Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1
386
~
1
393
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I:
10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1
386
-
1
393
1386
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A Study
of Meat
Freshn
ess Dete
ction u
sing
Emb
edded
-
bas
ed
pH Sens
or
Rajina R
. M
ohamed
1
,
Ra
z
al
i Yaacob
2
,
M
ohamad
A.
M
ohamed
3
,
A
r
n
iyati A
hmad
4
, Munir T
ajud
din
5
1,
5
Coll
ege of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
and
Inform
at
i
on
Te
chno
log
y
,
Uni
ver
siti
Te
n
aga Nasiona
l
,
Ma
lay
si
a
2
Facul
t
y
of
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e an
d
Inform
at
ion
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
U
niv
ersit
i
P
utra
M
al
a
y
sia
,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Facul
t
y
of
Infor
m
at
ic
s a
nd
Com
puti
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Sulta
n
Z
ai
n
al
Abidin,
B
esut
C
ampus
,
Malay
si
a
4
Facul
t
y
S
ci
en
ce a
nd
Technol
og
y
Defe
n
ce
,
Unive
rsiti
Per
ta
han
an M
al
a
y
s
ia,
Sg.
B
esi
Camp,
Malays
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
2
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
1
, 2018
Accepte
d
Nov
7
, 2
018
For
the
past
few
y
ea
rs,
food
safe
t
y
incident
s
of
ten
occ
ur
as
a
r
esult
of
foo
d
poisoning
from
var
ious
food
source
s
such
as
in
schools,
hospita
ls
,
night
m
ark
et
s,
street
st
al
ls
and
th
e
li
k
e.
W
hen
the
qual
i
t
y
of
food
is
red
u
ce
d
due
to
the
low
le
v
el
o
f
fre
shness
,
cl
e
anl
in
ess
fac
tor
,
s
afe
t
y
and
nutr
i
ti
on,
it
can
cont
ribute
to
he
al
th
risks.
Acc
o
rding
to
W
orld
Hea
lt
h
Organi
z
at
ion
,
food
poisoning
ai
lme
nt
is
a
globa
l
pro
ble
m
and
al
m
ost
1
in
10
peopl
e
fal
l
ill
ever
y
y
e
ar
from
e
at
ing
degr
ad
ed
food
and
420
000
di
e
as
a
r
esult
.
Factors
such
as
cost
savings,
lo
w
awa
ren
ess
on
food
fre
shness
and
bus
y
routine
li
fest
y
l
e
aggr
avate
the
f
ood
poisoning
proble
m
.
Henc
e
it
is
important
to
a
t
l
ea
st
m
ai
nta
in
the
fr
e
shness
of
the
food
m
ai
nl
y
at
t
he
prom
ine
nt
ar
ea
such
as
school
and
hospi
ta
l
.
Th
ere
are
m
an
y
m
et
hods
used
to
te
st
the
fr
eshne
ss
food
,
such
as
visual
appe
ar
ance,
and
al
so
cl
assi
ca
l
olfa
c
ti
on
in
cl
ud
ing
norm
al
olfa
c
tor
y
and
Scent
om
et
er
,
whic
h
req
uire
s
tra
in
e
d
pane
ls
to
ta
ste
or
sm
el
l
the
food
sam
ple
s
to
ensure
th
e
qu
a
li
t
y
or
strengt
h
of
the
odor
.
Ho
weve
r,
thi
s
m
et
hod
is
rat
her
subjec
ti
v
e,
b
ecause
the
hum
an
sense
of
sm
el
l
and
ta
ste
is
diffe
ren
t
and
m
ay
b
e
inf
lue
nc
ed b
y
the
we
at
he
r
a
nd
expe
ri
ence.
C
onvent
ion
a
l
pH
and
li
tmus
p
ape
r
al
so
ar
e
the
al
te
rn
at
iv
es,
ho
weve
r
the
m
at
er
ia
l
it
s
el
f
is
ea
sil
y
d
amage
d
and
not
suita
b
le
for
the
co
lor
blind
per
son.
In
this
pape
r,
w
e
pre
sente
d
raw
m
ea
t
ex
aminat
i
on
using
pH
se
nsor
base
d
on
f
ood
ac
id
i
t
y
.
Exa
m
ina
t
ion
of
food
fre
shness
l
eve
l
is
m
uch
ea
sier
using
pH
sen
sor
since
it
is
m
ore
pra
ct
i
cal
to
be
used
b
y
consum
ers
at
ho
m
e
s
inc
e
it
c
an
be
m
obil
e
,
long
li
ved
,
and
a
cc
ura
te
embedd
e
d
-
base
d
appl
i
cat
ion.
Som
e
te
stin
g
has
bee
n
conduc
t
ed
on
se
nsor
ca
pability
r
ea
c
ti
ng
with
sev
era
l
buf
fer
solut
i
ons
on
m
ea
t
sam
ple
s
le
ft
at
r
oom
te
m
per
at
ur
e
at
var
ious
per
i
ods
of
ti
m
e.
Gene
rall
y
,
th
e
embe
dded
pH
s
ensor
deve
lope
d
has
succ
essfully
te
st
ed
raw
m
ea
t
fre
shnes
s
le
ve
l
base
d
on
a
ci
dity
l
eve
l
of
m
ea
t
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acidity
Food P
oisonin
g
Food Saf
et
y
Me
at
Fr
es
hn
es
s
pH level
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
j
ina R.
Mo
ham
ed
,
Coll
ege
of
C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nc
e an
d Inform
ation
Tech
nolo
gy
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
na
ga Nasi
onal
, M
al
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
raj
ina@
un
it
en
.edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Food
is
a
n
im
portant
s
ource
of
nu
t
rients
f
or
the
hu
m
an
body.
Th
us
inta
ke
of
nu
trit
io
us,
cl
ean
a
nd
fr
es
h
f
ood
is
essenti
al
to
th
e
hum
an
body.
Less
hygie
ne
an
d
le
ss
nutr
it
ion
of
f
ood
intake
a
ff
e
ct
hum
an
healt
h
[
1
]
.
For
the
bu
sy
ci
ty
fo
l
ks
,
s
om
eti
m
es
they
do
no
t
hav
e
ti
m
e
to
prepa
re
their
own
m
eal
s
at
h
om
e,
so
they
hav
e
to
bu
y
them
ou
t
ei
ther
in
store
s
or
fast
f
ood
restaur
a
nt.
Buye
rs
do
not
hav
e
ti
m
e
to
exam
ine
wh
et
her
t
he
f
ood
sourc
es
we
re
cl
ean
or
no
t.
More
over
s
om
e
fo
od
ha
d
bee
n
pre
par
e
d
earli
er
.
S
ome
tim
es
le
ftov
e
r
foo
d
i
s
ke
pt
f
or
ne
xt
m
ea
l
ei
ther
du
e
to
c
os
t
sa
ving
or
t
oo
ti
red
to
ta
ke
the
m
eal
.
Surel
y,
the
m
eal
is
kep
t
i
n
the
fre
ezer
ho
ur
s
be
f
or
e
it
is
sa
vor
t
he
nex
t
day.
H
ence,
t
he
f
ood
fr
es
hness
is
dim
inishing
or
be
com
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A S
t
ud
y
o
f M
ea
t
Fresh
ness
D
e
te
ct
ion
usi
ng E
mb
e
dded
-
ba
se
d pH Se
nsor
(
R
ajina R.
Moh
amed
)
1387
sta
le
or
f
ully
sp
oiled
t
he
ne
xt
day.
Be
cause
of
th
at
reas
on,
food
poiso
ning
ha
ppens
due
to
ta
king
spoi
le
d
or
sta
le
food.
H
oweve
r,
facto
rs
su
c
h
as
c
os
t
sa
vings,
l
ow
a
wa
ren
es
s
on
foo
d
fr
es
hness
a
nd
bu
sy
routine
li
festy
le
aggra
v
at
e
the
foo
d
pois
on
i
ng
prob
le
m
.
He
nce,
t
her
e
m
us
t
be
s
om
e
fo
rm
of
f
ood
in
dicat
or
t
o
e
nsure
t
he
fr
es
hness le
vel of fo
od to
im
pr
ove t
he
sit
uati
on at ha
nd.
Accor
ding
to
World
Healt
h
Organ
iz
at
io
n
[2
]
,
f
ood
poison
i
ng
ai
l
m
ent
is
a
glo
bal
pro
blem
and
alm
os
t
1
i
n
10 p
eo
ple f
al
l
il
l
ever
y
ye
ar
f
ro
m
eat
ing
s
poil
ed
foo
d
an
d
420
000
die
as
a res
ult.
He
nce,
it
is
ver
y
cru
ci
al
t
o
te
st
f
ood
f
reshness
t
o
res
olv
e
or
at
le
ast
to
le
sse
n
foo
d
po
is
onin
g
cases.
In
this
pap
e
r,
we
pr
es
ented
raw
m
eat
exam
inati
on
us
i
ng
pH
se
nsor
bas
ed
on
f
ood
aci
dity
.
Exam
inatio
n
of
f
ood
fr
e
sh
ne
ss
le
vel
is
m
uch
easi
er
us
i
ng
pH
se
ns
or
since
it
is
m
or
e
pr
a
ct
ic
al
to
be
use
d
by
c
onsu
m
ers
at
hom
e.
Exam
inati
on
us
i
ng
pH
sens
or
is
do
ne
throu
gh
m
ob
i
le
,
long
li
ved,
and
acc
ur
at
e
e
m
bed
ded
-
base
d
ap
plica
ti
on
.
T
her
e
a
re
num
erou
s
te
chn
iq
ues
on
foo
d
f
reshness
ind
ic
at
or
do
ne
pr
e
viously
,
ho
wev
e
r
m
os
t
of
them
are
on
ly
su
it
able
f
or
res
earc
h
and
la
bo
rato
ry
conditi
on
s
.
Conve
ntion
al
pH
pa
per
us
ed
i
n
pri
or
wor
k
is
easi
ly
da
m
aged
an
d
not
su
it
able
for
the
col
or
blin
d
per
s
on.
RF
ID
-
base
d
m
et
ho
d
t
o
te
st
m
eat
fr
eshn
e
ss
ha
s
al
so
been
im
ple
m
e
nted
by
[
3]
ho
wev
e
r
RFID
ta
g
m
anipu
la
te
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
sp
ect
ru
m
,
so
they
a
r
e
easi
ly
j
am
,
c
on
s
um
e
m
or
e
powe
r
an
d
se
nsi
ti
ve
to
wet
thin
gs
or
li
qu
id
m
at
te
r.
Ele
ct
ro
nic
no
s
e
is
widely
us
ed
to
te
st
food
fr
es
hn
es
s
[
4
-
6]
ho
we
ver,
it
i
s
on
l
y
pr
act
ic
al
to
be
us
e
d
on
la
r
ge
am
ou
nt
of
f
ood,
plu
s
c
on
s
um
ers
m
us
t
have
so
m
e
le
vel
of
knowle
dge
on
ga
s
sens
or
s
,
an
d
further
m
or
e
m
ark
et
-
rea
dy
el
ect
ric
nose
is
ex
pe
ns
ive
a
nd
usa
ge
is
lim
it
ed
by
the
dif
fer
e
nt
ty
pe
of
gases
em
plo
ye
d.
He
nce,
f
ood
fr
es
hness
usi
ng
pH
se
nsor
s
m
ay
m
or
e
pract
ic
al
especi
al
ly
fo
r
co
nsu
m
ers
at
ho
m
e
du
e
to
it
s
sm
a
ll
siz
e
an
d
ease
of
us
e
.
In
this
pap
e
r,
we
desc
ribe
t
he
pr
el
im
inary
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
f
ood
fr
es
hness test
usi
ng pH se
nsor
as wel
l as da
ta
co
ll
ect
ion, test
ing
a
nd
validat
ion
proces
s.
The
or
gan
iz
at
ion
of
this
pap
e
r
is
as
fo
ll
ows,
sect
ion
2
is
ab
ou
t
li
te
ratur
e
st
ud
ie
s
a
nd
relat
ed
resea
r
c
h
works,
s
ect
ion
3
is
on
de
velo
pm
ental
wo
r
k,
sect
ion
4
is
on
te
sti
ng
a
nd
va
li
dation
a
nd
l
ast
ly
sect
ion
5
i
s
the
con
cl
us
io
n.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
WS
Me
at
is
a
m
ain
protei
n
s
our
ce
nee
ded
by
our
body
bu
t
m
eat
is
per
ish
able
an
d
easi
l
y
dam
aged
[
7
-
8
]
,
[
10
]
.
It
m
us
t
be
ta
ken
or
c
ooke
d
im
m
ediat
el
y
or
free
ze
or
treat
e
d
as
to
preser
ve.
Ba
sed
on
fe
w
stud
ie
s
done,
p
H
le
vel
is
the
m
ai
n
fac
tor
to
in
dicat
e
t
he
le
vel
of
m
e
at
fr
esh
ness
[
9]
oth
er
tha
n
us
i
ng
the o
bvio
us
colo
r
and
water
co
ntents
facto
r
[
10
]
.
I
n
fact,
f
act
or
s
s
uc
h
as
pH,
c
olor,
w
at
er
-
holdi
ng
c
apacit
y
as
we
ll
as
intram
us
cular
f
at
is
us
ed
to
gr
ade
m
eat
qu
al
it
y
fo
r
e
xp
or
ts
[
11
-
13
]
.
Ba
sed
on
li
te
ratu
re
stud
ie
s
,
pH
is
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
fact
or
in
determ
ining
the
m
eat
qu
al
it
y.
Ther
e
are
m
any
res
earches
done
pr
e
viously
us
ing
pH
m
et
ho
d
to
te
st
m
eat
qu
al
it
y
s
uch
as
[14]
tha
t
is
us
ing
a
si
m
ple
s
ti
cker
sensor
based
on
li
t
m
us
pap
er
to
detect
fr
es
hness
on
be
ef
sam
ple.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
li
t
m
us
pa
per
will
only
giv
e
bi
nar
y
ans
wer
s
ei
t
he
r
aci
dic
or
al
ka
li
ne
without
ta
king
into
co
ns
ide
ra
ti
on
that
the
m
eat
m
igh
t
be
too
al
kaline
or
too
aci
dic.
T
he
refor
e
,
fr
e
shne
ss
te
st
base
d on pH sc
al
e is b
et
te
r be
cause
pH ca
n b
e cla
ssifie
d
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
a
ci
dic and al
kaline
degree.
Accor
ding
to
[
9],
the
ulti
m
ate
pH
value
of
high
qual
it
y
m
eat
is
at
the
ran
ge
of
5.4
–
5.
6.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
un
-
sla
ug
htere
d
anim
a
l
has
pH
value
of
7.1.
The
tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
of
glyc
o
ge
n
to
la
ct
ic
aci
d
after
sla
ught
erin
g
is
du
e
to
seve
ral
factors
s
uc
h
as
anim
al
ty
pe
and
anim
al
treatm
ent
befor
e
s
la
ughterin
g.
T
his
will
cause
a
lo
w
m
eat
pH
value
and
ultim
at
ely
lower
i
ng
t
o
th
e
le
vel
of
5.4
–
5.6
after
18
-
24
ho
ur
s
sla
ught
ering.
Wh
e
n
the
pH
increases
to 6.
5,
t
he
m
eat
starts to
deco
m
po
s
e [
15
]
.
A
pH
se
ns
or
i
s
able
to
detec
t
pH
value
of
a
sp
eci
m
en
based
on
hydro
ge
n
(
H)
i
on
c
oncent
rati
on
com
m
on
ly
in
a
range
of
1
an
d
10
x
-
14
gra
m
-
equ
ivale
nts
per
li
te
r
[16].
The
hi
gh
e
r
the
hydro
gen,
the
hig
he
r
the
aci
dity
of
t
he
substa
nce.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
the
pH
value
of
a
neu
t
ral
so
luti
on
is
7.0.
So
l
ution
s
with
a
pH
valu
e
belo
w
7.0
a
re
consi
der
e
d
aci
dic
an
d
so
l
utio
ns
with
pH
value
a
bove
7.0
a
re
basic
(al
kaline)
.Th
is
de
vic
e
will
detect
pH v
al
ue
to d
et
erm
ine
ei
ther
the
m
eat
is
f
resh o
r
not.
The
hy
po
t
hesi
s
is
the
pH
se
nsor
able
to d
et
e
ct
pH
value
of
m
eat
in
or
der
t
o
determ
ine
it
s
fr
es
hn
e
ss.
By
us
i
ng
this
pH
se
nsor
,
the
in
form
at
ion
gathe
red
by
the
sens
or
will
be
sent
as
t
he
value
of
outp
ut
to
the
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
a
nd
the
c
om
po
nen
t
will
op
e
r
at
e
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e w
it
h
the
li
ght e
m
itti
ng
d
i
ode i
n order
to dis
play
the pH rea
din
g.
3.
MEAT
FRES
HNESS
D
ET
ECTION
S
YST
EM
Me
at
Fr
eshn
e
s
s
Detect
or
is
an
em
bed
ded
-
ba
sed
ap
plica
ti
on
that
help
in
determ
ining
th
e
fr
esh
ness
base
d
on
pH
l
evel
us
i
ng
a
r
eady
-
m
ark
et
pH
sen
sor.
T
his
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
A
r
du
i
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
pH
sens
or
,
a
set
of
li
ght
em
itti
ng
diode
(LE
D)
an
d
s
witc
hes
.
The
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er
is
co
re
of
the
ap
plica
ti
on
t
o
receive
in
pu
t
from
the
pH
sens
or
s
a
nd
s
end
t
he
sig
nal
to
a
ded
ic
at
e
d
LED
t
o
show
the
outp
ut.
Th
e
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
is
program
m
e
d
us
i
ng
Ard
uino
pro
gr
am
m
ing
.
F
or
this
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
,
pH
se
nsor
has
bee
n
c
ho
s
en
to
ha
ve
as
the
range
of
the
ind
ic
at
or
f
ro
m
0.00
un
ti
l
14.
0.
The
de
ci
m
a
l
places
that
can
be
cat
ere
d
by
the
sens
or
is
sm
al
l
so
a
ny sm
al
l di
ff
e
ren
ces
of
pH
value
ca
n be
accepte
d.
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S
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
3
8
6
–
1
393
1388
Figure
1
.
The
Com
po
ne
nt of
the Mea
t Fre
shness
Detect
ion
of the
Propose
d
St
ud
y
Syst
e
m
is
execu
te
d
by
int
egr
at
in
g
al
l
t
he
re
qu
ire
d
c
om
po
ne
nts
as
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
1
a
nd
interco
nnect
ed t
hem
u
sing
Ardu
i
no pr
ogram
m
ing
. F
i
gure
2 sh
ows the
f
i
na
l set
up of the
pro
t
otype.
Ba
sed
on
li
te
ratur
e
st
ud
ie
s
done
,
ultim
at
e
pH
value
f
or
m
eat
is
betwee
n
5.4
to
+
(
-
5.7
)
.
S
o
we
set
the
two
th
reshold
he
re
that
is
5.
8
a
nd
6.2.
If
the
rea
ding
show
s
le
ss
than
5.7,
the
n
it
is
ac
idic
whic
h
is
consi
der
e
d
a
s
no
t
i
deal
or
no
t
fr
es
h,
w
hile
if
the
rea
ding
is
m
or
e
than
6.2
then
it
is
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
bove
i
deal
or
reall
y
f
resh,
an
d
f
or
t
he
rea
di
ng
betwee
n
5.7
an
d
6.2,
it
is
con
si
der
e
d
th
at
m
eat
is
ideal
and
f
res
h.
Fl
ow
c
ha
rt
in Figu
re
3
s
hows how m
eat
f
reshness
d
et
ect
ion
syst
e
m
w
or
ks
.
Figure
2
.
The
Com
plete
Setup
of the
Propos
ed
Syst
em
Figure
3
.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
Propose
d
Syst
em
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IS
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02
-
4752
A S
t
ud
y
o
f M
ea
t
Fresh
ness
D
e
te
ct
ion
usi
ng E
mb
e
dded
-
ba
se
d pH Se
nsor
(
R
ajina R.
Moh
amed
)
1389
4.
SY
STE
M
TE
STING
AN
D VA
LI
D
ATIO
N
To
e
ns
ure the s
ens
or
op
e
rates
pro
per
ly
, d
ist
il
le
d
water is
use
d
so
t
he
se
ns
or r
es
ult i
s set at
7.
We als
o
te
ste
d
the
se
nsor
ca
pa
bili
ty
to
m
easur
e
th
e
pH
rea
dings
accuratel
y
as
show
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
cal
ibrati
on
is
done
us
i
ng
s
om
e
pH
buff
e
r
so
luti
ons
as
can
be
seen
by
Figure
4.
Ca
li
br
at
ion
w
as
the
chall
eng
i
ng
pa
rt in
t
his pr
oce
ss b
eca
us
e
of t
he plus
and m
i
nu
s
val
ue of
th
e pH
read
i
ng
s
.
Figure
4
.
pH B
uffer S
olu
ti
on
Table
1
.
T
he
r
e
su
lt
of the
ca
pa
bil
it
y t
est
ing
co
nd
ucted o
n
th
e setu
p
se
nsors
p
H Bu
f
f
er
so
lu
tio
n
Res
u
lt giv
en
by
th
e Develo
p
ed
pH se
n
so
rs
Pu
re
W
ater
-
p
H 7
p
H 7
p
H 2 so
lu
tio
n
p
H 3
p
H 5 so
lu
tio
n
p
H 5
p
H 8 so
lu
tio
n
p
H 9
p
H 9 so
lu
tio
n
p
H 9
To
te
st t
he
m
e
at
p
H
le
vel in t
his r
esea
rch,
s
om
e a
m
ou
nt o
f
m
eat
, ar
e b
le
nded
a
nd the sa
m
ples are
pu
t
in
a
con
ta
ine
r.
Figure
5
a
nd
Figure
6
s
how
the
sa
m
ple
of
m
eat
that
to
be
blen
ded.
Sensor
is
soa
ke
d
in
th
e
sam
ple to g
et
the
pH r
ea
dings
d
is
play
ed on t
he
LC
D
sc
reen as
dep
ic
te
d by
Fig
ur
e
7.
Figure
5
.
Me
at
Sam
ple f
or the
test
ing
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on
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a
n
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
3
8
6
–
1
393
1390
Figure
6
.
Me
at
Sam
ple to b
e
blen
ded
Figure
7
.
The
blen
ded m
eat
with the
pH
se
ns
or a
nd LC
D
Test
ing
is
done
on
var
ie
ty
of
m
eat
to
see
the
m
eat
fr
eshn
es
s
value
ei
ther
i
t
is
fr
esh,
ideal
,
or
s
poil
ed
.
The
f
res
h
m
eat
bought
f
ro
m
t
he
Ka
j
a
ng
fr
es
h
m
ark
et
is
categ
ori
zed
i
nto
3
portions.
All
the
3
portio
ns
a
re
le
ft
at
room
tem
pe
ratur
e
an
d
at
a
tem
per
at
ur
e
m
or
e
than
35
degree
Ce
lsi
us,
with
va
ryi
ng
hours
wh
e
re
by
,
one
portio
n
is l
eft
f
or 2 h
ours, w
hi
le
an
ot
her o
ne porti
on is left a
t 4 hou
rs
a
nd the last
portio
n i
s left at
12 h
our
.
5.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
Thro
ugh
s
om
e
te
sti
ng
an
d
obs
erv
at
io
n,
t
he
re
adin
g
m
eat
con
diti
on
based
on
aci
dity
le
ve
l
is
ob
ta
ine
d
as sho
wn in T
a
ble 2 an
d Tabl
e 3
.
Table
2
.
Re
a
di
ng at a
room
te
m
per
at
ur
e
–
be
tween
8
–
10 a.
m
2
ho
u
rs
4
ho
u
rs
1
2
ho
u
rs
1
6
ho
u
rs
2
4
ho
u
rs
Ideal
Less id
eal
Less acidi
c
Acid
ic
Ver
y
acidic
Table
3
.
Re
a
di
ng at a te
m
per
at
ur
e
of 35
de
gree C
el
sius
2
ho
u
rs
4
ho
u
rs
1
2
ho
u
rs
1
6
ho
u
rs
2
4
ho
u
rs
Ideal
Less id
eal
acid
ic
More ac
id
ic
Ver
y
acidic
Table
2
s
hows
the
res
ults
of
the
read
i
ng
of
aci
dity
to
the
m
eat
ob
ta
ined
that
is
plac
ed
in
r
oom
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
n
the
m
or
ning
with
a
diff
e
re
nt
num
ber
of
hours.
Wh
il
e
Table
3,
is
the
resu
lt
of
readi
ng
th
e
aci
di
ty
o
f
t
he m
eat
that is al
so
placed i
n roo
m
tem
per
at
ur
e
bu
t a
fter
12
o'
cl
ock
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A S
t
ud
y
o
f M
ea
t
Fresh
ness
D
e
te
ct
ion
usi
ng E
mb
e
dded
-
ba
se
d pH Se
nsor
(
R
ajina R.
Moh
amed
)
1391
Figure
8
.
Com
m
ercial
p
H pa
per f
or m
eat
v
al
idati
on
test
in
g
In
both
de
ci
sio
ns
,
dif
fere
nt
ac
idit
y
le
vels
f
or
bo
t
h
t
he
sit
uati
on,
i.e
.
in
the
s
a
m
e
nu
m
ber
of
hours,
the
m
eat
can
bec
om
e
aci
dic
easi
ly
at
hig
h
te
m
per
at
ur
es
c
om
par
e
d
to
the
one
at
the
l
ow
e
r
te
m
per
at
ur
es
.
This
m
eans,
at
a
high am
bient tem
per
at
ur
e,
the
fr
esh
ness of t
he m
eat
w
il
l be ea
sil
y redu
ce
d.
Vali
dation
is
done
by
te
sti
ng
the
pro
du
ct
with
pH
pa
per
as
ref
er
rin
g
to
Fi
gur
e
8,
the
rea
dings
f
ro
m
pH
se
nsor
a
re roun
d
fi
gures
w
it
ho
ut a
ny d
eci
m
al
. Besides val
idati
ng
usi
ng
p
H pa
per
s
, s
e
ns
ory
ev
al
uatio
n
was
al
so
co
nducte
d.
For
this
prel
im
inary
stud
y,
the
sen
sory
ev
al
uation
pa
nels
are
done
am
ong
t
he
UNI
TEN
sta
ff
s.
Se
ns
ory
evaluat
io
n
res
ult
obta
ined
as
ta
bu
la
te
d
by
Table
4.
Hen
c
e,
the
prototyp
e
de
velo
ped
c
an
be
us
e
d
as a
b
a
se
stud
y
for
m
or
e
detai
l an
d
c
ompre
he
ns
ive
f
ood fr
es
hness le
ve
l.
Table
4
.
Senso
ry Ev
al
uatio
n R
esult
1
Hou
rs
2
Hou
rs
6
Hou
rs
1
2
Hou
rs
1
6
Hou
rs
Read
in
g
by
th
e
De
v
elo
p
ed
Sen
so
rs
Ideal 5.7
Al
m
o
st id
eal
5
.4
Acid
ic
4
.5
Acid
ic
4
.2
Ver
y
acidic
3
.5
Read
in
g
by
th
e comm
e
rcial
pH
Sen
so
rs
5
5
4
4
3
Sen
so
ry
E
v
alu
atio
n
No
pecu
liar
s
m
ell
(f
resh
)
No
pecu
liar
s
m
ell
(f
resh
)
Ligh
t pecu
liar
s
m
ell
(L
ess
f
resh
)
Fo
u
l
(Not
Fresh
)
Stin
k
(Not f
resh
)
Test
was
al
so
cond
ucted
to
m
easur
e
sam
ple
reacti
on
s
a
nd
respo
ns
e
tim
e
.
The
pH
se
nsor
respo
nd
e
d
le
ss than
4
.
24 seconds
for
test
co
nd
ucted
m
or
e than
20 ti
m
es
as sh
own
in T
able 5
. Tab
le
5 su
m
m
arizes se
nso
r
respo
ns
e
on
on
ly
fo
r
the
first
10
se
qu
e
nce
of
ru
ns.
T
he
pH sen
s
or
te
st
is
also
done
on
le
a
n
m
ea
t,
ho
we
ve
r,
the
sens
or
is
no
t
s
howing
any
re
sp
onse
.
T
his
s
hows
the
li
m
itati
on
of
the
res
earch
as
t
he
se
ns
or
only
f
unct
ion
s
f
or
li
qu
id
-
base
d
s
pe
cim
en
pap
e
r
as
ref
e
rr
in
g
to
Figure
8,
the
r
eadin
gs
f
ro
m
pH
sens
or
are
r
ound
fig
ures
w
it
hout
any d
eci
m
al
.
Be
sides
valida
ti
ng
us
i
ng
pH
pap
e
rs,
se
nsor
y
evaluati
on
was
al
so
co
nd
ucted.
F
or
this
pr
el
im
inary
stud
y,
the
se
nsory
eval
uatio
n
pa
nels
are
done
am
on
g
the
U
NI
TE
N
s
ta
ff
s.
Se
nsory
evaluati
on
re
su
lt
as
ta
bu
la
te
d
by
Table
4.
He
nc
e,
the
prot
otype
de
velo
pe
d
can
be
us
e
d
as
a
base
stu
dy
for
m
or
e
detai
l
an
d
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
food
fr
es
hness
level.
Test
was
al
so
cond
ucted
to
m
easur
e
sam
ple
reacti
ons
a
nd
respo
ns
e
ti
m
e
cal
culat
ed
as
Re
spo
ns
e
Ti
m
e
=
T
Data−r
eceived
−T
Reques
t−s
ent
wh
e
re
T
is
tim
e.
The
pH
sens
or
res
pond
ed
le
ss
than
4.24
sec
onds
f
or
te
st
cond
ucted
m
ore
than
20
ti
m
e
s
as
show
n
in
Table
5.
Table
5
su
m
m
arizes
sens
or
respo
nse
on
only
fo
r
t
he
first
10
se
qu
e
nce
of
r
un
s
.
T
he
pH
sens
or
te
st
is
a
lso
done
on
le
an
m
eat
,
howe
ver,
the
se
nsor
is
not
s
howi
ng
a
ny
respo
ns
e
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9.
T
his
sho
w
s
the
lim
it
a
ti
on
of
the
resear
ch
as
the
se
nsor
on
ly
f
unct
ion
s
f
or
li
qu
id
-
base
d sp
ecim
en.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
3
8
6
–
1
393
1392
Table
5
.
Re
s
po
ns
e Tim
e fr
om
the pH se
nso
rs t
ow
a
rd
s
ty
pe o
f
m
eat
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Ru
n
s
Sen
so
r’
s Res
p
o
n
se (in Secon
d
s)
Lean M
eat
Blen
d
ed
m
eat
1
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.98
2
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.99
3
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.7
4
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.6
5
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.9
6
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.8
7
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.96
8
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.7
9
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.9
10
NO Resp
o
n
d
(
0
)
3
.9
Figure
9
.
Tim
e
of Res
pons
e
of Lea
n
Me
at
a
nd Bl
en
de
d
Me
a
t
This
sm
al
l
nu
m
ber
of
res
po
ns
e
ti
m
e
m
igh
t
be
acce
pte
d
by
hom
e
con
s
um
ers;
ho
we
ve
r,
at
a
la
rger
scal
e
in
te
rm
s
of
m
eat
pack
agin
g
a
nd
gra
din
g,
this
res
ponse
tim
e
need
t
o
be
im
pr
ove
d
f
ur
t
her
t
o
e
xped
it
e
the
process
. S
l
ow
e
r
re
spo
ns
e ca
n degra
de
the
m
e
at
q
ualit
y.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
raw
m
eat
fr
es
hn
e
ss
le
vel
us
i
ng
pH
se
nsor
has
been
de
ve
lop
e
d
a
nd
te
st
ed
on
s
om
e
a
m
ou
nt
of m
ea
t sa
m
ple b
ou
ght from
the local fr
es
h
m
ark
et
. T
est
h
as als
o b
een
c
onduct
ed on sen
sor ca
pa
bili
ty
reacti
ng
with
s
ever
al
buff
e
r
s
olu
ti
ons
on
m
e
at
sa
m
ples
le
ft
at
ro
om
tem
p
eratur
e
at
var
i
ou
s
pe
rio
ds
of
tim
e.
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
em
bed
de
d
pH
sens
or
dev
el
oped
ha
s
s
ucce
ssfu
ll
y
te
ste
d
r
aw
m
eat
fr
esh
ness
le
vel
bas
ed
on
m
eat
aci
dity
l
e
vel.
Howe
ver
,
furthe
r
rese
arc
h
is
need
e
d
t
o
te
st
bigger
sa
m
ple
siz
e
with
var
yi
ng
c
ondi
ti
on
of
m
eat
stor
age
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
resea
rch
is
par
ti
al
ly
fu
nd
e
d
by
U
nive
rsity
Tenag
a
Nasion
al
,
a
nd
U
niv
er
sit
i
Su
lt
an
Zai
nal
Ab
i
din
.
REFERE
NCE
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uwong,
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odo
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efi
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our
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tt
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at
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h
.
om
ic
sgroup.org/
ind
ex.php/PH
_m
et
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c
it
e_note
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1.
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