adap
te
d
ser
vic
es
delivere
d
in
near
fu
t
ur
e
due
to
inade
quat
e
band
width
with
ve
r
y
low
f
reque
ncy
sp
ect
r
um
s,
so
t
hat
a
RoF
te
chn
ol
og
y
is
capa
ble
for
offer
i
ng
bette
r
wirele
ss
sign
al
s
in
a
dd
it
io
n
to ef
fecti
ve
ra
di
o
acce
ss f
or opti
cal
ly
co
m
mu
nicat
io
n
syst
em
,
and
h
e
nce th
is can b
e achi
eved
with tech
no
l
og
y
enh
a
ncem
ent of the
n
et
work transm
issi
on
li
nks
.
2.
METHO
D
A
ND M
ATERI
AL
Ex
plainin
g
c
urren
tl
y,
the
wir
el
ess
sign
al
s
uffe
rs
losi
ng
du
e
to
the
se
ve
ra
l
requests
of
t
he
us
ers
in
data
tra
ns
m
issio
n
sta
ndar
d.
T
hu
s
,
a
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
'
s
data
capaci
ti
es
hav
e
be
e
n
total
ly
exp
a
nded
to
m
ul
tim
edia
with
an
ev
olu
ti
onal
upc
om
ing
serv
ic
e
,
an
d
a
requirem
ent
for
inc
reasin
g
hi
gh
capaci
ty
to
wards
acce
ss
netw
ork
in
the
existi
ng
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
structu
res.
R
oF
syst
em
s
are
broad
ly
ap
pl
ie
d
fo
r
i
m
pr
ovin
g
cel
lular
co
ver
a
ge
inside
buil
di
ng
s
li
ke
w
ork
places,
s
hopping
m
al
ls,
of
fi
ces
beside
s
ai
rport
te
rm
inals.
The
y
are
ap
pea
red
as
a
us
ef
ul
m
et
hod
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
costs
of
ra
dio
syst
e
m
s
since
it
facil
it
at
es
a
rem
ote
antenna
sit
e
as
well
as
inc
reases
an
e
xp
e
ns
i
ve
rad
i
o
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
s
har
in
g
w
hi
ch
are
posit
io
ned
at
su
it
ably
sit
ed m
ob
il
e sw
it
ching cente
rs
(
cen
tral
unit
).
T
his
syst
e
m
h
as an adv
a
ntage
of
usi
ng
i
n bo
t
h fix
ed
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
br
oadb
and
netw
orks
s
uch
as
3G,
4G,
W
iM
ax
,
as
we
ll
as
t
he
adv
a
nc
ed
protoc
ols
m
ay
hav
e
su
pp
or
ti
ng
to the f
or
thc
om
ing
w
i
reless
netw
ork
syst
e
m
co
rr
esp
ondi
ng to
t
he
m
ob
il
e g
e
ner
at
io
ns
.
2.1.
Radio
ov
er
fiber
overvi
ew
A
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
r
a
d
i
o
o
v
e
r
f
i
b
e
r
(
R
o
F
)
i
s
a
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
R
F
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
h
e
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
i
t
a
s
a
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
v
i
a
a
l
i
n
k
o
f
f
i
b
e
r
o
p
t
i
c
s
.
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
o
h
a
v
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
l
a
r
g
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
h
a
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
o
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
,
l
i
k
e
W
i
-
F
i
,
v
i
d
e
o
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
l
o
o
p
(
D
S
L
)
,
a
n
d
W
i
M
A
X
w
h
i
c
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
75
a
n
d
1
0
0
M
b
p
s
f
o
r
f
i
x
e
d
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
t
2
-
6
6
G
H
z
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
6
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
n
t
l
y
,
f
o
r
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
h
e
r
e
b
y
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
w
o
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
f
o
r
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
h
i
g
h
s
p
e
e
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
[
9
]
.
N
o
w
,
m
o
s
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
a
r
e
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
i
t
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
e
v
e
n
w
i
t
h
b
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
u
n
r
e
a
c
h
a
b
l
e
z
o
n
e
s
.
R
o
F
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
a
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
o
f
l
o
w
e
r
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
l
e
t
s
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
h
e
n
a
l
o
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
b
e
r
o
p
t
i
c
s
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
m
ot
e
a
nt
e
n
n
a
s
i
t
e
s
.
A
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
R
F
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
n
k
,
t
h
e
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
i
d
e
w
h
i
c
h
ha
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
R
F
.
T
h
e
R
o
F
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y
c
o
s
t
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
c
l
a
r
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
a
f
i
r
s
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
S
)
,
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
b
y
s
e
t
o
f
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
B
S
s
)
,
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
i
s
t
h
e
s
e
B
S
s
h
a
v
e
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
d
v
e
r
y
s
i
m
pl
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
B
S
s
a
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
s
i
z
e
s
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
c
o
s
t
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
on
[
1
0
]
.
Ra
dio
ov
e
r
f
i
be
r
syst
em
,
can
be
co
ns
i
der
e
d
as
integrati
on
of
RF
a
nd
opt
ic
al
network
t
hat
giv
e
s
an
increasin
g
c
ha
nn
el
ca
pacit
y
of
m
ob
il
it
y
and
app
li
cat
io
n
syst
e
m
s,
al
so
to
de
crease
the
c
onsu
m
ption
pow
er
a
nd
cost.
The
ra
di
o
acce
ss
pro
vid
es
by
RoF
syst
e
m
has
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s
f
or
com
bin
in
g
in
the
recent
w
irel
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alyzing t
he
BER
and o
ptical f
iber le
ng
t
h perfor
m
an
ce
s i
n OFDM
R
oF
l
inks
(
Marw
ah
M. Kare
em
)
1503
syst
e
m
s
in
addi
ti
on
to
t
he
ne
xt
ge
ner
at
i
on
s
yst
e
m
s
[1
1].
T
he
tra
ns
m
itti
ng
opti
cal
sign
al
betwee
n
CS
a
nd
B
S
can b
e
c
om
pleted
in
opti
cal
ba
nd
over
Ro
F n
et
w
ork.
A
t
B
S
(
rem
ote
antenn
a
sit
e
),
t
he
c
onve
rsion
of
opti
cal
to
el
ect
rical
(
O/E
)
in
addit
ion t
o el
ect
rical
to
opti
cal
(
E/O
)
ca
n be
done
i
n
th
is m
od
el
, as
s
how
in Fi
gure
1.
Figure
1. RoF
blo
c
k diag
ram
Now,
t
he
inc
re
asi
ng
of
net
work
ca
pacit
y
with
s
hiftin
g
cha
nnel
s
pe
r
cel
l
f
r
om
sp
eci
fied
450
M
Hz
&
9
00
MHz
ch
a
nn
el
s
at
m
os
t
of
set
net
syst
e
m
[1
2].
The
op
ti
cal
ly
connecte
d
syst
em
will
be
so
lving
the
transm
issi
on
of
long
-
distance
s
ty
pical
ly
fo
r
dead
c
ov
e
ra
ge
and
d
efici
ent
a
reas
li
ke
tunnel
s
du
e
to
the
c
onf
ront
of m
acro
s'
b
ase sta
ti
on
s
w
hich of
te
n un
a
ble
fo
r
c
ov
e
rin
g
t
he
se buil
dings.
RoF
te
ch
no
l
ogy
can
be
us
ed
fo
r
dead
z
on
e
cov
e
r,
eve
rywh
e
re
the
wir
el
ess
sign
al
transm
issi
on
i
s
i
m
po
ssible t
o d
ist
ribu
te
due to
the w
a
ve
pro
pa
gation
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs su
ch
as
m
ou
ntain
s un
dergro
unds, tu
nn
el
s
,
and
isolat
ed
pl
aces
[
1
3].
Als
o,
R
oF
te
c
hnol
og
y
ca
n
be
c
onside
red
f
or
di
stribu
te
d
a
nten
nas
syst
em
(DAS)
to
su
pp
or
t
m
ob
il
i
ty
us
ers
a
nd
to
co
ver
the
sta
di
um
zon
es.
Ba
se
sta
ti
on
s
ca
n
be
ke
pt
i
n
one
str
uctur
e
,
w
hi
le
the
rem
ote an
te
nn
a
s ar
e
sit
ed ov
e
r
all
scenes f
or
su
pp
or
ti
ng
high
-
c
a
pacit
y use
r
s.
2.2.
Or
tho
gona
l
freque
ncy
divisi
on multi
plexing
The
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
s
need
to
be
s
pa
ced
as
cl
os
el
y
with
reduce
d
sp
aci
ng
betwe
en
m
ulti
ple
carriers
f
or
a
voidin
g
the
i
nterf
e
rin
g
inte
rsym
bo
l
a
m
on
gs
t
channels.
T
he
transm
issi
on
a
s
ort
hogo
na
l
pe
rm
i
ts
for
se
nd
i
ng
ov
erlap
ping
wa
ve
form
s
fr
om
the
transm
it
te
r
t
hat
ha
ve
pr
op
e
rtie
s
of
or
t
hogonalit
y
app
li
e
d
at
the
receiver
side
.
Or
t
hogonal
f
reque
ncy
di
vision
m
ulti
plex
ing
(OFDM
)
can
be
c
on
si
de
red
a
tra
ns
m
issi
on
te
chn
iq
ue
of
m
ul
ti
carrier
m
od
ulati
on
te
c
hnology
for
fut
ur
e
broa
db
a
nd
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
th
at
offer
s
gr
eat
er
rob
us
tn
ess
com
par
ed
to
fr
e
quency
se
le
ct
ive
fad
in
g
besides
narrow
band
inter
fer
e
nce,
al
so
it
effe
ct
ive
in
relat
ion
s
wi
th
m
ult
i
path
de
la
y
sp
read
[
14]
.
To
c
om
plete
these
pur
pos
es,
OFDM
se
pa
rates
the
acce
ssible
sp
ect
r
um
with
m
ul
ti
carriers,
each
carrie
r
m
ay
be
m
od
ulate
d
with
lo
wer
rate
data
stream
s
that
e
m
plo
ye
d
in
par
al
le
l
transm
issi
on
,
t
hu
s
it
has
im
pr
ov
e
d
t
he
sym
bo
l
dur
at
ion
.
T
he
m
od
ulati
on
of
s
ubcarriers
is
done
with
qu
a
drat
ur
e
am
plit
ud
e
m
odulati
on
(QAM)
with
high
f
re
quency
ca
rr
ie
r
of
2
G
Hz
f
or
broa
db
a
nd
w
irel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
ort
hogo
nal
of
s
ubcar
rier
m
a
y
be
regarde
d
in
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
and
frequ
e
ncy
in
w
hi
ch
the
cy
cl
e
nu
m
ber
s
betwee
n
sepa
r
at
el
y
carriers
are
va
ries
from
bin
ary
phase
sh
ift
keyi
ng
(
BPSK
)
to
qua
dr
at
ure
ph
a
se
sh
i
ft
key
ing
(
QPSK
)
,
a
nd
Q
AM.
Acc
ordin
gly,
O
FDM
receiver
c
om
pu
te
s
the
sp
e
ct
ru
m
values
with
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
po
in
ts
of
t
he
se
par
a
te
d
subca
rr
ie
rs
in
the
a
bs
e
nce
of
inter
fer
e
nc
es
from
oth
ers
,
F
ig
ur
e
2
s
how
s
the
OFDM s
pectrum
of
N
s
ubcar
r
ie
rs.
Figure
2. O
FDM
sp
ect
r
um
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
01
-
15
09
1504
2.3.
O
FD
M
-
RoF s
ys
te
m
The
OFDM
co
m
bin
at
ion
with
RoF
syst
em
s
(O
F
DM
-
Ro
F)
has
con
ce
r
ne
d
sign
i
ficant
con
si
der
at
io
n
for
fu
t
ur
e
wi
r
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
gi
gab
it
broa
db
a
nd.
For
exec
uting
O
FD
M
opt
ic
al
ly
,
two
ess
e
ntial
te
chn
iq
ues
ca
n
be
adap
te
d,
the
first
is
dire
ct
detect
ion
(
DD)
w
hile
the
second
is
coherent
detect
io
n
(CD)
wh
ic
h
has
s
pe
ci
fical
ly
two
ba
sic
pr
oce
dure
s,
direct
exec
ut
ion
util
iz
ing
the
o
ptica
l
m
edium
and
fast
F
ourier
trans
form
(
FFT
)
-
base
d
CO
-
OFDM.
This
OFDM
-
Ro
F
s
yst
e
m
arch
it
ec
ture
can
be
de
scribes
with
4,
16
,
64
-
Q
AM
OFD
M
-
RoF sy
ste
m
for
c
ohere
nt
de
te
ct
ion
.
A
m
a
i
n
t
o
p
i
c
of
h
i
g
h
p
e
a
k
t
o
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
A
P
R
)
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
a
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
O
F
D
M
w
i
t
h
R
o
F
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
f
i
b
e
r
s
h
a
d
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
i
t
y
r
i
s
i
n
g
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
:
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
g
o
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
e
d
i
a
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
s
t
a
b
l
e
ov
e
r
t
i
m
e
,
i
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
b
e
r
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
n
o
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
m
e
di
um
f
o
r
R
F
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
i
t
h
h
u
g
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
,
s
m
a
l
l
c
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
v
e
r
y
l
ow
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
l
o
w
c
o
s
t
,
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
t
o
h
i
g
h
f
l
e
xi
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
he
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
O
F
D
M
t
o
r
e
s
po
n
d
t
o
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
d
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
m
ul
t
i
t
o
n
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
.
A
n
O
F
D
M
-
R
o
F
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
,
f
i
b
e
r
l
i
n
k,
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
A
t
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
,
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
b
y
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
f
a
s
t
f
o
u
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
F
F
T
)
,
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
c
y
c
l
i
c
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
O
F
D
M
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
c
om
p
r
i
s
e
s
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
f
p
s
e
u
d
o
r
a
n
d
o
m
b
i
n
a
r
y
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
(
P
R
B
S
)
,
a
Q
A
M
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
or
,
t
h
e
O
F
D
M
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
I
a
n
d
Q
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
M
-
Q
A
M
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
,
t
h
e
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
m
od
u
l
a
t
o
r
a
t
7
.
5
G
H
z
,
t
h
e
M
a
c
h
-
Z
e
h
nd
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
L
i
N
b
M
Z
M
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
C
W
l
a
s
e
r
a
s
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
W
a
v
e
w
i
t
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
1
9
3
.
1
T
H
z
,
i
n a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
l
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
a
d
d
i
n
g
o
f
M
Z
M
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
i
n
k
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
g
e
t
b
e
t
t
e
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
op
t
i
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
'
s
e
n
d
R
F
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
l
o
g
i
c
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
d
e
m
od
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
A
n
P
I
N
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
1
A
/
W
a
t
1
5
5
0
n
m
w
i
t
h
1
0
n
A
d
a
r
k
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
i
s
d
u
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
q
u
a
dr
a
t
u
r
e
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
,
t
h
e
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
d
i
t
by
s
i
n
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
i
n
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
,
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
w
p
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
.
Figure
3. O
FDM
Tx
/R
x bl
oc
k diag
ram
3.
RELATE
D
W
ORK
The
wireless
and
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
or
f
uture
ge
ner
at
io
n
syst
e
m
can
be
e
nh
a
nce
d
for
inacce
ssible
a
r
ea
with
hi
gh
-
qual
it
y
band
widt
h
ser
vices.
T
he
c
urren
t
wir
el
ess
netw
ork
su
ppli
ers
nee
d
high
transm
issi
on
ba
ndwidt
h
to
ac
cess
the
voic
e,
data
a
nd
m
ult
i
m
edia
app
li
ca
ti
on
se
rv
ic
es
f
or
fixe
d
an
d
m
ob
il
e
e
m
plo
ye
rs.
I
n
the
1980,
O
ko
s
hi
a
nd
Kiku
c
hi
pr
ese
nte
d
a
te
c
hn
i
que
of
f
re
qu
e
ncy
sta
bili
zat
ion
to
the
sem
ic
on
duct
or
la
sers
w
hich
al
le
viate
d
the
f
reque
ncy
dr
ifti
ng
an
d
m
ini
m
iz
ed
the
li
new
i
dth
belo
w
10
M
Hz
[
16
]
.
Also
,
i
n
1980
Yam
a
m
oto
and
Y
oshihisa
w
ere
m
ade
a
com
par
ison
bet
w
een
opti
cal
syst
e
m
with
si
m
ple
coh
e
re
nt
de
pend
on
P
S
K
a
nd
that
w
hich
wer
e
create
d
on
IM
-
D
D,
they
f
ound
t
hat
the
c
oh
e
ren
t
syst
e
m
had b
ee
n
im
prov
e
d
t
he recei
ve
r
se
ns
it
ivit
y [
17
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
r
b
i
u
m
d
o
p
e
d
f
i
b
e
r
a
m
pl
i
f
i
e
r
(
E
D
F
A
)
a
t
1
9
9
0
w
a
s
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
i
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Ind
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25
02
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4752
An
alyzing t
he
BER
and o
ptical f
iber le
ng
t
h perfor
m
an
ce
s i
n OFDM
R
oF
l
inks
(
Marw
ah
M. Kare
em
)
1505
a
n
n
o
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n
c
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I
T
U
-
T
G
.
6
9
4
.
1
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1
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.
The
ret
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of
coh
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m
un
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ablish
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(DQPSK)
Be
t
we
en
20
0
5
a
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2010
[
20]
,
w
hi
ch
gi
ve
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i
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reased
bit
rate
with
4
-
ti
m
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associat
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to
IM
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d
40
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ercial
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add
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A
M at
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.
4.
SY
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[
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]
.
Figure
4
belo
w
show
s
the
ge
ner
al
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
that
fo
ll
ow
e
d
he
re
to
dep
l
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the
m
o
dels
us
in
g
the
m
entioned
platfo
rm
s,
ran
dom
ly
gen
erated
bit
rate
is
carried
with
the
O
F
DM
transm
it
ter
an
d
then
m
od
ulate
d
with
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ve
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oto
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it
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Figure
4. O
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M
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M
i
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p
u
t
s
[
2
7
]
.
E
a
c
h
M
Z
M
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
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h
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n
c
om
b
i
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e
d
b
y
t
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o
p
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
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r
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o
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v
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e
r
t
o
p
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e
d
u
r
e
C
O
-
O
F
D
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
01
-
15
09
1506
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
H
e
r
e
,
a
n
E
D
F
A
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
a
s
a
b
o
o
s
t
e
r
a
m
pl
i
f
i
e
r
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
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e
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i
d
e
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e
n
h
a
n
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i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
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h
e
f
i
b
e
r
o
p
t
i
c
s
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
2.5
G
Hz
ra
ndom
bin
ar
y
bits
are
car
r
ie
d
with
2
G
Hz
ca
rr
ie
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy
with
90
-
degree
ph
a
se
sh
ifte
d
are
OFDM
m
od
ul
at
ed
us
i
ng
the
OFDM
tra
nsm
itter
blo
c
k
t
hen
m
od
ulati
on
of
th
e
OFDM
sig
nal
and
MZM
m
od
ulate
d
Lase
r
con
ti
nu
ous
wa
ve
with
10
km
fiber
le
ng
t
h.
Sim
i
la
r
si
m
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers
are
us
e
d
in
t
he
t
wo
m
od
el
s
with
di
ff
e
ren
t
m
od
ulato
r
a
nd
fib
er
le
ngth
for
e
ach
m
od
ulato
r
ty
pe;
these Sim
ulatio
n pa
ram
et
ers
for
the
tw
o
m
od
el
s ar
e
con
fig
ur
e
d
as
in
t
he
T
able
1
.
Figure
5.
O
ptisy
stem
O
FD
M
-
RoF
t
ra
ns
m
it
ter
w
it
h 16 Q
A
M
Figure
6
.
O
ptisy
stem
1
6
-
QAM
O
F
DM
-
R
oF
r
ecei
ve
r
Table
1.
Sim
ul
at
ion
par
am
et
e
rs
Para
m
eter
v
alu
e
Para
m
eter
v
alu
e
Carrie
r
f
requ
en
cy
2
GHz
b
it r
ate
2
.5 Gb
p
s
Laser
f
requ
en
cy
1
9
3
.1THz
Fib
er
len
g
th
0
,10
0
K
m
RF
m
o
d
u
latio
n
16
-
QAM
Op
tical f
ilter
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an
d
wid
th
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0
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Op
tical
m
o
d
u
latio
n
MZ
M
OFDM
No. of
FFT
256
sa
m
p
l
in
g
r
ate
64
No
.
o
f
sa
m
p
l
es
6
5
5
3
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alyzing t
he
BER
and o
ptical f
iber le
ng
t
h perfor
m
an
ce
s i
n OFDM
R
oF
l
inks
(
Marw
ah
M. Kare
em
)
1507
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
A
sim
ulati
on
f
or
BER
of
16
-
QA
M
OFDM
-
RoF
syst
em
hav
e
been
prese
nt
ed
in
t
his
sect
ion
base
d
on
Op
ti
Syst
em
13
.
0
sim
ulati
on
so
ft
war
e.
Fig
ure
7
(
a
)
s
pecifie
s
the
tra
ns
m
itt
ed
bit
se
qu
e
nc
e
at
the
data
r
a
te
10
Gbps
us
i
ng
BE
R
te
st
set
.
This
sequ
e
nce
ge
ne
rator
of
PRB
S
is
plo
tt
ed
by
a
te
chn
iq
ue
of
16
-
QA
M
m
od
ul
at
ion
com
bin
ed
with
the
RoF
syst
em
,
then
a
conv
ersio
n
to
Q
A
M
fo
rm
at
is
d
on
e
by
QA
M
gen
e
rato
r
acco
m
pan
ie
d
by
M
-
ary
c
onver
si
on.
T
he
m
od
ulate
d
I
a
nd
Q
si
gn
al
s
QA
M
a
re
m
od
ulati
ng
wit
h
512
s
ubcar
rier
s
if
we
consi
der
e
d
s
ub
carriers
f
reque
ncy
sp
a
n
betw
een
0
an
d
2.5
GH
z
f
or
ge
nerat
ing
OF
DM
s
ign
al
s.
These
I
an
d
Q
OFDM o
utputs
can be
sho
wn
in f
i
gure
Xb and c
res
pecti
vel
y afte
r passin
g t
he
LP
co
si
ne f
il
te
r.
T
h
e
O
F
D
M
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
s
i
g
n
a
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
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n
d
o
m
b
i
t
s
i
n
t
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t
i
m
e
d
o
m
a
i
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
e
l
o
w
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
a
n
d
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
R
F
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
a
i
n
w
i
t
h
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
.
W
h
e
r
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
O
F
D
M
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
v
e
4
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
16
-
Q
A
M
a
n
d
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
t
o
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
2
.
5
G
H
z
w
i
t
h
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
b
e
f
o
r
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
w
i
l
l
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
i
N
b
M
a
c
h
-
Z
e
h
n
d
e
r
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
c
)
i
s
t
h
e
R
F
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
-
o
p
t
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
(
M
Z
M
)
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
i
t
i
s
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
i
t
s
c
e
n
t
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
s
hi
f
t
e
d
t
o
7
.
5
G
H
z
w
i
t
h
b
o
t
h
s
i
de
s
o
f
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
b
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
W
l
a
s
e
r
o
f
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
a
t
1
9
3
.
1
T
H
z
t
a
k
e
s
p
l
a
c
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
M
Z
M
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
s
a
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
h
a
v
i
n
g
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
s
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
,
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
d
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
9
3
.
1
T
H
z
,
w
i
t
h
u
p
p
e
r
s
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
a
t
1
9
3
.
1
2
T
H
z
a
n
d
l
o
w
e
r
s
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
a
t
a
n
d
1
9
3
.
0
8
T
H
z
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7
.
RF
ba
seba
nd
;
(a) ra
ndom
b
it
;
(b
)
s
pectr
um
f
reque
ncy dom
ai
n
;
(c)
RF si
gnal
app
li
ed
to MZM
(a)
(b)
Figure
8
.
MZ
M si
gn
al
;
(a)
C
W
la
ser
an
d
(
b)
ou
t
pu
t
double
side
band o
ptica
l carrier
A
t
t
h
e
O
F
D
M
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
on
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
b
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
i
gn
a
l
i
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
o
f
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
on
P
I
N
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
h
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
O
F
D
M
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
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r
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t
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n
d
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f
t
h
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r
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c
e
i
v
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d
s
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g
n
a
l
w
h
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c
h
i
s
d
o
w
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c
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v
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r
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e
r
w
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t
h
a
n
o
p
t
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c
a
l
l
i
n
k
t
h
a
t
m
a
k
e
s
t
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e
d
e
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
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n
f
r
o
m
O
-
E
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
y
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
A
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
m
pl
i
f
i
e
r
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
a
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
O
F
D
M
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
e
f
o
r
e
i
t
d
e
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
x
i
n
g
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
o
w
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
The
functi
on
of
the
recei
ver
OFDM
dem
odulator
is
c
onve
rting
the
a
nalo
g
si
gn
al
befo
re
it
is
filt
erin
g
with
an
opti
cal
band
pas
s
fi
lt
er
to
el
i
m
ina
te
the
no
ise
be
sides
the
c
rossta
lk
in
the
r
ecei
ved
si
gn
al
.
Th
e
dem
od
ulati
on
of
the
O
FD
M
sign
al
is
com
pl
et
ed
with
FFT
-
base
d
m
et
ho
d.
The
FFT
outp
ut
m
a
y
acco
m
pl
ish
a
nu
m
ber
of poi
nts for dem
on
s
trat
ion
us
in
g
t
he
constel
la
ti
on
diag
ram
that assigns t
he
sym
bo
l f
or m
any k
ind
s
of
QA
M
possible
const
el
la
ti
on
points.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
15
01
-
15
09
1508
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a
m
pl
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure
9
.
Co
nst
el
la
ti
on
d
ia
gra
m
f
or
;
(a) 2
0
km
;
(b
) 4
0
km
;
(c)
60
km
;
(d
)
80
km
;
and
(
e
) 1
00
km
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
of
O
FD
M
-
R
oF
sy
stem
has
been
ap
plied.
R
oF
te
ch
nolo
gy
has
severa
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
f
or
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
an
d
wi
reless
te
c
hnologies.
A
n
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
R
oF
syst
e
m
with
OFDM
m
od
ulati
on
te
ch
niqu
e
for
hi
gh
ba
ndwi
dth
inc
reas
ing
,
pro
vid
i
ng
resist
an
ce
to
RF
interfe
ren
c
es,
a
nd
low
at
te
nuat
io
n.
MZM
dem
on
strat
es
a
bette
r
perf
or
m
ance
in
longer
fiber
transm
issi
on
case,
w
hich
co
nsi
der
s
li
ke
an
a
m
plitu
de
m
od
ulato
r
that
sp
li
ts
th
e
la
ser
li
gh
t
beam
into
two
path
s.
I
n
th
is
pap
er
,
BER
an
d
const
el
la
ti
on
vi
su
al
iz
er
of
rec
ei
ved
sig
nal
f
or
16
-
Q
AM
m
od
ulati
on
OFD
M
-
RoF
syst
em
ha
ve
bee
n
ac
hi
eved
.
The
sim
ulatio
n
resu
lt
s
confir
m
the
fiber
le
ng
th
basic,
if
th
e
distance
of
the
fibe
r
increa
ses,
then
m
ini
m
u
m
bit
error
rate
va
lu
es
will
be
incr
eases
too
an
d
this
MIN
BER
is
achi
eved
w
it
h
a
distance
of
m
or
e
than
80
km
16
-
Q
AM.
T
he
propose
d
te
ch
no
l
og
y
of
Ro
F
-
OFDM
co
ns
i
der
s
ca
pa
ble
of
achievi
ng
a
f
iber
le
ngth
of
about
100
km
util
iz
e
s
16
-
Q
AM
seq
uen
ce
bit.
Ba
sed
on
this
pap
e
r,
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
OFDM
with
RoF
syst
e
m
yi
el
d
increasin
g
hi
gh
sp
ect
r
um
eff
ic
ie
ncies
and
hig
h
perform
ances
of
the
OFD
M
rad
io
f
reque
ncies.
I
n
fu
t
ur
e
wo
r
k
in
this
te
c
hnol
og
y
the
BER
,
an
d
C
onste
ll
at
ion
Visu
al
iz
er
f
or
OF
DM
-
RoF
te
ch
niqu
e
can
be
exe
cuted,
i
m
ple
m
ented,
and p
e
rfo
rm
ed
by apply
ing
di
f
fer
e
nt
m
od
ulati
on for
m
at
s,
li
ke
64, 2
56
-
QAM
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
H.
Al
-
Rawe
shid
y
and
S.
Kom
aki
,
Radi
o
-
ov
er
-
Fi
ber
Techn
ologi
es
for
mobile
communic
ati
on
net
works
.
Mass
ac
husett
s
,
US
A:
Artec
h
Ho
use
,
2002
.
[2]
R.
Kart
hik
e
y
an
and
S.
Praka
sa
m
,
“
A
Revi
ew
–
OFDM
-
Ro
F
(
Radi
o
over
Fibe
r)
S
y
stem
for
W
ire
le
ss
Network,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Re
searc
h
in
Comput
er
a
nd
Comm
unic
ation Tec
hnolog
y
,
vol.
3
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
344−349,
2014
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[3]
S.
A.
Khw
anda
h,
J.
P.
Cosm
as,
I
.
A.
Glover
,
P.
I.
La
za
r
idi
s,
N.
R.
Prasad,
and
Z.
D.
Za
har
is
,
“
Dire
ct
and
Ext
ern
a
l
Inte
nsit
y
Modul
at
ion
in
OF
DM
RoF
Li
nks,”
i
n
IEE
E
Phot
on
i
cs
Journal
,
vo
l.
7,
no.
4,
pp
.
1
-
10,
Aug.
2015
,
Art
no.
7902710
,
doi
:
10
.
1109/JP
HO
T.
2015.
2456
499
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alyzing t
he
BER
and o
ptical f
iber le
ng
t
h perfor
m
an
ce
s i
n OFDM
R
oF
l
inks
(
Marw
ah
M. Kare
em
)
1509
[4]
A
.
A.
Hus
sien
a
nd
A
.
H.
Ali,
“
Com
pre
hensive
inve
stigation
of
cohe
ren
t
opti
cal
OF
DM
-
Ro
F
emplo
y
ing
16QA
M
ext
ern
al
m
odula
t
ion
for
long
-
hau
l
opti
c
al
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
s
y
st
em,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
J
ournal
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
Compute
r
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
vol
.
10
,
n
o.
3
,
pp
.
2607
-
2
616,
2020
,
doi
:
1
0.
11591/i
j
ece.
v1
0i3.
pp2607
-
261
6
.
[5]
M
.
J
.
M
n
a
t
i
,
A
.
V
.
d
e
n
B
o
s
s
c
h
e
,
a
n
d
R
.
C
h
i
s
a
b
,
“
A
S
m
a
r
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
ys
t
e
m
f
o
r
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
U
s
i
n
g
a
n
A
n
d
r
o
i
d
S
m
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
8
7
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
1
7
0
4
0
8
7
2
[6]
D.
Novak,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Radi
o
-
Over
-
Fiber
T
ec
hnolog
i
es
for
Emerging
W
ire
le
ss
S
y
ste
m
s,”
in
IEE
E
Jo
urnal
of
Quantum
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
52,
no.
1,
pp.
1
-
11,
Jan
.
2016
,
A
rt
no.
0600311,
doi:
10
.
1109/JQE.
2015.
2504107
.
[7]
F.
Khair
,
H.
P.
F
akhr
i
y
,
I
.
W
.
Mus
ti
ka,
B
.
Setiy
a
n
to,
and
S.
M.
Idr
us,
“
Modeli
ng
a
nd
sim
ula
ti
on
of
OF
DM
sche
m
e
for
rad
io
ov
er
fibe
r
(RoF),
”
2
015
2nd
Inte
rn
ati
onal
C
onf
ere
nce
on
Informa
ti
on
Techno
logy,
Computer,
an
d
El
e
ct
rica
l
Eng
in
ee
ring (
ICITACEE
)
,
2015,
pp.
3
76
-
381,
doi
:
10
.
1109/ICIT
ACE
E.
2015.
7437833
.
[8]
S
.
A.
La
ft
a,
A
.
H
asa
n
Ali,
M
.
M.
Kare
em,
Y
.
A.
Hus
sein,
and
A
.
H.
Ali,
“
Perform
anc
e
sim
ulation
of
broa
dban
d
m
ul
ti
m
edi
a
wire
le
ss
net
works
sim
ula
ti
on
base
d
on
O
PN
ET
,
”
Indone
sian
Journal
El
ec
tri
cal
Engi
nee
ring
a
nd
Computer
Scien
ce
(
IJEECS)
,
vol
.
17
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
1
-
9,
2020
,
doi
:
10
.
11591/i
j
eecs.v1
7.
i1.
pp1
-
9
.
[9]
A.
N.
Z
.
R
ashe
d,
and
M.
S.
F.
Ta
bbour
,
“
The
Tra
de
Off
Bet
w
ee
n
Diff
ere
n
t
M
odula
ti
on
Sche
m
es
for
Maximum
Long
Reach
Hig
h
Data
Tr
ansm
ission
Capa
c
ity
O
pti
c
al
Orthogon
al
Freque
n
c
y
Di
vision
Multi
pl
ex
ing
(OO
FD
M)
,”
Wirel
ess
P
ersonal
Comm
unic
a
ti
ons:
An
Inte
r
nat
ional
Journal
,
vo
l.
101
,
n
o.
1,
pp.
325
-
337
,
2018,
doi
:
10.
1007/s11277
-
018
-
5690
-
9.
[10]
I
.
J.
Hasan,
N.
A
.
J.
Sali
h,
N.
I.
Abdulkhaleq,
and M
.
J.
Mnati
,
“
A
n
Android
s
m
art
appl
ic
a
ti
on
for
a
n
Arduino
base
d
loc
a
l
m
et
eor
olog
ic
a
l
dat
a
re
cor
di
ng,
”
IOP
Confe
renc
e
Seri
es:
Mate
rials
Sci
en
ce
a
nd
Engi
nee
ring
,
vol.
518
,
2019,
doi:
10
.
1088/17
57
-
899X/518/4/042014
.
[11]
M
.
J
.
M
n
a
t
i
,
A
.
H
.
A
l
i
,
D
.
V
.
B
o
z
a
l
a
k
o
v
,
S
.
A
l
-
y
o
u
s
i
f
,
a
n
d
A
.
V
.
d
.
B
o
s
s
c
h
e
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
G
a
t
e
D
r
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
o
r
T
h
r
e
e
-
P
h
a
s
e
G
r
i
d
T
i
d
e
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
8
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
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