TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.11, No
.3, March 2
0
1
3
, pp. 1587 ~ 1593
ISSN: 2302-4
046
1587
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 1, 20
12; Re
vised Janua
ry 2
3
, 20
13; Accepted
February 3, 2
013
Test of DMB-T Signal Based on Software Defined Radio
Technique
Shansha
n
Li*, Jian Zhou, Yi Zhang
Commun
i
cati
o
n
Univ
ersit
y
of Chin
a
No.1 Di
ngfuzh
uan
g East Street, Chao
ya
ng
District, Be
ijin
g
,
10002
4, P.R. Chin
a,
T
e
l: 0086-01
0-65
78
35
9
0
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: lisha
nsha
n@
cuc.edu.cn
A
b
st
r
a
ct
W
i
th the relea
s
e of the standard, di
gital te
levi
si
on terrest
rial bro
adc
asti
ng is bei
ng gr
adu
all
y
extend
ed in many plac
es. In order
to speed up the extension an
d the
applic
atio
n, also
to
evaluat
e the
existin
g
di
gital
televisi
on terr
estrial
broa
dc
asting syste
m
,
w
e
need
a e
a
sy-to-use s
i
g
nal
ana
lysis
a
n
d
me
asur
e
m
ent
system. The tr
aditi
ona
l si
gna
l
measur
e
m
e
n
t meth
od
is thro
ugh t
he s
peci
a
l har
dw
are circ
ui
t
to reali
z
e, but that method is
high cost, and the system structure
is c
o
mplex and si
ngle function.
To
improve the flexibility of
the system
, we r
eali
z
e t
he system
based
on virtual instrument
technology
. In
hardware s
e
ction, this
thesis
described the block
diagram of t
he system and the
intro
duction of the
NI
vector signal analy
z
er. In softwa
re part, this thesis described the ov
er
all
test system
based on LabVIE
W
and the re
al
i
z
a
t
ion of the system fe
at
ures
multi-thre
adi
ng, each step
of synchro
ni
z
a
ti
on s
i
gn
als ach
i
ev
e
d
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: D
M
B-T
NI Digital
T
e
levisi
on T
e
s
t
LabVIEW
Copy
right
©
2013 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Radi
o &TV transmi
ssi
on main have three cat
egori
es of cable tr
ansmi
ssi
on, satellite
transmissio
n and g
r
oun
d transmi
ssion.
Grou
nd tra
n
sm
issi
on
chan
nel is in the
complex multi
path
environ
ment,
the tran
smi
s
sion
environ
ment is th
e
most b
ad of
the thre
e ki
n
d
s,
so the
ground
transmissio
n
stand
ard
s
m
u
st be the m
o
st complex
te
chnolo
g
y. Afte
r a lon
g
time
of study, DTT
B
techn
o
logy h
a
s g
one to
m
a
ture,
cou
n
tri
e
s im
pleme
n
t its o
w
n di
gita
l television
re
sea
r
ch pla
n
a
nd
put forwa
r
d a
lot of different system sol
u
tions, ac
co
rding to the basi
c
prin
ciple
s
of the ITU
and
their re
spe
c
t
i
ve chara
c
te
ristics. The inter
natio
nal
DTTB transmissio
n sta
ndard with the
approved by
the ITU ma
inly have three [1] of
ATSC, DVB-T
and ISDB-T. Chin
ese
dig
i
tal
television terrestrial b
r
o
adcasting
stand
a
r
ds i
s
DMB
-
T
(
Te
rre
strial
Digital Multimedia Televisi
o
n
Broad
ca
sting
)
, a standard
number is GB2060
0-20
06.
With the release of the stand
ard,
The
digital TV conversi
on ha
s been put on the agenda in
all parts of the country. Throug
h to the
DMB-T
digital
sign
al an
alysis, we
ca
n m
easure
th
e la
unch DMB
-
T
sign
al qu
ality and a
d
ju
stme
nt
the trans
m
itter acc
o
rdingly [2].
Traditio
nal ra
dio reception
system more depe
ndent o
n
hard
w
are, this ha
s brou
g
h
t great
inco
nvenien
ce to the whol
e developm
e
n
t of syst
em upgrade a
nd maintena
nce [3]. And in recent
years, software ra
dio theory is
incre
a
sin
g
ly being
used in wireless com
m
unication field, it
empha
si
ze
s that open the
minimali
st ha
rdware for co
mmon platform. As far as
possibl
e to use
the applicatio
n softwa
r
e which can be upgrade
d an
d
reco
nfigu
r
a
t
ion, that can overcom
e
the
traditional receiver to singl
e function, expan
sibilit
y poor hardware l
i
mitations as
the core of th
e
desi
gn. The basi
c
idea of softwa
r
e ra
di
o is t
hat rely
on a general, st
andard, modula
r
hard
w
are
platform, we
can re
alize
all the function
s
of the wirel
e
ss radio thro
ugh
the software
prog
ram
m
ing
.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
The DMB-T
sign
al testing
system con
t
ains
two pa
rts, one is DMB-T digita
l signal
hard
w
a
r
e
coll
ection
system
, the other is
Software te
sting syste
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1587 – 1
593
1588
2.1. DMB-T
Digital Signa
l Hard
w
a
r
e
Collection Sy
stem
DMB-T di
gita
l signal ha
rd
ware acqui
sition
use the NI comp
any hard
w
a
r
e
col
l
ection
equipm
ent. The NI RF sig
nal analyzer PXI-5661 vect
or and relev
ant interface
device. As sh
own
in Figure 1 be
low.
Figure 1. DM
B-T digital sig
nal
hardware colle
ction system
PXI-5661 RF
Vector sign
al analyse
r
has tw
o pa
rts of PXI-5600
down co
nve
r
ter and
PXI-5142 hig
h
-spee
d digit
a
l instru
ment.
PXI-5600 do
wn
converte
r
colle
ction
RF sign
al data from
DMB-T
cha
n
nel modul
ator with freque
n
c
y in
the UHF
band (4
70 ~
850 MHz)an
d
a band
width of
7.56MHz, it p
u
t the RF inp
u
t signal freq
uen
cy
conve
r
sion to 5M
~2
5MHz interm
ediate fre
que
ncy
sign
al, then o
u
tput the inte
rmedi
ate freq
uen
cy
sig
nal to
PXI-5142 high-sp
eed di
gital
instrume
nt.
PXI-5142
co
ntains t
w
o m
odule
s
, OSP
(onb
oard
si
gnal p
r
o
c
e
s
s) mod
u
le an
d onbo
ard RAM
module. The
two module
s
have compl
e
ted of inte
rme
d
iate freque
n
c
y signal sam
p
ling, the digital
AD freque
ncy conversion
and heavy sampli
ng
filter method
s. PXI-5661 exch
ange data a
nd
control inform
ation with the
test pro
c
edu
re in
the PC throu
gh the P
X
I bus. At last, the software
system
which
is runni
ng on
a PC will co
mplete
the m
easure
m
ent o
f
the signal’
s
para
m
eters.
2.2. Soft
w
a
r
e
Testing Sy
stem
Test software using the
comp
any La
bVIE
W200
9 platform dev
elopme
n
t NI. LabVIEW
greatly imp
r
o
v
e the efficie
n
cy of the
d
e
velopme
n
t
of virtual in
strume
nt, it provides i
n
tera
ctive
grap
hic
devel
opment e
n
vironment ove
r
turne
d
t
horou
ghly before those dev
elo
p
m
ent tool wit
h
powerful dev
elopme
n
t function and n
o
t may easy-to
-u
se thou
ght. LabVIEW co
ntains all sort
s of
prop
ertie
s
th
at make it a
developm
ent
and te
st
ing, measurement
,
automation and cont
rol
i
deal
tool for application. LabVIEW ca
n
quickl
y
develop ap
plicatio
n syst
em, complet
e
produ
ct de
si
gn
verification a
nd automatio
n control appl
ication
s
[4].
The Test software system
first to demodulate
the col
l
ected si
gnal
s, realize the functio
n
of receivin
g DMB - T signal
. It use the so
ftware meth
o
d
to realize
DMB - T digital signal re
ceiv
er
internal
functi
on mo
dule. It is the
coll
ecti
on of real di
gi
tal sign
al fro
m
NI ha
rd
wa
re equi
pment,
to
go throu
gh th
e Hilbe
r
t filtering get I, Q two way com
p
lex signal.T
hen get the I, Q two way by
sign
al carrier re
covery a
n
d
do
wn-co
n
versi
on, cl
ock re
covery, DFT, cha
nnel
estimation
a
n
d
equali
z
ation, i
t
can get the input sig
nal constell
ation di
agra
m
at last.
2.2.1. Soft
w
a
re Sy
stem St
ructur
e
The whole s
o
ftware s
y
s
t
em USES laye
red des
i
gn think
i
ng to c
a
rry on
the des
ign. The
system
can
b
e
divided into
hard
w
a
r
e int
e
rface pa
rt, d
a
ta pro
c
e
s
sin
g
part a
nd th
e user inte
rfa
c
e
part. The part of the hard
w
are interfa
c
e is t
he data source
s for system, thro
ugh The arti
cle
descri
bed bef
ore ,we kn
ow that
the data acqui
sition hard
w
a
r
e get digital signal. Data pro
c
e
s
si
ng
part
contai
ns three fu
nctio
n
mod
u
le
s o
f
data pr
ocessing, d
a
ta an
alysis
and
da
ta displ
a
y. Data
pro
c
e
ssi
ng m
odule colle
ct data from hardwa
r
e interf
a
c
e and sto
r
e
d
part of the d
a
ta in the buffer.
Data analysi
s
module will analysi
s
the data obtained
in the
buffer. Data display
module has
got
PXI bus
RF
i
n
pu
t
IF o
u
tp
ut
C
l
k out
pu
t
(PXI-5600)
IF in
pu
t
Cl
k
i
n
pu
t
(PX-I5142)
(PXI-5661 RF Vector
signal an
aly
s
er)
(
P
XI
e-
83
70
)
LabVIE
W
Test
procedure
(PC)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Test of DMB-T Signal Based on Softwa
r
e
Defin
ed Radio Te
chni
q
ue (Sha
nsha
n Li)
1589
analysi
s
re
su
lts from data
analysi
s
mo
dule. Then
Data an
alysi
s
modul
e ca
n dra
w
up the
grap
hics by t
he results a
n
d
display the
gra
phi
cs
i
n
the
user
i
n
te
rface. Users can co
ntrol
t
h
e
con
d
u
c
t of system through
the use
r
inte
rface,
a
nd u
s
ers
ca
n be m
onitorin
g
ha
rd
ware eq
uipm
ent
state real-tim
e. At the sam
e
ti
me, the an
alysis
re
sults
of data p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng p
a
rt
ca
n also be
sh
o
w
n
in the use
r
interface.The
structu
r
e of the
softwa
r
e sy
stem as
sho
w
n
in Figure 2
shows.
Figure 2. software
sy
st
e
m
st
ru
ct
ur
e
2.2.2. Data M
u
ltithre
a
ding
Processing
In the software system usi
ng multithrea
ding
techn
o
lo
gy to achieve data acquisit
i
on data
analysi
s
, the
result shows
that the outp
u
t of
the sa
m
e
. Software
runnin
g
on th
ree thread a
b
o
ve
respe
c
tively operation. On
e acqui
sition
thread
con
s
ta
ntly from data sou
r
ces ha
ve data store
in
the buffer. Main thread can control analysi
s
pro
c
e
ss, may at a
n
y time susp
end or su
sp
end
analysi
s
p
r
o
c
ess. After an
alysis,
con
s
te
llation char
t, cha
nnel ch
aracteri
stic
info
rmation sto
r
e
d
in
the buffer an
d insid
e
.
2.3. Sy
stem
Testing a
nd
Verification
This softwa
r
e
system first to the colle
cte
d
signal d
e
m
odulatio
n software, and re
alize the
DMB-T
re
cei
v
ing sign
al functio
n
. This system
to u
s
e the
software m
e
thod t
o
reali
z
e
DM
B-T
digital sig
nal
receiver inte
rnal functio
n
module.
NI hard
w
a
r
e eq
ui
pment from t
he coll
ecte
d all the
way real digit
a
l signal to go through the
filter get
I, Q
Hilbe
r
t of two way complex
signals. The
n
I
thus gai
n, Q two sig
nal
s recove
ry and
the carr
ie
r freque
ncy con
v
ersio
n
, clo
c
k re
cove
ry, DFT
,
cha
nnel e
s
ti
mation an
d balan
ce
d, ca
n get the inp
u
t signal
co
n
s
tellation
cha
r
t. This software
system a
cco
rding to the output to get afte
r demodulation calculation DMB-T digital signal
perfo
rman
ce
parameters.
Relate
d an
alysis
diag
ra
m
analysi
s
and con
s
tell
ation
MER, EVM
para
m
eters o
f
the cal
c
ulat
ion. And a
c
cordin
g
to the MER, EVM transmitter t
o
s
e
nd
s
i
gnals
measured pa
ramete
rs
su
ch as qu
ality.
2.3.1. Cons
tellation Cha
r
t Analy
s
is
In a constell
a
t
ion cha
r
t all the I and Q si
gnal
s possibl
e combi
ned
with the perfo
rman
ce
for the grid
sha
pe, whi
c
h
make
s it ea
sy to ex
plain
things cau
s
e interferen
ce, con
s
tellati
on
grap
hs can imagine with the box for arrays, each
bo
x repre
s
ent
s a state or symbol, in an ideal
data tran
smission cases e
a
ch a
c
cepted
transmit co
d
e
shoul
d fall in the center
of the box, b
u
t in
fact, invade
interferen
ce and noise re
flection
can l
e
t transmi
ssi
on theory to the center of
symbol
s fro
m
adja
c
ent b
o
x
of bound
ary, the
dividing line b
e
twe
en adj
acent
box call
ed ju
dge
threshold, an
d tran
smit sig
nal if be interf
eren
ce
a
c
ro
ss the thre
sh
ol
d pushing, it woul
d be wro
n
g
data a
n
al
y
sis
Data dis
p
la
y
(
user interf
a
c
e
)
data buf
f
er
Data
p
rocess
in
g
data a
c
q
uisi
ti
on
NI hardware
e
q
ui
p
ment
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1587 – 1
593
1590
to adjacent b
o
x as belongi
ng to the sym
bols, theref
o
r
e, is an error cod
e
, or it will be consid
ered
norm
a
l symb
ols [5]. Co
nst
e
llation
cha
r
t can
be tho
u
g
h
t of as di
gita
l sign
al of a "two dim
e
n
s
io
nal
eye cha
r
t" array, the sym
bols in th
e pi
cture th
e po
sition that sho
u
ld have rea
s
on
able limit
or
cou
r
t bou
nda
ry, rep
r
e
s
ent
each re
ceivin
g symb
ols in
the pictu
r
e m
o
re
clo
s
e to
point zero
poi
nt,
sign
al quality is high. Because the screen is co
rrespondi
ng to the extent of
the gra
phics
and
pha
se, and t
he sh
ape of the array can
be applie
d to
analyze an
d
determin
e
the system o
r
the
cha
nnel'
s
ma
ny defects
a
nd disto
r
tion,
and hel
p fi
nd the ca
use. Con
s
tellatio
n
cha
r
t is a
very
good tro
uble
s
ho
oting auxi
liary tool, it c
an provid
e
the sou
r
ce of interferen
ce with the kind
s of
clue
s, throu
g
h
the con
s
tel
l
ation cha
r
t easy to find amplitude noi
se and pha
se
noise, pha
se
error, erro
r a
nd modul
atio
n probl
em
s than modul
atio
n.
2.3.2. Perfor
mance Para
meters a
r
e Calculate
d
The sy
stem
USES the m
easure
of the main
param
e
ters
of the signal quality for MER
and EVM[6].
Modulatio
n error rat
e
MER baseb
and si
gnal
is simila
r to the SNR, its computati
o
n
formula i
s
:
dB
Q
I
Q
I
MER
N
j
j
j
N
j
j
j
dB
1
2
2
1
2
2
10
)
(
)
(
log
10
(1)
The definition
of EVM
for the effective value of
margi
n
for error an
d the amplitu
de of the
pea
k of the vector th
an: its computatio
n formula i
s
:
%
100
)
(
1
2
max
1
2
2
S
Q
I
N
EVM
N
j
j
j
(2)
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
System testin
g and ve
rifica
tion wo
rk i
s
mainly
aimed
at the actual
DMB-T
sign
al. Data
sou
r
ces fo
r the actual DMB-T digital sig
n
a
l trans
mitter. The system t
h
rou
gh the co
nne
cted to PC
of data acqui
sition system
to hardw
are NI colle
ction DMB-T digital
signal tran
smitter to send
th
e
digital TV signal
s. Software sy
stem i
n
PC
operation, use
r
s
can be directl
y
observe
d PC
measurement
result.
3.1. Spectru
m Analy
s
is
Time dom
ain
measureme
n
t and fre
q
u
ency d
o
main
measureme
n
t are two d
i
fferent
method
s of measurin
g the same
sign
al . The spe
c
tru
m
analysi
s
of the sign
al are
able to provi
de
the informati
on that can
n
o
t be watche
d in time do
main analy
s
i
s
. In this test
system, the radio
freque
ncy si
gnal po
wer
spe
c
tru
m
an
d intermedi
ate frequen
cy
signal sp
ectrum were test.
Intermedi
ate frequ
en
cy sig
nal analysi
s
i
s
to sample i
n
the radio freque
ncy sig
n
a
l after frequ
ency
conve
r
si
on, a
nd then d
r
a
w
its spe
c
tru
m
throug
h the FFT tran
sform. Figure 3
sho
w
s the ra
dio
freque
ncy sig
nal power sp
ectru
m
whe
n
the carrie
r fre
quen
cy is 66
6 MHz, band
width for 8 MHz.
Figure 4
sho
w
s th
e inte
rmediate freq
uen
cy sig
nal
spe
c
tru
m
wh
en the
ca
rrie
r
freq
uen
cy i
s
15
MHz.
3.2. Cons
tellation Diag
ra
m Analy
s
is
In s
y
s
t
em tes
t
ing process, for QPSK,
16
QAM and 64 QAM in different protec
tion
interval are te
sted. Co
nstell
ation diag
ram
is that
the data flow into two road of I an
d Q, and then
two way sign
al are modul
ated with pha
se diffe
ren
c
e
of 90 degree
after quantification, mappin
g
with the modulation sign
al
, and the oth
e
r for tr
ansv
e
rse the mod
u
lation sign
al
for longitudinal
axis, this ma
ke
s si
gnal in
the gra
ph h
a
s a
co
rr
esp
ondin
g
po
sition. In this te
st syste
m
, the
con
s
tellatio
n
diagram a
nalysi
s
is a
nalysi
s
in P
C
buffer
sto
r
age
ba
seb
a
nd si
gnal I, Q
demod
ulation
of constellati
on diagram, at this time
th
e formation o
f
constellatio
n
diagram mai
n
ly
reflect
s
the m
i
stakes that
transmi
ssion chann
el
have made
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Test of DMB-T Signal Based on Softwa
r
e
Defin
ed Radio Te
chni
q
ue (Sha
nsha
n Li)
1591
Figure 3. th
e radio frequ
ency si
gnal p
o
we
r sp
ect
r
u
m
Figure 4. the intermedi
ate freque
ncy si
g
nal sp
ectrum
3.3. Modulati
on Error Ra
te MER
dB
Acco
rdi
ng to
comp
utation
formula
(
1)
and the I, Q comp
onent
value cal
c
ul
a
t
ion of
system a
c
tua
l
measu
r
ing. In this experi
m
ent sy
stem
con
d
ition
s
, when wo
rk
state param
eter for:
carrie
r numb
e
r=378
0; FEC=0.8;
Protection interval
=1/9; Time d
o
main mixed:
720; Modula
t
ion
mode
=64 q
a
m
; Radio fre
q
uen
cy band
width=8 M
H
Z; Radi
o frequ
e
n
cy level=+ 1
0
db, the
MER
dB
value is mea
s
ured ab
out 42 db. In other paramete
r
s in the worki
ng state of the measure
d
value
is no lon
ger li
st.
Test re
sult
s clo
s
e to hard
w
are mea
s
u
r
i
ng equi
pmen
t measu
r
eme
n
t result. This sh
ows
that the syste
m
can me
et the nee
ds of e
ngine
erin
g measure
m
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 2302-4
046
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 3, March 20
13 : 1587 – 1
593
1592
Figure 5. 16Q
AM con
s
tellat
i
on ch
art
Figure 6. 64Q
AM con
s
tellat
i
on ch
art
4. Conclusio
n
This a
r
ticle i
n
trodu
ce
d th
e DMB-T digi
tal signal m
e
asu
r
ing
syste
m
, and ba
se
d on the
DMB-T digital
signal re
ceiv
er prin
ciple of
work, th
ro
ug
h the software to achieve the digital sig
nal
measurement
process. This sy
stem has obvio
us more adva
n
tage
s than
other traditi
onal
measure in simple st
ru
ctu
r
e , high flexi
b
ility, eas
y to use, an
d so
on. In additi
on, the syste
m
use
d
by the hard
w
are condition
s, en
ough to co
mplete other kinds of di
gital radio si
gnal
measurement
. Therefore, the futu
re research work will also on
how to improve the shortcomi
ng
of the test to
DMB-T sign
als and ho
w to dev
elopme
n
t a measure
m
ent softwa
r
e system whi
c
h
suitabl
e
for
ot
her stand
ard sign
al,
su
ch as DVB-T,
et
c. Make full u
s
e of the a
d
vantage
s of go
od
softwa
r
e
radi
o, we
can
complete the
test of man
y
kind
s of si
gnal
s with
o
ne ha
rd
wa
re
equipm
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Test of DMB-T Signal Based on Softwa
r
e
Defin
ed Radio Te
chni
q
ue (Sha
nsha
n Li)
1593
Referen
ces
[1] China
GB.
GB206
00-
200
6. Digital televi
sion gro
und r
adi
o transmiss
ion s
y
stem frame structure,
chan
nel c
odi
ng
and mod
u
l
a
tio
n
. 2006.
[2]
W
ang Jun, Ha
n Meng, Men
Aido
ng. Ke
y
T
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
of Digita
l
T
e
levisi
on T
r
ansmission Stand
ard
DMB- T.
T
V
engin
eeri
n
g
. 20
0
1
; 24(4).
[3]
Yang L
i
n, Yan
g
Z
h
ixing, W
u
Yousho
u. A
ne
w
te
rrestria
l
digital mu
ltim
edi
a/televis
i
o
n
broadc
asting
(DMB-T
)
transmission s
y
stem.
T
V
Enginee
ring
. 20
02; 25(
1): 12-16.
[4]
Z
hang W
a
nsh
u
. Measur
eme
n
t metho
d
s for
dig
i
tall
y m
o
d
u
l
ated s
i
g
nals.
T
V
eng
in
eeri
ng.
200
2; 25(
8):
91-9
6
.
[5]
Men Aid
o
n
g
, Yang
Lin, Ya
ng
Z
h
ixin
g. Di Mia
n
Shu Z
i
D
uo
Mei T
i
Dian Sh
i Guan
g Bo, D
M
B-T
,
Chua
n
Shu
Xin
g
Ne
n
g
F
ang Z
h
e
n
Dian Z
i
Xu
e B
ao Lu
n W
en.
ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA.
200
1; 29(
5):
656-
667.
[6]
Ma Che
n
g
b
in,
Hu
Xia
o
d
ong,
Li Jish
eng. T
he cabl
e di
gital
T
V
MER measureme
n
t eng
in
eeri
ng practic
e
and e
x
peri
enc
e.
Cabl
e T
e
levi
sion T
e
ch
nol
og
y.
2005; 12(
21)
: 82-84.
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